©Guanlao ABM-B
Oral Communication LT 1.1
I. Communication
- Latin word: communis “to make common”
Communicare “ to make common to many”
- A systematic process by which people interact through
the exchange of verbal and nonverbal symbols to create
and interpret meanings.
- Exchange of ideas and feedback
- Sharing of feelings, thoughts and ideas in ways that are
understandable for all.
- Exchange of verbal and nonverbal symbols
• Gestures
• Use of language
• Facial expression
• Vocal use
A. Tenets of communication
1. Communication is purposive
- Express ideas and feelings, needs and wants
- Explain your knowledge, opinions, beliefs etc
- Relate with people
- To persuade others to believe in your ideas, beliefs and
claims
2. Communication is irreversible and unrepeatable
- Mindful of how and what we say
- Proactive language: win-win situation
3. Communication is integrated in all parts of life
- Communication is key in business : productivity
- Be able to deepen relationship
- Listening skills that leads to academic success
- Having a harmonious community
4. Communication meets needs
• Physical needs : to ask help to others
• Rational needs : needs to relate ourselves to others
• Instrumental needs : needs that help us get things
done
• Identity needs: needs to present ourselves to others
- Influencing others
- Accumulating information
- Express the culture that we have
5. Communication is guided by culture and context
- Culture in a way that we see the country’s/ place’s unity
- In different places, there are some words with multiple
meanings
- Context : in every situation, there is an appropriate word/
way of saying it.
- How the tenses we use affect how the people will
understand what we’re trying to say
- Strong cultural values are embedded in how we learn to
communicate.
6. Communication has ethical implications
- Act accordingly
Communication is dangerous yet helpful
Communication helps us in all aspects
B. Basic elements of Communication
1. Speaker/sender
- the right choice of words helps the audience understand
the message you want to give.
- Initiates the discussion
- Responsible for the success of the communication
• Sensitivity : it will prevent misunderstandings
between audience and speaker.
• Relatable: the audience are able to connect with the
speaker
• Knowledgeable: can adjust the content according to
the needs of your audience
• Attitude: towards self and others which transforms us
to being relatable and more confident
• Credibility: based on the credentials of the speaker
(sources, experience, research)
• Purpose : clear ; will help you know what to include in
your content.
2. Receiver/ Listener
- Critical: to be able to verify the information given.
- Good listening skills: which can be affected by noise
internal / external.
- Attitude: avoid bias as well as actions towards the
speaker
- tends to decode the wrong message/misinterpret if there
is no good listening skills.
3. Message
- Verbal/nonverbal.
- Evoke meaning.
- Content is dependent on the purpose.
• should be said with clarity (avoid vague ideas)
• must be coherent.
- Structure must always have an intro body.
- Style is also dependent on the audience.
4. Communication Situation
- Physical setting: affect readiness
• Venue: surroundings
- Social content: background
5. Channel
- The medium where the messages are communicated
- As communicators, we must be mindful of the
channel/medium we will use is appropriate for the
situation.
C. Communication Models
- Designed according to the perspectives of
communication scientists and scholars.
- Simplify the process ; providing visual representation of
the various aspects of a communication encounter.
1. Linear Models
- One way process: sender is the only one who sends the
message and the receiver doesn’t give any response.
- Sender is prominent; focuses on the sender and
message.
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- Receiver is viewed as more target/endpoint rather than a Types of noise:
part of an ongoing process. • Physical Noise: distractions in the
2. Interaction Models environment
- Deals with exchange of ideas and messages from both • Psychological: thoughts in the
the sender and receiver. communicator’s mind
- Participates alternate positions • Physiological: disturbances within the body
- Incorporates feedback which makes communication
more interactive.
3. Transactional Models
- Communication for a bigger purpose
- Doesn’t just communicate to exchange messages
- To create relationship, form intercultural alliances, shape
our self-concepts
- Engage with others in dialogue to create communities 4. Schramm’s Model
- Consider how social, relational, and cultural context - 1958
frame and influence our communication encounters. - Wilbur Schramm: scholar and authority of
• Social : stated rules in communication communication
• Relational : includes the previous interpersonal - Without the shared meanings the communicator’s
history and type of relationship we have. possess then communication is impossible.
D. Models of Communication - Depicts dual roles of communicators where they can
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication be senders and encoders.
- Before 300 BC

2. Laswell’s Model
- 1948
- Harold Laswell concerned with mass communication
and propaganda. 5. David Berlo’s Model
- Perform key functions - 1960
• Protect - American communication scientist
• Fortify - Process of communication; an intro to theory and
• Enhance nation’s stability practice
- Leading American political scientist and - Received criticism because it’s idealistic
communication theorist

3. Shannon and Weaver’s Model

- 1949
- Mathematician Claude Shannon
- Scientist Warren Weaver
- Designed a model for telephone communication
- No telephone communication
• Information source : speaker
• Transmitter: vocal mechanism
• Receiver/ Destination : listener
- Noise: anything that interferes/ distorts the intended
meaning of communication.