INTRODUCTION

India is dominatingly an Agriculture nation with about for more than 70 percent of rustic Indian
families, including domesticated animals, still remains the primary wellspring of vocation (FAO).
Domesticated animals is a basic piece of the Agriculture production framework in India and
assumes a significant job in the national economy just as in the financial improvement of a huge
number of country family units. Domesticated animals is a significant wellspring of ranch
creature protein for homestead families through the utilization of milk, dairy items, eggs, and
meat. Notwithstanding their utilization as a wellspring of nourishment, domesticated animals is
likewise utilized for draft influence in Agriculture and transport and their manure is utilized to
help enhance soil richness. Offers of domesticated animals and domesticated animals items make
up an extensive extent of the provincial rancher's money pay.

India has a colossal domesticated animals populace and the local gets inconceivable incomes from
this industry. Among the milk-delivering viz. bovines, sheeps, and goats in the nation, the
residential creature involves a position of principal centrality. According to nineteenth
Domesticated animals enumeration, 2012 (GOI, 2014) India's animals area is one of the biggest on
the planet with a holding of 11.6 percent of world animals populace which comprises Dairy
buffaloes en (57.83 percent), dairy cattle (15.06 percent), and sheep (7.14 percent), goats (17.93
percent). As indicated by the 19thlivestock evaluation, the all out domesticated animals populace
comprising of Dairy cattle, Dairy buffaloes , Sheep, Goat, and pig and Horses, Donkeys,
Jackasses, Camels, Mithun and Yak in the nation is 512.05 million numbers in 2012. The absolute
number of 190.90 million cows, 108.7 million bison, 65 million sheep, and 135.17 million goats.
The commitment of cows, bison, sheep, and goat in all out domesticated animals populace is
37.28,21.23,12.71and26.40percentseparately.
 Introduction

Present Status

India keeps on being the biggest maker of milk on the planet. A few measures have been started
by the Legislature to expand the efficiency of animals, which has brought about expanding the
milk production fundamentally from the dimension of 102.6 million tons toward the finish of the
Tenth Arrangement (2006-07) to 127.9 million tons toward the finish of the Eleventh
Arrangement (2011-12). Milk production during 2014-15 and 2015-16 is 146.3 million tons and
155.5 million tons separately appearing yearly development of 6.27%. The per capita accessibility
of milk is around 337 grams for each day in 2015-16. The generation of milk and comparing
development rate (percent) every year from 1985-86 to 2015-16. The milk production has
expanded from 155.5 million tons in 2015-2016 to 165.4 million of every 2016-17 enlisting a
development of 6.4 percent and per capita milk accessibility has expanded 337gm every day in
2015-16 to 355 gm for each day in 2016-17. The milk production currently is 176.35 million tones
with per capita availability of 355 g per day.

Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Milk Production

Under ordinary circumstances, milk production increments during the initial a month and a half of
lactation and afterward bit by bit diminishes. The real measure of milk delivered during the
lactation Time frame is influenced by a few elements.

Breed

Among central point, the breed is a standout amongst the most significant constituents. A
creature having a place with milch breeds delivered more milk, for example Sahiwal
(2150litres/lactation) when contrasted with double reason breed, for example Haryana (1100
liters/lactation).

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 Introduction

Dry Period

Dairy bovines are generally gotten dry for two months preceding the following
calving. This rest period is important to augment milk generation in the consequent
lactation. Milk yield is typically diminished when the dry time frame is under 40-60
days (25-40 percent less milk). A dry period longer than 60 days long does not result
in a huge increment in milk production. Long dry periods decline the normal yearly
production of the cow by broadening the calving interim past the typical 13-multi
month interim and causing a reduction in the lifetime generation of the dairy cow.
Some portion of the dry time frame impact is identified with body state of the bovine
at calving. Dairy animals in great body condition at calving produce higher milk yield
during the accompanying lactation than in Bovines in meager body condition at
calving.

Age and Body Weight at Calving-

The measure of milk delivered by the bovine increments with propelling lactations age. This is
expected to some extent to an expansion in body weight, this outcomes in a bigger stomach related
framework and a bigger mammary organ for the discharge of milk. Another purpose behind
expanded milk production with age is because of the impacts of repeating pregnancies and
lactations. Information on milk generation with dairy animals propose that 20 percent of the
expansion in milk production is because of expanded body weight and 80 percent with the impacts
of repeating pregnancy and lactations. Repeating pregnancies and lactation can result in
increments of 30 percent in milk generation from the first to the fifth lactation.

Lactation Number

Milk production increments with lactation number and is amplified in the

fourth or the fifth Lactation. This is an aftereffect of the expanding improvement and
size of the udder and the expanding body estimate over that of the primary lactation
creature.

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 Introduction

Pregnancy

Pregnancy inhibitorily affects milk yield. The majority of the decrease in milk yield happens after
the fifth month of pregnancy. By the eighth month of pregnancy, milk yield might be 20 percent
less for that month contrasted and a non-pregnant bovine. The inhibitory impact of pregnancy isn't
likely because of the fetal prerequisite; this does not increment extensively until the most recent
two months of pregnancy. It is accepted that the expansion in estrogen and progesterone level as
pregnancy advances hinder milk discharge.
Ambient Temperature-

The impact of encompassing temperature on milk yield is reliant upon the breed. Holsteins and the
other bigger breeds are increasingly tolerant to bring down temperatures, while the littler breeds
especially Jersey is substantially more tolerant to high temperatures. The ideal temperature for the
Holstein bovine is around 10 °C. Milk generation decays when natural temperature surpasses 27
°C. The decrease in milk yield is to a great extent because of drop in feed consumption. High
temperature influences high delivering dairy animals more than low makers and it is especially
unsafe during the pinnacle of lactation.
Disease

Anybody of numerous sicknesses may fundamentally lessen the measure of milk discharged. The
sickness may influence pulse, the rate of blood flow through the mammary organ, which impacts
milk emission is additionally influenced.

Management Factor

A balanced ration is one which supplies all the nutrients necessary to nourish
the animal properly during twenty-four hour period. It depends upon the kind of
animal and the purpose for which animal is kept. With a balanced ration, an animal
can get the best out of all the constituents present in their food. If the calves are not
fed properly, they show deficiency symptoms such as retarded growth, poor
production, delay maturity, and disturbance in reproduction efficiency. Thus a
balanced ration is more purposeful and beneficial.

