BEF 43303

POWER SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

AND PROTECTION
SEM I 2013/2014
1
Course Overview
Synopsis:

The subject deals with topics related to the

power system analysis and protection: per per-unit
unit
system, power flow analysis, analysis of balanced
and unbalanced faults, power system stability and
application power system control,
application, control overcurrent
protection, differential protection and application,
distance protection and application. Overall, this
course focuses on analysis of power system and
the protection schemes for power system
network.

2
Course Outcome
At the end of this course the student
should be able to:
1. Analyze power system faults based on balance
and unbalanced faults techniques. (PLO4-
CTPS-C4)
2. Demonstrate power flow analysis using related
software. (PLO3-CS-P4)
3
3. Express the suitable protection schemes based
on power system requirement. (PLO11-SD-A3)

3
Lecture Plan
WEEKS CONTENTS

1 Per-Unit System
2 Power Flow Analysis
3 Analysis of Balanced Fault
4 Analysis of Unbalanced Fault
5 Power System Stability
6 Application of Power System Stability
7 Load Frequency and Automatic Generation Controls
8 Reactive Power and Voltage Controls
9 Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

4
L t
Lecture Pl
Plan
WEEK CONTENTS

10 Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay

11 Differential Protection Scheme
12 Differential Protection Application
13 Distance Protection Scheme
14 Distance Protection Application

Syllabus details

5
A
Assessments
t
Oral 5%
Test 1 15 % (week 4)
Test 2 15 % (week 8)
Assignment 15 %
Final exam 50 %
Total 100%

WITH WISDOM WE EXPLORE 6

This Week Lecture Plan
CHAPTER CONTENTS

1 Per-Unit System (3 Hours)

• Introduction
• Vectors
• Operators
• Convention Used for Voltage Direction
• B
Base Q titi andd Per-Unit
Quantities P U it System
S t
• Transferring Per-Unit Quantities from One Set
of Base Values

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Representation of Electric Power System
One-Line Diagram (OLD)

 Definition:
◦ A diagram showing the interconnection of
various components of a balanced three-
three phase
power system by standard symbols on a single
phase basis.

R
Y =
B

3-phase system One line diagram

One-line

8
Advantages of OLD

 SSimplicity
 1-Φ represents all 3-Φs of the balanced system
 The equivalent circuits of the components are replaced
by their standard symbols
 The completion
p of the circuit through
g the neutral is
omitted

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Symbols for One-Line Diagram

Or Machine or rotating armature

Or 2-winding power transformer

Or 3-winding power transformer

Or Load

Power Circuit Breaker (CB)

(oil/liquid) (OCB)
Air CB (ACB)

skip next page

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 3-phase, 3-wire
Busbar
delta connection

Transmission line 3-phase wye,

neutral ungrounded
Fuse
3-phase wye,
neutral grounded
Current
transformer
(CT) A
Ammeter
or Potential
transformer V Voltmeter
((PT or VT))

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Impedance (Z) and Reactance (X) Diagram
 Impedance (Z = R + jX) diagram is converted from
OLD showing the equivalent circuit of each
componentt off the
th system.
t It is
i needed
d d to
t calculate
l l t the
th
performance of a system under normal and abnormal
conditions i.e. load conditions (Load Flow (LF) studies)
or upon theth occurrence off a fault/short
f lt/ h t circuit
i it (fault
(f lt
analysis studies).
 Reactance (jX) diagram is further simplified from Z
diagram by omitting all static loads, all Rs, the
magnetizing I (Im) of each transformer, and the
capacitance (C) of the transmission line. It is applied
only to fault calculations, and not to LF studies.
 Z and X diagrams sometimes called the Positive-
sequence diagram.

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 Z and X Diagrams
Example: OLD of an EPS

T1 T2

Load B

Load A

WITH WISDOM WE EXPLORE 13

 Z diagram
g corresponding
p g to the OLD

E1 E2 E3

Generators Load Transformer Transmission Transformer Load Gen.

1 and 2 A T1 Line T2 B 3

14
 X diagram corresponding to the OLD

E1 E2 E1

Generators Transformer Transmission Transformer Gen.

1 and 2 T1 Line T2 3

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Per - unit (P.U) Representation
 Common quantities used in power system analysis (PSA) are
voltage (V) (in kV), current (I) (in kA), voltamperes (in kVA or
MVA), and impedance (in Ω). It is very cumbersome to convert
I to
Is t different
diff t voltage
lt l
levels
l in
i a PS having
h i t
two or more V
levels.
 P.U. representation is introduced in such a way that the various
physical
h i l quantities
titi are expressedd as a decimal
d i l fraction
f ti or
multiples of base quantities and is defined as:

actual quantity
Quantity in per-unit 
base value quantity
Example:
For instance, if a base voltage of 275 kV is chosen, actual
voltages of 247.5
247 5 kV,
kV 275 kV,
kV and 288.75
288 75 kV becomes 0.90,
0 90
1.00, and 1.05 per-unit.
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 For 1-Φ systems: The formula relates the various quantities
for 1-Φ system:

base kVA 1φ base kVA(1- ) (in kVA)

Base current, A  Base I (in A) 
base voltage, kVLN base V( LN ) (in kV)
base voltage,
voltage VLN
Base impedance  base V( LN ) (in V)
base current, A Base Z (in ohms) 
base I (in A)
(base voltage, kVLN ) 2 (base V ) 2
(in kV)
Base impedance  B Z (in
Base h )
(i ohms) ( LN )
base MVA1φ base MVA (in MVA)
(1- )

Base power(1- ) (in kW)  base kVA(1- ) (in kVA)

