Chemistry With Physics Reviewer PDF

EDGE ECE Specialist
CHEMISTRY
EDGE ECE REVIEW SPECIALIST 1
CHEM ISTRY
Chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
A. Branches of chemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Inorganic Chemistry
• Physical Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Biochemistry
I. MATTER
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is composed of tiny particles called atoms. There
are presently 106 different kinds of atoms (elements) in which each of these are represented by a symbol.
• Law of Conservation of Mass – “Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed.”

• Law of Conservation of Energy – “Energy can not be created nor destroyed. It can only be
transformed from one form to another.”
• Law of Definite Composition – “A pure compound is always made up of same constituent
elements combined in a definite proportion by weight.”
• Law of Multiple Proportions – “When two elements react to form more than one compound,
the different weights of one that combine with a fixed weight of the other are in the ratio of
small whole numbers.”
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM-CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
A. Physical States
• Solid – has definite size and shape
• Liquid – has definite volume but takes the shape of the container
• Gas – has neither definite shape nor definite volume
B. Properties
• Physical Properties – those that can be measured without changing the basic identity of the
substance (e.g. color, density, odor, boiling point).
• Chemical Properties – those that describe how a substance may react to form other
substances (e.g. flammability, tendency to rust).
Chemistry
• Intrinsic Properties – are properties of the substance that are independent of the shape and
size of the substance. (e.g. temperature, pressure, etc.).
• Extrinsic Properties – are properties of the substance that are related to its size and shape.
(e.g. volume, mass, weight, etc.)
C. Changes Which Matter Undergoes

• Physical Change – involves changing one or more physical properties of a sample of matter
without changing its composition (e.g. evaporation, cutting of wire, crystallization, tearing of
paper).
• Chemical Change – results in the change in composition of matter (e.g. burning of paper,
rusting of iron).
D. Composition
Mixtures Pure Substance

Heterogeneous Mixtures – Compounds –
marble, concrete, wood salt, water, carbon dioxide gas
Homogeneous Mixtures – Elements –
sugar solution, pure air, metal alloys hydrogen gas, gold, mercury, neon gas
II. CHEMICAL FORMULAS
A. The Atom
• Basic building block of the universe; has the following major components:
Subatomic particles Charges Mass Electric Charge Unit mass in kg

-19
proton positive 1.0073 amu 1.602x10 C 1.673x10-27 kg
electron negative 0.00055 amu -1.602x10-19 C 9.11x10-31 kg
neutron neutral 1.0087 amu 1.675x10-27 kg
• Atomic number – equal to the number of protons of an element.

• Atomic mass – equal to the combined masses of protons and neutrons.
• Neutral atom – number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
• Positively charged atom – if there are more protons than electrons.
• Negatively charged atom – if there are more electrons than protons.
Example: What is the number of neutron in one atom of 56

26
Fe ?
Answer: The number of protons is 26. The number of protons and neutrons (mass
number) is 56. Thus, the number of neutrons is 56 – 26, or 30.
B. Atomic Weight
• Equal to the average of the isotopic masses weighted according to the naturally occurring
abundance of the isotopes of the element.
• Expressed relative to the value of exactly 12 amu for a carbon-12 atom.
Chemistry
Example: What is the atomic weight of argon (Ar) given the following percentage of
abundance in nature:
99.60% 40Ar, mass is 39.962 amu
0.337% 36Ar, mass is 35.968 amu
0.063% 38Ar, mass is 37.963 amu.
Answer: Atomic weight of argon:
= (0.996x39.962) + (0.00337x35.968) +
(0.00063x37.963)
= 39.947 amu
C. Formula Weight
• Is used for compounds that are made up of ions and have primarily ionic bonding. Is
convenient as it can be used for both ionic and covalent bonding.
D. Molecular Weight
• Is used for compounds that are composed of molecules and have primarily covalent
compound. Will be used only for covalent compounds which consists of molecules like sucrose
C12H22O11, ethyl alcohol C2H5OH, and Carbon Monoxide CO.
Example: Calculate the formula weight of water, H2O.

Answer: Since there are 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen in a formula unit of
water, then the formula weight is
H=2x1 = 2
O = 1 x 16 = 16
Formula Weight = 18 amu
E. Mole
• Amount of a substance which contains 6.022 x 1023 particles (Avogadro’s number) of matter;
(the world particle can mean atom, molecule, or ion).
• Equal to the gram – molecular mass of a substance
Example: How many moles and atoms are there in 100 g of argon?
Answer: The molecular mass of argon is 39.948 g/mole. The number of moles of argon
in the sample is:
 1mol 
= 100g   
 39.948g 
= 2.50 mol Ar.
The number of atoms of argon is simply
 6.022  1023 atoms 
= 2.50 moles  
 mole 
=1.51 x 1023 atoms
F. Formulas and Formula Masses

• A chemical formula indicates the relative number of atoms of each element in a substance.
• If the numbers are the smallest possible integral values that express the relative number of
atoms, the formula is called an empirical formula.
• The formula mass is the sum of the masses of every atom in a substance as indicated in its
formula.
Chemistry
Example: A compound consists of 30.4% nitrogen and the rest oxygen. What is its
empirical formula?
 1moleN 
Answer: mole N = 30.4g N   = 2.17 mole N
 14gN 
 1mol O 
mole O = (100 – 30.4)g O   = 4.35 mole O
 16.0g O 
The smallest mole ratio of nitrogen to oxygen is 1:2. Thus, the empirical
formula is NO2.
G. Molecular Formulas and Molecular Masses

• A molecular formula is similar to the empirical formula expect that it expresses the actual
number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a substance.
• If a molecular formula is used, the corresponding “formula mass” is called a molecular mass.
Example: A compound with molecular mass equal to 60.0 has the following
percent composition: C = 40.0%, H = 6.67%, O = 53.3%. What is its
molecular formula?
Answer: Atomic weight of argon:
= (0.996x39.962) + (0.00337x35.968) + (0.00063x37.963)
= 39.947 amu
II. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
A. Types of Chemical Compounds

• Ionic Compounds – metal and nonmetal ions held together by electrostatic forces of
attraction.
• Molecular Compounds – nonmetal elements held together by covalent bonding.
B. Composition of Chemical Compounds

• It is the components of compounds and their relative proportions in a given sample.
Example: What are the masses of carbon and hydrogen in 50.0 g of methane (CH4)?
Answer: The molecular mass of methane is (4)1 + (1)12, or 16.
The percentage of C is 12/16 or 75.0%.
The percentage of hydrogen is 4/16 or 25.0%.
For a 50.0g sample the mass of hydrogen is

= 0.25 (50.0g)
= 12.5g
And that of carbon is
= 0.75 (50g)
= 37.5g
C. Oxidation State
• It is the number of electron an atom can donate, accept, or share with other atoms to from a
compound.
• The common oxidation states of some elements are the following:
Chemistry
Alkaline
F, Cl, Alkali
Elements H O, S N, P C, Si B, Al earth
Br, I metals
metals
Oxidation
1, -1 -1 -2 -3, +5 -4, +4 +3 +1 +2
state
D. Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds
• Binary compounds (composed of two elements)
Rules for Metals and Nonmetals:

1. The unmodified name of the metal is written followed by the name of the nonmetal, which
ends in –ide.
2. For transition metals, a suffix –ous is added for the lower state while –ic for the higher one.
3. If the Stock System is used, the oxidation number of the metal is written in Roman Numeral
right after the unmodified name of the metal.
Compound Name Compound Name

Fe2S3 ferrous sulfide AlF3 aluminum fluoride
BaO barium oxide Cr2O3 chromium(III) oxide
Cu2O copper(I) oxide ZnS zinc sulfide
CaF2 calcium fluoride SrO strontium oxide
Na2S sodium sulfide MgCl2 magnesium chloride
Rules for two Nonmetals:

1. Prefixes are written to indicate the relative number of atoms of an element in a compound.
2. A suffix –ide is added at the end.

BCl3 boron trichloride SF6 sulfur hexaoxide
CCl4 carbon tetrachloride PCl3 phosphorus trichloride
CO carbon monoxide PCl5 phosphorus pentachloride
NO2 nitrogen dioxide B2Br4 diboron tetrabromide
N2 O dinitrogen oxide SO2 sulfir dioxide
• Ternary compounds – composed of more than two elements, usually a polyatomic ion and an
element. Naming them is by order: positive first, negative second

NH4Cl ammonium chloride Na4PO4 sodium phosphate
KC2H3O2 potassium acetate NaCN sodium cyanide
Chemistry
Mg(NO3)2 magnesium nitrate BaC2O4 barium oxalate

NaHCC3 sodium bicarbonate KMnO4 potassium permanganate
K2CrO4 potassium chromate Na2S2O3 sodium thiosulfate
• Binary acids – a prefix hydro- and a suffix -ic are added to the base name of the nonmetallic
element, then the word acid.
Name Formula
Hydrofluoric acid HF
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Hydrobromic acid HBr
Hydroiodic acid HI
Hydrosulfuric acid H2 S
• Ternary acids – composed of hydrogen, a nonmetal, and oxygen. Naming them depends on
the of oxygen present in the acid, usually with the lesser number ending with –ous and with
the greater number ending in –ic; others follow the name of their polyatomic ions.
Name Formula Name Formula Name Formula

Nitric acid HNO3 Hypochloric acid HClO Phosphorous acid H3PO3
Nitrous acid HNO2 Chlorous acid HClO2 Phosphoric acid H3PO4
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Chloric acid HClO3 Boric acid H3BO3
Sulfurous acid H2SO3 Perchloric acid HClO4 Carbonic acid H2CO3
Acetic acid HC2H3O2 Oxalic acid H2 C2 O 4 Silicic acid H2SiO3
III. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND STOICHIOMETRY
A. Types of Chemical Reactions

• Combination/synthesis – formation of a compound of complex substance through the
reaction of two elements of simpler substances.
Examples: 2H2 + O2  2H2O + heat
2C7H6O2 + 15O2  14CO2 + 6H2O + heat
CaO + CO2  CaCO3
• Decomposition/analysis – breakdown of a compound into other compounds and/or elements.

Examples: 2H2O  2H2 + O2
2HgO  2Hg + O2
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
• Single replacement/single displacement – the more reactive element replaces the less
reactive element in a compound.
Examples: 2Mg + TiCl4  2MgCl + Ti
Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu
Chemistry
• Double replacement/double displacement (also called metathesis) – exchange of “patterns”

to form an insoluble salt.
Examples: BaCl2 + NaSO4  2NaCl + BaSO4
Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2  BaCO3 + 2NaOH
B. Chemical Equation and Stoichiometry

• Chemical equation – representation of a chemical reaction; reactants are written on the left
side, products at the right side of the arrow.
• Law of conservation of matter – in a chemical reaction, total mass of reactants equals total
mass of the products.
• Stoichiometric coefficients – numbers written before a substance in balancing an equation.
C. Limiting Reactant
• It is the reactant that restricts or controls the amount of product that will be produced.
D. Percent Yield
• Not all reactions proceed to 100% completion, that is – not all reactants are consumed to yield
the desired product. Some reactants undergo side-reactions to produce unintended products
(the by-products).
• The percent yield is defined as the ratio of the actual yield over the theoretical yield times 100.
IV. GAS LAWS
A. Boyle’s Law
• For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, gas volume is inversely proportional to gas
pressure.
v1 P2

v2 P1
Example: A certain was occupying a volume of 10L at 720 mm Hg. At constant

temperature, the gas was compressed resulting to a pressure of 800 mm Hg.
What was the new volume of the gas?
P 720 mm Hg
Answer: v 2  1 v1  10 L  9 L
P2 800 mm Hg
B. Charle’s Law
• For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure the gas volume is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature of the gas (i.e., in Kelvin scale).
v1 T1

v2 T2
Example: Air inside a 5 L frictionless piston at 25°C was heated up to 50°C. What
was the new volume of the air?
Chemistry
T2 273  50C
Answer: v2  v1  5 L  5.42 L
T1 273  25C
C. Gay-Lussac’s Law
• For a fixed amount of gas at constant volume, gas pressure is directly proportional to gas
temperature.
P1 T1

P2 T2
Example: Oxygen gas at 30°C and 10 atm was further pressurized to 15 atm by
heating the tank. What was the new temperature of the oxygen gas?
P2 15atm
Answer: T2  T 
P1 1 10atm
 30  273  K  454.5K  181.5C
D. Avogadro’s Law
• At a fixed pressure and temperature, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amount
of gas.
v1 n1

v2 n2
At STP or standard temperature and pressure (0°C and 1 atm) the volume of a mole of
gas is 22.4 L.
E. The Ideal Gas Law

• At low pressure and high temperature, all gases follow the above gas laws. The combination of
all the above laws is called the Ideal Gas Law and it follows the following equation:
L  atm
PV = nRT, where R is the ideal gas constant equal to 0.0821
mole  K
P1V1 P2 V2
  ...  nR
The equation can also be expressed as: T1 T2
Example: Carbon dioxide occupies a volume of 3L at 1.5 atm and 47°C. How many
moles of carbon dioxide are there? If it is cooled down to 30°C and subjected
to a pressure of 2 atm, what is the new volume of the gas?
Answer: PV = nRT
Chemistry
PV (1.5 atm)(3 L)
n    0.17 mole
RT  Latm 
 0.0821  (47  273)K
 moleK 
P1V1 P2 V2

T1 T2
 PT   1.5 atm (30  27)K 
 V2  V1  1 2   3 L    2.13 L
PT   2 atm (47  273)K 
 2 1
F. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

