Improving the Performance of MPPT Coupled
Inductor SEPIC Converter using Flower
Pollination Algorithm (FPA) Under Partial
Shading Condition
Ainur Rofiq Nansur Farid Dwi Murdianto
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering
Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya
Surabaya, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia
E-mail: rofiq@pens.ac.id E-mail: farid@pens.ac.id, fariddm@ieee.org
Abstract –Renewable energy growing fast, causing solar PV to be
widely used in everyday life. The power generated by solar PV is
strongly influenced by environmental and weather conditions. The
problem becomes important to be resolved, so that solar panels
require controls that can keep the power is in maximum condition
such as MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) control. This
control able to maximize the output power from solar PV in
normal condition. Unfortunately, there are problems that arise for
MPPT control when solar PV are shaded by objects. Under normal
conditions without shadows, solar PV have only one peak power
that is GMPP (Global Maximum Power Point). However, with the
shadow on the surface of the solar PV it will cause the emergence
of several peak power on the solar PV that is called GMPP and
LMPP (Local Maximum Power Point). This causes the
conventional MPPT controler can be fail to determine the GMPP
and will be trapped at LMPP. Therefore, this research will
proposed Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) method as MPPT
control under partial shading condition. The FPA method is
chosen to solve partial shading problems in solar PV, so it can
reach GMPP without being trapped in LMPP. The FPA method
will be implemented through hardware using Coupled Inductor
SEPIC converter. Based on the experimental results, the
performance of MPPT using FPA method is superior when
compared with P&O method. Using FPA method as MPPT under
partial shading condition can improve the performance of MPPT
up to 40% for power and 2,2 s for tracking time than P&O method.
Keywords — Photovoltaic (PV); Partial Shading; Coupled
inductor; SEPIC converter; Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP);
Local Maximum Power Point (LMPP); MPPT Flower Pollination
Algorithm (FPA)
I. INTRODUCTION
The electrical energy generated from the solar PV is very
widely used these days. This is because the solar PV is
environmentally friendly and easy to get (depending only on
sunlight). The use of solar PV can also reduce the use of
electrical energy derived from fossil energy [8].
The power generated from solar PV is highly dependent on
weather conditions (irradiation and temperature) and shadows.
Increasing the irradiation can increase the power of solar PV
Alfis Syah Laili Hermawan
Department of Electrical Engineering
Electronics Engineering
Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya
Surabaya, Indonesia
E-mail: alfishermawan@gmail.com
while increasing the temperature can decrease the power of
solar PV. This change may result in changes to the P-V and I-
V curves of the solar PV. Under normal conditions with no
shadows , solar PV have only one peak of maximum power
called GMPP (Global Maximum Power Point). But when there
is a shadow on the surface of the solar PV it will cause the
appearance of several peak power that is LMPP (Local
Maximum Power Point) and GMPP. GMPP is the real
maximum peak power while LMPP is peak power but still less
than GMPP. GMPP and LMPP will only appear on solar PV
which is more than one solar PV and one or all of them is
overshadowed by objects. The shadow can be like trees,
buildings, birds and etc. by using the conventional method as
MPPT under partial shading can cause the power produced by
the solar panel cannot be maximized because it will be trapped
in LMPP. The power of PV can reach maximum when GMPP
can be achieved [1].
When partial shading occurs on the solar PV it can decrease
the efficiency of MPPT. So it will be able to cause power loss.
Because basically MPPT will work optimally when there is no
partial shading.
There are so many conventional methods like Perturb and
Observe (P&O) [12], Incremental Conductance (IC) [13], and
etc. but all those methods fail to achieve GMPP on partial
shading condition. Several methods have been developed to
deal with partial shading problems in solar PV. Some methods
that can be used to achieve GMPP under partial shading are
PSO[4,5,27], FA [17], GA[18] and many more. But in this
research will propose one method of nature inspire algorithm
that is Flower Pollination Algorithm. This algorithm has
advantages when compared to other methods that is less
parameters tuning, fast convergence and great accuracy. The
use of FPA method as MPPT in solar PV under partial shading
condition will be able to achieve GMPP so that real maximum
power can be generated.
