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Vidya Academy of Science & Technology
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Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Transients in Electric Circuits

IUCEE GENTLE

Sudha Balagopalan

Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Principal, Vidya Academy of Science and Technology

IUCEE
7th OCTOBER 2014

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Outline
1 Analytic Tools and Transients
Learning Outcomes
Linking Tools to solving circuits
2 Transients
Linking Tools to Transients
Inductor transients
Transients in RC circuits
3 More problems
Putting together ideas

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Learning Outcomes

Outline
1 Analytic Tools and Transients
Learning Outcomes
Linking Tools to solving circuits
2 Transients
Linking Tools to Transients
Inductor transients
Transients in RC circuits
3 More problems
Putting together ideas

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Learning Outcomes

Expected Learning Outcomes

Learning Objectives

A lesson in transients helps students to

Go from ’Knowledge level’ of tools to
’Understanding’ level of transients
Realize the analytical & application ease of
using tools in evaluating transients
Gaining the capability of synthesizing
different transients in problems
Thro’ expository problems evaluate the
impact of transients
Sudha Balagopalan VAST
GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Learning Outcomes

Transform Tools
Application to Circuits

LT, FT, DFT, ZT etc as applicable to the situation

Circuits are assumed to be LTI in all cases
Rules regarding transforms are similar;
assist analysis and experimentation
Linearity enables use of superposition and
application for complex waveforms
Initial conditions are replaced by circuit
representations
Sudha Balagopalan VAST
GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Linking Tools to solving circuits

Outline
1 Analytic Tools and Transients
Learning Outcomes
Linking Tools to solving circuits
2 Transients
Linking Tools to Transients
Inductor transients
Transients in RC circuits
3 More problems
Putting together ideas

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Linking Tools to solving circuits

Laplace Transforms in DC & AC circuits

Procedure to solve circuits
1
Replace Inductor by sL, Capacitor by Cs
Transform periodic & aperiodic sources as
per rules
Loop or node Integro-differential equations
replaced by equations in ’s
Initial conditions included
Solve as for any set of algebraic equations
and inverse the transform
Sudha Balagopalan VAST
GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Linking Tools to solving circuits

A simple application to an AC circuit

Both frequencies in one equation; Why not Thevenin’s

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Linking Tools to Transients

Outline
1 Analytic Tools and Transients
Learning Outcomes
Linking Tools to solving circuits
2 Transients
Linking Tools to Transients
Inductor transients
Transients in RC circuits
3 More problems
Putting together ideas

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Linking Tools to Transients

Transients 1

What makes a system dynamic? causes transients?

Inductor- Capacitor
Why is there this dynamism?
Transient & Steady state behaviour
Any relation to ZSR/ ZIR ?
Importance of initial conditions
Some causative factors
Switching on or off
Changes in source values
Sudden change in network configuration
Faults

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Inductor transients

Outline
1 Analytic Tools and Transients
Learning Outcomes
Linking Tools to solving circuits
2 Transients
Linking Tools to Transients
Inductor transients
Transients in RC circuits
3 More problems
Putting together ideas

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Inductor transients

Transients 2
Reaction of an Inductor to DC
Initial condition
As an open circuit at switch on
Charges to a short circuit as Isc (1 − e−t/τ )
As a current source in parallel with sL at switch off
Discharges to nil current as Isc e−t/τ
Time constant
Thevenin’s equivalent from the Inductor’s perspective
L
Time constant :τ = Reqeq
current direction thro’ inductor does not change.
Why?
Voltage direction changes. Why?
An example
Sudha Balagopalan VAST
GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Inductor transients

A simple application to an RL circuit

Time constant is the initial slope of current build up;
Thevenin’s equivalent from L

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Transients in RC circuits

Outline
1 Analytic Tools and Transients
Learning Outcomes
Linking Tools to solving circuits
2 Transients
Linking Tools to Transients
Inductor transients
Transients in RC circuits
3 More problems
Putting together ideas

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Transients in RC circuits

Transients 3
Reaction of a Capacitor to DC
Initial condition
As a short circuit at switch on
Charges to a open circuit as V0 (1 − e−t/τ )
A voltage source in series with Z at switch off
Discharges to nil voltage as V0 e−t/τ
Time constant
Thevenin’s eq. from the capacitor’s perspective
Time constant τ = Req Ceq
Voltage direction of the capacitor- no change. Why?
But current direction changes. Why?
An interesting problem

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Transients in RC circuits

A simple application to an RC circuit

Time constant is derived from the Thevenin’s equivalent
from L

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Transients in RC circuits

A simple application to another RC ccircuit

This is a case of a charging capacitor which progresses
from a short circuit to an OC

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Putting together ideas

Outline
1 Analytic Tools and Transients
Learning Outcomes
Linking Tools to solving circuits
2 Transients
Linking Tools to Transients
Inductor transients
Transients in RC circuits
3 More problems
Putting together ideas

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Putting together ideas

A practical application of charging and

discharging
Time constant from capacitors’ perspective
1
RC = 5x103 x0.16x10−6 = 1250 s.

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Putting together ideas

Superposition of of transients in an RL circuit

Time constant is relevant only during the transient

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Putting together ideas

Without pen & paper

Phase 1: Steady state before switch is on: current
thro’ shorted inductor: 1.5x 12 = 0.75A
Ph 2: At switch on, trapped current discharges thro’
available circuit with applicable time constant
−3
Time constant τ = 15x10 10+ 10
= 10−3 s
2
Discharge current thro’ 10Ω resistor
i1 (t) = − 0.75
2
xe−1000t A
Charging of inductor iL = 1.5 3
x(1 − e−1000t )
The remaining that flows thro’ the 10Ω resistor is
i2 (t) = 21 x(1.5 − 1.5
3
x(1 − e−1000t )A
Thus the current
i(t) = i1 (t) + 12 (t) = 0.5 − 0.125e−1000t
Sudha Balagopalan VAST
GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Putting together ideas

Transients 4
Reaction of a Capacitor and Inductor to DC
Second order system
Damping Ratio ξ & Natural Frequency of oscillation
ωn
Over, under & critically damped
Oscillations depend on the eigen values
Lyapunov’s 1st theorem on Stability?
System data thro’ λ
Lyapunov’s 1st theorem on Stability?
Characteristic Equation
Cayley Hamilton Theorem
State Transition Matrix. Controllability?
Observability?
Sudha Balagopalan VAST
GENTLE
Analytic Tools and Transients Transients More problems Summary

Summary

Have a good practicing knowledge of all transforms

and inverse transform pairs.
Understand the steady state on either sides of the
transient state and relate to it.
Remember there is only one shape for the transient
curve, voltage or current, growing or decaying if
either L or C only is in the circuit with R.
Duality is the characteristic feature to look out for
while analyzing.

Sudha Balagopalan VAST

GENTLE View publication stats