K.S.

RANGASAMY COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY,TIRUCHENGODE.

A PAPER PRESENTATION ON

ADDICTION AVOIDER USING

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

PRESENTED BY

P.RANGEELA (rangeela228@gmail.com)

A.SUBHASHINEE (subhashinee93@gmail.com)
CONTENTS :  FUTURE PROSPECTS.

 MERITS.
 ABSTRACTION.
 DEMERITS.
 INTRODUCTION.
 CONCLUSION.
 THE BRAIN.
 REFERENCES.
 BRAIN WAVES.

 ADDICTION.

 RECOVERY

THERAPY FROM

ADDITION.

 THE ADDICTION

AVOIDER.

 PRINCIPLE.

 WORKING.

 SENSORS.

 AMPLIFIER.

 OSCILLATORS.
ABSTRACT:
 STEREO
About half the
HEADPHONE. people around the world are
addicted to one or more addictive It is well known that brain is an

substances. Addiction is one of the electrochemical organ. The Brainwaves

are produced by the temporal lobe of the
chronic disorders that are
brain. It processes auditory information
characterized by the repeated use
from the ears and relates it to Wernicke's
of substances or behaviors despite area of the parietal lobe and the motor
clear evidence of morbidity cortex of the frontal lobe. The amygdala
secondary to such use. It is a is located within the temporal lobe and

combination of genetic, controls social and sexual behavior and

other emotions. The limbic system is
biological/pharmacological and
important in emotional behavior and
social factors. Example:
controlling movements.
Overeating, Having sex,
Gambling, Alcohol drinking,
Taking Narcotic Drugs and Certain
Mannerisms. In this paper we are
going to see about a design of
device that can entirely avoid
addiction. The device Addiction
Fig.1. Side and top
Avoider is based upon the
principle of controlling “Brain view of the human brain with parts

waves”. Researchers have

INTRODUCTION: speculated that a fully functional brain

can generate as much as 10 watts of
Before going on to details we are
electrical power. Even though this
supposed to know the basic terms that
electrical power is very limited, it does
this paper is based upon. These are the
occur in a very specific ways that are
terms ‘The Brain’, ‘Brainwaves’ and
characteristic of the human brain.
‘Addiction’.

1. The Brain: 2.Brainwaves:

 Electrical activity Hertz. A person making an active
emanating from the brain is displayed in conversation would be in the low beta
the form of brainwaves. There are four state. The high beta waves have a
categories of these brainwaves, ranging frequency of 33 – 40 Hertz. A person in
from most activity to least activity. a stress, pain or addiction would be in
These are delta waves, theta waves, the high beta state.
alpha waves and beta waves. Delta
TABLE 1:
waves are waves with high amplitude. It DIFFERENT
BRAINWAVES AND ITS FREQUENCIES
has a frequency of 0.5 – 4 Hertz. They
never go down to zero because that
would mean that you were brain dead. S. Frequency
No. Brainwaves range
But, deep dreamless sleep would take (Hertz)
you down to the lowest frequency.
Delta 0.5 - 4
Typically,2 to 3 Hertz. Theta waves are 1)
waves with amplitude lesser than that of Theta 5-8
delta waves and have a greater frequency 2)
of 5 – 8 Hertz. A person who has taken Alpha 9 – 14
time off from a task and begins to 3)

daydream is often in a theta brainwave Low Beta 15 – 32

state. Alpha waves are waves with 4)
High Beta 32 - 40
amplitude lesser than that of theta waves 5)
and have a greater frequency of 9-14
Hertz. A person who takes time out to
reflect or meditate is usually in a alpha
state. Beta waves are the waves that have
he lowest amplitude and have the highest
frequency of 15 – 40 Hertz. These waves
are again classified into low beta waves
and high beta waves according to their
range of frequencies. The low beta
waves have a frequency of 15 – 32

