OTC-27528-MS

Estimation of BOP Stack Drag and Added Mass Using Computational Fluid
Dynamics

Carlos F. Lopez, Harbinder Pordal, Ph.D., Kenneth Bhalla, Ph.D., and Matthew J. Stahl, D.Eng., Stress
Engineering Services, Inc.

Copyright 2017, Offshore Technology Conference

This paper was prepared for presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 1–4 May 2017.

This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of
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Abstract
The hydrodynamic drag and added mass of a blowout preventer (BOP stack) influences the resonant
amplitudes and frequencies of a drilling riser system during connected (low amplitude oscillations) and
disconnected (high amplitude oscillation) conditions. The prediction of hydrodynamic loads on a BOP
stack at resonant frequencies is of importance for analyzing wellhead and casing fatigue and ensuring well
integrity. Accurate prediction of dynamic hook load fluctuation is also of significant importance, particularly
in determining feasibility for deploying and hanging-off drilling riser systems in ultra-deep water.
A predictive technique based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods is developed to estimate
hydrodynamic forces exerted on a BOP stack. This method is applied to analyze the flow behavior during
steady-state flow, connected oscillation, and disconnected hang-off oscillation to characterize the stack
added mass and drag properties. This study considers four scenarios:
1. Steady-state drag over the BOP stack,
2. Lateral oscillations of the BOP stack in stationary water,
3. Lateral oscillations of the BOP stack under nominal current conditions and
4. Coupled axial and lateral oscillations in stationary water.
This paper describes the use of CFD coupled with analytical methods to obtain key characteristic
parameters associated with an oscillating BOP stack.
The analysis shows that the steady-state drag coefficient significantly under predicts the drag coefficient
for an oscillating BOP stack. The drag coefficient of an oscillating BOP stack in stationary water is
significantly higher than the corresponding steady-state drag coefficient. The added mass coefficient shows
dependence on oscillation amplitude and frequency; however, the dependence is not as significant as that
observed for the drag coefficient. The combined lateral and axial oscillations show similar values of drag
coefficient and added mass as the uncoupled lateral or axial oscillations. A study of BOP stack added mass
and drag under nominal background current shows changes to the drag and added mass computed with
stationary water conditions for an oscillating BOP stack.
The viability of using computational methods for determining drag and added mass coefficients for a
BOP stack under various conditions is established. Hydrodynamic coefficients that have been determined
2 OTC-27528-MS

by this approach can be used to improve the accuracy of dynamic global drilling riser and wellhead fatigue
analysis.

Background
The amount of hydrodynamic drag and added mass experienced by a BOP stack significantly influences
the oscillatory modes and dynamic response during both connected (low amplitude oscillation) and
disconnected (high amplitude oscillation) conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis can
be used to estimate the lateral and axial drag and added mass of a BOP stack to improve the accuracy of
global riser analysis.
The lateral resonant period of BOP stacks on subsea wellheads can vary from 4 to 10 seconds depending
the BOP stack mass, wellhead stick-up, casing configuration/stiffness, soil properties and assumed added
mass. It has been previously shown for both connected and disconnected operations, that even relatively
low energy sea states can induce significant resonant loads on BOP stacks when drag coefficients based
on steady-flow conditions are used, as the amount of damping is significantly underestimated compared
with reality [1]. This is of particular concern during deployment/retrieval of a BOP stack, as the resonant
response can produce large dynamic hook load fluctuations. Additionally, added mass can sometimes be
overestimated, as it is often selected for a representative geometry with size approximately equal to the BOP
stack. This additional mass increases resonant periods and increases the dynamic response of the system.
SES has developed a computational fluid dynamics model to simulate and analyze the hydrodynamic
forces exerted on a BOP stack during steady-state flow, connected oscillation, and disconnected oscillation
to characterize the stack added mass and drag properties. This study considers four scenarios: steady state
drag over the BOP stack, lateral oscillation of the BOP stack in stationary water, lateral oscillation with
background current, and coupled axial and lateral oscillation in stationary water. In the steady state drag
scenario, various constant velocities are prescribed from different directions to determine the drag force and
coefficient of drag when subjected to a current. The lateral-only oscillation scenario is intended to model
the period of time when the BOP stack and drilling riser are connected to a wellhead, causing the BOP stack
to laterally translate and rotate due to the resonant response to wave- or current-induced excitation. Axial
motion during connected operations is negligible and not considered for this case. The coupled axial and
lateral scenario represents the BOP stack motion during disconnected operation, i.e. when the BOP stack
is not connected to a wellhead.

