Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHAPTER 2
preservative of meat, fish and other food products (and even human bodies by
Egyptians). This particular property made salt one of the most important
Indians attach much sentiments to salt. It played significant role even in the
halite are co-precipitates. With reference to salt pans and to this study gypsum
Almost every person in the world uses salt in one form or the other every
day. The English word “salary” comes from the Latin “salarium”, meaning the
money Roman legionaries were paid to buy salt (Young 1977). Atleast 14000
uses (direct and indirect) have been attributed to sodium chloride by various
2.2
industries around the world. The US Geological survey recognizes 8 major
Producing salt from sea water involves the selective recovery of pure
achieve this either sea water or bore well brine or large open well brine is
pumped into the initial reservoir ponds, and is concentrated through natural
economics of salt production, salt season, salt pan operations, brine analyses,
India is the fourth largest salt producing country in the world with an
average annual production of about 145 lakh tones (See Annexure 2.1). Private
sector plays a dominant role contributing over 65 per cent of the salt
production in the country, while the public sector contributes about 2 per cent.
The cooperative sector contributes about 9 per cent whereas the small-scale
sector (less than 10 acres) accounts for nearly 24 per cent of the total salt
production in the country. There are about 13,000 salt works, mostly in small
salt in the country is estimated to be 60 lakh tonnes for edible use (including
requirement for cattle) and 85 lakh tonnes for industrial use. Caustic soda,
soda ash, chlorine, etc. are the major salt-based industries. Besides, about 24
lakh tonnes of salt is exported every year. Common salt and iodised salt are
closure of south west monsoon i.e. by October 15 and lasts up to June of the
following year till the onset of the monsoon season in Gujarat, while in Tamil
Nadu it commences from February and ends by October 15, during north east
three systems of evaporating the sea water and/ or brine viz., 1. Single, 2.
Fig. 2.1
2.5
reduced and the production rate is also limited. Impounding of sea water in all
the ponds and after evaporation scrapping of salt from all the ponds - a batch
the same pond results in the crystallization of all the salts present in sea
made with the division of the evaporation basin into two: the first basin,
usually called nurse pond, was used for the production of NaCl-saturated brine,
which was fed into the second basin, usually called crystallizer. Thus, it was
eliminate those seawater salts, with less solubility than NaCl (i.e. CaCO3 and
CaSO4), since these crystallize in the first basin and remain there.
nurse pond into several interconnected basins. With this design, sea water
enters the first basin and, as it flows through successive ponds and evaporates
in the sun, its concentration increases. This production method ensures greater
control over the concentrations and quantities of the brines fed through the
and quantity of the salt. Nursing ponds cover around 90% (to concentrate brine
2.6
from 3.5 to 26°Be) of the total area of the saltern and create a complete,
living ecosystem.
This production method is still used nowadays for the recovery of salt
from sea water, although there have been improvements and variations,
allowing for the production of some hundred to a few million tonnes of salt,
depending on the size of the area in use (Korovessis and Lekkas, 1994). These
three stages (reservoirs, condensers and crystallizers) constitute the basic steps
Tuticorin coastal areas, any salt pan operation comprises five following
salt heaps.
deep), connected mainly in series, with natural clay bottom to ensure very low
because the whole process relies on natural energy, the solar energy.
2.7
Fig. 2.2
2.8
(Brine transfer at the rate of one pond /day enhances the evaporation rate
and thereby increases salt precipitation.). The ponds are divided into two basic
groups. The first group, usually called evaporating ponds, is where sea water is
The second group, called crystallizers, consists of the basins where salt
basically elevates saltern to ecosystems is the fact that for sea water to be
has to evaporate, thus requiring a vast surface (approximately 90% of the salt
works area). So it is the concentration of the initial brine available decides the
1994).
Often the bore well brine concentration is either two or three times the
sea water concentration i.e. 8°Be or even 10°Be. Based on this available brine
Crystallizers take up the remaining 10% of the area when sea water is
used as starter brine. The crystallizer basins are specially designed and have
their bottom leveled and concentrated, aiming to facilitate and optimize the
via pumping. As sea water flows from pond to pond, its concentration rises
of brine is achieved by exposure to solar radiation and with the help of the
the ponds of the saltern with a simultaneous and continuous reduction of the
the fluid and settle down or precipitate at bottom of the sink itself
(Blatt et al., 1980). Moreover, salt pan gypsum acquires interesting bed form
that is curly and layered, differently called as teepees and tumuli. Hence salt
producing fertilizer and plaster of Paris. Acidic soil is treated with gypsum.
gypsum deposits were formed by precipitation from saline waters and the
have a dull earth appearance. It is very soft; its hardness varies from 1.5 to 2.0
on the Moh’s scale of hardness. Its specific gravity ranges from 2.2 to 2.4
depending upon its purity. Gypsum is easily distinguished from anhydrite by its
inferior hardness (1.5-2 against 3-3.5) and lower specific gravity (2.2-2.4
selenite.
monoclinic.
irregular, rosette, and numerous other habits. These habits may provide clues
rosettes found in ancient rocks have been used as evidence of deposition under
through a very weak maximum at about 40ºC. Gypsum loses all its hydration
dolomitization of CaCO3 can trigger the precipitation of gypsum with the excess
with any certainty, but carbon of dolomite formed in a sabkha in Mexico was
al., 1981). Microbial mats are highly productive aquatic ecosystems. This
the cycling of hydrogen, oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon and organic acids
(Javor, 1983; Hoehler, et al., 2001; Canfield and Des Marais, 1993; Des Marais
et al., 2002b).
assessing the interplay between biology and geochemistry across salinities, but
increase and longer day length, both due to increased solar radiation, and
increase solar absorption and cause the temperature of the brines to rise, but
densely – coloured brine was 46°C while the clear brine reached only 39°C. In
that saltern, mid-morning brine temperatures typically varied between 19° and
water, which is fed into the saltern – an excessive quantity of organic matter is
produced. Thus, the biological chain is altered and the saltern become
downgraded with the reduction of the surface of the ponds and increased
potentially not marketable quality salt. Therefore, it is clear why the optimal
time, a healthy and stable ecosystem. It is worth noting that salt works are
after CaCO3 (when 1 litre seawater was concentrated to 276.3 ml) followed by
starts, when one litre was concentrated to 92.4 ml (7.2 ionic strength) and on
strength = 7.5). In another study (Mc Caffrey et al., 1987), it has been
a concentration factor of 10.6. About 92% of water from sea water (3.44°Be)
crystallize. About 5.4% of the water evaporates between 24.5° and 29°Be
during crystallization of NaCl (at this density (29°Be) about 72% of salt has
been crystallized).
successive crystallization of the less soluble salts (CaCO3, CaSO4) first, followed
by NaCl and finally magnesium salts. Salt workers use the empirical Baume
(°Be) scale, to denote the concentration of brines. According to that scale the
2.15
sea water concentration is 3.5°Be. The crystallization of CaCO3 begins at
2.4 SUMMARY
This chapter narrates salt and salt production from an industrial stand
point of view. Importance of salt, salt production and its scenario, salt season,
solar salt production process, salt pan architecture, brine concentration, pond
given. Primarily gypsum crystallizes as mats along with microbial layers and
manifest in the form of tumuli, which is a typical bed form acquired by gypsum
which further grows laterally forming ridges and crests and these are
precipitation of minerals in salt pans. Sea water with a salinity of 3.5 oBe
Sodium chloride crystallizes at 24.5 oBe. With 14000 uses, salt certainly