FPA method will be applied to microcontroller to control
switching on DC-DC SEPIC converter using duty cycle. SEPIC
converter will be developed using couple inductor. So that the
inductor L1 and L2 will be rolled up in one magnetic core. The
development of this inductor has advantages compare to the
standart SEPIC converter that is smaller ripple current and
greater efficiency.
In this research the FPA method will be validated using
hardware so that it can be analyzed when implemented in real
conditions. The FPA method will also be compared with
conventional MPPT control that is P&O to know the superiority
of FPA method compared to P&O when used as MPPT under
partial shading condition.
II. MODELING AND CHARACTERISTIC OF SOLAR PV UNDER
PARTIAL SHADING
Solar PV is an energy conversion device that functions to
convert from solar energy into electrical energy. The power
produced by solar PV depends on weather conditions,
irradiation, temperature and shadow. The greater the irradiation
and the lower the temperature, make the greater power
produced by solar PV and vice versa. While the more shadows
that cover the solar PV will make the smaller power that can be
generated by solar PV and vice versa.
In general, solar PV consists of 36 or 72 cells. In solar PV
modeling there are 2 kinds, that is by using 1 diode or 2 diode.
This will affect the performance of the system because of the
accuracy of each cell. In this research will use solar PV
modeling with 1 diode. It aims to simplify in terms of modeling.
Fig. 1, show the equivalent circuit of solar PV with 1 diode and
equation 1 show the mathematical expression of Solar PV using
1 diode.
Ipv
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of solar PV using 1 diode
= −( −1 −
Where, =
=
, =
=
=
= ℎ
In partial shading conditions will result in power
generated by solar PV becomes smaller. This is happens
because the power generated by the shaded cells will be smaller
than the unshaded cells. If this condition occurs in a long time,
it will result in excessive heat on the PV surface so it can not
work properly or even cause damage.
In addition, partial shading that occurs in solar PV will
result in changes in the shape of the V-I and P-V curves of solar
PV. Changes in the shape of the curve will result in the
emergence of several peak power of LMPP and GMPP. The
more solar PV is used, the more peak power is formed on the P-
V curve
In this research using 2 solar PV modul with each power
100 Watt and arranged with a series topology. Table I, show the
spesification of PV module that use in this research.
TABLE I. SPESIFICATION OF SOLAR PANEL
SILICON TYPE SOLAR PANEL
Parameter Value
Pmax 100 W
Vmp 17,3 V
Imp 5,83 A
Isc 6,51 A
Voc 21,5 V
Dimension 811*1000*37 mm
Standart Test Condition AM 1,5 1000 W/m2 25˚
III. MODELING OF COUPLED INDUCTOR SEPIC CONVERTER
SEPIC converter is a type of DC to DC converter which is
a derived from buck-boost converter. The difference between a
SEPIC converter with a Buck boost converter circuit is the
number of inductor, capacitor and the polarity of the output
voltage. In buck-boost converter use only 1 inductor, 1
capacitor and negative output voltage polarity. While on SEPIC
converter use 2 inductor, 2 capacitor and positive output voltage
polarity. In addition SEPIC converter also has a output
waveform that is more smooth than buck boost converter. This
converter works to increase or decrease the output voltage.
In this research SEPIC converter was developed by using
coupled inductor. This means that the inductor L1 and L2 will
be rolled in the same magnetic core. By using a coupled
inductor in SEPIC converter, it can minimize ripple current and
increase the efficiency of the converter [7,26].
(1)
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of coupled inductor SEPIC converter
Fig. 2, shows the equivalent circuit of the coupled
inductor SEPIC converter. In this research, the coupled inductor
SEPIC converter will receive input from the solar panel and the
output will be connected to the resistive load. After getting the
input voltage from the solar PV then the converter will raising pollination. The basic rules used for the MPPT process are as
and lowering the output voltage to produce maximum power follows.
from the solar PV under partial shading condition. Equation (2) Flower Pollination Algorithm can be used as a MPPT
to (7) are show the mathematical equation that used to modeling process from solar panels. the update of the duty cycle in the
coupled inductor SEPIC converter in Continuous Conduction converter is set using FPA. Below, describes the FPA step used
Mode (CCM). for MPPT application.
Step 1 : Initialization of parameter
= (2)
Max itteration (N), probability switch, initial
population size (X1, X2, X3, X4 and X5)
.∆ . .
1= − (3) Step 2 : Evaluation of fitness
∆ . .