Methodology
The BOP stack model, shown in Figure 1, consists of a representative BOP stack surrounded by a region
of water that is free to move around and through the stack structure. The water density and viscosity were
assumed as constant and the effects of hydrostatic head were neglected. Since BOP stacks are structurally
stiff, a fluid-structure interaction model was not deemed necessary to characterize drag and added mass.
Additionally, since the stack is the object of interest, the wellhead, casing, and riser were not modeled. The
BOP stack mesh was generated from BOP stack geometry that was simplified to fill small voids inside
the BOP structure, insuring numerical accuracy and stability and reducing excessive mesh detail. Over 3
million tetrahedral elements were used with a growth rate definition to decrease the element density with
increasing distance from the BOP stack surface. An additional volume mesh around the BOP stack was
generated to provide a buffer from the boundary conditions, which consist of pressure outlet and velocity
inlet conditions depending on the case.
OTC-27528-MS 3

Figure 1—Representative BOP Stack Geometry

Flow velocities of 1.64 ft/s and 3.28 ft/s in the X, Y, and Z directions were considered in the steady-flow
simulations. The k-ε turbulence model was used as the critical Reynolds number is not well defined for this
complex geometry. An upper bound and lower bound amplitude and period in the X-direction were selected
for the connected oscillation cases based on responses found in previous riser analyses. Oscillation in the
Y-direction was also simulated at the upper-bound amplitude. A larger amplitude and period were analyzed
for the coupled lateral-axial case.
The lateral BOP stack oscillation was modeled by prescribing a sinusoidal translation on the stack surface
and a sinusoidal rotation about the bottom of the stack. The translation and rotation were defined to be
in phase with each other, such that their velocities are additive, resulting in a flagpole-like motion. For
the combined lateral-axial oscillation model, no rotation was prescribed, and the stack moved in a circular
motion. The oscillation simulations were run for 3 complete cycles (described in Table 1) with a time step
of 0.05 seconds, with sufficient inner iterations to obtain convergence within each step. The inline force
exerted on the stack was calculated from numerical integration of the resulting pressure on the stack surface.

Table 1—BOP Stack Oscillation Load Cases

Direction of Oscillation δ (ft) Θ (deg) T (s) Kc Description

Lateral – X 0.20 0.40 8.30 0.13 Upper bound connected

Lateral – X 0.04 0.09 5.35 0.03 Lower bound connected

Lateral – Y 0.20 0.40 8.30 0.13 Upper bound connected

Lateral – X and Axial – Z 5.0 - 10.0 2.94 Disconnected oscillation

Oscillatory Flow Theory

As described by the Morison equation, the inline force on an object in an oscillatory flow consists of three
components: the Froude-Krylov force, which is proportional-to and in-phase with flow acceleration, the
hydrodynamic mass force, which is a function of the flow acceleration relative to the object acceleration,
and the drag force, which is proportional to and in phase with the signed square of the flow velocity relative
to the object velocity [2]. For an oscillating body in an oscillating fluid, the Morison equation describes
the force per unit length
4 OTC-27528-MS

where ρ is the fluid density, Ca is the added mass coefficient, Cd is the drag coefficient, D is the reference
diameter of the body, u is the instantaneous flow velocity, and v is the instantaneous object velocity. Note that
this equation is expressed on a per-unit-length basis, which is a common practice for riser analysis. When
the object is fixed, the Froude-Krylov and hydrodynamic mass forces can be combined into the inertial
force. Accordingly, the inertial coefficient, Cm, is used in this scenario, and is defined as Cm = Ca + 1. Note
that in most of the cases in this work consider an oscillating body in stationary fluid (u and = 0) so force
per unit length reduces to

It is important to note that the Morison equation is semi-empirical and is subject to a few key assumptions,
including that acceleration is uniform near the body (negligible wave diffraction), that the inertial and drag
forces are additive at all flow regimes, and that the flow is unidirectional. The Keulegan-Carpenter number
characterizes the relative effect of drag forces to inertial forces for an oscillating object in a stagnant fluid,

where v is the maximum object velocity, T and the period of oscillation, D is the reference diameter, and A
is amplitude of object oscillation. A large value of Kc indicates that drag forces dominate where as a small
value of Kc means that inertial forces dominate [2]. Table 1 details the flow conditions modeled and their
associated Keulegan-Carpenter numbers using the buoyancy diameter as the reference. Based on these Kc
numbers, the connected scenarios are dominated by the inertial force, whereas the total force during the
disconnected scenario is more dominated by drag forces. As the results show in the subsequent section, the
Morison equation results in a poor fit of hydrodynamic force when Kc is near to unity.