• The total pressure of a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the
individual gases that make up the mixture.
• The partial pressure of a component gas is simply the pressure that gas is exerting on a
container as if it were alone.
Example: Air at standard atmospheric pressure is typically 78.084% nitrogen,

20.946% oxygen, 0.934%?argon, and 0.036% carbon dioxide. What are
the partial pressures of each gas in mm HG?
Answer: Conversion: 1 atm = 760 mm Hg
Partial pressure of:
Nitrogen: 0.78084 x 760 = 593.44 mm Hg
Oxygen: 0.20946 x 760 = 159.19 mm Hg
Argon: 0.00934 x 760 = 7.10 mm Hg
Carbon Dioxide: 0.00036 x 760 = 0.27 mm Hg
G. Graham’s Law of Effusion

• Effusion – the escape of a gas through an orifice or hole. The rate of effusion of a gas is
inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight.
r1 MW2

r2 MW1
V. THERMOCHEMISTRY
A. Terminology
• Heat (q) – an energy transfer due to a temperature difference.
• Work (w) – a form of energy transfer between a system and its surroundings in the form of
compression of expansion of gas.
• Internal energy (U) – the total energy attributed to the particles of matter and their interactions
within a system; composed of thermal energy (energy associated with random molecular
motion) and chemical energy (energy associated with chemical bonds and intermolecular
forces).
• Enthalpy (H) – a thermodynamic function defined by H = U + PV. At constant temperature and
pressure, the change in enthalpy, ΔH, is simply the heat of reaction.
• Heat reaction (qrxn) – heat exchange in a system when there’s a chemical reaction at constant
temperature.
Chemistry
• Heat capacity (c) – the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object or
substance by one degree; usually expressed in J/°C.
• Specific heat/molar heat capacity (cp) – heat capacity per unit mass of a substance at
constant pressure.
• Latent heat of fusion (Lf) – heat absorbed to melt a substance at constant temperature.
• Latent heat of vaporization (Lv ) – heat required to change a substance from its liquid phase
to its gaseous phase at constant temperature.
B. Calorimetry (heat measurement)

• Change in temperature
q = heat capacity x temperature change
= CΔT
= mass of object x specific heat x temperature change
= mC pΔT, for water, specific heat is C p = 1.0 cal/g°C
Example: A mass of 50g of copper (specific heat = 0.093 cal/g°C) at 30°C is heated up
to 100°C. How much heat was absorbed by the copper?
Answer: q = mC pΔT
 cal 
q = 50g  0.093  100C  30C 
 gC 
q = 325.5 cal
• Phase change
1. Solid ↔liquid
q = mLv, for water heat of fusion is: Lf = 80 cal/g
2. Liquid ↔ gas
q = mLf, for water heat of vaporization is: Lv = 540 cal/g
Example: If 100g of ice (C p = specific heat = 0.5 cal/g°C) at -5°C is converted to

steam (C p = specific heat = 0.5 cal/g°C) at 110°C, how much heat
is required?
Answer: heat involved in:
• temperature change (-5°C to 0°C)
q1 = mC pΔT = 100g (0.5 cal/g°C)(5°C) = 250 cal
• phase change (ice to water)
q2 = mLv = 100g (80 cal/g) = 8000 cal
• temperature change (0°C to 100°C)
q3 = mC pΔT = 100g (1cal/g°C)(100°C) = 10,000 cal
• phase change (water to steam)
q4 = mLf = 100g(540cal/g) = 54,000 cal
Total heat = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4
= (250 + 8000 + 10000 + 54000) cal
= 72250 cal
• Chemical reaction
1. Endothermic process – a reaction wherein heat is absorbed by the system, indicated by a
positive change of enthalpy.
2. Exothermic process – a reaction wherein heat is released by the system, indicated by a
negative change of enthalpy.
3. Hess’ Law – states that if a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, the enthalpy of
reaction, ΔH, is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps.
Chemistry
VI. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• The Photoelectric Effect – discovered by H. Hertz in 1888; described the emission of electrons
from metal surfaces when struck with light of appropriate frequency.
• Photon – proposed by Einstein in 1905; it means a “particle” of light consisting a particular amount
(a quantum) of energy. When it collides with an electron, it gives up its entire energy to the electron.
• Bohr’s Theory of a Hydrogen Atom – introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913; states that 1) an electron
in an atom can only be in a certain allowed places, and 2) when it is in one of these allowed places
it possesses a certain amount of energy.
• Wave-Particle Duality – proposed by Louis de Broglie; states that small particles of matter may at
times display wave-like properties.
• The Uncertainty Principle – established by Werner Heisenberg; states that it is impossible to know
the precise location and velocity of an electron at the same time.
• The Schrödinger Wave Equation – formulated by Erwin Schrödinger; describes the wave-
mechanical model of electrons in an atom.
• Orbital – a region in an atom where the electron charge density or the probability of finding an
electron is high.
• Quantum Numbers – the three integral numbers needed to solve the equation of wave mechanics.
1. Principal quantum number (n) – refers to the average distance of the orbital from the nucleus.
n = 1, 2, 3 …
2. Orbital angular quantum number (l) – refers to the shape of the orbital. The specific orbital
types are s (sharp), p (principal), d (diffuse), and f (fundamental). Its value depends on the
principal quantum number.
l = 0, 1, 2 … (n-1)
3. Magnetic quantum number (ml) – refers to the spatial orientation of the orbital. Its value
depends on the angular quantum number.
4. Spin quantum number (ms) – refers to the spin of the electron, sometimes regarded as the
fourth quantum number. The value can be either +1/2 or -1/2.
• Rules for Assigning Electrons Orbitals

1. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle – no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of
quantum numbers.
2. Hund’s Rule pf Maximum Multiplicity – whenever orbitals of equal energy are available,
electrons occupy these orbitals singly before any pairing of electrons.
• The Aufbau Process – a method of writing the probable electron configuration of the elements in
the order of increasing atomic number.
Example: Give the electron configuration of gallium, Ga, with atomic number 31.
Answer: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
Chemistry
VII. THE PERIODIC TABLE
• Periodic table – graphical arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic numbers such
that elements with similar properties are arranged in vertical columns.
• Periodic Law – when all the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers,
elements with similar properties will occur at periodic intervals.
• Family / Group – a vertical columns of elements in the periodic table that provides the number of
valence electrons. e.g., Family 1-A: H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr.
• Series / Period – horizontal row in the periodic table that provides the number of the last main
energy level. E.g., Series 3: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar.
A. The Main Groups in the Periodic Table
Group Number Family Name

Group 1–A: The Alkali Metals
Group 2–A: The Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 3–A: The Aluminum Group
Group 3–A: The Boron Family
Group 4–A: The Tin and Lead Family
Group 4–A: The Carbon and Silicon Family
Group 5–A: The Nitrogen Family
Group 6–A: The Oxygen Family
Group 7–A: The Halogens
Group 8–A: The Noble Gases
Group B: The Transition Metals
• Classifications of Elements
1. Metals – good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile, malleable, and shiny. All metals are
solid at room temperature with the exception of liquid mercury. They are the elements, except
Hydrogen, that are on the left side of the border line including the Lanthanide and Actinide
metals.
2. Non-metals – poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle, not shiny, with more varied physical
properties than metals. They are all the elements on the right side of the border line such as S,
Br, and Ar.
3. Metalloids – with properties that fall between those of metals and non-metals. They are the
elements that are above and below the borderline plus elements of group 4A such as Al, C, and
As.
• Trends in the Periodic Table
1. Electronegativity – ability of an atom to attract electron.

2. Ionization energy – energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
3. Electron affinity – energy released when an electron is added to an atom.
VIII. CHEMICAL BONDING
Chemistry
• Chemical Bonds – forces of attraction that exist between atoms.

• Lewis Symbols and Lewis Structures – consist of a chemical symbol with dots placed around it to
represent the valence electrons.
• Types of Chemical Bonds
1. Ionic or electrovalent bond – formed by the transfer of electron from a metallic element to a
non-metallic element.
e.g. (1) NaCl (2) Fe2O3
2. Covalent bond – formed by the sharing of electrons between two or more non-metallic elements.
• polar covalent bond – unequal sharing of electrons

e.g. (1) H2O (2) NH3
• non-polar covalent bond – equal sharing of electrons
e.g. (1) CH4 (2) O2 (3) N2
• dative bond/coordinate covalent bond – the pair of electrons shared between atoms is
donated by only one atom.
e.g. (1) NH3BF3 (2) NH4
3. Metallic bond – force of attraction that exists within elemental metals (e.g., all metallic elements).
4. Double-Triple Bond – If there are two pairs of electrons between two atoms, it is called a
DOUBLE BOND, and if there are three pairs it is called a TRIPLE BOND.
• Resonance – the use of two or more Lewis structures to represent a particular molecule.
e.g. (1) SO2 (2) O3
• Isomers – substances that have the same molecular formulas but differ in their structures and in
their properties.
e.g. Molecular Formula = C2H6O
Ethanol = C2H5OH
dimethyl ether = CH3OCH3
VIII. LIQUIDS, SOLIDS, AND IMF
• Comparison of Liquids and Solids
State of Motion of
Volume/Shape Density Compressibility
Matter Molecules
Has a definite The molecules
volume; its shape Only slightly slide past one
Liquid High
follows the shape compressible another freely;
of its container liquids are fluid.
High (generally,
Has a definite solids are Vibrate about fixed
Solid Incompressible
shape and volume denser than positions
liquids)
Chemistry
• Surface Tension – the amount of energy required to increase the surface by unit area. Liquids with
strong intermolecular forces of attraction exhibit greater surface tension.
• Viscosity – resistance to flow. Liquids which have strong intermolecular forces of attraction are less
fluid than those which have weak forces of attraction. Liquid sugar is thick and flows very slowly.
• Intermolecular forces – attractive forces that exist between molecules.
• Types of IMF
1. Van der Waals Forces – very weak intermolecular forces that exist between non-polar
molecules.
e.g. (1) CH4 (2) H2
2. Dipole-Dipole Forces – forces that act between polar molecules.

e.g. (1) HCl (2) H2 O
3. Hydrogen Bonding – interaction between the hydrogen atoms bonded to an atom of a very
electronegative element (F, N, O).
e.g. (1) H2 O (2) NH3
IX. SOLUTIONS AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Two components of a solution

1. Solute – dissolved substance, present in lesser quantity
2. Solvent – dissolved medium, present in greater quantity
• Types of solutions according to the solubility of solute

1. Saturated solution – a solution containing the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved
by the solvent at a given temperature.
2. Unsaturated solution – a solution containing less solute than the solvent can dissolve at a given
temperature.
3. Supersaturated solution – a solution containing more solute than the solvent can dissolve.
• Factors affecting solubility of solute

1. Nature of solute and solvent
2. Temperature
3. Size of particles, Surface area
4. Pressure (solids and liquids are not affected)
• Henry’s Law: the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the
solution.
• Expressing Solution Concentration
1. Percent solution
a. % by mass = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100%
Example: A sample of 0.892 g of naphthalene (C10H8) is dissolved in 54.6 g of

benzene (C6H6). What is the percent by mass of naphthalene in this
solution?
0.892g
  100%
Answer: percent by mass 0.892g  54.6g
 1.61%
Chemistry
b. % by volume = (volume of solute/volume of solution) x 100%

c. ppm = (mass of volume of solute/mass or volume of solution) x 1,000,000
d. proof = twice the % of alcohol in solution
2. Mole Fraction (X) – the no. of moles of a component divided by the total number of moles of all
components in the solution.
nA
XA 
nA  nB
nB Note: A = solute B = solvent
XB 
nA  nB
Example: Determine the mole fractions of both substances in a solution

containing 26.0 of NaCl and 125.0 g of water.
Answer:
 
  26.0gNaCl  
   
XA    58.5g / moleNaCl 

  26.0gNaCl   
125.0gwater 
    

  58.5 / moleNaCl   18g / moleH2O  
XA  0.06
  125.0gwater  
   
  18g / moleH O  
XB    2 

  26.0gNaCl   125.0gwater  
     
58.5 / moleNaCl   18g / moleH2 O  
  
XB  0.94
3. Molarity (M) – no. of moles of solute per liter of solution.
moles of solute
M=
liter of solution
Example: What is the molar concentration of a solution containing 16.0g CH3OC in 200
mL of solution?
Answer:
Chemistry
 16.0g 
 
32.0g/mole 
M= 
0.2 liter
mole
M=2.5
liter
4. Molarity (m) – no. of moles of solute per kg. of solvent.
number of moles solute

m=
kg solvent
Example: The molarity of a solution of C2H5OH in water is 1.25 mol/kg. How many
grams of alcohol are dissolved in 2.5 kg of water?
Answer:
 1.25mole  46g
g= 2.5kg  
 kg  mole
g=143.75g
5. Normality (N) – no. of equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution.
grams of solute
N=
(eqv wt. of solute) x (liter of soln)
The equivalent weight of solute is determined by its change in valence in the particular
reaction used. It follows that:
molecular mass (g/mole)

eqv. wt. (g/eqv) =
change in valence (eqv/mole)
• Colligative Properties of Solutions