Base P, MW1φ = Base MVA1φ
B
Base Q
Q, MVAR1φ
MVAR1 = Base
B MVA1φ
MVA1 Base power(3- ) (in MW)  base MVA(1- )

Z p.u 
Z  (actuall )
 Z
VAbase
Z base Vbase 2
  For
F 3-Φ
3 Φ systems:
t
The formula relates the various quantities for 3-Φ system:

base kVA 3φ base kVA (3- )

Base current, A  Base I (in A) 
3 X base voltage, kVLL
3 X base V( LL ) (in kV)
(base voltage, kVLL ) 2 (base V( LL ) ) 2 (in kV)
Base impedance  Base Z (in ohms) 
base MVA 3φ base MVA (3- )

Base power, kW3φ  base kVA 3φ Base power(3- ) (in kW)  base kVA (3- )
Base power, MW 3φ  base MVA 3φ Base power(3- ) (in MW)  base MVA (3- )

Z p.u 
Z  (actual )
 Z
VAbase
Z base Vbase 2
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Example:
The base impedance and base voltage for a given
power system are 10Ω and 400V, respectively.
Calculate the base kVA and the base current.

Solution:
F m Ohm’
From Ohm’s llaw,
400
Base current =  40 A
10

Base kVA = 40 X 400

 16 kVA
1000
19

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Example:
The base current and the base voltage of a
345kV system are chosen to be 3000A and 300
kV, respectively. Determine the base impedance
and the per-unit
per unit voltage for the system.
system

Solution:

300  103
Base impedance =  100
3000

345
Per-unit voltage =  1.15pu
300

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Example:
A 3-Φ, Y-connected system is rated at 100 MVA and 132 kV.
Express 80 MVA of 3-Φ apparent power (S) as a p.u. value
referred to:
(a) the 3-Φ system MVA as base and
(b) the 1-Φ system MVA as base.

(a) For the 3-Φ base,

Base MVA = 100 MVA = 1 p.u.
and Base kVLL = 132 kV = 1 p
p.u.
so p.u. MVA = 80/100 = 0.8 p.u.

(b) For the 1-Φ base,

Base MVA = 100/3 MVA = 33.33 MVA = 1 p.u.
and Base kV = 132/√3 = 76.21
76 21 kV = 1 p.u.
pu
so p.u. MVA = (1/3)*(80/33.333) = 0.8 p.u.
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Changing the Base of P.U. Quantities
 The Z of individual generators and transformers are
generally in terms of % or p.u. quantities based on
their ratings given by manufacturer.
 For PSA, all Zs must be expressed in p.u. on a
common system base. Thus, it is necessary to
convert the p.u. Zs fromf one base to another
(common base, for example: 100 MVA).

 P.U. Z of a circuit (actual Z in ) * (base MVA)


element (base V) 2 in kV
 The equation shows that p.u. Z is directly proportional
to the base MVA and inversely proportional to the
square of the base V.
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 Therefore,, to change
g from old base pp.u. Z to new
base p.u. Z, the following equation applies:

2
 base kVold   base MVA new 
P.U. Znew  P.U. Zold    
 base kVnew   base MVA old 

Example 1:
The reactance X” of a generator is given as
0.20 p.u. based on the generator’s nameplate
rating of 13.2 kV, 30 MVA. The base for
calculations is 13.8 kV, 50 MVA. Find X
X” on this
new base.
2
 13.2
13 2   50 
x"  0.20      0.306 p.u.
 13.8   30 
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Example 2:
Calculate the p.u. impedance of a synchronous
motor rated 200 kVA, 13.2 kV and having reactance
of 50 ohm

Example 3:

The primary and secondary sides of a single

phase 1 MVA,, 4kV/2kV transformer have a
p
leakage reactance of 2 ohm each. Find p.u. X if
the transformer referred to primary and secondary
side.
side

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Analysis
A l i off PS problems
bl are greatly
l simplified
i lifi d by
b
using single-line Z diagram in which system
parameters are expressed in p.u. The steps to
compute p.u. values are summarized as follows:
 Step 1: Select a common volt-ampere base for
the entire power system and a voltage base for one
part of the system.
system
 Step 2: Compute voltage bases for all parts of the
PS byy correlating
g the transformation ratios of the
transformer banks.

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 Step 3: Convert p.u. values (which is provided by the
nameplate of the equipment) to the common system
volt-ampere base and the applicable voltage base. In
case the parameters are provided in actual ohmic
values, compute base Z for the part of the PS in which
the equipment is connected and calculate the p.u.
values.

 Step 4: Draw a single-line diagram of the PS indicating

values of all parameters in p.u.
p u Proceed to analyze the
PS.

 Step 5: Convert to actual values wherever required.

required

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Example 4:
Draw the reactance diagram of system shown
below. Assume reactance for the transmission line is
60 ohm and select the generator rating as base in
the generator circuit

6.6/66 kV

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Example 5:
A 30 MVA 13.8 kV 3-Φ generator has a sub-transient
reactance (Xd’’) of 15%. The generator supplies two
motors over a tr. line having transformers at both
ends, as shown in OLD below. The motors have rated
inputs of 20 MVA and 10 MVA, both 12.5 kV with x” =
20%. The 3-Φ transformer T1 is rated 35 MVA,, 13.2/116
(∆/Y) kV with leakage reactance (Xl) of 10%. 3-Φ
transformer T2 is rated at 10 MVA, 116/12.5 (Y/∆) kV
with Xl of 10%. Series X of the tr. line is 80 Ω. Draw the
X diagram with all Xs marked in p.u. Select the
generator rating as base in the generator circuit.

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