Calculation of Hydrodynamic Coefficients

To determine the inertial and drag force components, a two parameter least squares regression was used
to fit the total inline force calculated by the CFD model to the Morison equation. The regression was
performed over the 2nd and 3rd cycles of the simulation to allow the initial transients to resolve. The
hydrodynamic coefficients can be calculated from the inertial and drag forces by selecting an appropriate
reference diameter.
For the case with no flow oscillation, it is important that the product of Ca and D2 is as we intend it to
be, so any diameter can be used as long as it is provided when discussing Ca. However, in cases that may
include oscillating flow, the value of D is not arbitrary because it appears in alone in the first terms of the full
Morison's equation. For cylinders, the reference diameter would simply be the OD of the cylinder, which
is indicative of the volume displaced by the cylinder on a per unit length basis. For other shapes, this is
not the case and an equivalent diameter must be determined. The equivalent diameter for the BOP stack is
defined as the diameter of an equivalent cylinder with the same height and displaced volume as the stack.
This diameter (10.7 ft for the stack in this work, which has a displaced volume of 3,372 cubic feet) is often
used for added mass calculations because the added mass is a function of the displacement volume of an
object. However, in some cases, the displaced volume of the BOP stack is not known, but is be estimated
from the submerged weight which is not entirely accurate due to air tanks and entrapped mass.
The diagonal diameter is often used when calculating drag coefficients as it represents the widest
dimension of the stack and therefore the largest projected frontal area. This definition is also convenient
because the orientation of the BOP stack relative to the current passing over the stack is not always well
OTC-27528-MS 5

known, so the drag diameter and coefficient are often selected to be omnidirectional. The diagonal diameter
(26.4 ft in this work) multiplied by stack height to get the drag area is often used for the reference geometry
when the stack is modeled as a cylinder. The various definitions of the reference geometry often leads to
confusion of the assumed hydrodynamic properties of a BOP stack, as both the coefficient and the reference
geometry need to be known to evaluate hydrodynamic forces. The hydrodynamic coefficients determined
in this work are reported for both reference diameters to eliminate this ambiguity.

Results
Analysis of the inertial and drag forces on the BOP stack was performed under four conditions. The first
is a series of steady state simulations that model a drag-dominated scenario with a constant flow velocity
and no BOP stack motion. The second scenario is concerned with small amplitude oscillation of the BOP
stack in stagnant water, which is expected to be dominated by inertial force (added mass) instead of drag.
The third scenario is the same as the second, but with the inclusion of a background current typical of water
near the seafloor. The last condition that was analyzed was a disconnected BOP stack motion in stagnant
water where inertial and drag forces are on the same order. The results presented in this work are in good
agreement with tow tank test and modeling data for other BOP stack geometries [3-5].

Steady State Uniform Flow

Steady state drag simulations were performed at two flow velocities (1.64 and 3.28 ft/s) for the X, Y, and
Z directions to determine the drag coefficients for the BOP geometry. Figure 2 shows the BOP surface
pressure contour and cross-sectional velocity vectors for flow moving along the long dimension of the stack
(positive X-direction) at 3.28 ft/s. The pressure is at a maximum where the flow impinges on the BOP stack
surface (left side), and at a minimum where the boundary layer separates and recirculation occurs (right
side), as expected. The flow tended to accelerate in the gaps in the BOP stack structure, and velocities
decreased downstream of the BOP stack. For a flow velocity of 3.28 ft/s, the total force exerted on the BOP
stack was 7.71 kips, which leads to a coefficient of drag of 0.7 using the diagonal diameter. With a flow
velocity of 1.64 ft/s, the total drag force on BOP stack is 1.97 kips, yielding a coefficient of drag of 0.8
based on the diagonal diameter.

Figure 2—Pressure contour and velocity section for X-direction flow at 3.28 ft/s.

