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CHAPTER 4
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Differential protection principle is used in the
following g applications.
pp
1. Protection of generator, protection of generator
transformer unit.
2 Protection of transformer
2.
3. Protection of feeder (transmission line) by pilot
wire differential protection.
4. Protection
P i off transmission
i i li
line b
by phase
h
comparison carrier current protection.
55. Protection of large
g motor.
6. Bus‐zone protection.
Intro.
Differential protection is a unit scheme that
compares the current on the primary side of a
transformer with that on the secondary side.
y
Where a difference exists, it is assumed that the
transformer has developed a fault and the plant
i
is automatically disconnected by tripping the
i ll di d b i i h
relevant circuit breakers.
The principle of operation is made based of the
fact that large transformers are very efficient
and hence under normal operation power‐in
equals power‐out.
Cont….
This scheme is used for tx ≥ 5MVA
Normally used on generators & transformers. Also
used to protect lines & busbars.
d li & b b
2 CTs used to monitor protection zone
Signals from both ends of the CTs are compared by
differential relay
CB will trip if the quantity that has been compared is
p q y p
different from setting value; meaning that a fault
has occurred within protection zone (internal fault)
External fault should not affect the CB (CB not trip)
2 schemes of differential protection system:
Basic differential protection system
p y
Bias/restrain differential protection system
Basic differential protection system
Moderate scheme
Currents from both ends in protection zone are compared by a
relay for each phase
Relay will operate , if differential current , iR > relay current
setting,
Consider differential protection on transformer (single infeed):
<
• the CTs are not identical: i
i1 i2
i1≠ i2
>
iR < iset relay not operate i1
>
iR > iset relay operate i2
Cause tripping Lead to bias differential scheme
Zone of protection
• internal fault (single infeed) :
i2 =0, i1 > i2, iR = i1 >
Ip
iR flows in relay , relay operate >
<
i1 i1
>
i1
internal fault (double infeed) :
Zone of
iR = i1+i2
i i protection
>
>
Ip Is
> <
iR
<
i1 i2
>
i1
i2
Zone of protection
Problem with basic differential relay
1. CT ratio mismatch
The two CT must be perfectly matched
For feeder or generator – the CTs must have same ratio
For transformer ;
The CT ratios must be carefully chosen to minimize the
normal differential c rrent
normal differential current
Ideal Case
= 11% unbalance
3 2.67
100
00% 11%
3
CT ratio mismatch
2. The magnetic inrush current which flow
when the tx is switced ON
When a transformer is initially connected to a
Wh f i i i i ll d
source of AC voltage, there may be a
substantial surge of current through the
primary winding called inrush current.
Thus, CT can be substantial @ significant
Th CT b b t ti l @ i ifi t
errors when magnetic inrush currents exist
BIAS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
SYSTEM
2 set of coils
Operating coil
Uses differential current to operate the relay
Restraining coil
2 halves of a bias coil
Uses average fault current to restrain the relay from
operating
Currents flowing in the 2 coils
produce opposing magnetic field
The magnetic
g fields produce
p
opposing torques on an induction
disc
1
I1 I 2
2
Io
p bias setting
Ir
I set relay setting current
EG 3
2 conditions for relay’s operation:
d f l
Io> Iset
Io p
IR
Connection of CTs
Connection of CTs
3 phase transformer connection =
3 phase transformer connection YY, ∆ ∆ ,
Y ∆ ∆ Y ∆
, ∆ Y
CTs on Y side of transformer is connected in ∆
CTs on ∆ side of transformer is connected in Y
This arrangement is required to:
Compensate 30 degree phase shift across transformer
Y ∆ or ∆Y
Avoid relay operation when an external earth fault
A id l ti h t l th f lt
occurred on the ground Y side. This external earth fault
causes zero sequence currents on the Y side not
b l
balanced by zero sequence on the ∆ side.
d b h ∆ id
i p i1 & i s i 2
For ∆ :
For ∆ :
I line 3 I load
i1 3 i p
During full load : i1 = i2
Example 1
CT1 Y Δ CT2
Solution
Ip
5MVA
262.43 A Δ 5MVA Y
3 11kV 500/5 11/33kV ?/5
5
ip 262.43 2.62 A
500
i1 3 i p 3 2.62 4.55 A
During full load , i1 i2 4.55 A
is i2
5MVA
Is 87.48 A
3 33kV
I s 87.488
19.27
is 4.55
CT ratio 19.27 5 96.13
nearest CT 100 / 5
Example 2
Solution
Primary CT1 Y Δ CT2
10 MVA
Ip 524.86 A
3 11kV
Δ 10MVA Y
i1 5 A ?/5 11/66kV ?/5
i1 5
ip 2.89 A
3 3 S
Secondary
d
I p 524.86
181.82 During full load , i1 i2 4.55 A
ip 2.89
is i2
CT ratio 181.82 5 909 10 MVA
Is 87.48 A
the nearest CT ratio 1000 / 5 3 66kV
f CT ratio
for i 1000 / 5, I s 87.48
19.25
is 4.55
i p 524.86 5 2.62 A
1000 CT ratio 19.25 5 96.23
i1 3 i p 3 2.62 4.55 A nearest CT 100 / 5
EXAMPLE 3
Figure 1 show a simple differential protection on generator
Figure 1 show a simple differential protection on generator.
CT1 and CT2 rated at 1000/1. Relay setting current, Is=0.2A,
i1=9.8A, i2=10.2A, No=1 and percentage bias setting is set
to 20%.For fault 10kA at F1, determine
i. Operating current, Io
ii
ii. Average bias current IR
Average bias current, I
iii. Comment the relay operation
iv. Repeat step above if I2=0 for fault at F2
Figure 1
solution
(i ) I o i1 i2 0.4 A
I R 9.8 0 4.9 A
1
2
I o 9.8
2 p & I o I s relay operate
I R 4.9
recall
Example 4
Solution
CT1 Δ Y CT2
Y 30MVA Δ
500/5 33/11kV 2000/5
Secondary
Primary
30 MVA
Is
30 MVA
524.86 A Is 1574.6 A
3 33kV 3 11kV
I s ( fault ) 2 524.86 A 1.05kA I s ( fault ) 2 1574.6 A 3.15kA
5 5
is ( fault ) 1.05k 10.5 A f l )
is ( fault 3.15k 7.87 A
500 2000
i1( fault ) 10.5 A i2 ( fault ) 3 7.87 13.64 A
3phase fault
Δ 30MVA Y
250/5 132/33kV 600/5
X=0.09p.u
80 y = 0.2x
70
60
50
erating current
40 Series1
Linear (Series1)
Ope
30
20
10
0 F (49.54, 1.91)
0 550 100 150
5 200 250
5 3300 350
35 400
4 450
45
‐10
restrain current
Example 6
(
(Assignment 3)
g 3)