These are properties of solution which depend on the number of solute particles but not
on the identity of the solute.
1. Vapor Pressure Lowering – the addition of a non-volatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of
the liquid because the solute reduces the fraction of solvent present. With relatively fewer solvent
molecules, the rate of their escape from solutions is diminished, resulting in a decreased vapor
pressure.
2. Boling Point Elevation – addition of a non-volatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of the
solution. As a result, the boiling point of the solution will be higher than that of the pure liquid.
3. Freezing Point Depression – the decrease in freezing point is directly proportional to the
molarity of the solute.
Chemistry
4. Osmotic Pressure – pressure needed to prevent osmosis. (Osmosis – the net movement of
solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a more dilute solution to a more
concentrated one.)
X. CHEMICAL KINETICS
• Chemical Kinetics – study of rates of chemical reactions, rate laws and reaction mechanisms.
• Reaction Rate – number of moles of a reactant consumed per unit time. Usually the unit used is
molars per second (M/sec).
• Rate Law – an equation or mathematical expression showing the relationship between reactant
concentrations and rate of reaction.
• Rate Constant – an experimentally determined constant of proportionality between the reaction rate
and the concentrations of reactants that appear in the rate law.
• Law of Mass Action – at constant temperature, the rate of reaction is usually proportional to some
power of concentration of each reactant.
• Order of Reaction – the sum of the powers of the concentration factors in the rate equation.
• Reaction Mechanisms – series of successive elementary steps by which reactants are converted
to products.
• Factors Affecting Reaction Rate:
Factors Effect on reaction rate

1. greater frequency of collision increase
2. higher energy of activation decrease
3. higher energy of activation Increase
4. lower temperature decrease
5. increasing the concentration of reactants Increase
6. increasing the particle size of reacting molecules decrease
7. using a catalyst Increase
• Catalyst – a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a
permanent change.
XI. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
• Chemical Equilibrium – a state in which two opposing chemicals reactions are proceeding in
opposite directions at the same speed.
• Le Chatelier’s Principle – if a system at chemical equilibrium is disturbed by some stress, the
system goes to a new equilibrium condition in such a way as to relieve the stress.
XII. ACIDS AND BASES
• Properties of Acids and Bases
Chemistry
Acids Bases
• Taste sour • taste bitter
• Turn blue litmus red • turn red litmus blue
• Electrolytes • feel slippery
• React with metal to produce • electrolytes
hydrogen gas • turn pink to violet color with phenolphthalein
• React with carbonates and solution
bicarbonates to produce CO2 gas • turn yellow with methyl orange indicator
• Turn colorless with phenolphthalein • pH values greater than 7
solution
• Turn red with methyl orange indicator
• pH values less than 7
• Conceptual Definitions of Acids and Bases

• Strong Electrolytes – all ionic compounds that are dissolved in water (with very few exceptions)
• Weak electrolytes – compounds with non-metallic cations and anions; their degree of ionization is
lower than those of strong electrolytes.
• Non-electrolytes – compounds whose solution in water does not conduct electricity.
• Neutralization – reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt, a neutral compound.
• Hydrolysis – a reaction between an ion and water.
• Amphoterism – property of some compounds to behave both as an acid and as a base.
XIII. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
• Definition – Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon with the exceptions of
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates group, and the cyanide group. Even though these
compounds contain carbon, they were obtained from minerals and are considered to be inorganic
compounds.
• General Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Property Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

Insoluble, except those that are
1. Solubility in water Soluble
capable of H-bonding
2. Solubility in organic
Soluble Insoluble
solvents
3. Melting point Low Very high
4. Boiling point Low Very high
Conduct in molten state of
5. Electrical conductivity Non-conductors
solution
6. Molecular mass High Low
7. Structure Complex Simple
8. Particles Molecules Ions
9. Combustion Mostly flammable Usually
Chemistry
10. Isomerism Common Rare
Chemistry
CRITICAL – THINKING QUESTIONS
1. The temperature at which mercury starts to freeze is -35°C. What is the temperature, in degrees
Fahrenheit, at which a mercury thermometer can not be used?
a. -63 °F b. -35 °F
c. -31 °F d. -5.4 °F
2. A piece of stone weighs 0.05 pounds. When if is submerged in a graduated cylinder containing 50 mL of
H2O, the level rose to 60 mL. What is the density of the stone in g/mL?
a. 2.27 b. 2.72 c. 7.22 d. 7.27
3. A swimming pool 25m wide, 100m long, and 3m deep is filled with water up to a height of 2m. How many
kilograms of water have been placed inside the pool? (The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.)
a. 5 million b. 7.5 million
c. 10 million d. 12.5 million
4. Which of the following not an example of a compound?

a. sugar b. salt c. ash d. water
5. If two pure substances have different melting points, then

a. the two substances will surely have different densities
b. the two samples are certainly different pure substances
c. the two substances are certain to have identical chemical formulas
d. the two substances are certain to be compounds and not elements
6. Which of the following is a compound?

a. water b. wine c. soil d. mercury
7. Which of the following processes is an example of a chemical change?

a. evaporation of sea water to form salt
b. melting of an ice cube
c. filtering of paper pulp from a liquid slurry using a sieve tray
d. rusting of iron
8. We know that air is a homogeneous mixture and not a compound because

a. it has no definite shape
b. it has no definite volume

c. it ca be compressed
d. its composition can vary
9. What do you call a substance that is composed of two or more elements bonded chemically?
a. an isotope b. an element
c. a compound d. a mixture
10. Which of the following examples is a physical change?

a. crystallization of sugar from sugar can juice
b. fermenting of ethanol to form wine
c. burning of a piece of candle
d. clotting of blood
11. Which of the following substances cannot be further decomposed by ordinary chemical means?
a. water b. sugar c. air d. silver
12. Which of the following not a manifestation of a chemical change?

a. reaction of a compound and an element to form a new compound and an element
Chemistry
b. breaking down of compound into elements

c. combining of atoms of elements to form a molecule
d. separation of the molecules in a mixture
13. What do you call a nuclear reaction resulting from the interaction of two nuclei to form a bigger nucleus
and an accompanying release of energy?
a. nuclear fission
b. alpha emission
c. nuclear fusion
d. natural radioactive decay
14. Which of the following materials cannot be subjected to carbon dating to determine its age?
a. a trunk of wood
b. a sword
c. a smear of blood on a piece of cloth
d. an ancient Egyptian scroll
15. What law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant
volume?
a. Charle’s Law b. Gay-Lussac’s Law
c. Boyle’s Law d. Dalton’s Law
16. To what conditions does a gas behave like an ideal gas?

a. low temperature and low pressure
b. low temperature and high pressure
c. high temperature and low pressure
d. high temperature and high pressure
17. What law states that the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature?
a. Charle’s Law
b. Gay-Lussac’s Law
c. Boyle’s Law
d. Dalton’s Law
18. Which gas diffuses faster?

a. CH4 b. O2
c. CO d. He
19. Which of the following best describes heat?

a. the capacity to do work
b. forces times distance
c. sum of thermal and chemical energy
d. an energy transfer due to a temperature difference
20. What happens to water when it begins to vaporize?

a. it increases in temperature
b. it decreases in temperature
c. no change in temperature
d. no change in thermal energy
21. Burning of gasoline initially requires heat before it burns spontaneously. Which of the following does not
give a good explanation of this phenomenon?
a. the initial heat rises the enthalpy of the reactant
b. the initial heat lowers the activation of energy of the reactants
c. the enthalpy of the reactants is lower that the enthalpy of the products
d. the enthalpy of the product is lower than the enthalpy of the reactant.
Chemistry
22. Which of the following is an endothermic process?

a. melting of ice
b. burning of paper
c. neutralization of a strong acid and a strong base
d. violent reaction of sodium metal with water
23. Which of the following events is heat exchange involved?

a. when there is a phase change
b. when there is a chemical reaction
c. when the gas expands adiabatically
d. when there is difference in temperature
24. Who first predicted the wave-particle dual property of electrons?

a. Hund b. Heisenberg
c. De Broglie d. Schrödinger
25. Who postulated the wave equation that describes the properties of electrons in an atom?
a. Bohr b. Heisenberg
c. Pauli d. Schrödinger
26. Atoms of nonmetals generally reacts with atoms of metals by

a. gaining electrons to form ionic compounds
b. gaining electrons to form covalent compounds
c. sharing electrons to form ionic compounds
d. sharing electrons to form covalent compounds
27. The addition of a nonvolatile solute to a solvent will cause

a. the vapor pressure of the solvent to increase
b. the vapor pressure of the solvent to decrease
c. the vapor pressure of the solvent to remain unchanged
d. non of these
28. Which of the following factors does not affect the rate of reaction?
a. the number of products formed
b. the nature of reactants
c. temperature
d. concentration of reactants
29. Which of the following statements about the catalyst is not true?
a. they may slow down the reaction
b. they may speed up the reaction
c. they are present in living substances
d. the may become new substances after the reaction
30. Which of the following statements about equilibrium is TRUE?

a. it exists in a closed system at varying temperature
b. it exist in an open system
c. it exists between a liquid and its vapor in a closed system at uniform temperature.
d. it may exist between a solid and a liquid.
31. According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid is

a. a proton donor
b. a proton acceptor
c. a proton donor and a proton acceptor
d. neither a proton donor nor a proton acceptor
Chemistry
32. Which is not true of bases?

a. they always contain OH- ions
b. they neutralize acid
c. the pH of their solution is greater than 7
d. they react with H3O+ ions
33. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing the element

a. hydrogen b. carbon
c. oxygen d. nitrogen
34. What is the mass in grams of 1 liter of carbon monoxide (CO) at standard temperature and pressure
(STP)? Note: The molecular weight (MW) of CO is 28 g/mole, and at STP, 1 mole of any gas occupies a
volume of 22.4 liters.
a. 1.20 b. 1.35
c. 1.45 d. 1.25
35. Two-thirds of the atom in a molecule of water is hydrogen. What percentage weight of a water molecule
if the weight of two hydrogen atoms? The atomic weight of hydrogen is 1.008 g/mol and oxygen is 16.00
g/mole.
a. 19.12 b. 11.19
c. 19.11 d. 12.19
36. How many protons (P) and neutrons are there in the nucleus are present in a Pb nucleus of atomic
mass of 206?
a. P = 92, N = 156 b. P = 85, N = 160
c. P = 82, N = 124 d. P = 90, N = 150
37. A 0.064 kg. of octane vapor (MW = 114) is mixed with 0.91 kg of air (MW =29.0) in the manifold of an
engine. The total pressure in the manifold is 86.1 kPa, and a temperature is 290 K. Assume octane
behaves ideally. What is the partial pressure of the air in the mixture in KPa?
a. 46.8 b. 48.6
c. 84.6 d. 64.8
38. Hydrogen peroxide solution for hair bleaching is usually prepared mixing 5 grams of hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2), Molecular weight = 34 g/mole) per 100 ml of solution. What is the molarity of this solution?
a. 1.0 M b. 1.5 M
c. 1.95 M d. 1.8 M
39. A cylinder contains oxygen at a pressure of 10 atm and a temperature of 300K. The volume of the
cylinder is 10 liters. What is the mass of oxygen in grams? Molecular weight (MW) of oxygen is 32
g/mole?
a. 125.02 b. 130.08
c. 135.05 d. 120.04
40. The molecular diameter of CO is 3.19x10-8 at 300K and pressure of 100 mmHg. What is the mean free
path of the gas in cm?
a. 6.86x10-3 b. 6.86x10-5
c. 2.86x10-4 d. 6.86x10-9
41. How many moles are there in one atom?

a. 3.6x10-23 b. 1.66x10-5
c. 2.86x10-4 d. 6.86x10-9
Chemistry
42. When 0.5g of liquid is completely evaporated and collected in liter manometer, the pressure is 0.25 atm
and the temperature is 27°C. Assume ideal gas behavior, find the molecular weight if the gas constant is
0.0821 L.atm/mole.K.
a. 49.2 g/mole b. 12.3 g/mole
c. 2.2 g/mole d. 64.0 g/mole
43. If the atomic weight of magnesium is 24.3 g/mol, calculate how many magnesium atoms does 5g
represent?
a. 1.24x1023 atoms b. 1.76x1023 atoms
c. 3.44x1023 atoms d. 2.76x1023 atoms
44. How many moles of iron does 25 g of Fe represent? Note: the atomic weigh of iron (Fe) is 55.8 g/mol.
a. 0.356 mol b. 0.564 mol
c. 0.448 mol d. 0.247 mol
45. How many oxygen atoms are present in 2.00 moles of oxygen molecules considering that is a diatomic?
a. 2.40 x 1024 atoms
b. 3.43 x 1025 atoms
c. 5.67 x 1026 atoms
d. 1.34 x 1024 atoms
46. if the atomic mass of copper (Cu) if 63.5 g/mol, compute how many grams does 0.252 mole of copper
(Cu) has?
a. 16 g b. 18 g
c. 20 g d. 12 g
47. What is the molecular weight of calcium hydroxide or Ca(OH)2?

a. 74 b. 67
c. 80 d. 44
48. How many molecules are there in 25 g of hydrogen Chloride, HCl?

a. 4.12 x 1023 molecules
b. 4.32 x 1023 molecules
c. 5.34 x 1023 molecules
d. 3.45 x 1023 molecules
49. What is the percentage composition of a solution in the sodium chloride compound?
a. 60.7% b. 34.6%
c. 39.3% d. 50.7%
50. What is the composition of oxygen of potassium sulfate, K2SO4?