Figure 3 shows the pressure contour and velocity vectors for a 3.28 ft/s flow in the Y-direction. As shown
previously, the pressure is greatest at the front of the BOP stack, where flow is impinging on the frontal
6 OTC-27528-MS

surfaces. The geometry in the Y-direction contains more plate-like obstructions (and therefore larger surface
area) which causes increased drag forces of 3.08 and 12.4 kips for the 1.64 and 3.28 ft/s cases respectively,
and a Cd of 1.2 for both, based on the diagonal diameter.

Figure 3—Pressure contour and velocity section for Y-direction flow at 3.28 ft/s (1.94 knots).

Figure 4 shows the results from the Z-direction, 1.64 ft/s flow condition. The top-most surfaces of the
BOP stack exhibit the greatest pressure, and flow velocity decreases in the stream-wise direction. This case
had a drag force of 0.94 kips with a corresponding Cd of 0.7 based on the diagonal diameter.

Figure 4—Pressure contour and velocity section for Z-direction flow at 1.64 ft/s (0.97 knots).
OTC-27528-MS 7

Table 2 summarizes the results of the steady state drag simulations that were performed. The drag
coefficients were not sensitive to the flow velocities that were analyzed, but did show dependence on the
flow direction. Namely, the drag coefficient in the Y-direction is ~25% greater than that in the X-direction
(based on diagonal diameter), likely due to additional flat-plate like obstacles impeding the flow. The Cd
values in the X and Y direction are calculated using the reference diameter and a stack height of 37.6 ft.
The value for Z is calculated using the area of a circle with a diameter equal to the reference diameter.

Table 2—Summary of Steady State Drag Results

Lateral Sinusoidal Translation and Rotation

To quantify the added mass of the BOP stack in the lateral direction, a sinusoidal translational and rotational
motion was prescribed on the BOP stack surface while in still water. The motion amplitudes and periods
were selected based on extreme values of BOP stack motion during deep water connected drilling operations.
Table 3 details the added mass coefficients of the oscillation simulations based on the Morison equation
curve fits for the equivalent and diagonal reference diameters. Drag coefficients are provided with respect
to the diagonal diameter only.

Table 3—Summary of BOP Oscillation Added Mass and Drag Results from Morison Equation Curve Fits

Figure 5 shows the pressure contour, velocity vector, and inertial/drag force curve fits for low amplitude
(connected) oscillations in the X and Y directions. For the oscillation in the X-direction, the high and low
pressure regions alternate from the right to the left with the movement of the BOP stack. The velocity
field also alternates to show the relative velocity of the water with respect to the BOP stack. The Y-
direction simulation shows similar results, wherein the maximum pressure occurs on the faces where flow
is impinging. The force versus time plots show the total force as modeled by CFD, and the inertial, drag
and total force as calculated by curve fitting the CFD force to Morison's equation. The total force for both
8 OTC-27528-MS

the X and Y-direction oscillation cases are primarily in phase with the inertial force, as expected since the
Kc number is much less than unity for this case.

Figure 5—Pressure contour, velocity section, and Morison force fit for X-direction (left) and Y-direction
(right) oscillations of 0.2 ft lateral and 0.4 degree rotational at a period of 8.3 seconds (Kc = 0.13).

The X and Y-direction oscillations with ±0.2 ft displacements and ±0.4 degree rotations resulted in an
added mass of 330 and 429 kips respectively, corresponding to Ca = 1.6 and 2.0 based on the total displaced
volume of the BOP stack (equivalent diameter). It is important to note that a Ca of 1.0 using the either the
equal area diameter or the diagonal diameter is an often assumed value for added mass, which would yield 2
to 3 times as much added mass than the amount found in this work. Using the diagonal diameter, Ca ranges
from 0.23 to 0.34 and using the equal area diameter, Ca ranges from 0.37 to 0.54 for this stack, which is
OTC-27528-MS 9

much less than 1. An additional case at a smaller amplitude and shorter period was studied to determine a
lower bound added mass. This case resulted in an added mass of 291 kips with Ca = 1.4, which is similar to
the upper-bound case, despite a factor of 4 difference in Kc number between the two cases.
The calculated drag coefficients are quite high because the total force is governed almost entirely by the
added mass of the BOP stack with a small offset in phase. This phase shift is accounted for during the curve
fit process by using a high coefficient of drag, which could represent a significant amount of skin friction
drag in stagnant water. Since these high drag coefficient values are only found for oscillation cases with
stagnant water, it is expected that accounting for a background current would decrease the drag coefficient,
eventually approaching the steady state coefficient with increasing current.