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 Introduction

At the Gowshala, dairy farm BHU, there are some feedstuff which are mainly
fed to the animals including maize (DCP 6 percent & TDN 85 percent), Barley (DCP
percent & TDN 74 percent), Mustard cake (DCP 26 percent & TDN 85 percent),
Chokar (DCP 9 percent & TDN 65 percent), Masoor- chuni (DCP 4 percent &TDN
44 percent), cottonseed –cake (DCP 18 percent &TDN 72 percent), Jowar (DCP 6.5
percent &TDN 68 percent), Bajra (DCP-4.5 percent &TDN 72 percent), Linseed-
cake(DCP 30.5 percent &TDN 80 percent), Groundnut-cake (DCP 42 percent &TDN
80 percent), Rice-bran or kanna (DCP 7 percent & TDN 65 percent) and mineral
mixtures. Besides these concentrates roughages are also fed including Rice- straw,
Wheat-straw, Berseem, Jowar-kadbi etc.

Feed and Water Supply

Any limitation in feed or water supply will result in a drop in milk production. The most
emotional impact is realized by a lack of water as the bovine has no methods for putting away
water. Retaining access to water or inadequate supply of water for couple of hours will result in a
quick drop in milk yield.

Milking Intervals

Cows are typically drained at equivalent interval Dairy animals drained at unequal interval
produce less milk than those drained at equivalent interval. The decrease in milk yield is
more in high delivering bovines than in low creating ones. Inadequate draining for a few
back to back days can for all time diminish milk yield for the whole lactation. Draining time
for most bovines is 5-6 minutes for each cow.
Milking Frequency

Dairy animals are normally drained twice day by day. Draining a two times per day yields in any
event 40 percent more milk than once per day. Expanding draining recurrence to 3 x day builds
milk yield by up to 20 percent (extend 5-20 percent). The expansion is normally most astounding
for first lactation dairy animals and decreases as the cow gets more established. The probably
purposes behind expanded milk production as the recurrence of draining increments are less
intramammary weight produced with incessant draining, expanded incitement of hormone
movement good of milk production and more positive input on the secretory cells because of the
collection of the milk part.
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 Introduction

Residual Milk and Available Milk

Lingering milk can be characterized as the measure of milk left in the udder subsequent to
draining is finished. Around 10-20 percent of all out milk is left in the udder as remaining milk.
Remaining milk can be estimated by giving the cow oxytocin and one moment later, draining the
dairy animals once more. Some portion of the leftover can never be recuperated by traditional
draining systems while another part can be gathered if the measure of lingering milk is generally
because of the poor draining methodology. This segment of milk is alluded to as accessible milk.
Accessible milk reflects how well the dairy animals was invigorated for draining. On the off
chance that the bovine isn't all around prepared for draining, the measure of accessible milk
uncollected will be extraordinary. A lot of remaining milk decreases day by day milk production
diminishes lactation generation and the dairy animals will have less days in milk.

Status of Feeding and Its Management

Legitimate nourishing is the premise of effective dairy task since feed cost represents over portion
of the all out expense of milk generation for example more than 60 percent. To achieve ideal
execution a fair apportion is basic. A deficiency or awkwardness in the supply of vitality, protein,
nutrients or minerals will expose to the bovine to nourishing pressure bringing about metabolic
issue or abatement in milk production. Supplements necessity depends to a great extent upon milk
yield, piece and cow weight with milk generation having more noteworthy impact in the high
creating dairy cow.

Aim of Work

The aim of work is to the analysis of the farm milk production performance
and the analysis of the farm efficiency. The analysis of the average milk production of
different breeds and their production performance which breeds of cattle and buffalo
were better to perform at a dairy farm. To analysis in which year the highest milk
production and the benefit-cost ratio of Gowshala, (Dairy Farm), Institute of
Agriculture Science, Banaras Hindu University.

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 Introduction

The objective of the work.

1. Production performance of lactating cows at Gowshala, (Dairy farm).

2. The analysis of feeds and feeding at Gowshala, (Dairy farm).

3. Economic analysis of feeds and feeding at Gowshala, (Dairy farm).

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 Review of Literature

CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Cozens et al. (1965) Generation financial matters and its attending negligible investigation are
extremely just valuable when proper production capacities have been built up. In horticulture in
Australia, such capacities are about the majority of the cross-sectional homestead overview type,
investigated by relapse examination. It has been noted in this paper these investigations are
relatively uncommon. Production capacity thinks about which have as their goal the ideal
assignment of assets are not prone to be the most helpful type of work for ranch the board
financial specialists. The assets required are excessively huge and the ideal dimensions so
determined unreasonably suspicious for use on individual ranches, without genuine change. The
heading where assets ought to be changed is the most significant thing in light of the fact that the
ideal can never be known on an individual ranch. Some thought should, thusly, be given to
figuring minimal productivities by relapse investigation for little homestead studies. The object of
this examination is recommend the course of asset distribution for normal ranchers.

Bolton et al. (1988) the primary target of collection cows by supplement necessity or lactation
stage is to decrease in general feed cost by encouraging lower delivering cows a lesser cost
apportion. Notwithstanding, the principle concern communicated by makers and their sustenance
guides when moving from a one-proportion to a different apportion lactating dairy animals
gathering framework is lost milk production. Tragically, there is little information accessible in
the writing where the extent of misfortune in milk generation or its financial worth in respect to
nourish cost reserve funds was assessed crosswise over gathering frameworks.

Winston et al. (2000) this examination investigations the utilization and gainfulness of three
unmistakable sustaining frameworks; constrainment encouraging, conventional brushing, and the
executives serious touching from an arbitrarily chosen test of northeastern dairy ranches. The
constrainment encouraging homesteads were fundamentally bigger and delivered more milk per
cow,while the ranches utilizing the board escalated munching brought about the most reduced
generation costs. Both control encouraging and the executives serious brushing produced
essentially higher rates of come back to cultivate resources with respect to ranches utilizing a

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blended framework. Different relapse examination affirms the basic significance of group
estimate, Milk generation per cow, obligation level and veterinary costs to cultivate benefit in all
production frameworks.