a. 53.2% b. 36.7%
c. 50.4% d. 43.4%
51. A 1.63 g of zinc when heated in air combined with 0.40 g of oxygen to form oxide of zinc. What is the
percentage composition of Zn in the compound formed?
a. 80.3% b. 76.5%
c. 19.7% d. 53.4%
52. Calculate how many moles of ammonia can be produced from 8 mol of hydrogen reacting with
nitrogen?
a. 4.53 mol NH3 b. 7.76 mol NH3
c. 5.33 mol NH3 d. 4.57 mol NH3
53. How many molecules of water can be produced by reacting 0.010 mol of oxygen with hydrogen?
a. 1.20 x 1022 molecules
b. 1.32 x 1022 molecules
Chemistry
c. 2.34 x 1022 molecules

d. 4.15 x 1022 molecules
54. If 2 liters of gas measured at STP weigh 3.23 g, what is the molecular weight of the gas?
a. 36.2 g/mol b. 42.3 g/mol
c. 24.7 g/mol d. 19.4 g/mol
55. An ethyl ether 691 mL weighs 1.65 g measured at 40C and 630 torr. Compute the molecular weight of
ethyl ether.
a. 34.5 g/mol b. 43.5 g/mol
c. 73.9 g/mol d. 67.5 g/mol
56. Calculate the specific gravity of Cl2 at STP. Note: the molecular weight of Cl2 is 71 g/mol.
a. 3.45 b. 1.23
c. 2.46 d. 1.76
57. Compute the volume of oxygen at STP that can be formed from a 0.75 mole of potassium chlorate
(KClO3).
a. 18.6 liters b. 16.8 liters
c. 25.2 liters d. 23.2 liters
58. What pressure will be exerted by a 0.50 mol of gas in a 7 L container at 23C?
a. 1.74 atm b. 2.05 atm
c. 3.04 atm d. 1.32 atm
59. Compute how many moles of oxygen has are in a 70 L tank at 25C if the pressure is 2000 psi?
a. 389.3 mol b. 453.4 mol
c. 145.7 mol d. 247.4 mol
60. What is the molarity of the solution that contains 65 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) dissolved in 300 g of
water?
a. 0.89 mole/kg b. 0.78 mole/kg
c. 0.54 mole/kg d. 0.63 mole/kg
61. Calculate the number of moles of an ideal gas sample at 0.6 atmosphere and 87C occupies 0.450 liter.
a. 0.0091 mole b. 0.0087 mole
c. 0.0076 mole d. 0.0056 mole
62. One gram of hydrogen gas (H2) is combined with 10 g of helium (He) gas and confined at 20C and 5
atmospheres. What is the combined volume in liters?
a. 14.4 liters b. 17.5 liters
c. 16.4 liters d. 12.7 liters
63. What is the molarity of the solution if 150 g of KCl is dissolved in water to make 800 mL solution?
a. 2.51 moles/L b. 2.25 moles/L
c. 2.87 moles/L d. 1.53 moles/L
64. Compute how many grams of KCl must be dissolved in water so that it can produce a 400 L of 0.6 M
(molarity) solution?
a. 17.904 g b. 14.281 g
c. 11.541 g d. 12.653 g
65. What is the atomic weight of calcium if 2.25 g of pure calcium metal are converted to 3.13 g of pure
CaO?
a. 49.8 g/mol b. 54.3 g/mol
Chemistry
c. 23.7 g/mol d. 40.9 g/mol
66. What is the equivalent weight of Sulfuric Acid?

a. 49 b. 98
c. 23 d. 100
67. If 60 g of H2SO4 is dissolved in water to make a 1.5 L solution, find its normality N?
a. 0.813 equiv/L b. 0.576 equiv/L
c. 0.871 equiv/L d. 0.765 equiv/L
68. What is the equivalent weight of Mg(OH)2?

a. 23 g/mol b. 29 g/mol
c. 58 g/mol d. 20 g/mol
69. How many grams of H3PO4 are confined in 700 mL container if its normality is 0.5?
a. 11.45 g b. 12.34 g
c. 10.56 g d. 9.35 g
70. Which of the following is the simplest balanced equation of the given reaction? Na2CO3 + HCl  NaCl +
H2O + CO2
a. Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + CO2
b. Na2CO3 + 2HCl  NaCl + 2H2O + CO2
c. 2Na2CO3 + HCl  2NaCl + H2O + CO2
d. 2Na2CO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + 2CO2
71. If the molecular formula of water is H2O, then what is its molecular mass?
a. 18 amu b. 19 amu
c. 20 amu d. 1 amu
72. What is the molecular weight of barium chloride dehydrate (BaCl22H2O)?

a. 234.4 amu b. 244.3 amu
c. 270.5 amu d. 298.5 amu
73. Which of the following is the simplest balanced equation of the given Oxidation-Reduction Equation?
P + HNO3 + H2O  NO + H3PO4
a. 2P + HNO3 + H2O  NO + 2H3PO4
b. 3P + HNO3 + H2O  NO + 3H3PO4
c. 3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O 5NO + 3H3PO4
d. 3P + HNO3 + 2H2O  2NO + 3H3PO4
74. What type of bond results in form the sharing of electrons by two atoms?
a. atomic bond b. covalent bond
c. metallic bond d. ionic bond
75. Which of the following statements regarding organic substances is FALSE?

a. Organic substances generally dissolve in high concentration acids
b. All organic matter contains carbon
c. Organic matter is generally stable at very high temperatures
d. Organic substances generally do not dissolve in water
76. What do you call a substance that dissociates in solutions to produce positive and negative ions?
a. base b. acid
c. electrolyte d. solute
77. During a complete or partial neutralization of acids, what is the ionic compound formed?
a. salt b. sugar
c. potassium d. sulfur
Chemistry
78. Which of the following is most likely to prove that a substance is inorganic?
a. the substance evaporates in room temperature and pressure
b. the substance is heated together with copper oxide and the resulting gases are found to have no effect
on limestone
c. analysis shows that the substance contains hydrogen
d. the substance floats in water
79. Which of the following are found in the nucleus of an atom?

a. electrons and protons
b. electrons and neutrons
c. protons and neutrons
d. electrons, protons and neutrons
80. Which of the following elements and compounds is unstable in its pure form?
a. Helium (He)
b. Neon (Ne)
c. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
d. Sodium (Na)
81. What refers to the negatively charge component of an atom?

a. electron b. proton
c. neutron d. ion
82. Which of the following is the simplest type of reaction where two elements of compounds combine
directly to form a compound?
a. directly combination or synthesis
b. decomposition or analysis
c. single displacement
d. double displacement
83. What do you call the bonding that occurs in inert gases and other elements with full shells, primarily due
to attraction between dipole structures?
a. ionic b. metallic
c. covalent d. van de waals
84. If the heat of a solution is negative, heat is given off when the solute dissolves in the solvent. What type
of reaction is this?
a. exothermic b. ideal
c. endothermic d. efflorescent
85. What do you call materials that do not conduct electric current?
a. conductor b. insulator
c. semi – conductor d. intrinsic material
86. What element is known as the lightest metal?

a. aluminum b. manganese
c. Magnesium d. Lithium
87. Which of the following is energy removal being applied?

a. evaporation of water
b. changing water to steam
c. changing water to ice
d. all of these
88. Halogens fall under what group in the periodic table?

a. group VIA b. group VA
Chemistry
c. group IVA d. group VIIA
89. Which of the following is added to the drinking water distribution system for disinfection?
a. Soda ash b. Chlorine
c. Lime d. Iodine
90. What refers to the number of gram equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution?
a. molarity (M) b. normality
c. molarity (m) d. formality
91. Is the attraction between like molecules.

a. absorption b. diffusion
c. adhesion d. cohesion
92. What do you call a substance that cannot be decomposed any further by a chemical reaction?
a. ion b. element
c. molecule d. atom
93. One of the following is the standard pressure and temperature. Which on?
a. 0°C and zone atmosphere pressure
b. 0°C and zero pressure
c. 0°F and one atmosphere
d. 32°F and zero pressure
94. Which of the following is the strongest type of bonds?

a. Van de Waals b. Metallic
c. Covalent d. Ionic
95. Sublimation is a direct change from:

a. solid to liquid phase
b. solid to gaseous phase
c. liquid to gaseous phase
d. gaseous phase to liquid phase
96. What do you call hydrocarbons containing carbon to carbon double bonds?
a. Alkanes b. Alkenes
c. Alkynes d. None of these
97. How are materials containing atoms with less than valence electrons classified?
a. an insulator b. a semi-conductor
c. a conductor d. a compound
98. Which of the following has the characteristics of both metals and non-metals?
a. conductors b. insulators
c. metalloids d. meteors
99. Which are oxidizing and reducing agents in the following reactions?
2CCl4 + K2CrO4  2Cl2CO + CrO2Cl2 + 2 KCl
a. there are no oxidizing and reducing agents in this reaction
b. oxidizing agent: chromium; reducing agent: chlorine
c. oxidizing agent: chlorine; reducing agent: carbon
d. oxidizing agent: oxygen; reducing agent: chlorine
100. How are elements numbered 58 to 71 in the periodic table called?

a. Lanthanons b. Actinons
c. Earth metals d. Noble gas
Chemistry
101. What type of bonding in which electrostatic attraction is predominant?

a. Ionic bonding
b. Metallic bonding
c. Covalent bonding
d. Van der Waals bonding
102. What term refers to the passage of an electric current trough an electrolyte caused by an external
voltage source? Which one?
a. electrolysis
b. electromechanical action
c. electrolyte
d. piezoelectric effect
103. When all of the atoms of a molecule are the same, the substance is called _____.
a. a compound b. a chemical
c. an element d. an ion
104. Which of the following refers to the measure of the amount of negative ions in the water?
a. acidity b. alkalinity
c. turbidity d. molarity
105. What device produces electrical current by way of an oxidation-reduction reaction?

a. generator b. galvanic cell
c. metallic friction d. all of these
106. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the valence shell of an atom?
a. 6 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12
107. Reactions generally proceed faster at high temperatures because of which of the following?
a. the molecules are less energetic
b. the molecules collide more frequently
c. the activation energy is less
d. the molecules collide more frequently and the activation energy is less
108. Which component of an atom has no electric charge?

a. proton b. neutron
c. coulomb d. electron
109. Adding more solute to an already saturated solution will cause the excess solute to settle to the bottom
of the container. What is this process called?
a. precipitation b. hydration
c. dehydration d. saturation
110. What is formed when acids will react with active metals?
a. sulfur b. oxygen
c. hydrogen d. chloride
111. How much is the pH content of an acid?

a. between 4 and 6 b. between 2 and 7
c. between 1 and 5 d. between 0 and 7
112. The condition of a liquid electrolyte is measured in terms of its:

a. specific gravity b. acid content
c. voltage output d. current value
Chemistry
113. What is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a chemical change?
a. ingredients b. reactants
c. solvent d. catalyst
114. How are elements numbered 90 to 103 in the periodic table called?
a. alkali b. actinons
c. earth metals d. tr ansition elements
115. What is defined as a value equal to the number of gram moles of solute per 1000 grams of solvent?
a. Molarity (m) b. Normality
c. Molarity (M) d. Formality
116. Which of the following is NOT a part of an atom?

a. electron b. proton
c. neutron d. coulomb
117. An element maybe defines as a substance, all atoms of which have the same:
a. number of neutrons b. radioactivity
c. atomic weight d. atomic number
118. How does all B families and group VII in the periodic table named?
a. light metals b. rare earth metals
c. non-metals d. transition metals
119. The device which measures the acid content of the cell is called _____.
a. acid meter b. hydrometer
c. hygrometer d. pyrometer
120. The vertical columns in the periodic table are called:

a. Groups b. Sections
c. Batches d. Families
121. What term is used to refer to a negatively charged ion?

a. Anion b. Cathode
c. Anode d. Cation
122. In a copper atom, the valence ring contains:

a. no electrons b. one electrons
c. two electrons d. four electrons
123. The elements along the dark line in the periodic table are referred to as _____.
a. Light metals b. Metalloids
c. Non-metals d. Heavy metals
124. What do you call an atom that loses some of its electron or accepts extra electrons from another
atom?
a. Intrinsic b. Mole
c. Neutron d. Ion
125. A _____ is a cell designed to produce electric current and can be recharged.
a. Secondary cell b. electrolytic cell
c. chemical cell d. battery
126. Which of the following groups in the periodic table the most strongly electronegative elements?
a. Group IV b. Group V
c. Group VIIA d. Group VIA
Chemistry
127. Which of the following statement is FALSE?

a. In general, as reaction products are formed, they react with each other and reform reactants.
b. At equilibrium, the net reaction rate is zero.
c. The differential rate is the mathematical expression that shows how the rate of reaction depends on
volume.
d. The net rate at which a reaction proceeds from left to right is equal to the forward rate minus the reverse
rate.
128. What is the smallest part of matter?

a. molecule b. element
c. particle d. atom
129. The opposite of alkali

a. acid b. fluid
c. substance d. none of these
130. What type of reaction has two compounds as reactants and two compounds as products?
a. Direct combination or synthesis
b. Decomposition or synthesis
c. Single displacement
d. Double displacement
131. If the heat of a solution is positive, heat is absorbed when the solute dissolves in the solvent. What
type of reaction is this?
a. Exothermic b. Ideal
c. Endothermic d. Efflorescent
132. The amount of electricity a battery can produce is controlled by

a. the thickness of the plate
b. the plate surface area
c. the strength of the acid
d. the discharge load
133. What do you call the electrons in the last orbit or shell of an atom?
a. Bound electrons b. Free electrons
c. Valence electrons d. External electrons
134. Which one is the positively charged ion?