Lateral Oscillation with Background Current

The results presented thus far are for model with stagnant water (i.e. no current). In many cases, there can
be significant background currents near the seafloor which may influence the hydrodynamic coefficients.
To determine this effect, an analysis was performed with a 0.2 ft, 8.3 s lateral oscillation in the X-direction
with a background current of 0.328 ft/s.
Figure 6 shows the pressure contour, and drag force curve fits for the lateral motion with background
current condition. The highest pressures on the BOP stack at a given time are on the faces where flow
is impinging on the surface and the lowest pressures are in the separation and recirculation zones on the
downstream side of the stack. At 11 seconds, the stack is stationary and the steady current is moving in the
positive x-direction, causing the right faces of the stack to be at a lower pressure than the left faces. At 13
seconds, the inertial force is zero and the drag forces (steady and oscillatory) cancel each other out since
the stack and the current are moving together, leading to a relatively uniform pressure field. At 15 seconds
however, the fluid around the stack is at maximum acceleration, leading to the high pressure on the right
side. Lastly, at 18 seconds, the stack and the current are moving in opposite directions, thereby increasing
the pressure on the left side to its maximum.
Comparing the results of this case to the simulation without background current, the added mass increased
slightly from 330 to 381 kips whereas the drag coefficient decreased significantly from 4.0 to 2.0 based on
the diagonal diameter. The large decrease in drag coefficient may be attributed to a reduction in the amount
of skin friction drag on the stack surface since the flow velocity near the surface is higher on average due to
the presence of the background current. It is also possible that the background current affects how vortices
are shed from the plate-like structures, influencing the total amount of drag.
10 OTC-27528-MS

Figure 6—Pressure contour and Morison force fit for X-direction oscillation of 0.2 ft lateral
and 0.4 degree rotational at a period of 8.3 seconds with a background current of 0.328 ft/s.

Combined Axial and Lateral Sinusoidal Translation

During disconnected hang-off or deployment, the BOP stack moves both laterally and axially with an
amplitude that is significantly larger than that of connected operations. This condition was modeled with 5
ft lateral and axial amplitudes, in phase and at a period of 10 seconds. No rotation was considered.
Figure 7 shows the pressure contour, velocity vectors, and drag/lift Morison equation curve fits for the
coupled lateral and axial motion condition. The highest pressures on the BOP stack at a given time are
on the faces where flow is impinging on the surface. At 10 seconds, the stack is moving to the right, so
the highest pressure is experienced by the right faces. The same applies at 12.5 seconds (top faces are at
maximum pressure) and at 15 seconds (left faces are at maximum pressure). The velocity field generated
by the moving BOP stack is similar to the previous cases, where the relative flow velocity is in the opposite
direction of the BOP stack motion, but with greater velocities than the lateral motion cases.
OTC-27528-MS 11

Figure 7—Pressure contour, velocity section, and Morison force fit for 5 ft lateral
and axial oscillations (XZ-directions) at a period of 10 seconds (Kc = 2.94).

The 5 ft amplitude oscillation at 10 seconds resulted in lateral and axial added mass of 345 and 348 kips
respectively, corresponding to Ca = 1.6 and 1.7 based on the equivalent diameter. The calculated lateral
12 OTC-27528-MS

and axial drag coefficients are 1.7 and 2.1 based on the diagonal diameter respectively. The higher drag
coefficient in the axial direction is likely due to the horizontal plate-like structures obstructing axial flow.

