2018

Fatigue and failure modes

ELASTIC-PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF A ALUMINUM BEAM

PAUL MONTERO / CAROLINA RIVERA

INDEX
Executive summary ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Specific objetives ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Theoretical relations ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Experiment design ........................................................................................................................................ 2
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS ................................................................................................................................... 3
STATISTIC ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Conclusions and recommendations .......................................................................................................... 4
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 4
ANNEXS ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
 Executive summary
In order to describe the behavior of a beam [of aluminum, subjected to pure bending, we place
extensometers at the point of application of the load (wing) and on the sides (souls). By means of a load
cell different concentrated loads are applied in the center of the beam simply supported by rollers at the
ends. For the development of this practice the maximum force that the beam could support before
reaching the break was estimated, in this way it is planned to obtain the deformation curve of the material
before and after the yield limit. In addition, we tried to develop the concepts of fatigue, by exceeding the
σyield by several times, however, this was not possible due to the lack of a better structural design in
which more load could be applied. Thanks to the EASYPLOT and DAQVIEW software, data on force in volts
and strain in micro deformation are obtained. By means of a calibration the force of volts to kgf is
transformed

Specific objetives
To describe the elastic-plastic behavior of a
beam subject to pure bending.

Theoretical relations Ilustración 1. Diagrama de la viga sometida a carga

Estimation of force using the moment equation By theory and graph for the time being it is
𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝑣, 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑥) = 𝐹𝛿 (𝑥 − 2) known that the maximum moment of a simply
supported beam is given at its center.
𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝑣, 𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑥) = 𝐹𝐸 (𝑥 − ) + 𝐴 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐹
2
𝐸𝐼𝑣, 𝑥𝑥 ( ) = 𝐹 (𝑥 − ) 𝐸 (𝑥 − ) − 𝑥
𝐿 𝐿 2 2 2 2
𝐸𝐼𝑣, 𝑥𝑥(𝑥) = 𝐹 (𝑥 − ) 𝐸 (𝑥 − ) + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐹𝐿
2 2 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. =
4
Border conditions for simply supported:
Knowing the elastic limit of aluminum:
𝑀(0) = 0 𝑀(𝐿) = 0
𝑀𝑦
𝐿 𝐿 𝜎𝑥 =
𝐸𝐼𝑣, 𝑥𝑥(0) = 𝐹 (𝑥 − ) 𝐸 (𝑥 − ) + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐼
2 2
𝐹𝐿𝑦
𝐵=0 𝜎𝑥 =
4𝐼
𝐿 𝐿 4𝐼𝜎𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑣, 𝑥𝑥(𝐿) = 𝐹 (𝑥 − ) 𝐸 (𝑥 − ) + 𝐴𝑥 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥. =
2 2 𝐿𝑦
𝐹
𝐴=− The transverse inertia of the beam: Two souls
2 and one wing
then:
𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑥 +
𝐿 𝐿 𝐹 2 2
𝐸𝐼𝑣, 𝑥𝑥(𝑥) = 𝐹 (𝑥 − ) 𝐸 (𝑥 − ) − 𝑥 𝐴𝑑 − 𝑦̅ 𝐴
2 2 2
To determine the maximum force that the beam Experiment design
supports, the maximum bending moment is
For this experiment, loads were applied in the
needed.
center of an aluminum beam using a tensioner
and a load cell. In this way we measure the unit
deformation by means of the equipment In test 3 we have 4 charges and discharges in the
software. maximum unit deformation is 2156e-6 micro
deformations.
The beam has the following dimensions:
For test 1 we have 3 charges and discharges with
L= 2000 mm
a maximum unitary deformation of 691e-6 micro
H= 25,7 mm deformations.

e= 27 mm

Three strain gages were welded in the central

part of the beam (covers and sides) to obtain the
maximum deformations. A dial gauge was also
placed on the bottom to record the deflection of
the beam.

Tabla 2. Esfuerzos

In the previous table, the efforts obtained in the

cover and the side with the distance of the
neutral axis towards the cover of 6.76 mm and
the bottom of 1.85 mm are detailed. The inertia
of the section is 1.72e4 mm ^ 4.

It was observed that in test 3 a plastic behavior

Ilustración 2. Esquema del experimento was obtained with an effort of 2e8 N / m ^ 2 in
the cover and of -2.18e8 N / m ^ 2 in the side /
bottom.
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

Gráfico 1. Normal stress vs strain, fondo

Tabla 1. Micro deformaciones

In this graph we can appreciate the behavior of
the beam with the loads and discharges applied
in the experiment, this graph has the points of
effort vs deformation of the bottom of the beam.
Gráfico 2. Normal stress vs strain, cubierta
STATISTIC ANALYSIS
The standard deviation is less than 1 for all cases,
in this table it is detailed for experimentation by
load.
Table 3. Deviation standard
ANNEXS
Conclusions and recommendations
• During the experiment we were able to
observe the behavior of the beam when
loading and unloading, which, with the
analysis of the results, creates a positive
slope when loading and negative when
downloading with the same slope.
• During the tests, the non-linear response
of the aluminum structure becomes
evident, especially in situations where
the structures are subjected to stresses
that are close to or above the elastic
limit. on the other hand, it is observed
that the bending behavior of the beams
under load and discharge cycles carried
out during the tests is linear.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
[1] J. Marín PhD. Class notes, Structure II.
[2] EGOR POPOV. “Mechanics of solids”,
Editorial: Pearson Education, second
edition, MEXICO, 2000.
 Ilustración 6. deformation due to bending. last
Ilustración 5. application of the load through a
chance.
thread tensioner

Work Hour: 12