POINTERS EM 2

Coal Computation
Greenhouse Gases a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared
radiation, e.g., carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons.

Kyoto Protocol

An international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on
the scientific consensusthat (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that
human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.

Paris Agreement

In full Paris Agreement Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, also
called Paris Climate Agreement or COP21, international treaty, named for the city of Paris, France, in
which it was adopted in December 2015, which aimed to reduce the emission of gases that contribute
to global warming. The Paris Agreement set out to improve upon and replace the Kyoto Protocol, an
earlier international treaty designed to curb the release of greenhouse gases. It entered into force on
November 4, 2016, and has been signed by 197 countries and ratified by 185 as of January 2019.

RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

Z Symbol Name Etymology Selected applications Abundance[6

Light aluminium-scandium alloys for

aerospace components, additive in metal-
21 Sc Scandium from Latin Scandia(Scandinavia). halide lampsand mercury-vapor 22[8]
lamps,[7] radioactive tracing agent in oil
refineries

Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) laser, yttrium

after the village of Ytterby,
39 Y Yttrium Sweden, where the first rare
earth ore was discovered.
vanadate (YVO4) as host for europium in
television red phosphor, YBCO high-
temperature superconductors, yttria-stabilized
zirconia(YSZ), yttrium iron
garnet (YIG) microwave filters,[7] energy- 33[8]
efficient light bulbs (part of triphosphor white
phosphor coating in fluorescent tubes, CFLs
and CCFLs, and yellow phosphor coating in
white LEDs),[9] spark plugs, gas mantles,
additive to steel, cancer treatments

High refractive index and alkali-resistant

from the Greek "lanthanein", glass, flint, hydrogen storage, battery-
57 La Lanthanum 39[8]
meaning to be hidden. electrodes, camera lenses, fluid catalytic
cracking catalyst for oil refineries

58 Ce Cerium after the dwarf planet Ceres, Chemical oxidizing agent, polishing powder, 66.5[8]
named after the Roman goddess yellow colors in glass and ceramics, catalyst
 of agriculture. for self-cleaning ovens, fluid catalytic
cracking catalyst for oil
refineries, ferrocerium flints for lighters, robust
intrinsically hydrophobic coatings for turbine
blades.

Rare-earth magnets, lasers, core material

for carbon arc lighting, colorant
from the Greek "prasios",
in glasses and enamels, additive
59 Pr Praseodymium meaning leek-green, and 9.2[8]
in didymium glass used in welding
"didymos", meaning twin. [7]
goggles, ferrocerium firesteel (flint)
products.

Rare-earth magnets, lasers, violet colors in

from the Greek "neos",
glass and ceramics, didymium glass, ceramic
60 Nd Neodymium meaning new, and "didymos", 41.5[8]
capacitors, electric motors of electric
meaning twin.
automobiles

after the Titan Prometheus, who

61 Pm Promethium Nuclear batteries, luminous paint 1×10−15[10][b]
brought fire to mortals.

Rare-earth magnets, lasers, neutron

after mine official, Vasili
62 Sm Samarium capture, masers, control rods of nuclear 7.05[8]
Samarsky-Bykhovets.
reactors

Red and blue phosphors, lasers, mercury-

63 Eu Europium after the continent of Europe. vapor lamps, fluorescent 2[8]
lamps, NMR relaxation agent

High refractive index glass

or garnets, lasers, X-ray tubes, computer
after Johan Gadolin (1760–1852),
memories, neutron capture, MRI contrast
64 Gd Gadolinium to honor his investigation of rare 6.2[8]
agent, NMR relaxation
earths.
agent, magnetostrictive alloys such
as Galfenol, steel additive

Additive in Neodymium based magnets,

green phosphors, lasers, fluorescent
after the village of Ytterby, lamps (as part of the white triband phosphor
65 Tb Terbium 1.2[8]
Sweden. coating), magnetostrictive alloys such
as terfenol-D, naval sonar systems, stabilizer
of fuel cells

Additive in Neodymium based

from the Greek "dysprositos",
66 Dy Dysprosium magnets, lasers, magnetostrictive alloys such 5.2[8]
meaning hard to get.
as terfenol-D, hard disk drives