Nutt et al. (2000) the examination accepting a SDC is working (Smaller

situation) and the contrast between the two situations. The primary line of the table
demonstrates promoting's of milk by Kentucky makers' increments under the Reduced
situation. Under the states of the Reduced, dairy makers will get more expensive rates
for their milk and will react by delivering more milk. The outcomes recommend that a
6.8% expansion in the homestead cost of milk will prompt a 2.3% increment in milk
advertising's (generation), in this manner mirroring a minor production reaction to the
expansion in the ranch cost. Notice that the outcomes demonstrate that the retail cost
of liquid milk will increment by $.16 per gallon. 17 accordingly, buyers will drink less
drain, subsequently absolute liquid utilization falls, alongside the percent of milk
advertising's going into Class I (liquid) use.
Skunmun et al. (2000) this examination expects to decide yearly expenses and returns of
smallholder dairy cultivates in the Nong Pho Dairy Agreeable, Ratchaburi area, Thailand. Ten
example homesteads were purposively chosen to speak to these ranches. General attributes and the
board of the ranches are portrayed. All ranchers had money benefits from their dairy business of
18 to 138 percent yet on most homesteads the estimation of domesticated animals declined
throughout the year wherein the investigation was directed. The most noteworthy segment of all
out expenses was creature feed, speaking to 58 percent of expenses. For the greater part of the
homesteads, pay from the dairy business extended from 6 to 41 percent of complete pay. Few the
ranches made a lower level of their salary from the dairy business.

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Ipema et al. (2003) A portrayal of the current "in field" circumstance in regards to data trade in the
dairy cultivating area will be introduced. In view of an investigation earned out in the El -
subsidized official 'agriXchange' current advancements and issues will be examined in connection
to intra (on the homestead) and interchain associations. Arranging data sharing will be the
fundamental issue in this unique situation. This is a mind boggling issue in light of the fact that
numerous perspectives and measurements assume a job. In this regard absence of
institutionalization of data frameworks is generally in charge of wasteful use and trade of the
recorded information. As a major test for the future, the appropriation of new innovation by
methods for open advancements is likewise referenced.

Ceyhan et al. (2003) in the exploration territory, little size dairy homesteads are predominant. In
the examination zone, milk yield per cow (2795 kg year) is higher than Turkey's normal (1576 kg
year), however it is lower than Eli normal (5042 kg year) (SSI. 2000). The dairy cultivates in the
exploration zone have 3 bovines by and large and 3 ha ranch land, their all out resource is 60740
(95 percent of complete resources are ranchers claim resources). The level of current resources is
2.4 percent of all out resources while long haul resources establish 91 percent of the all out
resources. Present and middle of the road proportions are 4.55 and 7.63 separately. In light of
these proportions, it very well may be expressed that ranches. Then again, come back to unpaid
family work, and administrator's work, the executives, and capital are discovered 5452. Unpaid
family work, administrator's work, and the executives are roughly totaled to 1926. Money ranch
costs comprise 69 percent of the all out homestead costs while 31 percent of the absolute costs are
intrigued installment and devaluation. The proportion of money ranch salary to money homestead
costs is 1.60 and this implies dairy homesteads increase 51.6 per dollar money ranch costs every
year.

Silva et al. (2004) these investigates attempt to quantify the Azores dairy ranches specialized
productivity by applying a non-parametric proficiency examination to a board information of 122
dairy ranches from the Azores, Portugal for 1996. The investigation utilized DEA with consistent
and variable comes back to scale models, with an info arranged model methodology. Two yields
(milk generation and appropriations) and three information sources. (Agrarian territory, number of
dairy cows, variable and fixed expense) were viewed as significant. The outcome proposed that
the normal specialized productivity is exceptionally low (66.4 percent) contrasted and distributed
information and just a couple of (7 percent) dairy ranches were observed to be proficient.
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Saha et al. (2004) the main purpose of this study was to gain insight into the
household and farm economics of small-scale dairy farmers in Orissa and to obtain
estimated of their costs per unit output in milk production so as to gauge their
potential for improvement and vulnerability to international competition. In order to
ascertain possible developments in the dairy sector and to broadly identify areas of
intervention that favour small-scale dairy producers, the study examines the potential
to improve milk production of different farm type. A case study approach is used, the
aim is to obtain qualitative insights rather than quantitative extrapolation.

Burki et al. (2005) while there is a plethora of research documenting a

multitude of dimensions of the crop sector of Pakistan, there is a virtual absence of
meaningful economic analysis of the dairy economy that is surprising. No serious
attempts have been made in the past to clarify the micro-level potential of this sector
in creating an impact on the rural economy. This paper is a pioneering attempt to
provide an objective assessment of the state of Pakistan’s dairy and to point out areas
to further research. The paper analysis some core issues and highlights the potentials,
and recommends a measure that could be adopted.

Slade et al. (2005) we study the efficiency of dairy farms operating under two
different regulatory regimes. While neo-classical economic theory suggested that
farms should maximize their efficiency regardless of their regulatory system, we find
farms operating in a more regulated environment have, on average, lower cost
efficiency. In contrast to much of the previous literature on regulation and efficiency,
we attributed the bulk of the difference in cost efficiency to allocate decisions of
farms. In particular, we find farms in the more regulated environment to be
overcapitalized, and overly reliant on home-grown feed. To calculate efficiency we
employ recent advancements in bootstrapped data envelopment analysis and
stochastic distance function estimation. We discuss the implication of these results for
welfare and policy.

Dcmircan et al. (2006) the purpose of this study was to analyze the economic
structure of different dairy farm sizes in Bordure province in Turkey. Data were
acquired by conducting a survey on 132 dairy farms selected by the stratified random

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Saha et al. (2004) the primary reason for this investigation was to pick up understanding into the
family unit and homestead financial aspects of little scale dairy ranchers in Orissa and to acquire
evaluated of their expenses per unit yield in milk production in order to measure their potential for
development and defenselessness to global challenge. So as to find out potential advancements in
the dairy segment and to extensively distinguish regions of intercession that support little scale
dairy makers, the investigation looks at the possibility to improve milk generation of various ranch
type. A contextual investigation approach is utilized, the point is to acquire subjective experiences
instead of quantitative extrapolation.

Burki et al. (2005) while there is a plenty of research recording a large number of measurements
of the harvest part of Pakistan, there is a virtual nonattendance of important financial investigation
of the dairy economy that is astonishing. No genuine endeavors have been made in the past to
explain the miniaturized scale level capability of this segment in making an effect on the rustic
economy. This paper is a spearheading endeavor to give a target evaluation of the territory of
Pakistan's dairy and to call attention to territories to further research. The paper examination some
center issues and features the possibilities, and prescribes a measure that could be embraced.