Fig. 2. Different brainwaves with
their names and the situations when
it occurs.
3.Addiction:
There are two types of addiction:
Physical dependency and Psychological
dependency.
A) Physical
dependency
Physical dependence on a
substance is defined by appearance of
characteristic withdrawal symptoms
when the drug is suddenly discontinued.
Some drugs such as cortisone, beta
blockers etc are better known as
‘Antidepressants’ rather than addictive
substances. Some drugs induce physical
dependence or physiological tolerance -
but not addiction - for example many
laxatives, which are not psychoactive;
nasal decongestants, which can cause
rebound congestion if used for more than
a few days in a row; and some
antidepressants, most notably Effexor,
Paxil and Zoloft, as they have quite short
half-lives, so stopping them abruptly
causes a more rapid change in the
neurotransmitter balance in the brain
than many other antidepressants. Many
non-addictive prescription drugs should
not be suddenly stopped, so a doctor
should be consulted before abruptly
discontinuing them.
B) Psychological
dependency:
Psychological addictions
are a dependency of the mind, and lead
to psychological withdrawal symptoms.
Addictions can
theoretically form for any rewarding
behavior, or as a habitual means to avoid
undesired activity, but typically they
only do so to a clinical level in
individuals who have emotional, social,
or psychological dysfunctions, taking the
place of normal positive stimuli not
otherwise attained. Psychological
addiction, as opposed to physiological
addiction, is a person's need to use a
drug or engage in a behavior despite the
harm caused out of desire for the effects
it produces, rather than to relieve
withdrawal symptoms.
going to solely consider the
psychological addictions in designing
the addiction avoider device.