67 Ho Holmium after Stockholm (in Latin, 1.3[8]

Lasers, wavelength calibration standards for
"Holmia"), native city of one of its
 discoverers. optical spectrophotometers, magnets

after the village of Ytterby, Infrared lasers, vanadium steel, fiber-

68 Er Erbium 3.5[8]
Sweden. optic technology

after the mythological northern Portable X-ray machines, metal-halide

69 Tm Thulium 0.52[8]
land of Thule. lamps, lasers

Infrared lasers, chemical reducing

after the village of Ytterby, agent, decoy flares, stainless steel, stress
70 Yb Ytterbium 3.2[8]
Sweden. gauges, nuclear medicine,
monitoring earthquakes

Positron emission tomography – PET scan

after Lutetia, the city that later detectors, high-refractive-index glass, lutetium
71 Lu Lutetium 0.8[8]
became Paris. tantalate hosts for phosphors, catalyst used
in refineries, LED light bulb

 RE = rare earth
 REM = rare-earth metals
 REE = rare-earth elements
 REO = rare-earth oxides
 REY = rare-earth elements and yttrium
 LREE = light rare-earth elements
 HREE = heavy rare-earth elements

Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-
grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and
92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactivebecause
all isotopes of uranium are unstable, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years and 4.5
billion years. The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium-238 (which has
146 neutrons and accounts for over 99% of uranium on Earth) and uranium-235 (which has 143
neutrons). Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements.
Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten.
It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is
commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.
Republic Act No. 9513 --- December 16, 2008

AN ACT PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT, UTILIZATION AND

COMMERCIALIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES

An ALLOY is a combination of metals or a combination of one or more metals with

other non-metallic elements. For example, combining the metallic
elements gold and copper produces red gold, gold and silver becomes white gold, and
silver combined with copper produces sterling silver. Elemental iron, combined with
non-metallic carbon or silicon, produces alloys called steel or silicon steel. The resulting
mixture forms a substance with properties that often differ from those of the pure
metals, such as increased strength or hardness. Unlike other substances that may
contain metallic bases but do not behave as metals, such as aluminium
oxide (sapphire), beryllium aluminium silicate (emerald) or sodium chloride (salt), an
alloy will retain all the properties of a metal in the resulting material, such as electrical
conductivity, ductility, opaqueness, and luster. Alloys are used in a wide variety of
applications, from the steel alloys, used in everything from buildings to automobiles to
surgical tools, to exotic titanium-alloys used in the aerospace industry, to beryllium-
copper alloys for non-sparking tools. In some cases, a combination of metals may
reduce the overall cost of the material while preserving important properties. In other
cases, the combination of metals imparts synergistic properties to the constituent metal
elements such as corrosion resistance or mechanical strength. Examples of alloys are
steel, solder, brass, pewter, duralumin, bronze and amalgams.

Example:

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

Pewter (/ˈpjuːtər/) is a malleable metal alloy. It is traditionally composed of 85–99% tin, mixed
with approximately 5-10% antimony, 2% copper, bismuth, and sometimes silver

Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium, duralum, dural(l)ium, or dural) is a

trade name for one of the earliest types of age-hardenable aluminium alloys.

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often
with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes
non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.

Amalgam is an alloy of mercury with another metal, which may be a liquid, a soft paste or a
solid, depending upon the proportion of mercury.

Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a method of valuing a project, company,

or asset using the concepts of the time value of money. All future cash flows are estimated
and discounted by using cost of capital to give their present values (PVs). The sum of all future
cash flows, both incoming and outgoing, is the net present value (NPV), which is taken as the
value of the cash flows in question
Net present value (NPV) or net present worth (NPW)[1] applies to a series of cash flows
occurring at different times. The present value of a cash flow depends on the interval of time
between now and the cash flow. It also depends on the discount rate. NPV accounts for the time
value of money. It provides a method for evaluating and comparing capital projects or financial
products with cash flows spread over time, as in loans, investments, payouts from insurance
contracts plus many other applications.

Time value of money is the greater benefit of receiving money now rather than an
identical sum later. It is founded on time preference. The time value of money explains
why interest is paid or earned: Interest, whether it is on a bank deposit or debt,
compensates the depositor or lender for the time value of money.

Initial public offering (IPO) or stock market launch is a type of [public offering] in which
shares of a company are sold to institutional investors[1] and usually also retail (individual)
investors; an IPO is underwritten by one or more investment banks, who also arrange for the
shares to be listed on one or more stock exchanges. Through this process, colloquially known
as floating, or going public, a privately held company is transformed into a public company.
Initial public offerings can be used: to raise new equity capital for the company concerned;
to monetize the investments of private shareholders such as company founders or private equity
investors; and to enable easy trading of existing holdings or future capital raising by becoming
publicly traded enterprises.