Slade et al. (2005) we ponder the productivity of dairy ranches working under two diverse
administrative routines. While neo-traditional monetary hypothesis recommended that homesteads
ought to augment their effectiveness paying little respect to their administrative framework, we
discover ranches working in an increasingly managed condition have, by and large, lower cost
proficiency. Rather than a great part of the past writing on guideline and proficiency, we ascribed
the greater part of the distinction in cost productivity to distribute choices of homesteads.
Specifically, we discover cultivates in the more controlled condition to be overcapitalized, and
excessively dependent on home-developed feed. To figure proficiency we utilize late headways in
bootstrapped information envelopment investigation and stochastic separation work estimation.
We talk about the ramifications of these outcomes for welfare and arrangement.

Dcmircan et al. (2006) the reason for this investigation was to break down the financial structure
of various dairy homestead sizes in Bordure area in Turkey. Information were gained by leading a
study on 132 dairy ranches chosen by the stratified irregular testing strategy. Dairy homesteads
were separated into three gatherings as indicated by their sizes and were broke down in like
manner. It was discovered that generation cost diminished and benefit expanded as creature unit

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per ranch expanded. Generation costs per creature unit for the main, second, and third gathering
were 2 634.09, 2 252.01 and 1 930.52 YTL, individually (1 USD = 1.42 YTL), while the net
benefit was - 267.36, 25.95 and 405.99 YTL, individually. At the point when the normal benefit of
all homesteads was thought of it as, was discovered that the benefit was not sufficiently high to
continue a ranch family unit's living. In the examination zone, the retail deal cost of 1 kg of milk
was 0.468 YTL and generation cost of 1 kg milk was 0.455 YTL. Thus one might say that the
overall revenue (0.013 YTL/kg), characterized as the distinction between these two costs, and was
little. It was discovered that other than milk generation, the cows esteem gratefulness expanded
ranch pay.

Hayashi et al. (2006) twenty little scale homesteads of two towns (An and B) were reviewed to
distinguish the encouraging characteristics, milk profitability and dietary status of lactating cows
and Dairy buffaloes in Terai, Nepal. Constituents and dry issue (DM) of feed provided, body
condition score (BCS), heart bigness (HG), body weight (BW), milk yield (MY) and plasma
metabolites were gotten in the field adequate, field diminishing and grain lack periods. The
provisions of rice straw and local grass were lower and higher in the field adequate period than in
different periods, separately (5.5 kg/day versus 9.8 kg/day and 3.2 kg/day versus 0.4 kg/day,
separately, p<0.01). The fluctuation of feed constituents among the periods and between the towns
instigated various supplies CP, NDF, and TDN. The centralization of CP and TDN in the dairy
cattle feed were higher in the field adequate period than in different periods (9.1 percent versus 7.3
percent and 57.4 percent versus 51.0 percent, individually, p<0.01). The provisions of CP for
dairy cattle and Dairy buffaloes , and of TDN for bison were lower in town A than in town B (7.5
percent versus 8.7 percent and 6.6 percent versus 9.1 percent [p<0.01], and 53.1 percent versus
56.2 percent [p<0.05] individually). The BCS, HG and BW of the creatures were lower in town A
than in town B (2.51 versus 2.86, 156 cm versus 170 cm and 300 kg versus 318 kg, individually in
dairy cattle, 2.83 versus 4.00, 186 cm versus 216 cm and 426 kg versus 531 kg. individually
dressed in Dairy buffaloes , p<0.01).

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Millogo et al. (2008) an overview study was completed around two huge urban areas in Burkina
Faso to add to the comprehension of the circumstance of nearby milk generation and milk
handling. Twenty-two dairy ranches related with nine dairy preparing units were chosen for the
investigation. Two separate polls were utilized to explore the essentials for creature generation and
milk handling and the meetings were done from August to October 2006. In the mean time, 110
milk tests from individual cows, 22 ranch tank milk tests and nine dairy tank milk tests were broke
down. Consequences of the overview demonstrate that day by day milk yield was 1 - 2 L for each
bovine in stationary customary ranches and 2 - 4 L for each cow in semi-escalated ranches.

Sarker et al. (2008) the article examinations the cost, return and relative gainfulness of helpful and
non-agreeable milk makers in West Bengal of India; it is discovered that agreeable ranches have a
lot higher productivity, moreover, non-BPL homesteads working under both helpful and non-
helpful dairying are profited higher than BPL ranches.

Brien et al. (2008) the ideas of programmed draining (AM) have seen potential positive
ramifications, for example, diminished work prerequisite, expanded cow milk yield and more
noteworthy control of group the board (because of broad dairy animals data recorded by the
draining robot). Numerous parts of AM have been analyzed yet it is the financial ramifications
that will principally impact the take-up of AM in nations where traditional draining (CM) prevails.
This investigation broke down the ramifications of AM and CM utilizing the Moore park Dairy
Frameworks Model.

Alford et al. (2009) A financial assessment of the CFR advancements embraced by joining
biophysical displaying with fundamental outcomes from homestead

preliminaries directed at the College of Sydney's Corstorphine Dairy. This information is

connected to unfaltering state entire ranch spending plans to analyze four substitute or dynamic
situations that may be considered by ranchers taking a gander at the possibility to build ranch
efficiency through their encouraging framework past a base homestead situation. A base situation
of a generally well-overseen dairy ranch in NSW, with 140 ha of draining zone, supplied at 2.4
bovines/ha, uses around 12 tDM/ha/year under water system and delivers in excess of 16,000
L/ha/year from 6,900 L/cow, accomplishes 0.9 percent return on resources.

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Gangasagare et al. (2009) the examination was directed to survey the circumstance of dairying in
Marathwada with the goals to consider different patterns of milk production and financial status of
the dairy ranchers. The overview work was done for the milk pocket zones of eight areas of
Marathwada district. Around 59 percent of the dairy ranchers have a place with general (open)
classification, 25 percent were in reverse class and just 8 percent every one of SC and S.T.

Dayanandan et al. (2011) Ethiopia has the biggest domesticated animals populace in Africa yet the
commitment of this asset to the economy is constrained but then the nation is in destitution. Dairy
improvement has a major job in the commitment of salary age and business. Interest for dairy
items appears to surpass supply in the nation all in all and the examination zone specifically. This
paper depends on an examination contemplate among 168 dairy ranches (85 cross breed and 83
nearby breeds) in a town (Michele) of northern Ethiopia.