a. anion b. cathode
c. anode d. cation
135. It is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

a. Molecular number b. Proton number
c. Mass number d. Atomic number
136. What do you call the elements in the first two groups in the periodic table?
a. Light metals b. Noble gas
c. Non-metals d. Heavy metals
137. Which one refers to the number of gram-moles of solute per liter of solution?
a. Molarity (m) b. Normality
c. Molarity (M) d. Formality
138. What type of bonding is electrostatic attraction most predominant?

a. Ionic b. Metallic
Chemistry
c. Covalent d. Van der Waals
139. When the charge of an atom becomes unbalanced, the charge atom is called _____.
a. an ion b. a neutron
c. a proton d. an electron
140. Which of the following type of reactions in which bonds within a compound are disrupted by heat or
other energy to produce simpler compounds or elements?
a. direct combination or synthesis
b. decomposition or analysis
141. What do you call hydrocarbons containing carbon to carbon triple bonds?
a. alkanes b. alkenes
c. alkynes d. non of these
142. If an atom contains more than four valence electrons, the material is classified as _____.
a. insulator b. semi-conductor
c. conductor d. any of these
143. Which of the following refers to a measure of the quantity of an element or compound?
a. Oxidation number b. Atomic number
c. Avogadro’s number d. Mole
144. The electrolyte is a solution of water and _____.

a. sulfuric acid b. uric acid
c. nitric acid d. formic acid
145. Acids will turn blue litmus paper to what color?

a. gray b. yellow c. violet d. red
146. How much is the pH content of a base?

a. between 6 and 10 b. between 2 and 7
c. between 7 and 14 d. between 10 and 16
147. Applying a greater pressure causes pure solvent to leave the solution. What is the name of this
process?
a. cavitation b. calcination
c. purification d. reverse osmosis
148. A deuteron is
a. a neutron plus two protons
b. a nucleus containing a neutron and a proton
c. an electron with a positive change
d. a helium nucleus
149. Which of the following groups in the periodic table the most weakly electronegative elements?
a. Group IIA b. Group IA
c. Group IIIA d. Group IVA
150. What type of bonding that occurs in metals when metal atoms lose electrons and the metallic ions are
attracted to a “sea” of delocalized electrons?
a. ionic bonding
b. metallic bonding
c. covalent bonding
Chemistry
d. van der waals bonding
151. Which of the following elements is NOT radioactive?

a. Plutonium b. Californium
c. Uranium d. Cobalt
152. Which of the following refers to a nucleic acid that stores genetic information?
a. Cellulose b. Codon
c. DNA d. Buffer
153. During chemical reactions, bonds between atoms are broken and new bonds are usually formed. What
do you call the starting substances?
a. Products b. Reactants
c. Catalyst d. Ingredients
154. What do you call solutions having the same osmotic pressure?
a. Isotonic solutions
b. Monohydroxic solutions
c. Dihydroxic solutions
d. Toxic solutions
155. What is the term used to describe hydrocarbons containing single covalent bonds between carbon
atoms?
a. alkanes b. alkenes
c. alkynes d. allotrope
156. The smallest whole unit of an element like Uranium is:

a. molecule b. atom c. ion d. electron
157. What refers to the formation and collapse of minute bubbles of vapor in liquid which caused by a
combination of reduced pressure and increased velocity in the fluid?
a. cavitation b. stress corrosion
c. fatigue corrosion d. precipitation
158. The elements in Group 0 in the periodic table is called_____.

a. light metals b. rare earth metals
c. noble gas d. heavy metals
159. A pair of electrical conductors of dissimilar materials so joined as to produce a thermal emf when the
junctions are of different temperatures.
a. potentiometer b. piezoelectric
c. thermocouple d. solar heating
160. Bases will turn red litmus paper to what color?

a. blue b. yellow c. violet d. green
161. Which of the following refers to the diffusion of a solvent into a stronger solution in an attempt to
equalize the two concentrations?
a. purification b. electrolysis
c. osmosis d. hydrolysis
162. The formula for Dinitrogen Pentoxide is:

a. N2O5 b. (NO)5
c. NO d. none of these
163. Which of the following will occur if a substance is oxidized?

a. it absorbs energy
Chemistry
b. it loses electrons
c. it becomes more negative
d. it gives off heat
164. What type of reaction has one element and one compound as reactants?
a. direct combination or synthesis
b. decomposition of analysis
165. Which of the following is the atomic number of silicon?

a. 32 b. 24 c. 14 d. 28
166. Dielectric is another name for _____.

a. a conductor b. an element
c. an insulator d. a capacitor
167. Which of the following refers to the change from gaseous to liquid phase?
a. condensation b. vaporization
c. sublimation d. ionization
168. “At the same, pressure and temperature, equal volumes of all gasses contain equal number of
molecules.” This is known as
a. Boyle’s Law b. Faraday’s Law
c. Avogadro’s Law d. Charles’ Law
169. The galvanic cell is not dependent of which factor?

a. temperature b. pressure
c. volume d. chemical substance
170. Which of the following refers to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atm?
a. atomic weight b. atomic mass
c. atomic constant d. atomic number
171. One of the following statements is wrong. Which one is it?

a. Electron is an elementary quantity of negative electricity
b. proton is an elementary quantity of positive electricity
c. an atom is composed of a central nucleus and orbital electrons
d. the mass of an electron is heavier than that of a proton
172. During a chemical reactions, bonds between atoms are broken and new bonds are usually formed.
The ending substance is called _____.
a. products b. reactants
c. catalyst d. ingredients
173. What is the smallest subdivision of an element of compound that can exist in a natural state?
a. atom b. molecule
c. ion d. element
174. The sharing of one or more electron pairs between nuclei. It usually occurs when the electronegativity
difference between bonding species is less than 1.5
a. Bridge Bonding B. Ionic Bonding
C. Covalent Bonding D. Valence Bonding
175. The name of this group is the chalcogen (oxygen) family.

a. Group IIA b. Group IVA
c. Group VIA d. Group VIIIA
Chemistry
176. The amount of energy to change 1 g of liquid to gas at its boiling point.
a. enthalpy of formation
b. enthalpy of fusion
c. enthalpy of reaction
d. enthalpy of vaporization
177. The fragmentation of a crystal along a characteristic crystallographic direction, caused by lines of
weakness in constituent atomic groups.
a. cleavage b. fracture
c. luster d. streak
178. A bond formed by the sideways overlap of two parallel p orbitals.
a. Peptide Bond b. Pi Bond
c. Saturated Bond d. Delta Bond
179. This indicator turns into colorless if the substance is acidic.

a. Phenolphthalein b. Methyl orange
c. Litmus paper d. Bromthymol blue
180. A chemical structure with definite formula for which there exists one or more distinct structures with the
sane formula.
a. Isomer b. Radical
c. Group d. Colloid
181. A substance that can be decomposed into 2 or more simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
a. Element b. Mixture
c. Compound d. Solution
182. A theory which treats bonding as an over lapping of ligand orbitals with those of the central atom.
a. Ligand Field Theory
b. Crystal Fields Theory
c. Chelate Effect
d. Molecular Orbital Theory
183. Known as fool’s gold.

a. Quartz b. Cinnabar
c. Feldspar d. Pyrite
184. It is the hardest substance known

a. Wad b. Graphite
c. Diamond d. Adamantium
185. The splitting of water to form hydrogen and oxygen

a. reduction b. electrolysis
c. oxidation d. hydrolysis
186. Which is not an open chain hydrocarbon classification?

a. alkenes b. alkanes
c. cycloalkanes d. alkynes
187. The process of producing ions from neutral species.

a. Fractional Distillation
b. Hydration
c. Recombination
d. Ionization
Chemistry
188. A chemical bond with “sausage roll” shape formed by the sideways overlap of two d orbitals.
c. Saturated Bond d. Delta Bond
189. Multidentate ligands have equal probability of forming a coordination bond as do monodentate ions.
b. Pauling’s Rule
c. Chelate Effect
190 It has no definite composition whose members are composed of two or more substances, each
retaining its own identifying properties.
a. Homogeneous Mixture
b. Heterogeneous Mixture
c. Aqueous Mixture
d. Ingeneous Mixture
191. A chemical compound having one or more unpaired electrons which is capable of bonding with
another compound.
a. Labile b. Resonance Hybrid
c. Free Radical d. Isodemic Crystal
192. The mineral name for common table salt

a. Halite b. Cassierite
c. Aragonite d. Calcite
193. Any process that involves the loss of electrons.

a. Reduction b. Exsolution
c. Oxidation d. Hydrolysis
194. Elements normally found in combination with iron and nickel.

a. Noble Metals b. Promethium
c. Tritium d. Siderophile
195. Any substances that changes the rate of a reaction without being used up.
a. Catalyst b. Enztme
c. Reactor d. Stimulus
196. A/An ____ of chemical substances is, by definition, the number in grams corresponding to the atomic
or molecular mass.
a. atiomic mass b. atomic weight
c. mole d. ion
197. A reaction in which an unstable reaction intermediate is found

a. Coupled Substitution
b. Free Radical Reaction
c. Polar Reaction
d. Concentrated Reaction
198. A reaction for which the difference between enthalpies of formation between products and reactants is
positive.
a. Intrathermic b. Exothermic
c. Endothermic d. Isothermic
Chemistry
199. The _____ is the heat released of absorbed in a chemical reaction at constant pressure when simple
substances combine into a more complex substance.
200. Characteristic based upon the reaction of a substance with other materials.
a. Chemical Property b. Colligative Property
c. Nuclear Property d. Physical Property
201. A symmetrical intergrowth of two or more crystals of the same substance.

a. Twin b. Isomer
c. Epitaxis d. Habit
202. A compound which is gaseous at ambient temperature and pressure and which is easily melted.
A. Volatile b. Soluble
c. Liquidus d. Solidus
203 The energy required to form gaseous monatomic species.

a. Bond Energy b. Dissociation Energy
c. Activation Energy d. Light Energy
204. The amount of energy released as on mole of a given substance is burned in the presence of oxygen.
a. Nuclear Energy b. Enthalpy of Reaction
c. Trans Effect d. Heat of Combustion
205. The most diamagnetic naturally occurring material.

a. Iron b. Gallium
c. Bismuth d. Silicon
206. Any Process that involves the gain of electrons.

207. The change of the thermodynamic state function enthalpy due to a chemical reaction.
208. A concept invented by Linus Pauling to measure the tendency for atoms to form ionic instead of
covalent bonds.
a. Electromagnetism b. Electropositivity
c. Electronegativity d. Electrodynamism
209. A substance whose particles are strongly attracted to each other (e.g., gelatin)
a. Colligative b. Hydrophilic
c. Hydrophobic d. Cohesive
210. The most common form of calcium carbonate.

a. Halite b. Cassierite
c. Aragonite d. Calcite
Chemistry
211. The substance that undergoes phase change in the process of dissolving
a. Radical b. Isomer
c. Solvent d. Solute
212. A process in which water molecules are attracted to and form weak bonds with the solute species.
a. Hydration b. Oxidation
c. Combustion d. Reduction
213. The dissociation of a chemical species resulting from its absorption of a photon.
a. Photosynthesis b. Photolithography
c. Photosensitization d. Photodissociation
214. _____ is the mineral name for lead sulfide (PbS). It is the most important ore of lead.
a. Saltpeter b. Gypsum
c. Galena d. Silicate
215. A substance that does not undergo chemical reactions is said to be _____.
a. inert b. labile
c. alkaline d. amorphous
216. Which bond strength is weak?

a. Macromolecular covalent bonds
b. Ionic bonds
c, Hydrogen bonds
d. Van der Waals forces
217. Occurs with the bonding electron pair remaining intact.

c. Polar Reaction
218. A mixture composed of a suspended and a mobile phase.

c. Suspension d. Colloid
219. A/An _____ is a biological catalyst.

a. Amino acids b. Genes
c. DNA d. Enzyme
220. The first covalent bond formed between two nuclei is always a _____. They are formed when two s
orbitals, one s and one p orbital, two p orbitals, or two d orbitals overlap.
c. Sigma Bond d. Bridge Bond
221. The process by which solutions are decomposed into their components by using differences in their
boiling points.
a. Fractional Distillation b. Filtration
c. Recombination d. Ionization
222. Filtration through a semi-permeable membrane used to separate colloids.

a. Dialysis b. Hydrolysis
c. Electrolysis d. Chromatography
Chemistry
223. In orbitals of identical energy, electrons remain unpaired if possible in order to minimize electron-
electron repulsion.
a. Spin Multiplicity Rule b. Selection Rules
c. Hund’s Rule d. Pauling’s Rules
224. Elements with the same outermost shell are said to belong to the same _____.
a. spin b. period
c. valence d. slot
225. An alkyl sulfate alkali.

a. Detergent b. Acetone
c. Ethylene d. Oil
226. The process whereby an excited species transfers its energy to another excited species which
subsequently undergoes a reaction
a. Photosynthesis b. Photolithography
c. Photosensitization d. Photodissociation
227. _____ is the study of hydrocarbon compounds, ie., substances consisting of the elements hydrogen,
carbon, and oxygen.
a. Inorganic Chemistry b. Organic Chemistry
c. Quantum Chemistry d. Biochemistry
228. _____ displays all chemical elements systematically in order of increasing atomic number.
a. Phase Diagram b. Polarization Spectrum
c. Periodic Table d. Elements Archive
229. A substance composed of a single type of atom

a. Atom b. Compound
c. Solution d. Colloid
230. A group of elements which are gaseous at room temperature and pressure, and called so because
they rarely bond with other elements.
a. Tetratomic Elements b. Nobel Gases
c. Alkali d. Lanthanide
231. An element which is not found naturally on Earth. It has been found in the star HR465 in Andromeda.
a. Adamantium b. Promethuim
c. Tritium d. Adolinium
232. A form of elemental carbon which, because of its sheet structure, is an excellent lubricant.
a. graphite b. Carbon
c. Soot d. Coal
233. Which is not one of the periodic properties?