Conclusions
The purpose of this work was to analyze the added mass and drag properties of a BOP stack using CFD for
steady-state flow conditions, transient lateral oscillation corresponding to connected operation, and coupled
lateral axial oscillation representing a disconnected hang-off scenario. Based on the analysis presented in
this work, the following can be concluded:
1. The steady-state drag coefficients showed little dependence on current speed, but did vary with current
direction due to the anisotropy of the BOP stack. The steady state coefficient of drag varied from 0.7
to 1.2 using the diagonal diameter, with axial flow being the most streamlined (lowest Cd), followed
by flow parallel to the longer dimension (x-direction in this case), with flow parallel to the shorter
dimension (y-direction) being the least streamlined. At the flow velocities tested, the drag coefficients
were more a function of the overall dimensions of the BOP stack rather than specific bluff features
such as plates in the stack.
2. The calculated added mass during lateral oscillation representative of connected operations showed
strong dependence on oscillation direction and varied from 330 to 429 kips (Ca,x = 1.6 and Ca,y =
2.0, based on the volume displaced by the BOP stack geometry as it was modeled). Decreasing the
amplitude/period (4x lower Kc number) resulted in less added mass (291 kips, Ca = 1.4), whereas
the inclusion of background current resulted in more added mass (381 kips, Ca = 1.8). The drag
coefficients for the lateral oscillation simulation in stagnant water ranged from 4.0 to 6.3 based on the
diagonal diameter reference geometry. The inclusion of background current significantly decreased
the drag coefficient to 2.0, and would likely continue to decease until reaching the steady-state current
value with increasing current. In stagnant water, the amplitude and frequency of stack oscillation
significantly affected the drag force, with decreased oscillation amplitude and frequency increasing
the drag coefficient, likely due to the increased prevalence of skin friction drag. Oscillation direction
did not influence the drag coefficient as much it influenced the added mass coefficient.
3. Considering the coupled axial and lateral oscillation representative of disconnected operations, the
calculated added mass was similar to that of the connected scenario. The added mass in the x and
z-directions respectively were found to be 345 and 348 kips (Ca = 1.6 and 1.7, based on displaced
volume). The drag coefficients in this case were much lower than those for the connected scenario,
at 1.7 and 2.1 for the X and Z-directions respectively (based on the diagonal diameter). This is likely
due to the increased oscillation amplitude, and therefore flow velocity, of the disconnected case which
serves to decrease the drag coefficients to that of the steady-state flow scenario. These values are
for stagnant water and are expected to vary with the inclusion of oscillating current, which may be
studied in future work.
4. An assumed added mass coefficient between 1.5 and 2.0 calculated with respect to the displaced
volume or a coefficient between 0.4 and 0.5 based on equal cross-sectional area is reasonable. These
added mass values are approximately 50% less than the value of Ca = 1.0 for a reference volume
calculated from the overall height, width, and breadth of the rectangular portion of a BOP stack. A
reduction in assumed added mass subsequently shortens the resonant period of the BOP stack which
may reduce the resonant responses predicted by global models.
5. An appropriate drag coefficient is dependent on the expected relative velocities and therefore the
operation that is being analyzed. This work showed that for connected operations in stagnant water, the
relative velocities are small, so a drag coefficient of 4.0 is possible. However, at even small background
currents, the Cd decreases to approximately 2.0 even for small stack oscillations. For disconnected
OTC-27528-MS 13

operations, the relative velocities are larger, so the Cd was a low as 1.7 in this work. Therefore, a Cd
range of 1.0 to 2.0, depending on the expected operation is reasonable.
6. The hydrodynamic coefficients presented in this work are only for the single BOP stack geometry
that was analyzed and will vary from stack to stack.
In conclusion, this work contributes to the body pertaining to knowledge of BOP stack hydrodynamic
assumptions. By improving the accuracy of the added mass and drag coefficients, the uncertainty of global
riser analysis and wellhead fatigue analysis is reduced which improves operability and safety of offshore
drilling.

References
1. Matthew J. Stahl, Harbinder S. Pordal, Jan O. Andersen, "Computational Fluid Dynamics
Analysis as Applied to the Prediction of Dynamic Hookload Variation in Deepwater Drilling
Risers", Offshore Technology Conference, 2011.
2. Garbis H. Keulegan, Lloyd H. Carpenter, "Forces on Cylinders and Plates in an Oscillating
Fluid", Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 60-5, 1958.
3. Raj Venuturumilli, Michael Tognarelli, Samir Khanna, Michael Triantafyllou, "Validation of
Computational Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis Methods to Determine Hydrodynamic
Coefficients of a BOP Stack", Proceedings of ASME 34th International Conference on Ocean,
Offshore and Arctic Engineering, 2015.
4. Xavier Arino, Jaap de Wilde, Massimiliano Russo, Guttorm Grytøyr, Michael Tognarelli, "Forced
Oscillation Model Tests for Determination of Hydrodynamic Coefficients of Large Subsea
Blowout Preventers", Proceedings of ASME 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore
and Arctic Engineering, 2015.
5. Samuel Holmes, William Calver II, Michael Tognarelli, Massimiliano Russo, Yiannis
Constantinides, "Determining The Hydrodynamic Coefficients Of A BOP", Proceedings of
ASME 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, 2016.