Mujica et al. (2011) Dairy steers ranches have been dissected for assessing their specialized and
monetary execution, and social ramifications, to propose the comparing proportions of progress or
backing. This examination was led on 30 cultivates in the Spanish area of Costilla-La Mancha,
where 164 specialized, monetary and social factors were broke down. This examination permitted
the choice of 4 important parts identified with size, utilization of work, land use, dimension of
supplementation and gainful and financial execution. These frameworks show striking specialized
shortcomings because of the absence of farming and domesticated animals coordination; also, the
high stocking rates surpass conveying limits and lead to an expansion of strengthening feed and,
thusly, of nourishing expense. Thus, the progression of Gatherings I and 11 relies upon a gainful
outcome, enough to help the family economy and is subject to appropriations.

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Singh et al. (2012) Dairy cultivating has risen as a significant wellspring of employment,
especially on little holder family unit. The proficient administration of dairy agreeable framework
has encouraged milk generation and advertising in Bihar. An endeavor was made to examine milk
commitment to dairy agreeable maker's offer in buyer rupee and cost of milk production in Bihar.
Per liter expense of milk generation changed Rs 10.12 in crossbred bovines to Rs 13.90 and Rs
13.57 for Bison and neighborhood cows, individually, which are higher than the cost paid by
private cooperatives for standard milk (fat 6 percent and SNF 21 percent). Crowd size and kind of
milch creature alongside equality impacted the expense of milk generation.

Ghule et al. (2012) Commercialization in dairy cultivating has added to increment in salary
dimensions of ranchers through expanded production. The efficiency of dairy cattle as far as milk
production per milch cows every day, just as wet normal, was discovered higher in little business
cultivates in contrast with medium and enormous homesteads in a specific order. The normal
capital speculation on test business homesteads was worked out to over Rs. 12.16 Lakhs per ranch
demonstrating that business dairy cultivating is a profoundly capital concentrated business. Perth
et al. (2012) Farming cooperatives have been an exceptional method for tending to the worries of
the makers and customers with respect to evaluating, stockpiling, showcasing, and other such
exercises of carrying the ware to the market. One of such divisions is, where there are
cooperatives in both the created and creating nations. Amul Dairy, a milk helpful in India is,
synonymous with nature of its milk and milk items just as reasonable costs to both the shopper
and maker. In this examination, we will inspect the adequacy of Amul by looking at the
acquirement costs offered by the dairy agreeable to the expense.

Meena et al. (2012) this investigation secured 75 agreeable part milk makers and 5 non-part milk
makers which were post-stratified into little, medium and enormous group measure classes. Every
day net upkeep cost - was observed to be higher for part bunch than that of non-part gathering. It
was observed to be higher if there should arise an occurrence of Dairy buffaloes than that of dairy
animals and furthermore watched more in the mid year season. Per liter expense of Dairy
buffaloes and dairy animals milk generation was seen to be higher for the non part when
contrasted with part gathering. Per liter expense of Dairy buffaloes milk production diminished
with increment in crowd estimate classes crosswise over various seasons while a similar pattern

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was not seen if there should arise an occurrence of cow milk generation. Further, it was
discovered higher in the mid year season.

Novakovic et al. (2012) most likely ideal to propose that dairy ranchers and market investigators
would be ideally serviced by comprised announcing of a MROFC sort of measure as a harsh sign
of homestead gainfulness or liquidity. The time has come to resign the Milk-Feed Value
Proportion as a pointer of dairy ranch money related conditions. It discloses to us something about
the rates of expansion at the cost of milk versus a gathering of feeds, however that data isn't
especially useful when breaking down either ranch productivity or surveying factors that impact
close term milk generation changes.

Fawi et al. (2012) the investigation was performed in Khartoum express the capital if the Sudan
where dairy ranch makers were the objective of the examination, the investigation pointed hello
the financial appraisal of the generation profile of little dairy ranches. Destinations of the
investigation included: surveying cost-adequacy and manageability for residential milk production
in connection with the financial attributes of smallholders; breaking down the basis for
coordinating dairy generation undertakings into cultivating frameworks and to recognize the
conditions required for development assessing the monetary presentation and practicality of
smallholder milk production.

Kashfi et al. (2012) The motivation behind this exploration was to consider the impacts of four
individual and social factors including the age, proficiency, professional training and size of group
on various factors, for example, executing of administrative techniques experiencing significant
change period, pertinent expenses of these systems, normal generation per head and gross salary
of milk deal per head. For this reason, all required data was gathered through a poll circulated
among the proprietors of business dairy

farms of Shahroud district, which consist of relevant information about personal and social indices
was inserted in the first part.

Pandian et al. (2013) an attempt was made to analyses the strength, weakness, opportunities, and
threats of the dairy sector to develop a strategic plan. Dairying provides security to farmers,
especially when agriculture fails. Dairy farming is essential to millions of poor households across
the country not only as a source of income but also as a major source of protein, supplementary

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 Review of Literature
nutrition, fertilizer, fuel and a store of wealth. The estimated milk production, which was 49.90
lakh tones during 2001-02, has increased to 68.34 lakh tonnes during the beginning of 2011-12.
The per capita availability of milk per day has increased from 219 gm. during 2001- 02 to 279 gm.
during 2011-12. Based on the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats of the dairy sector in
Tamil Nadu, policy implications were framed. Price policy model should be developed and
procurement price of milk should provide the dairy farmers remunerative price.

Beaver et al. (2013) Concentrate use in the Victorian Dairy Industry has increased so that usage
now contributes between 30-35 percent of total metabolizable energy requirements (DIFMP
2012). Concentrates have been responsible for increased milk production: estimated at 1,425 liters
of additional milk per Ha (CIE 2011. Improved livestock condition and fertility by providing
required energy and protein during calving and lactation (VDPI 2011). Improving BCS in mid and
late lactation (Roche and Holmes 2007). Increasing submission and conception rates (through the
provision of energy) and reducing nutrient imbalances (through the provision of protein, minerals,
trace elements and vitamins), (Jacobs and Hargreaves 2002) Increased profitability: by
contributing to higher milk yields per cow, higher stocking rates and a higher overall herd size
(Moran et al. 2000).