a. electronegativity
b. electron affinity
c. radioactive decay coefficient
d. atomic radius
234. The reflection of light beam passing through a colloid which identifies the presence of suspended
particles.
a. Tyndall Effect b. Brownian Movement
c. Raoult’s Law d. Trans Effect
235. An ionic compound containing a halogen.
Chemistry
a. Halide b. Lanthanide
c. Alkalide d. Sulfide
236. A reaction for which the difference between enthalpies of information between products and reactants
is negative.
a. Intrathermic b. Exothermic
c. Endothermic d. Isothermic
237. The quantity of energy released as one mole of bonds are produced between atoms.
a. Bond Energy b. Light Energy
c. Activation Energy d. Atomization Energy
238. An ion with negative charge

a. Cation b. Anion
c. Muon d. Neutrino
239. _____ is a measure of the acidity of alkalinity of a substance.

a. HP b. dB c. pH d. Pro-V
240. Two-phase mixture composed of a dispersed and continuous phase.

c. Suspension d. Colloid
241. A solvent for atoms.

a. Flux b. Water
c. Inert Gases d. Kryptonite
242. A class of matter with definite properties whose members are composed of two or more substances,
each retaining its own identifying properties.
a. Homogeneous Mixture
b. Heterogeneous Mixture
c. Solid Solution
d. Ingeneous Matter
243. A crystal for which all bonds have the same electrostatic valency.
a. Labile b. Resonance Hybrid
c. Free Radical d. Isodemic Crystal
244. The _____ is a system of reference materials against whose hardness a sample is compared.
a. Richter scale
b. Mohs hardness scale
c. Cavendish balance
d. Brinell hardness model
245. Magma with most of the gas component escaped.

a. Lava b. Cinder
c. Sulphur d. Coal
246. Minerals having high melting temperatures.

a. Endogenic b. andesitic
c. Granitic d. Basaltic
247. _____ minerals are those having low melting temperatures.

a. Endogenic b. Andesitic
c. Granitic d. Basaltic
Chemistry
248. The transfer of one or more electrons from a metal to a nonmetal. Electron transfer usually occurs
when the electronegativity difference between bonding species is 1.5 or more.
a. Bridge Bonding b. Ionic Bonding
c. Covalent Bonding d. Valence Bonding
249. The non-random overgrowth of two compositionally different crystalline substances.

a. Twin b. Isomer
c. Epitaxis d. Habit
250. The angles between equivalent faces of crystals of the same substance, measured at the same
temperature, are constant.
a. Bravais Law b. Hall Effect
c. Tyndall Effect d. Steno Law
251. The chemical element having the greatest binding energy per nucleon.
a. Iron b. Gallium
c. Bismuth d. Platinum
252. Any type of reaction that involves the pairing of unpairing of electrons.
c. Polar Reaction
253. It is the form of oxygen consisting of three bound oxygen atoms.

a. Halogen b. Halide
c. Oxide d. Ozone
254. A group of elements with similar properties in which the outer-most electron shell is a partially filled f
sublevel.
a. Tetratomic Elements b. Noble Gases
c. Alkali d. Lanthanide
255. A substance whose particles are only weakly attracted to each other (e.g., water)
a. Colligative b. Hydrophilic
c. Hydrophobic d. Refractory
256. A class of homogeneous matter which has a definite composition by weight.
a. compound b. mixture
c. element d. substance
257. In the periodic table, Group IA is for the:

a. Halogens b. Light metals
c. Alkaline metals d. Alkali metals
258. A covalent bond formed through a condensation reaction that involves removal of a water molecule.
c. Sigma Bond d. Bridge Bond
259. Which group is the nitrogen family?

a. Group VA b. Group IVA
c. Group IIIA d. Group IIA
260. Litmus paper turns into _____ is the substance is basic.

a. colorless b. yellow
c. red d. blue
Chemistry
261. A property which depends only on the number of particles present, and not their chemical composition.
a. Chemical Property
b. Colligate Property
c. Nuclear Property
d. Physical Property
262. The amount of energy to change 1g of solid to liquid at its melting point.
d. enthalpy of evaporation
263. The process whereby an initially homogeneous solid solution separates into two (or more) distinct
crystalline minerals without the addition or removal of materials to or rom the system.
264. The separation of component particles from the bulk or mass.

a. Dissociation b. Atomization
c. Fission d. Reduction
265. An ion with positive change.

a. Cation b. Anion
c. Muon d. Neutrino
266. A cell which uses the flow of electrons from a spontaneous chemical reaction to do outside work.
a. Daniel Cell b. Gravity Cell
c. Concentration Cell d. Galvanic Cell
267. The anion OH-.

a. Hydride b. Oxide
c. Hydroxide d. Nitrate
268. A measure of the tendency of a gas to escape or expand.

a. Compressibility b. Fugacity
c. Vaporizability d. Solubility
269. An ionic theory which is an offshoot of electrostatic theory. It ignores all covalent bonding effects.
b. Crystal Fields Theory
c. Chelate Effect
270. A purple form of quartz whose color arises from Fe+4.

a. Amethyst b. Ruby
c. Topaz d. Peridot
271. A/An _____ is a hydrocarbon consisting only of single carbon-carbon bonds

a. Alkyne b. Alkene
c. Alane d. Amide
272. A large polypeptide of the kind found in living organisms.

a. Amino Acid b. Protein
c. Minerals d. Fatty Acid
273. It is the code in which almost all genetic information is encoded.
Chemistry
a. Transfer RNA
b. Ribosomal RNA
c. Ribonucleic Acid
d. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
274. A sample of glass is a supercooled liquid rather than a true solid because it has _____.
a. a definite volume
b. no definite volume
c. a crystalline structure
d. no crystalline structure
275. Two immiscible liquids, when shaken together, may form a _______.
a. solution b. sediment
c. hydrated solution d. colloidal dispersion
276. Which of the following is not a pure substance?
a. water b. milk
c. hydrogen d. oxygen
277. Which of the following is not an isotope of hydrogen?

a. hydrogen b. deuterium
c. tritium d. uranium
278. Which of the following is formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
a. allotrope b. ion
c. isotope d. molecule
279. The modern periodic table is based on atomic _______.

a. number b. radius
c. charge d. mass
280. The gram molecular mass for H2SO4 is ______ grams.

a. 7 b. 64 c. 98 d. 196
281. The rate of chemical reaction can be increased by _______.

a. increasing the surface area of the reactants
b. decreasing the reaction temperature
c. decreasing the concentration of the reactants
d. removing the catalyst
282. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a base?

a. has a bitter taste
b. feels smooth and slippery
c. turns litmus from red to blue
d. typically reacts vigorously with metals
283. Oxidation involves reactions in which ______.

a. a substance gains one or more electrons
b. a substance loses one or more electrons
c. oxygen has been removed from the reactants
d. oxygen is gained by the reactants
284. A bleach may work if it ______.

a. adds hydrogen ions to the stain
b. removes electrons during oxidation
c. adds electrons to reduce coloration
d. moves electrons between energy levels
Chemistry
285. An organic compound ______.

a. contains carbon
b. can be produced synthetically
c. both 1 and 2 are correct
d. neither 1 nor 2 is correct
286. Which of the following can be used to bombard atoms?
a. protons b. neutrons
c. electrons d. all three
287. An atom of which of the following elements has the greatest ability to attract electrons?
a. silicon b. bromine
c. sulfur d. nitrogen
288. Given the same conditions of temperature, which nobel gas will diffuse most rapidly?
a. Kr b. He c. Ne d. Ar
289. When most fuels burn, the products include carbon dioxide and ______,
a. hydrogen b. hydrocarbons
c. water d. hydroxide
290. Which type of reaction is occurring when a metal undergoes corrosion?

a. neutralization
b. polymerization
c. saponification
d. oxidation-reduction
291. Which part of the Periodic Table contains elements with the strongest metallic properties?
a. upper left b. lower left
c. upper right d. lower right
292. A 1 M solution contains 20 grams of solute in 500 milliliters of solution. What is the mass of 1 mole of
the solute?
a. 10 g b. 20 g c. 40 g d. 80 g
293. What is the molecular formula of a compound with an empirical formula of CH and a molecular mass of
78?
a. C6H6 b. C3H3
c. C4H4 d. C5H5
294. What is the empirical formula of a compound that contains 85% Ag and 15% F by mass?
a. Ag2F b. AgF2
c. Ag2F2 d. AgF
295. A gas has a pressure of 300 torr, a temperature of 400 K, and a volume of 50.0 milliliters. What volume
will the gas have at a pressure of 150 torr and a temperature of 200 K?
a. 25.0 mL b. 50.0 mL
c. 75 mL d. 100 mL
296. How many atoms are present in the formula KAl(SO4)2?

a. 6 b. 8
c. 10 d. 12
297. How many liters of gas would 1.5 moles occupy at STP?
a. 15.0 b. 4.5
c. 33.6 d. 44.6
Chemistry
298. If an element has an atomic number of 11, it will combine most readily with an element that has an
atomic number of _____.
a. 16 b. 17
c. 18 d. 19
299. Which of the following statements is true?

a. chlorine changes in color
b. chlorine changes in density
c. chlorine changes into liquid
d. chlorine reacts explosively to form sodium chloride
300. Which of the following is a compound?

a. milk b. gold
c. table salt d. ink
301. Gold’s atomic number is 79. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are there in 197 Au?
a. 79 b. 118
c. 197 d. 276
302. Which of the following is an element?

a. H2O b. O3
c. CO2 d. C2H4
303. Which of the following is the empirical formula for glucose, a substance known as blood sugar, whose
molecular formula is C6H12O6?
a. CH2O b. CHO
c. C2H4O d. CHO6
304. Which of the following is the name of the compound K2SO4?

a. potassium sulfate
b. sulphuric oxide
c. potassium oxide
d. silver nitrate
305. Which of the following balances this equation: Na(s) + H2O(l) á NaOH(aq) + H2(g)?
a. Na(s) + 2H2O(l) á NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
b. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) á 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
c. Na(s) + 2H2O(l) á NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
d. Na(s) + 2H2O(l) á NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
306. What is the formula weight of C12H22O11(sucrose)? The atomic weights of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen are 12.0 amu, 1.0 amu and 16.0 amu, respectively.
a. 29.0 amu b. 47.0 amu
c. 76.0 amu d. 342.0 amu
307. What is the mass of 1 mol of glucose, C6H12O6? The atomic weights of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
are 12.0 amu, 1.0 amu and 16.0 amu, respectively.
a. 180.0 amu b. 360.0 amu
c. 53.0 amu d. 90.0 amu
308. What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving a 23.4 g of sodium sulfate (NaSO4) in enough
water to form 125 mL of solution?
a. 2.12 M b. 1.32 M
c. 3.33 M d. 5.34 M
Chemistry
309. What is the kinetic energy in joules and calories of a 6.0 kg object moving at a speed of 5.0 m/s?
a. 30 cal b. 18 cal
c. 1.2 cal d. 0.16 cal
310. What is the formula for a compound formed between aluminum and oxygen? (The atomic number of
aluminum is 13 while that of oxygen is 8).
a. Al2O3 b. Al3O5
c. AlO2 d. Al3O4
311. What is the volume of exactly 1 mol of gas at 0°C (273.15 K) and exactly 1 atm pressure?
a. 27.31 L b. 31.32 L
c. 22.41 L d. 17.42 L
312. Which of the following substances is most likely to exist as a gas at room temperature and normal
atmospheric pressures?
a. P4O10 b. Cl2
c. AgCl d. I2
313. Which of the following will happen if a gas in an enclosed container is heated?
a. pressure increases
b. temperature decreases
c. volume increases
d. volume decreases
314. How can a bigger crystals of table salt be commercially produced?

a. slow solar evaporation
b. fast solar heating
c. boiling in a cauldron
d. heating over a sand bath
315. The natural fragrance of plants is attributed to the presence of ______.

a. alkanes b. esters
c. alcohols d. acetone
316. A solution is made containing 6.9 g of NaHCO3 per 100 g of water. What is the weight percentage of
solute in this solution?
a. 93.5% b. 89.7%
c. 6.5% d. 10.3%
317. In terms of total mass, carbon monoxide (CO) is the most abundant of all pollutant gases. The most
serious source of carbon monoxide poisoning comes from ______.
a. cigarette smoking
b. smoke from factories
c. smoke from vehicles
d. smoke from forest fires
318. Which of the following is not a non conventional source of biogas?

a. animal manure b. petroleum
c. ipil-ipil d. cassava
319. When mercury is placed in a small test tube, a convex surface may be seen. This shows that ______.
a. cohesive force is stronger than adhesive force
b. cohesive force is weaker than adhesive force
c. cohesive and adhesive forces are the same
d. cohesive force is stronger at the bottom
Chemistry
320. Which is a statement of quantitative description?

a. one bottle holds more liquid than the other
b. the color of one liquid is darker than the other
c. the liquid in one bottle is more cloudy than the other
d. the liquid in one bottle is 5 mL more than that in the other
321. The mass number of an element is 16 and its atomic number is 8. How many neutrons does it have?
a. 16 b. 8
c. 24 d. 48
322. What kind of substance turns blue litmus paper into red and is classified as a proton donor?
a. a salt b. an acid
c. a base d. a metal
323. LPG or liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of C3H8 and C4H10. This mixture is ______ and ______.
a. propane, butane
b. ethane, methane
c. propane, methane
d. propane, butane
324. Which unit is used t express the amount of energy absorbed or released during a chemical reaction?
a. calorie b. torr
c. degree d. kilogram
325. A compound with an empirical formula of CH2 has a molecular mass of 70. What is the molecular
formula?
a. C2H4 b. C4H8 c. CH2 d. C5H10
326. Which are the products of a fermentation reaction?

a. a soap and a glycerol
b. an alcohol and carbon dioxide
c. an ester and water
d. a salt and water
327. The number of calories per gram required to melt ice at its melting point is called ______.
a. sublimation
b. heat of fusion
c. vapor pressure
d. heat of vaporization
328. A liquid has one phase, is colorless and odorless and boils at a temperature range of 110-120°C. This
liquid is called _____.
a. solution
b. colloid
c. substance
d. heterogenous mixture
329. A white solid that melts sharply was observed to yield a colorless liquid and a black solid when burned.
Which term best describes the solid?
a. element b. mixture
c. substance d. compound
330. The forces of attraction that exist between nonpolar molecules are called ____.
a. ionic b. van der Waals
c. electrovalent d. atomic
Chemistry
331. Toward which corner of the Periodic Table are located the elements that have the most pronounced
nonmetallic properties?
a. upper right b. lower right
c. upper left d. lower left
332. Which process occurs when dry ice is changed into carbon dioxide?
a. crystallization b. sublimation
c. condensation d. solidification
333. What is the number of an atom which contains 25 electrons, 25 protons, and 29 neutrons?
a. 50 b. 342.0 amu
c. 25 d. 54
334. Which electron dot formula represents a nonpolar molecules?