4.Recovery Therapy
from Addiction
Some medical systems, including those
of at least 15 states of the United States,
refer to an Addiction Severity Index to
assess the severity of problems related to
substance use. The index assesses
problems in six areas: medical,
employment/support, alcohol and other
drug use, legal, family/social, and
psychiatric. While addiction or
dependency is related to seemingly
uncontrollable urges, and has roots in
genetic predisposition, treatment of
dependency is conducted by a wide
range of medical and allied
professionals, including Addiction
Medicine specialists, psychiatrists, and
appropriately trained nurses, social
workers, and counselors. Early treatment
of acute withdrawal often includes
medical detoxification, which can
include doses of anxiolytics or narcotics
to reduce symptoms of withdrawal. An
experimental drug, ibogaine, is also
proposed to treat withdrawal and
craving. Alternatives to medical
detoxification include acupuncture
detoxification. In chronic opiate
addiction, a surrogate drug such as
methadone is sometimes offered as a
form of opiate replacement therapy. But
treatment approaches universal focus on
the individual's ultimate choice to pursue
an alternate course of action. Anti-
anxiety and anti-depressant SSRI drugs
such as Lexapro are also often
prescribed to help cut cravings, while
addicts are often encouraged by
therapists to pursue practices like yoga
or exercise to decrease reliance on the
addictive substance or behavior as the
only way to feel good.
Therapists often classify
patients with chemical dependencies as
either interested or not interested in
changing. Treatments usually involve
planning for specific ways to avoid the
addictive stimulus, and therapeutic
interventions intended to help a client
learn healthier ways to find satisfaction.
Clinical leaders in recent years have
attempted to tailor intervention
approaches to specific influences that
effect addictive behavior, using
therapeutic interviews in an effort to
discover factors that led a person to
embrace unhealthy, addictive sources of
pleasure or relief from pain.
THE ADDICTION
AVOIDER:
PRINCIPLE:
The principle behind
this device is ‘Binaural Beats’. Binaural
Fig.4. Block diagram of
beats or binaural tones are auditory the device Addiction Avoider
processing artifacts, which are apparent
sounds, the perception of which arises in WORKING:
the brain independent of physical The block diagram consists of the
stimuli. The brain produces a similar following parts whose operation is as
phenomenon internally, resulting in low below
frequency pulsations in the loudness of a
SENSORS:
perceived sound when two tones at
These sensors consist of
slightly different frequencies are
a 0.7 inch diameter hard plastic outer
presented separately, one to each of a
disc housing with a pre-jelled Silver
subject's ears, using stereo headphones.
chloride snap style post pellet insert.
A beating tone will be perceived, as if
These sensors do not contain any latex
the two tones mixed naturally, out of the
and don’t need any conductive gel.
brain. The frequency of the tones must
be below about 1,000 to 1,500 hertz. The
difference between the two frequencies
must be small (below about 30 Hz) for
the effect to occur; otherwise the two Fig. 5. Electroencephalography
(EEG) sensors
tones will be distinguishable and no beat
will be perceived. The sensor sends the analog brainwave
signal into the 8515 microcontroller.
Block Diagram:
Head AMPLIFIERS:
Sens amp
or 1
Atme Oscillato Right
l r Side Right
1 Stereo side
8515 (1000Hz -
Sens amp stereo
or Oscillato Left
r Side Left
2 Stereo
Sens amp side
(1010Hz -
or stereo
 It is designed in such a way that it
amplifies 15 micro volts to about 3.5V.
Here we are using basic cascaded
inverting amplifier using operational
amplifier with a gain of about 2, 00,000,
Fig. 6. Circuit diagram of a basic
embedded in a small Printed Circuit
Inverting amplifier using
Board (PCB).
Operational amplifier.
Here we are using four
inverting amplifier cascaded with each
Basically the amplitude of
other. So let the gain of each inverting
analog brainwaves is in terms of 10 – 15
amplifier from left to right be A1, A2, A3
micro volts. But the Atmel 8515
and A4. And let Vi and Vo be the input
microcontroller has an operating voltage
and output voltages of the amplifier.
of about 2.7V – 6.0V. So we are using
Now, A1 = (-R2/R1)
amplifiers.
= (-2/1)
Gain (A) = (-R2/R1) = -2
(1) A2 = (-R4/R3)
= (-10/1)
Where, negative sign represents = -10
change in phase by 90◦ A3 = (-R6/R5)
Vo =Vi *Av
= (-100/1)
= 3V
= -100
A4 = (-R8/R7)
= (-100/1)
= -100
Now Total Gain of the amplifier (A),
A = A1 * A2 * A3 * A4
(2)
A = (-2)*(-10)*(-100)*(-100)
A = 2, 00, 000
Fig. 7. Circuit diagram of cascaded Here we have amplified an 15uV signal
inverting amplifier with a gain of 2,
to an 3V signal so that the signal is in the
00,000.
operational range of the microcontroller.
There are four negative signs in the gain
equation which add up to give 360◦
phase shift.
OSCILLATORS:
The oscillator is basically a Wein bridge
audio oscillator. The oscillator is
designed in such a way that it produces a
particular audio wave below 1500 Hz.
The oscillator will be designed such that
it has 10 – 13 Hz difference in frequency
with oscillator 1. This difference in
frequency creates Binaural Beats. Thus
if the brain of an individual produces 32
– 40 Hz (High Beta waves) i.e. if he/she
is in stress or addicted to some
substance, the binaural beats having a
frequency of about 10-13 Hz creates a
stimulus making the brain to move
towards the stimulated frequency.
STEREO HEADPHONE:
This is done by sending audio waves
from one oscillator to one of the two
sides of the headphone and another
oscillator to another side of the
headphone
FUTURE PROSPECTS:
Addiction avoider can be used to cure
stress or tension on any individual. The
concept of binaural waves can be further
researched and used to find a device for
communication with deaf and dumb
individuals. It can be further used to
study the resonance of brain during brain
diseases
MERITS:
1) The headband used is made of rubber
or any clothing (better to be an insulator)
provided it must be designed such that
the sensors touch the skin.
2) The whole device is light weight and
can be carried anywhere we want.
3) The whole device including sensors
microcontroller and headphone is cheap
and costs only about Rs. 3000 and
above.
DEMERITS:
Those meeting any of the following
criteria/conditions should not use
binaural beats:
a) Epileptics
b) Pregnant women
c) People susceptible to seizures
d) Pacemaker users
e) Photosensitive people.

CONCLUSION:
Addiction Avoider is the safest and
simplest device to use in prevention of
Addiction. It is used for any type of
addiction like addiction caused by taking
narcotic drugs or alcohol and simple
addictions like overeating, sexual
intercourse and mannerisms.

REFERENCES:
[1] ‘Detection of seizures in epileptic
and non-epileptic patients using GPS
and Embedded Systems’ by Abhiram
Chakraborty – Ukranian Journal of
Telemedicine and medical Telematics
(TOM 3 No.2 Pg 211)
[2] www.way2students.com