Alqaisi et al. (2013) the feeds, their chemical composition and the eDMI of the used feed in each
farm. In the large and middle scale farms, quality of concentrate and roughage feed were higher
than those in small-scale farms. CP content in concentrate feeds varied between farms in different
regions and was the highest in farm A and F with 182 and 207 g/kg DM and the ME content
ranged between 11.9 and 13.7 MJ/kg DM in farm D and C, respectively. Similarly, CP in Alfalfa
hay varied between 160 and 203 g/kg DM with ME contents ranging between
8.6 MJ/kg DM and 10.3 MJ/kg DM and its DOM content ranged between 643 and 737 g/kg DM.
Corn silage was offered on farms A and G with ME contents of 7.4 and
9.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. CP concentration in wheat straw was in the range of 30- 50 g/kg DM
and ME varied between 5.5 and 7.6 MJ/kg DM. It was offered in most of the farms and possessed
low DOM content with a range between 450-600 g/kg DM. Feeds in small-scale farms E and I
possessed lower CP and ME than concentrate feeds in other farm types.

Neibergs et al. (2013) According to the USDA, the value of raw milk production in Washington
State for 2011 was about 51.274 billion. Figure 5 below shows the flow of raw milk through
upstream processing industries both in and outside of Washington. These values were used to

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 Review of Literature
refine the existing estimates of the value of output for dairy farming and dairy processing, as well
as the regional purchase coefficients and local use ratios in the I/O model. 1.4 billion pounds of
raw milk is exported to other nearby states to be processed. The economic activity related to the
production of this milk in the state is included in the analysis but there is no upstream activity
attributed to it. No raw milk is directly consumed so the remaining
5.52 billion pounds of milk is used by the three dairy manufacturing industries shown. The
transformation of raw milk quantities into gross sales for these industries is based on a
combination of production coefficient estimates from IMPLAN and local industry experts and the
Dari gold Annual Report, 2011

Kaware et al. (2014) the result of the study revealed that, at the overall level, the total cost of milk
production of cow and buffalo was comprised of 85 percent working cost and 15 percent fixed
cost of the total cost. Per household feeding cost hared 71 percent of the total cost for dairy
animals. The feed and fodders accounted for a major portion of the total cost followed by human
labour. Per liter cost of milk production was worked out to Rs. 9.61 and Rs. 19.47 for cow and
buffalo milk, respectively. The average net income per cow and buffalo per annum was worked
out to Rs 12490 and Rs. 9496, respectively. The benefit-cost ratio was hi compared to Buffalo.
The input-output ratio of cow and buffalo for milk production was 1.33 and 1.22 for different
categories of sample households.

Kumawat et al. (2014) The present study was carried out to determine the trends for investment,
feeding and milk supply pattern on all sample Dairy farms obtained and five dairy farms having
herd size of more than 20 milch animals was obtained were selected randomly in Bikaner district
of Rajasthan- IC zone (a hyper AIW Plain Partially Area) during the year 2010-11. The results
show that including total cost of maintenance feed and fodder accounted for the major share (
59.52 percent ) followed by labour cost ( 33.95 percent), fixed cost ( 25.31 percent ) and
miscellaneous expenses ( 1.15 percent ) on sample dairy farms. The cost C was 1867599.61 per
dairy farm and 333449 99 per milch animal and the net income was 1053011.60 per dairy farm
and 18803.77 per animal. The annual consumption of fodder and feed per dairy farm was 238.27 q
concentrates 740.41 q green fodder, 1189.17 q dry fodder, and 5.03 q salt. Whereas the annual
consumption of fed per animal was 7.74 q concentrates 24.76 q green fodder 39.69 q dry fodder
and 0.18 q salt. The average milk production per lactation was 129374 liters per dairy farm and
4173 liters per animals.

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 Review of Literature
Bor et al. (2014) in this study dairy farming activities in Turkey are employed to prove that small-
scale agricultural production is disappearing rapidly due to costly investment and mechanization
needs. For that purpose, the cost structure and the investment needs in starting a dairy farm are
analyzed. The results show that the capital requirements of building a dairy farm with optimal
capacity are hard to reach for small farmers unless a system of marketing and production
agricultural cooperatives and/or institutions are organized.

Popescu et al. (2014) the paper aimed to the relationship between milk cost in terms of
material cost and labor cost and estimate the influence of these costs on returns coming
from milk and profitability in 5 small dairy farms from the Southern Romania. The main
economic indicators taken into consideration were: material cost, Xi (feeding cost.
replacing heifer, equipment and shed depreciation, electricity and water cost, fuel and
lubricant cost) labour cost, Y, and income coming from milk, Z.

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 Review of Literature
Pandian et al. (2013) an endeavor was made to investigations the quality, shortcoming, openings,
and dangers of the dairy division to build up a key arrangement. Dairying gives security to
ranchers, particularly when agribusiness comes up short. Dairy cultivating is fundamental to a
large number of poor families the nation over as a wellspring of salary as well as a noteworthy
wellspring of protein, strengthening sustenance, compost, fuel and a store of riches. The evaluated
milk production, which was 49.90 lakh tones during 2001-02, has expanded to 68.34 lakh tons
during the start of 2011-12. The per capita accessibility of milk every day has expanded from 219
gm. during 2001-02 to 279 gm. during 2011-12. In light of the quality, shortcoming, openings, and
dangers of the dairy area in Tamil Nadu, arrangement suggestions were confined. Value
arrangement model ought to be created and obtainment cost of milk ought to give the dairy
ranchers profitable cost.

Beaver et al. (2013) Amass use in the Victorian Dairy Industry has expanded with the goal that
use currently contributes between 30-35 percent of all out metabolizable vitality necessities
(DIFMP 2012). Concentrates have been in charge of expanded milk production: assessed at 1,425
liters of extra milk per Ha (CIE 2011. Improved domesticated animals condition and richness by
giving required vitality and protein during calving and lactation (VDPI 2011). Improving BCS in
mid and late lactation (Roche and Holmes 2007). Expanding accommodation and origination rates
(through the arrangement of vitality) and lessening supplement lopsided characteristics (through
the arrangement of protein, minerals, follow components and nutrients), (Jacobs and Hargreaves
2002) Expanded gainfulness: by adding to higher milk yields per cow, higher stocking rates and a
higher in general crowd measure (Moran et al. 2000).