2=
.( )
(4) Evaluation of pollens (duty cycle) is based on the
.(∆ . ∆ . ) power generated by the pollens (P=V*I). The greater
the power generated by duty cycle, the better the pollen
= 2 (5) obtained. The duty cycle that generates the greater
. power is marked as Global Best (Gbest) with power
1= (6)
. 1. generated as Power Best (Pbest).
.
2= (7) Step 3: Pollination process (update process)
. .
Means the update process of pollens, a random number
This converter using 40 KHz switching frequency. By between 0<rand<1 is generated based on probability
using high frequency for switching it will be able to decrease switch (P) and if the condition (if rand> P) is met so
the value of the inductor (L1 and L2). Moreover, with high every pollen must be updated via cross pollination and
frequency switching it also can minimize the ripple content of if no updated via self pollination.
the output voltage of the converter. Using equation (2) to (7) Here the equation of cross pollination
then the parameter value of coupled inductor SEPIC converter
can be calculated and obtained as in Table 2. = + ( − ) (8)
And here the equation of self pollination
TABLE II. SEPIC SPESIFICATION AND DESIGN PARAMETERS
= + ( − ) (9)
Parameter Value
Step 4: New Possition of pollens
Input Voltage (Vin) 34,2 V
With the step number 3 so the pollens will apper in
Switching Frequency (fs) 40 KHz their new position (new duty cycle)
Output Voltage (Vo) 35 V Step 5: Termination Criterion
Rated Output Power (Po) 200 W Repeat the steps between 2 to 5 until all the pollens
Current Ripple (ΔIL) 10% converge to reach the maximum power
Voltage Ripple (ΔVo) 0.1% Step 6: Reinitialing search
Inductor 1 (L1) uH
Based on the change in threshold of power (Pbest) at
certain value, the irradiation change is noted and the
Inductor 2 (L2) uH
algorithm gets reinitialized with the search process
Magnetizing Inductor (Lm) uH restarts from step 1.
Coupling Capacitor (C1) uF
Output Capacitor (C2) uF
To get the best performance from FPA for MPPT process,
some parameters of FPA must be tuned. Table III, shows the
parameters of the FPA when used for the MPPT process. Then
IV. MODELING OF FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR FPA will be applied to microcontroller in the form of C++
MPPT UNDER PARTIAL SHADING CONDITION program integrated with sensor and DC-DC converter.
FPA is an optimization algorithm categorized in Nature
Inspired Algorithm created by Xie Yang in 2012. The FPA TABLE III. PARAMETERS TUNING OF FPA
method adopts the process of pollination of flowers on plants.
FPA parameter Value
Where pollen is considered the solution of any optimization
problem and then pollen is updated based on self pollination Population size / number of
5 (X1, X2, X3, X4, X5)
(local pollination) or cross pollination (global pollination)[25]. pollens (n)
FPA can be applied to MPPT process. The update process Probability switch (P) 0,8
of the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter is done through the λ 1,5
process of pollination, either self-pollination or cross-
 Fig 3, shows the FPA that implemented for maximum process. The block diagram of the proposed system is shown by
power point tracking. Fig. 5.

