CHEM 16: General Chem I Announcements:

Changes in the Syllabus: Laboratory classes will meet

this SATURDAY (26 June
2 Long Exams – 400 points 2010) from 8:00am to 10:00 am
Quiz and Problem Sets – 100 points THUV – Rm. 302
Laboratory – 260 points THUV1 – Rm. 310
THUV2 – Rm. 304
1st Long Exam – 16 August 2010 THUV3 – Rm. 306
2ndLong Exam – 27 September 2010
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Principles of General Chemistry, 2nd ed. By M. Silberberg

Chemistry, 8th ed. by W. Whitten, R. Davis, R., M. L. Peck, and G. Stanley.
Lecture Outline
The Foundations • Fundamental Definitions: Matter and Energy
of Chemistry •
•
States of Matter
Chemical and Physical Properties
• Chemical and Physical Changes
• Measurements in Chemistry: Units and
Conversion, Dimensional Analysis
• Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Laws (of Mass Conservation, of Definite
Composition, and of Multiple Proportions)
• Components of Matter: Elements, Compounds
and Mixtures
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Chemistry Matter
– is the study of matter – – anything that has
mass and occupies
its properties, the space.
changes it undergoes,
and the energy changes
that accompany those Energy
processes – the ability to do
– is the central and work or transfer
fundamental science heat.

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States of Matter

Classical:
• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases

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States of Matter Properties of Matter

Non-classical: • Physical Properties
• Plasma – those which the substance shows by itself
without interacting with another substance
• Bose-Einstein
– e.g. density, color, length
Condensate
• Liquid Crystals • Chemical Properties
• Superfluids – those which the substance shows as it
interacts with, or transforms into, other
substance
– e.g. reactivity, flammability

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Properties of Matter Changes in Matter

• Physical Changes
• Extensive Properties – amount dependent – occurs when a
properties substance alters its
– e.g. mass, volume, energy physical form, not
• Intensive Properties – amount independent its composition
properties
– e.g. temperature, density

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Changes in Matter Changes in Matter
• Chemical Changes = Chemical Reaction • Physical Changes
– occurs when a substance is converted into a e.g. frost forms as the temperature drops on a
different substance humid winter night, perspiration evaporates
when you relax after jogging

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Changes in Matter Measurements in Chemistry

• Chemical Changes
Quantity Unit Symbol
e.g. a match ignites to form ash and a mixture
of gases, a silver fork tarnishes slowly in air, a • length meter m
cornstalk grows from a seed that is watered • mass kilogram kg
and fertilized
• time second s
• current ampere A
• temperature Kelvin K
• amt. substance mole mol

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Measurements in Chemistry Measurements in Chemistry

Metric Prefixes Common Conversion Factors:
Name Symbol Multiplier
• mega M 106 • Length
• kilo k 103 – 1 m = 39.37 inches
• deka da 10
• deci d 10-1 – 2.54 cm = 1 inch
• centi c 10-2 • Volume
• milli m 10-3
• micro µ 10-6 – 1 liter = 1.06 qt
• nano n 10-9 – 1 qt = 0.946 liter
• pico p 10-12
• femto f 10-15

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Measurements in Chemistry

Temperature
• is a measure of the
intensity of heat in a
body
• 3 common
temperature scales -
all use water as a
reference

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Measurements in Chemistry Use of Numbers

• Accuracy
– how closely measured values agree with the correct • Significant figures
value – digits believed to be correct by the person
• Precision making the measurement
– how closely individual measurements agree with • Exact numbers have an infinite number of
each other significant figures
12.000000000000000 = 1 dozen

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Percentage
The Unit Factor Method
• Percentage is the parts per hundred of a sample.
• Also known as DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS • Problem: A 335 g sample of ore yields 29.5 g of
• Simple but important method to get correct iron. What is the percent of iron in the ore?
answers in word problems. grams of iron
? % iron = x 100%
• Method to change from one set of units to grams of ore
another. 29.5 g Fe
= x 100%
335 g ore
= 8.81%
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Density A Molecular View:
Problem: Lithium (Li) is a soft, gray solid that has the lowest
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
density of any metal. If a slab of Li weighs 1.49 x 103 mg and has
sides that measure 20.9 mm by 11.1 mm by 11.9 mm, what is the
1) An element is composed of extremely
density of Li in g/cm3 ? small indivisible particles called atoms.
-3
1.49 x 103 mg x 10 g = 1.49 g
1 mg
1 cm
20.9 mm x = 2.09 cm
10 mm
Similarly the other sides will be 1.11 cm and 1.19 cm, respectively.

2.09 x 1.11 x 1.20 = 2.76 cm3

1.49 g
Density of Li = = 0.540 g/cm3
2.76 cm3

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A Molecular View: A Molecular View:

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Dalton’s Atomic Theory
2) Atoms cannot be converted or transformed 4) Compounds are formed when atoms of
into atoms of another element. different elements combine with each
3) All atoms of a given element have identical other in small whole-number ratios.
properties, which differ from those of
other elements.

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Components of Matter Components of Matter

Element - the simplest type of substance with Molecule - a structure that consists of two or
unique physical and chemical properties more atoms that are chemically bound together and
- consists of only one type of atom thus behaves as an independent unit.
- cannot be broken down into any simpler substances
by physical or chemical means

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Components of Matter Components of Matter

Compound - a substance
composed of two or more
elements which are chemically
combined.
Mixture - a group of two or
more elements and/or
compounds that are physically
intermingled.
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Mass Laws Mass Laws

• Law of Conservation of Mass • Law of Definite Composition
– there is no detectable change in the mass during a – no matter the source, a particular compound is
chemical change composed of the same elements in the same parts
– total mass of substances do not change after the (fractions) by mass
reaction
e.g. Calcium carbonate

total mass = total mass Analysis by Mass Mass Fraction Percent by Mass
(grams/20.0 g) (parts/1.00 part) (parts/100 parts)
CaO + CO2 CaCO3
8.0 g calcium 0.40 calcium 40% calcium
2.4 g carbon 0.12 carbon 12% carbon
56.08 g + 44.01 g 100.09 g 9.6 g oxygen 0.48 oxygen 48% oxygen

20.0 g 1.00 part by mass 100% by mass

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Mass Laws
• Law of Multiple Proportions Philippians 4:13
– if elements A and B react to form two compounds, the
different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of
“I can do all things, in God
A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers who give me strength”
strength”
e.g. given nitrogen and oxygen (N and O)
compounds that may be formed: NO, N2O, NO2

questions?

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Next meeting: Reminders:
Fundamental particles The use of the third floor of this building for
Atomic Number lecture classes is only temporary. This building is
Neutrons for research and construction is still on-
on-going.
Mass No. & Isotopes For your safety, DO NOT go near nor pass
Changes in the Nucleus through the (blue banderitas)
banderitas) cordoned areas and
those designated as NO ENTRY.

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Reminders:
1. Please use the designated passage way in entering
and exiting the building. Only designated rooms in the
third floor will be used for lecture classes.
2. No loitering in the ground and second floors of the
building. Construction is on-going in other parts of the
building.
3. Smoking, horse playing and any unnecessary noise
are prohibited inside the building.
4. Charging of electronic gadgets (laptops, cellphones,
music players, etc.) is strictly prohibited inside the
building.
5. Only ground floor comfort rooms are available for
use.
6. No littering.
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