Alqaisi et al. (2013) the feeds, their synthetic production and the eDMI of the utilized feed in each
ranch. In the enormous and center scale ranches, nature of concentrate and roughage feed were
higher than those in little scale ranches. CP content in concentrate feeds shifted between
homesteads in various areas and was the most noteworthy in ranch An and F with 182 and 207
g/kg DM and the ME substance extended somewhere in the range of 11.9 and 13.7 MJ/kg DM in
ranch D and C, individually. Thus, CP in Horse feed fluctuated somewhere in the range of 160
and 203 g/kg DM with ME substance running between

8.6 MJ/kg DM and 10.3 MJ/kg DM and its DOM substance ran somewhere in the range of 643
and 737 g/kg DM. Corn silage was offered on ranches An and G with ME substance of 7.4 and
9.8 MJ/kg DM, individually. CP fixation in wheat straw was in the scope of 30-50 g/kg DM and

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 Review of Literature
ME differed somewhere in the range of 5.5 and 7.6 MJ/kg DM. It was offered in the greater part
of the ranches and had low DOM content with a range between 450-600 g/kg DM. Feeds in little
scale ranches E and I had lower CP and ME than gather nourishes in other homestead types.

Neibergs et al. (2013) As per the USDA, the estimation of crude milk generation in Washington
State for 2011 was about 51.274 billion. Figure 5 beneath demonstrates the progression of crude
milk through upstream handling ventures both in and outside of Washington. These qualities were
utilized to refine the current evaluations of the estimation of yield for dairy cultivating and dairy
handling, just as the local buy coefficients and neighborhood use proportions in the I/O model. 1.4
billion pounds of crude milk is traded to other close-by states to be handled. The financial
movement identified with the generation of this milk in the state is incorporated into the
examination yet there is no upstream action credited to it. No crude milk is legitimately expended
so the remaining 5.52 billion pounds of milk is utilized by the three dairy producing businesses
appeared. The change of crude milk amounts into gross deals for these enterprises depends on a
mix of generation coefficient gauges from IMPLAN and neighborhood industry specialists and the
Dari gold Yearly Report, 2011

Kaware et al. (2014) the consequence of the investigation uncovered that, at the general
dimension, the all out expense of milk generation of bovine and Dairy buffaloes was involved 85
percent working expense and 15 percent fixed expense of the all out expense. Per family unit
bolstering cost hared 71 percent of the absolute expense for dairy creatures. The feed and foods
represented a noteworthy part of the complete expense pursued by human work. Per liter expense
of milk production was worked out to Rs. 9.61 and Rs. 19.47 for cow and Dairy buffaloes milk,
individually. The normal overall gain per dairy animals and bison per annum was worked out to
Rs 12490 and Rs. 9496, individually. The advantage cost proportion was hello there contrasted
with Dairy buffaloes . The information yield proportion of cow and Dairy buffaloes for milk
production was 1.33 and 1.22 for various classes of test family units.

Kumawat et al. (2014) The present examination was completed to decide the patterns for venture,
sustaining and milk supply design on all example Dairy ranches acquired and five dairy
homesteads having crowd size of in excess of 20 milch creatures was gotten were chosen
arbitrarily in Bikaner locale of Rajasthan-IC zone (a hyper AIW Plain Halfway Zone) during the
year 2010-11. The outcomes demonstrate that including complete expense of upkeep feed and
feed represented the real offer ( 59.52 percent ) pursued by work cost ( 33.95 percent), fixed

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 Review of Literature
expense ( 25.31 percent ) and random costs ( 1.15 percent ) on test dairy ranches. The cost C was
1867599.61 per dairy ranch and 333449 99 for each milch creature and the overall gain was
1053011.60 per dairy ranch and 18803.77 per creature. The yearly utilization of grain and feed per
dairy ranch was 238.27 q concentrates 740.41 q green grub, 1189.17 q dry feed, and 5.03 q salt.
While the yearly utilization of sustained per creature was 7.74 q concentrates 24.76 q green grain
39.69 q dry feed and 0.18 q salt. The normal milk generation per lactation was 129374 liters for
every dairy ranch and 4173 liters for each creatures.

Bor et al. (2014) in this investigation dairy cultivating exercises in Turkey are utilized to
demonstrate that little scale farming generation is vanishing quickly because of expensive venture
and automation needs. For that reason, the cost structure and the venture needs in beginning a
dairy homestead are dissected. The outcomes demonstrate that the capital necessities of structure a
dairy ranch with ideal limit are difficult to go after little ranchers except if an arrangement of
advertising and production farming cooperatives and additionally establishments are sorted out.

Popescu et al. (2014) the paper planned to the connection between milk cost as far as material
expense and work cost and gauge the impact of these expenses on returns originating from milk
and gainfulness in 5 little dairy ranches from the Southern Romania. The principle financial
pointers mulled over were: material cost, Xi (nourishing expense. supplanting yearling, hardware
and shed deterioration, power and water cost, fuel and ointment cost) work cost, Y, and salary
originating from milk, Z.

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 CHAPTER -III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant details about the methodology employed have been described in the
forthcoming pages under the following heads:

i. Location of the study

ii. Geographical situation
iii. Characteristics and ownership of concerned dairy
iv. Management practice at the concerned units
v. Collection of data
vi. Processing and analysis of data.

Location of Study

For the present study dairy farm, Institute of Agriculture Science, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi, was undertaken. The farm situated in the premises of
university, which comes under the urban location

Geographical Situation

Varanasi is situated in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, which extends from
80030 E to 84030 E and 23045 N to 28030 N. It constitutes approximately the center of
North Gangetic alluvial plain on the left side river Ganga at an altitude of 128.93
meters from sea levels. Broadly it enjoys a subtropical climate and is often subjected
to extremes of weather conditions, with an average rainfall of about 1100 mm per
annum.
 Materials and Methods

Characteristics and Ownership of Concerned Dairy

The Dairy Farm, Institute of Agriculture Science, Banaras Hindu University,

is a research and educational farms where various categories of animals are kept. The
herd maintained in a line so that they provide a much relevant idea about the dairy
farming to the student about feeding, breeding, and other managerial practices that
how dairy units could run under the scientific condition to get maximum output.