+ +
Coupled L
Inductor O
- SEPIC - A
Converter D

PV 1
PWM
100W I Panel

+ ARM
STM32F7
Microcontroller
V Panel
-

PV 2
100W
Fig. 5. Block diagram proposed method

MPPT algorithm is coded and executed using ARM

STM32F7 microcontroller. The sampling for each duty cycle in
this experiment uses 0,2 seconds, this value is highly dependent
on the response of the sensor and DC-DC converter that have
been made. Fig. 6, shows the experiment using the hardware
that has been done.

PV
Fig. 3. Flowchart of FPA for MPPT application
R Slider Load
The FPA method will be applied to real condition using
hardware. There are 2 solar PV modules connected series. Then
the coupled Inductor SEPIC converter receives input from solar
ARM F7
PV module and the output of the converter will be connected at Microcontroller
resistive load. Fig. 4, shows the 4 shading pattern used in this
research.
V, I Sensor

Ampere Meter
SEPIC
Converter

Fig. 6. Hardware prototype model for proposed MPPT scheme

To know the advantages of MPPT with FPA method than

conventional method in solving partial shading problem, then
in this experiment FPA will be compared with P&O (Perturb
Fig. 4. Shading pattern of solar PV module and Observe). Both MPPT algorithms are carefully coded and
tuned to achieve the best performance for the MPPT process.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT AND VALIDATION Table IV, shows the parameter tuning used for MPPT in this
research.
In this experiment, Coupled inductor sepic converter has
been made integrated with current and voltage sensors on the
input and output side of the converter. All sensor are read using
the ARM STM32F7 discovery microcontroller. FPA is
carefully coded on a microcontroller with predefined
parameters to produce the best performance for the MPPT
 TABLE IV. PARAMETERS OF FPA AND P&O TABLE V. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF FPA AND P&O
Tracking Tracking
FPA P&O Shading Tracking GMPP Tracking
Power Efficiency
Pattern Method (W) Speed (s)
N=5 (W) (%)
(D1,D2,D3,D4,D5) D = 0,2
FPA 3,8 106,19 97,24
P = 0,8 ∆D = 0.01 1 109,2
P&O 5,8 61,08 55,93
λ = 1,5 -
FPA 4,2 97,2 97,5
2 99,69
In this research, FPA and P&O methods will be tested to P&O 5,8 57,98 58,16
find the maximum power generated from 4 predefined shading
pattern. The data is collected using a data logger via bluetooth FPA 3,8 74,54 98,96
to the PC using Telemtry Viewer software that can be observed 3 75,32
in real time. P&O 6 62,66 83,19
All equipments such as microcontroller, voltage sensor,
FPA 4 84,61 97,44
current sensor, solar PV module, coupled inductor SEPIC
4 86,83
converter and resistive load are connected according to block P&O 6,2 62,47 71,94
diagram. After all assembled then the next step is to experiment.
The first experiment was performed to obtain the
characteristic curve of solar PV under partial shading. Fig. 7,8,9 From Table V, it can be concluded that the FPA method is
and 10 shows the power vs voltage (P-V) characteristic curve capable of achieving global maximum power point (GMPP) in
of Solar PV under partial shading. The data obtained by a fast time and accurate value without being trapped in local
connecting solar PV with variable resistive load. After maximum power (LMPP). The FPA method has a tracking
connected, the variable resistive load is then set from the largest speed of 3.8 seconds with tracking accuracy of up to 98.96%.
resistance to the smallest resistance at a fast time. Then, the While the P&O method can not reach GMPP and is trapped in
current and voltage values read by the current and voltage LMPP, the P&O method has tracking accuracy between 57% to
sensors will be sent by the microcontroller to the PC via 83% depending on the shading pattern that occurs with the
bluetooth. The data received on the PC is then displayed using fastest tracking speed of 5.8 seconds.
Telemetry Viewer software in real time to be observed and Note that the power generated by MPPT with the FPA
stored. method is greater than the P&O method. This power occurs
From the first experiment results have been obtained because the FPA method successfully reaches GMPP from solar
characteristic curve of Solar PV under partial shading. From PV while the P&O method is trapped in LMPP. From the results
Fig. 7,8,9 and 10, it can be seen that the peak of power formed of this experiment, shows that MPPT with FPA method has
is as much as 2 peak power that is GMPP and LMPP. Two peak better accuracy and tracking speed than P&O even under under
power is formed because the amount of PV used is only 2. partial shading condition
In the second experiment conducted to find the maximum
power through MPPT process with FPA and P&O method. Both VI. CONCLUSIONS
of these methods will be tested for 30 seconds for MPPT This research proposes the FPA method for MPPT under
process. Then from the MPPT power graph obtained will be partial shading condition. Several experiments using hardware
analyzed in the form of tracking accuracy and tracking speed. have been done to see the capabilities of the FPA method. In
Fig __ shows the MPPT power waveform of both methods. The addition, comparing with the P&O method was also performed
test is performed using resistive load set at 20 ohm. to know the performance of the FPA method over conventional
To find out the performance advantages of the FPA methods. From the results of the experiments, it can be
method compared to conventional methods such as P&O then concluded that the FPA method has superiority compared to
in Table V will be shown in detail about tracking speed and conventional methods such as P&O. FPA method is able to
tracking accuracy of both methods. achieve global maximum power point with tracking accuracy
and tracking speed better than P&O method. The FPA method
can achieve GMPP in 3.8 seconds with the greatest accuracy
reaching 98.96% while the P&O method is only able to reach
local maximum power point (LMPP) in 5.8 seconds and the
83.19% tracking accuracy. This indicates that the FPA method
is capable of achieving GMPP from solar PV modules under
partial shading condition without being trapped in LMPP as
occurs in conventional methods. So, using FPA method as
MPPT under partial shading condition can improve the
performance of MPPT up to 40% for power and 2,2 s for
tracking time than P&O method.
 P-V Curve (Shading Pattern 1) Tracking Process of Shading Pattern 1
120 GMPP 120 (3,8s ; 106,19W) FPA
(31,88V ; 109,2W)
100 100
LMPP
Power (Watt)

Power (Watt)
80 (13,39V ; 63,3W)
80 (5,8s ; 61,08W) P&O
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Voltage (Volt) Time (s)

Fig. 7. P-V curve and tracking process of shading pattern 1

P-V Curve (Shading Pattern 2) Tracking Process of Shading Pattern 2

120 GMPP 120
(32,26V ; 99,69W) (4,2s ; 97,2W)
FPA
100 100
Power (Watt)

Power (Watt)
80 LMPP 80
(13,65V ; 59,78W) (5,8s ; 57,59W) P&O
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Voltage (Volt) Time (s)

Fig. 8. P-V curve and tracking process of shading pattern 2

P-V Curve (Shading Pattern 3) Tracking Process of Shading Pattern 3

80 GMPP 80 (3,8s ; 74,54W) FPA
LMPP (33,27V ; 75,32W)
70 (13,39V ; 62,81W)
70
60 60
Power (Watt)

Power (Watt)

(6 ; 62,66W) P&O
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Voltage (Volt) Time (s)

Fig. 9. P-V curve and tracking process of shading pattern 3

 P-V Curve (Shading Pattern 4)
100 GMPP
(32,75V ; 86,83W)
80 LMPP
(13,35V ; 62,94W)
Power (Watt)
60
40
20
0 0
0 10 20 30
Voltage (Volt)
Fig. 10. P-V curve and tracking process of shading pattern 4
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