H H
a. H:C:Cl: b. H:N:
H H
H H
c. H:C:H d. H:Cl:C
H H
335. How many moles of water are contained on 0.250 mole of CuSO4 • 5H2O?
a. 62.5 b. 0.5
c. 1.25 d. 75
336. What is the mass of 3.0 x 1023 atoms of neon?

a. 10 g b. 7 g
c. 30 g d. 5 g
337. When a battery is in use, stored chemical energy is first changed to ______ energy.
a. light b. electrical
c. mechanical d. nuclear
338. In the reaction Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s), the reducing agent is _____.
a. Zn(s) b. Cu(s)
c. Cu2+(aq) d. Cu2+
339. Which compound contains both covalent bonds and ionic bonds?
a. HCl(g) b. N2O5(g)
c. NaCl(s) d. NaNO3(s)
340. When the pressure exerted on a confined gas at constant temperature is doubled, the volume of the
gas is _____.
a. constant b. halved
c. tripled d. quartered
341. The number of electrons in a neutral atom of every element is always equal to the atom’s _______.
a. number of nucleons
b. number of neutrons
c. number of positrons
d. number of protons
342. Which is a product of the hydrolysis of an animal by a strong base?

a. gasoline b. water
c. kerosene d. soap
343. The atom of carbon-14 contains _______.
Chemistry
a. 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons

b. 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons
c. 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 8 electrons
d. 8 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons
344. Which formula represents a binary compound?

a. O2 b. Ne
c. 2C2H5OH d. C3H8
345. Which temperature represents absolute zero?

a. 0°C b. 273°K
c. 0 K d. 273°C
346. When a salt dissolves in water, the water molecules are attracted by dissolved salt particles. This
attraction is called _______.
a. atom-atom
b. molecule-ion
c. molecule-molecule
d. atom-molecule
347. An example of a heterogamous mixture is _____.

a. stainless steel
b. soil
c. sugar
d. carbon monoxide
348. Water will boil at temperature of 40°C when the pressure on its surface is ______.
a. 25.5 torr b. 40 torr
c. 55.3 torr d. 760 torr
Answers & Solutions

1. c. -31 °F
2. a. 2.27
3. a. 5 million
4. c. ash
5. b. the two samples are certainly
different pure substances
6. a. water
7. d. rusting of iron
8. d. its composition can vary
9. c. a compound
Chemistry
10. a. crystallization of sugar from sugar can juice

11. d. silver
12. d. separation of the molecules in a
mixture
13. c. nuclear fusion
14. b. a sword
15. b. Gay-Lussac’s Law
16. c. high temperature and low pressure
17. c. Boyle’s Law
18. d. He
19. d. an energy transfer due to a
temperature difference
20. c. no change in temperature
21. c. the enthalpy of the reactants is lower
that the enthalpy of the products
22. a. melting of ice
23. c. when the gas expands adiabatically
24. c. De Broglie
25. d. Schrödinger
26. a. gaining electrons to form ionic
compounds
27. b. the vapor pressure of the solvent to
decrease
28. a. the number of products formed
29. d. the may become new substances
after the reaction
30. c. it exists between a liquid and its vapor
in a closed system at uniform
temperature.
31. a. a proton donor
32. a. they always contain OH- ions
33. b. carbon
34. Solution
Solve for R of CO at the given (22.4 L) volume and STP;
Chemistry
P V  nRT
PV (1 atm )(22.4 L )
R  
nT (1 m ol)(49 2)R
L  atm
R  0.04553
m ol  R
The mass of CO at STP and 1 liter volume:

PV  nRT
mRT
PV 
MW
PV(MW )
m
RT
(1atm)(1L)(28 g / mol)

 L  atm 
 0.04553 mol  R  (492)R
 
m  1.25 g
35. Solution
2(Hydrogen)
%H 
2(Hydrogen)  1(Oxygen)
2(1.008)
%H   0.1119
2(1.008)  1(16)
%H  11.19%
36. Solution
P Pb A 82 Pb206
The number of protons (P) =82
The number of neutrons (N) =206–82 =124
P = 82 and N = 124
37. Solution
Daltons’ Law of Partial Pressures
Ptotal   Partial Pr essures
Ptotal  Poc tan e  Pair
moc tan e RToc tan e m RT
86.1   air air
(MW)oc tan e V (MW )air V
0.064(8.314)(290) 0.91(8.314)(290)
86.1  
114 V 29 V
V  0.894 m3
Then :
mRTair (0.91)(8.314)(290)
Pair  
(MW )air V (29)(0.894)
P  84.62 kPa
38. Solution
Chemistry
Moles of Solute
Molarity (M) 
Liters of solution
5 grams
34 gm / mole
Molarity (M) 
100  10 3 liters
Molarity (M)  1.47 moles / liters
Molarity (M)  1.5 M
39. Solution
The mass of Oxygen (O2):
PV  nRT
mRT
PV 
MW
PV(MW )
m
RT
(10 atm  101,325 Pa / atm) 
 
(10 li  10 3 m3 / li)(32 g / mol)
m
 J 
 8.314  (300)K
 mol  K 
m  130 g
40. Solution
The mean free path (λ) of CO:
kT

4 2r 2P
where :
J
8.314
R mol  K
k 
NA 6.023  1023 molecule / mol
k  1.380  1023 J/ molecule.K
 23 Nm 
 1.38  10  (300 K)
molecule.K 

 4 2 (1/ 2)(3.19  10 8 ) 2 m2 
   
 101,325 N / m2  
 100 mmHg  
 760 mmHg  
  6.86  10 11m
  6.86  10 9 cm
41. Solution
Using Avogadro’s Number :
1 mole = 6.023 x 1023 particles
Where :
Particles can be molecules, atoms or ions
1 mole = 6.023 x 1023 atoms
Chemistry
1
1 atom  moles
6.02  1023
-24
1 atom = 1.66 x 10 moles
42. Solution
PV  nRT
mRT
PV 
MW
mRT
MW 
PV
 li  atm 
(0.5 g)  0.0821 (27  237)K
 mol.K 
MW 
(0.25 atm)(1 li)
MW  49.26 g / mol
43. Solution
 1 mol of Mg   6.02  1023 atoms 
n  5 g of Mg    
 24.3 g of Mg   mol of Mg 
   
n  1.24  10 23 atoms
44. Solution
1 mol of Fe
25 g of Mg   0.448 mol of Fe
55.8 g of Fe
45. Solution
6.02  1023 molecules of O 2
2 mol of O 2 
1 mol of O 2
2 atoms O

1 molecules O 2
2.408  1024 atoms of O
46. Solution
63.5 g Cu
0.252 mol Cu 
1 mol of Cu
16 g of Cu
47. Solution
1 Ca atom  1 40.1  40.1 amu
2 O atoms  2  16  32 amu
2 H atoms  2  1  2 amu
formula weight  74.1 amu
Chemistry
48. Solution
1 mol of HCl
25 g of HCl 
36.5 g of HCl
6.02  10 23 molecules of HCl

1 mol of HCl
4.12  1023 molecules of HCl
49. Solution
Percentage of total wt. of the element
  100%
Elements formula or molecular wt.
Where : for sodium chloride (NaCl)
1 Na = 23 g
1 Cl = 35.5 g
MW = 58.5 g
23 g
Na   100%
58.5 g
Na  39.3%
50. Solution
Percentage of total wt. of the element
  100%
Elements formula or molecular wt.
Where : for potassium sulfate (K2SO4)
2 K = 2 x 39.1 = 78.2 g
1 S = 1 x 32.1 = 32.1 g
4 O = 4 x 16 = 34.0 g
MW = 174.3 g
64 g
Na   100%
174.3 g
Na  36.7%
51. Solution
The total weight of the product :
Zn = 1.63 g
O = 0.40
W total = 2.03
The percentage of Zn in the 2.30 g weight:
1.63 g
Zn   100%  80.3%
2.03 g
Zn  80.3%
52. Solution
Balance the Equation :
3H2 + N2  2NH3
Based on the balanced equation, the mole ratio can be computed as:
2 mol NH3
mole ratio 
3 mol H2
Then; the 8 mol of H2:
Chemistry
 2 mol NH 
3
n  5 mol of NH3   
 3 mol of H2 
 
n  5.33 mol of NH3
53. Solution
The sequence of conversions needed in the calculations can be written:
moles O2  moles H2O  moles of H2O
Balance the Equations:
2H2 + O2  2H2O
Based on the balanced equation, the mole ratio can be computed as:
2 mol H2O
mole ratio 
1 mol O2
The number of moles of the 0.010 mol of O2 can be computed using the mole-ratio:
 6.02  1023 molecules 
Nm  0.020 mol of O2   
 mol of O 2 
 
22
Nm  1.2  10 molecules of H2O
54. Solution
STP the molar volume to be used is 22.4 Liter/mol
3.23 g 22.4 L
  36.2 g / mol
2L mol
55. Solution
mRT
PV 
MW
mRT
MW 
PV
  J 
 (1.65g)  8314 
  mol.K  
 (40  273)K 
MW   
  101325 Pa  
 (630 torr)   
  760 torr  
 2
 
 N / m  J  3 3 
 Pa  N  m  (691 10 M ) 
  
MW  73.98 g / mol
56. Solution
The density of Cl2 at STP:
71 g 1 mol
(Cl2 )    3.17 g / L
mol 22.4 li
The density of air at STP:

P 101.325 kN / m2
(Air)  
RT (0.287 kJ / kg.K)(273 K)
(Air)  1.29 kg / m3  1.29 g / L
Chemistry
The specific gravity of a gas can be calculated by dividing its density by the density of air and both
gases must be of the same temperature and pressure.
density of CL 2
sp gr(Cl2 ) 
density of air
3.17 g / L
sp gr(Cl2 )   2.46
1.29 g / L
sp gr(Cl2 )  2.46
57. Solution
Balance the Equation :
2KclO3  2KCl + 3O2 ↑
Based on the balanced equation, the mole-ratio method:
3 mol O 2
Mole  ratio 
2 mol KClO3
The number of mol of O2 from the 0.75 mol of KClO3:
 3 mol O 
2
n  (0.75 mol KClO3 )   
 2 mol KClO3 
 
n  1.125 mol O2
The moles of O2 can be converted to liters of O2 (at STP);

 22.4 L 
V  (1.125 mol O2 )   
 mol 
V  25.2 L O 2
58. Solution
PV  nRT
nRT
P
V
 L  atm 
(0.5 mol)  0.0821  (23  273)K
 mol  K 
P
7L
P  1.74 atm
59. Solution
PV  nRT
PV
n
RT
 1 atm 
 2000 psi   (70 L)
 14.7 psi 
n
 L  atm 
(25  273)K  0.0821
 mol  K 
n  389.3 mol O2
60. Solution
The molecular weight of sucrose (C12H22O11):
MW = 12(12) + (1)(22) + 12(11)
Chemistry
= 342 g/mole
The molarity (m) of the solution with sucrose as solute :

mass of solute
molarity(m) 
kg solvent
65 g
342 g / mol
m  0.63
0.300
m  0.63 mole / kg
61. Solution
PV  nRT
PV
n
RT
(0.6 atm)(0.45)L
P
(0.0821 L  atm / mol  K)(87  273)K
P  0.0091 mole
62. Solution
The total number of moles of the combined gases:
ntotal  nhydrogen  nhelium
  1 mole H  
2
ntotal  (1 g H2 )   
  2 g H2  
 
  1 mole H  
2
(10 g H2 )  
  4 g H2  
 
ntotal  3 mole
The total volume can be solved using ideal gas equation:

PV  nRT
ntotal RT
Vtotal 
Ptotal
(3.0 mol)(20  273)K 
 
  0.0821 L  atm  
 
Vtotal 
mol  K  
5 atm
Vtotal  14.4 liters
63. Solution
The molecular weight of KCl:
MW = 39.1 + 35.5 = 74.6 g/mol
Chemistry
moles of solute
molarity(M) 
L of solution
150 g
74.6 g / mol
M  2.51
0.8 L
M  2.51 mole / L
64. Solution
moles of solute
molarity(M) 
L of solution
x
0.6 mole 74.6 g / mol

L 0.4 L
 0.6 mole  74.6 g 
x  (0.4 L)   mole 
 L  
x  17.904 g
65. Solution
The stoichiometry equation is :
Ca + O  CaO
The equation shows that one mole of oxygen and one mole of calcium are required to make one mole
of CaO.
3.13  2.25
nO   0.055 mole
16
nCa  0.055 mole
The atomic weight of Ca:

m 2.25
WCa  Ca 
nCa 0.055
WCa  40.9 g / mole
66. Solution
The molecular weight of Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4):
MW = 1(2) + (32)1 + (16)(4) = 98 g/mole
The equivalent Weight of Acid:

molecular weight
Eqivalent Weight 
No. of Replacable H
98 g / mole
Equivalent Weight 
2
Equivalent Weight  49 g / mol
67. Solution
The molecular weight of (H2SO4):
MW = 1(2) + (32)1 + (16)(4) = 98 g/mole
The Equivalent Weight:
Chemistry
molecular weight
Equivalent Weight 
NO. of Re placable H
98 g / mole
Equivalent Weight   49 g / mol
2
gram  equiv wt
No. of equiv solute 
Equiv Wt
The No. of equivalent solute:
60 g
No. of equiv solute   1.22 equiv.
49 eq wt
The Normality (N) of a solution:

No. of equiv solute
Normality(N) 
L of solution
1.22 equiv
N
1.5 L
N  0.813 equiv / L
68. Solution
The molecular weight of Mg (OH)2 :
MW = (24)1 + (16)2 + (1)2 = 58 g/mole
The Equivalent Weight of Base:

molecular wt
Equiv Wt 
No. of Re placable OH
58 g / mole
Equiv Wt 
2
Equiv Wt  29 g / mol
69. Solution
The molecular weight of (H3PO4):
MW = 1(3) + 31(1) + 16(4) = 98 g/mole
The Equivalent Weight:

molecular wt
Equiv Wt 
No. of replacable H
98 g / mole
Equiv Wt   32.7 g / mol
2
The Normality (N) of a solution:

no. of equiv solute
Normality(N) 
L of solution
 x 
 32.7 
0.5   
0.700
x  11.45 g
70. Solution
Na2CO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + CO2
Chemistry
(unbalanced)
By inspection; the balanced equation will be:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + CO2
Na=1(2)=2 Na=1(1)=2
C=1 C=1
O=1(3)=3 O=1+1(2)=3
Cl=2(1)=2 Cl=2(1)=2
71. Solution
The molecular weight of water (H2O):
Where: Hydrogen = 1 and Oxygen = 16
MW = (1)(2)+16(1)
MW = 18 amu (atomic mass unit)
72. Solution
The molecular weight of BaCl22H2O:
1 Ba = 1 x 137.3 = 137.3 amu
2 Cl = 2 x 35.5 = 71.0
2H2O = 2 x 18.00 = 36.0 amu
MW = 244.3 amu
73. Solution
P + HNO3 + H2O  NO + H2PO4 (unbalanced)
By inspection; the balanced equation will be:

3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O  5NO + 3H2PO4
P=3(1)=3 P=3(1)=3
H=5+(2)(2)=9 H=(3)(3)=9
O=5(3)+2(1)=17 O=5(1)+3(4)=17
N=5(1)=5 N=5(1)=5
74. b. covalent bond

75. c. Organic matter is generally stable at very high temperatures
76. c. electrolyte
77. a. salt
78. b. the substance is heated together with copper oxide and the resulting
gases are found to have no effect on limestone
79. c. protons and neutrons
80. d. Sodium (Na)
81. a. electron
82. a. directly combination or synthesis
83. d. van der waals
84. a. exothermic
85. b. insulator
86. d. Lithium
Chemistry
87. c. changing water to ice

88. d. group VIIA
89. b. Chlorine
90. b. normality
91. d. cohesion
92. b. element
93. a. 0°C and zone atmosphere pressure
94. c. Covalent
95. b. solid to gaseous phase
96. b. Alkenes
97. c. a conductor
98. c. metalloids
99. a. there are no oxidizing and reducing agents in this reaction
100. a. Lanthanons
101. a. Ionic bonding
102. a. electrolysis
103. a. a compound
104. b. alkalinity
105. b. galvanic cell
106. b. 8
107. d. the molecules collide more frequently and the activation energy
is less
108. b. neutron
109. a. precipitation
110. c. hydrogen
111. d. between 0 and 7
112. a. specific gravity
113. d. catalyst
114. b. actinons
115. a. Molarity (m)
116. d. coulomb
117. d. atomic number
118. d. transition metals
119. b. hydrometer
120. a. Groups
121. a. Anion
122. b. one electron
Chemistry
123. b. Metalloids
124. d. Ion
125. a. Secondary cell
126. c. Group VIIA
127. c. The differential rate is the mathematical expression that
shows how the rate of reaction depends on volume.
128. d. atom
129. a. acid
130. d. Double displacement
131. c. Endothermic
132. c. the strength of the acid
133. c. Valence electrons
134. d. cation
135. d. Atomic number
136. a. Light metals
137. c. Molarity
138. a. ionic
139. a. an ion
140. b. decomposition or analysis
141. c. alkynes
142. a. insulator
143. d. Mole
144. a. sulfuric acid
145. d. red
146. c. between 7 and 14
147. d. reverse osmosis
148. b. a nucleus containing a neutron and a proton
149. b. Group IA
150. b. metallic bonding
151. d. Cobalt
152. c. DNA
153. b. Reactants
154. a. Isotonic solutions
155. a. alkanes
156. b. atom
157. a. cavitation
158. c. noble gas
Chemistry
159. c. thermocouple
160. a. blue
161. c. osmosis
162. a. N2 O 5
163. b. it loses electrons
164. c. single displacement
165. c. 14
166. c. an insulator
167. a. condensation
168. c. Avogadro’s Law
169. c. volume
170. a. atomic weight
171. d. the mass of an electron is heavier than that of a proton
172. a. products
173. b. molecule
174. c. Covalent Bonding
175. c. Group VIA
176. d. enthalpy of vaporization
177. a. cleavage
178. b. Pi Bond
179. a. Phenolphthalein
180. a. Isomer
181. c. Compound
182. d. Molecular Orbital Theory
183. d. Pyrite
184. c. Diamond
185. d. hydrolysis
186. c. cycloalkanes
187. d. Ionization
188. d. Delta Bond
189. c. Chelate Effect
190. b. Heterogeneous Mixture
191. c. Free Radical
192. a. Halite
193. c. Oxidation
194. d. Siderophile
195. a. Catalyst
Chemistry
196. c. mole
197. d. Concentrated Reaction
198. c. Endothermic
199. a. enthalpy of formation
200. a. Chemical Property
201. a. Twin
202. a. Volatile
203 c. Activation Energy
204. d. Heat of Combustion
205. c. Bismuth
206. a. Reduction
207. c. enthalpy of reaction
208. c. Electronegativity
209. b. Hydrophilic
210. d. Calcite
211. d. Solute
212. a. Hydration
213. d. Photodissociation
214. c. Galena
215. a. inert
216. d. Van der Waals forces
217. c. Polar Reaction
218. d. Colloid
219. d. Enzyme
220. c. Sigma Bond
221. a. Fractional Distillation
222. a. Dialysis
223. c. Hund’s Rule
224. b. period
225. a. Detergent
226. c. Photosensitization
227. b. Organic Chemistry
228. c. Periodic Table
229. a. Atom
230. b. Nobel Gases
231. b. Promethuim
232. a. graphite
Chemistry
233. d. atomic radius

234. a. Tyndall Effect
235. a. Halide
236. b. Exothermic
237. a. Bond Energy
238. b. Anion
239. c. pH
240. c. Suspension
241. a. Flux
242. a. Homogeneous Mixture
243. d. Isodemic Crystal
244. b. Mohs hardness scale
245. a. Lava
246. d. Basaltic
247. c. Granitic
248. b. Ionic Bonding
249. c. Epitaxis
250. d. Steno Law
251. a. Iron
252. b. Free Radical Reaction
253. d. Ozone
254. d. Lanthanide
255. c. Hydrophobic
256. d. substance
257. d. Alkali metals
258. a. Peptide Bond
259. d. Group IIA
260. d. blue
261. b. Colligate Property
262. b. enthalpy of fusion
263. b. Exsolution
264. a. Dissociation
265. a. Cation
266. d. Galvanic Cell
267. c. Hydroxide
268. b. Fugacity
269. b. Crystal Fields Theory
Chemistry
270. a. Amethyst
271. c. Alane
272. b. Protein
273. d. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
274. d. no crystalline structure
275. d. colloidal dispersion
276. b. milk
277. d. uranium
278. b. ion
279. a. number
280. c. 98
281. a. increasing the surface area of the reactants
282. d. typically reacts vigorously with metals
283. b. a substance loses one or more electrons
284. b. removes electrons during oxidation
285. c. both 1 and 2 are correct
286. d. all three
287. d. nitrogen
288. b. He
289. c. water
290. d. oxidation-reduction
291. b. lower left
292. c. 40 g
293. a. C6H6
294. d. AgF
295. b. 50.0 mL
296. d. 12
297. c. 33.6
298. b. 17
299. d. chlorine reacts explosively to form sodium chloride
300. c. table salt
301. b. 118
302. b. O3
303. a. CH2O
304. a. potassium sulfate
305. b. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) á 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
306. d. 342.0 amu
Chemistry
307. a. 180.0 amu

308. b. 1.32 M
309. c. 1.2 cal
310. a. Al2O3
311. c. 22.41 L
312. b. Cl2
313. a. pressure increases
314. a. slow solar evaporation
315. b. esters
316. c. 6.5%
317. a. cigarette smoking
318. b. petroleum
319. a. cohesive force is stronger than adhesive force
320. d. the liquid in one bottle is 5 mL more than that in the other
321. b. 8
322. b. an acid
323. a. propane, butane
324. a. calorie
325. d. C5H10
326. b. an alcohol and carbon dioxide
327. b. heat of fusion
328. a. solution
329. d. compound
330. b. van der Waals
331. a. upper right
332. b. sublimation
333. d. 54
H
334. c. H:C:H
H
335. c. 1.25
336. a. 10 g
337. b. electrical
338. a. Zn(s)
339. d. NaNO3(s)
340. c. tripled
341. d. number of protons
342. d. soap
Chemistry
343. b. 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons

344. d. C3H8
345. c. 0 K
346. b. molecule-ion
347. b. soil
348. c. 55.3 torr
Chemistry

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EDGE ECE Specialist

• Law of Conservation of Mass – “Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed.”

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM-CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

C. Changes Which Matter Undergoes

Mixtures Pure Substance

II. CHEMICAL FORMULAS

Subatomic particles Charges Mass Electric Charge Unit mass in kg

• Atomic number – equal to the number of protons of an element.

Example: What is the number of neutron in one atom of 56

Example: Calculate the formula weight of water, H2O.

F. Formulas and Formula Masses

G. Molecular Formulas and Molecular Masses

II. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

A. Types of Chemical Compounds

B. Composition of Chemical Compounds

For a 50.0g sample the mass of hydrogen is

D. Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds

• Binary compounds (composed of two elements)

Rules for Metals and Nonmetals:

Compound Name Compound Name

Rules for two Nonmetals:

Compound Name Compound Name

Compound Name Compound Name

Mg(NO3)2 magnesium nitrate BaC2O4 barium oxalate

Name Formula Name Formula Name Formula

III. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND STOICHIOMETRY

A. Types of Chemical Reactions

• Decomposition/analysis – breakdown of a compound into other compounds and/or elements.

• Double replacement/double displacement (also called metathesis) – exchange of “patterns”

B. Chemical Equation and Stoichiometry

IV. GAS LAWS

Example: A certain was occupying a volume of 10L at 720 mm Hg. At constant

E. The Ideal Gas Law

F. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Example: Air at standard atmospheric pressure is typically 78.084% nitrogen,

G. Graham’s Law of Effusion

B. Calorimetry (heat measurement)

Example: If 100g of ice (C p = specific heat = 0.5 cal/g°C) at -5°C is converted to

VI. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

• Rules for Assigning Electrons Orbitals

VII. THE PERIODIC TABLE

A. The Main Groups in the Periodic Table

Group Number Family Name

• Trends in the Periodic Table

1. Electronegativity – ability of an atom to attract electron.

VIII. CHEMICAL BONDING

• Chemical Bonds – forces of attraction that exist between atoms.

• Types of Chemical Bonds

• polar covalent bond – unequal sharing of electrons

VIII. LIQUIDS, SOLIDS, AND IMF

• Comparison of Liquids and Solids

2. Dipole-Dipole Forces – forces that act between polar molecules.

IX. SOLUTIONS AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Two components of a solution

• Types of solutions according to the solubility of solute

• Factors affecting solubility of solute

• Expressing Solution Concentration

a. % by mass = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100%

Example: A sample of 0.892 g of naphthalene (C10H8) is dissolved in 54.6 g of

b. % by volume = (volume of solute/volume of solution) x 100%

Example: Determine the mole fractions of both substances in a solution

3. Molarity (M) – no. of moles of solute per liter of solution.

4. Molarity (m) – no. of moles of solute per kg. of solvent.