Management Practice at the Concerned Unit

Considering the job of routine administration rehearses in affecting generation and along these
lines exactness of perceptions, it was viewed as advantageous to state at any rate the striking
administration practices completed every day at the dairy for the upkeep of creatures and at the
meteorological observatory for taking and recording of perceptions during the period secured
under this examination.

Applicable practices have been depicted in the accompanying section:

Routine management practice at Dairy farm

(a) Feeding

All creatures were kept up under indistinguishable conditions. Apportions were given to the dairy
animals as indicated by their body weight and milk generation. While the roughages were given
adlib, the gathers were given in directed portions as indicated by a proportion plan. Concentrate
blend contains 16-18 percent DCP and 75-78 percent TDN and was either secured from
compound feed assembling organizations however during the period under reference they were set
up out of the fixing obtained on the open market. This blend generally contained Linseed/ground
nut/rapeseed cake(s), ground grain, arhar or gram chuni and wheat or Rice wheat blended in the
proportion of; oil cakes 40 percent chunies 25 percent, grains 25 percent and 10 percent molasses.
Among dry roughages wheat bhusa comprises the significant offer of grain consistently. Green
scavenge supplies are fairly unpredictable. Just a constrained amount of any of the other green
search, contingent upon its accessibility, is made accessible. This also fluctuates from season to
season. While during summers and the stormy season the

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 Materials and Methods

the executives attempts endeavors to raise Napier grass. Jawar Chari, N.P. Chari, green maize and
cowpea, during the winters berseem and oats prevail comprising the greater part of green
rummage. Plus, the creatures are given liberal amounts of basic salt and follow mineral blends
according to proposals. The majority of the proportion is given to the creatures through slow down
sustaining. The creatures nonetheless, one permitted munching on meager grass covers during
rainstorm and from that point. The spots of a called eating are not any characterized munching
grounds but rather for the most part contain grounds playfields or roadsides where they barely
snack vegetal spread aside from during the stormy season when the grass is progressively copious
and lush. All endeavors are being made by the administration to give the creatures adjusted feeds.
Non-plenitude and non-continued supply of greens is a major bottleneck. Sufficient supply of
new, cool drinking water is accessible to the creatures not indispensable with access consistently.

(B) Purchase of concentrate feeds

The concentrate is either procured from the compound feed manufacturing companies or prepared
locally after procuring needs full quantities of oil cakes linseed, Mustard, Groundnut and chuni
(Arhar and gram chuni) and wheat bran etc.

(c)Housing framework pursued:

Lodging arrangement of dairy creatures at the Banaras Hindu College is to some degree improved
and experimentally arranged. The sheds are secured by an asbestos sheet on both the sides with
focal pontoons with half dividers all round. At the dairy ranch, Foundation of Horticulture
Sciences, Banaras Hindu College, be that as it may, insufficient offices for example fans, cooler
and so forth do exist.

(d)Labour Improvement Practices

The work conveyed at the Dairy Ranch, Establishment of Farming Sciences, Banaras Hindu
College, is portrayed as changeless and brief. Ladies are given due work as workers on the
homesteads sporadically chiefly for touching the creatures. All endeavors are made to understand
the expertise of workers.

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 Materials and Methods

Yet due to exigencies created at times interchanges of the labour force from one job to another
become a necessity. Nevertheless, certain jobs viz.-milking, feeding etc. are allotted to persons
fully conversant with the methods of feeding and milking. In most of the month, work allotment
is done in the morning around 6.00 A.M. for the entire day. It may, however, modify as per
needs arising out of the intricate situation.

During monsoon season it was noted that the average number of labourers developed increase.
This is due to accomplish various additional works viz. – green fodder harvesting, grazing,
sowing and for exercising extra sanitary precaution etc. during the study it was observed that
there is no specific type of training facilities given to the labour regarding the pattern and system
of working. Most of the labourers are employed afresh and they learn by the dictates of senior
labour through actual practices.

(e)Calf Rearing

Calves were found to be raised both through weaning and suckling system. Under weaning
system, calves are separated from their dams just after birth colostrums/milk is allowed to them
as per requirement and is fed out of pails. In addition, minerals mixture is also provided to the
weaned calves separately. After the age of one month, the calves were said to get stunned to
feeding on soft leafy greens etc.

(f)Paddocking and Grazing

The dairy farm building, which has taken under the study by the author, had brick wall paddocks
for animals to moves freely thereby getting the needful exercise to maintain their health. Further,
it was observed that most of the animals of this dairy allowed for grazing but not in the pasture
which was found to be almost non-existent. A major part of the ration is being provided at the
stalls. The cows and buffaloes were mostly seen grazing by the roadside, where they could
nibble scratchily grassed excepts during the monsoon season when access to green luxuriant
grasses was
 Materials and Methods
ample. The cows and buffaloes especially those in milk were given balanced feed at most the
farms including common salts.

(g)Milking Method

Milking at the Dairy Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, was
seen to be carried out twice a day i.e. morning and evening. Before milking the milkers usually
cleaned and disinfected their hands thoroughly using KMno4 solution kept in the milking parlor.
Regarding the milking methods, mostly two methods were observed (a) Knuckling and (b)
Fisting. Full hand milking considered as the most scientific method is seldom followed. Besides
the aforesaid method of hand milking at the Dairy Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University a part of the milking is done through a portable machine.

(h)Maintenance of Various Records

All the cows and buffaloes at the dairy had their identification marks viz. the brand numbers of
which were used for purpose of keeping records pertaining to these. Milk yield from each time
first in the daily milk sheet and then entered in the milk record register against the bran number
of cow/buffalo and total of the day’s milk yield from cows buffaloes were computed and entered
from the aforesaid record. After milking and recording both during morning and evening the
milk is supplied to campus customers; whereas can supply is made by milkers against coupon
system at the BHU campus. It is obvious that the system of management followed at the dairy
were standard based on scientific pattern.

Collection of Data

The data were collected are based on the authentic records maintained at the Gowshala, (Dairy
Farm), Institute of Agriculture Science, Banaras Hindu University. The month- wise data were
collected comprised of various parameters viz. monthly dairy herd statistics, quantity and quality
of feeds and their cost, type of concentrate mixture including their brand name with cost, labour
development practices and their remuneration, milk performance and the total milk production
 Materials and Methods

during investigation

some information were also recorded with regards to the management practice followed at the
dairy equipments, rearing and calves, grazing and paddock facilities method of breeding. The
data were collected by manual by a direct visit to the farm.