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4 A 4a 2
Dh a 0.15 m
p 4a
Once the velocity is found from the volume flow rate we can compute the Reynolds number.
0.10 m 3
V V s 4.444 m
V 2
Ac a 0.15 m 2 s
4.444 m
VDh
0.15 m
Re h s 3.179 x10 4
5 2
1.774 x10 m
s
For this Reynolds number the flow is turbulent so the entry length will be about 10 diameters or
1.5 m. This is only 15% of the total duct length so we can assume fully developed turbulent flow.
We will use the Dittus-Boelter equation (8-68) with a Prandtl number exponent n = 0.3 because
the cooler duct temperature is cooling the fluid, to find the Nusselt number and the heat transfer
coefficient.
Nu 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023 3.179 x10 4 0.8
0.7154 0.3 83.16
hAs
16.37 W
2 o
m C
6 m2
NTU 0.9750
m
cp 0.09994 kg 1008 J W s
s kg s 1 J
Tout Ts Ts Tin e NTU 70 o C 70 o C 85o C e 0.9750 75.7oC
The mean temperature between the inlet and the outlet is (85 oC + 75.7oC)/2 = 80.35oC, which is
close enough to our assumed mean temperature of 80oC so that we do not have to repeat the
calculation. We can now find the heat transfer from the first law equation.
c p Tout Tin
m
Q
0.09994 kg 1008 J W s
s kg s 1 J
75.7 o C 85o C = –941 W
The heat transfer through the walls will be 1% of the heat generated in the furnace. Since the
furnace is 82% efficient and has a heat input of 48 therms/h, the heat generation within the
furnace is (48 therms/h)(105 Btu/therm)(82%) = 3.936x106 Btu/h. Only 1% of this heat or
3.936x104 Btu/h will leave through the furnace walls by convection and radiation. The surface
temperature can be found from the following equation for the combined modes of heat transfer.
s s
h ft 2 o F
hA T T 0.8578 Btu 2.227 ft 2 180o F 78o F
Q
196 Btu/h