2

Answer all the questions.

1 (a) The unicellular green alga, Chlorella, a photosynthetic protoctist, was originally studied for
its potential as a food source. Although large-scale production proved to be uneconomic, the
many health benefits provided by Chlorella mean that it is now mass produced and harvested
for use as a health food supplement.

Fig. 1.1 shows cells of Chlorella.

Chlorella

Fig. 1.1

In one study into the productivity of Chlorella, carbon dioxide concentration was altered to
investigate its effects on the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

• A cell suspension of Chlorella was illuminated using a bench lamp.

• The suspension was supplied with carbon dioxide at a concentration of 1% for
200 seconds.
• The concentration of carbon dioxide was then reduced to 0.03% for a further
200 seconds.
• The concentrations of RuBP and GP (PGA) were measured at regular intervals.
• Throughout the investigation the temperature of the suspension was maintained at
25 °C.

The results are shown in Fig. 1.2.

concentration
/ arbitrary 1 % CO2 0.03 % CO2
units
3

GP
2

RuBP
1

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
time / s

Fig. 1.2
© UCLES 2014 9700/41/M/J/14
 3

(i) State precisely where in the chloroplast RuBP and GP are located.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain why the concentration of RuBP changed between 200 and 275 seconds.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Calculate the rate of decrease per second in the concentration of GP between 200 and
350 seconds.

Show your working and give your answer to two decimal places.

answer ................ arbitrary units per second [2]

(b) Explain how the decrease in the concentration of GP leads to a decreased harvest for
commercial suppliers of Chlorella.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2014 9700/41/M/J/14 [Turn over

 16

2 (a) The passage below outlines how sensory receptors work.

Complete the passage by using the most appropriate scientific term(s).

A sensory receptor cell responds to a stimulus by opening ion ..................................... in

its cell surface membrane. Sodium ions flood into the cell causing the membrane to become

..................................... . This is called the ..................................... potential. If this potential is

large enough to reach a ..................................... then an action potential is transmitted to the

central nervous system. An increase in the strength of the stimulus will result in an increase in

the ..................................... of action potentials transmitted. [5]

(b) Describe how an action potential is transmitted along a sensory neurone in a mammal.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[5]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2014 9700/41/M/J/14

 20

3 (a) A mitochondrion contains DNA and ribosomes and is the organelle in which aerobic respiration
takes place.

Suggest the functions of the DNA and ribosomes in a mitochondrion.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondrion.

Different stages of oxidative phosphorylation are listed below.

They are not listed in the correct order.

stage description of stage

Q protons diffuse through the channel protein into
the matrix
R a proton gradient is set up across the crista
S hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons
T protons combine with electrons and oxygen
atoms to form water
U electrons are passed from carrier to carrier
V reduced NAD releases hydrogen atoms to
cytochrome carriers
W energy from electron transfer is used to pump
protons into the intermembrane space
X ATP synthase produces ATP

Complete Table 8.1 to show the correct order of the stages.

Two of the stages have been done for you.

© UCLES 2014 9700/41/M/J/14

 21

Table 8.1

correct order letter of stage

1 V
2 .......
3 .......
4 .......
5 R
6 .......
7 .......
8 .......
[4]

(c) ATP can be converted to ADP and inorganic phosphate by the enzyme ATPase.

State the type of reaction taking place.

....................................................................... [1]

(d) Some parasitic worms, such as tapeworms, live in a mammalian gut where there is no oxygen.

Suggest how a tapeworm produces ATP in this environment.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[5]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2014 9700/41/M/J/14 [Turn over

 2

4 (a) Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a chloroplast from a maize leaf cell.

Fig. 1.1

Indicate below which of X, Y or Z contains:

transport proteins .....................................................

pigments .................................................................. [2]

(b) A chloroplast also contains DNA.

Suggest the functions of DNA in this organelle.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2014 9700/42/M/J/14

 3

(c) Changes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity and temperature
alter the rate of photosynthesis. These three factors directly affect different stages of
photosynthesis.

Complete the table below using a tick (✓) if the factor directly affects the stage or a cross (✗)
if it does not affect the stage.

factor stage ✓ or ✗

carbon dioxide Calvin cycle ..............

concentration photolysis ..............
Calvin cycle ..............
light intensity
photolysis ..............
Calvin cycle ..............
temperature
photolysis ..............
[3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2014 9700/42/M/J/14 [Turn over

 16

5 (a) In mammals, the water potential of the blood is constantly monitored by osmoreceptor cells
in the hypothalamus of the brain. When the water potential of the blood decreases, ADH
(antidiuretic hormone) is produced by cells in the hypothalamus and released into the blood
via an endocrine gland.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term water potential.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe the effect on water potential of adding solute to a solution.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) State precisely where ADH is released into the blood.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) The decrease in the water potential of the blood is sometimes due to the loss of water
from the body of a mammal.

List two ways by which water may be lost from the body.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2014 9700/42/M/J/14

 17

(b) Describe the action of ADH on the kidney.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[5]

(c) Diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by an inability to produce ADH or by the kidneys
being unable to respond to ADH.

Suggest symptoms that may be experienced by a person who has diabetes insipidus.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2014 9700/42/M/J/14 [Turn over

 20

6 Adipose tissue is specialised connective tissue that functions as the major storage site for fat in
the form of triglycerides.
The human body contains two types of adipose tissue:
white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT).

• WAT is more common and is found under the skin and around some internal organs.
• BAT is found in infants around the back and shoulders.
• BAT is also found in adults but in relatively smaller quantities.
• BAT cells contains more mitochondria than WAT cells.
• BAT is involved in the maintenance of a constant blood temperature when the external
environment is cold.

(a) (i) Blood temperature in humans is maintained by a process called homeostasis.

With reference to blood temperature, outline the main principles of homeostasis.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(ii) Suggest why infants have relatively more BAT than adults.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2014 9700/42/M/J/14

 21

(b) Mitochondria in BAT cells function differently from those in other cells during periods of cold
environmental conditions.

Fig. 8.1 shows part of a mitochondrion in a BAT cell.

cytosol
outer
membrane

H+ H+ H+
electron intermembrane
transport space
chain A

e– uncoupling
reduced ADP+Pi protein 1
NAD ATP
H heat
NAD H+ H+ H+ energy

process 1 process 2 process 3

matrix

Fig. 8.1

(i) Name structures A and B.

A ........................................................

B ........................................................ [2]

(ii) Draw an arrow on Fig. 8.1 to indicate the direction of the proton gradient that exists
between the matrix and the intermembrane space. [1]

(iii) State the two processes, shown in Fig. 8.1, that will be more active during periods of
cold external environmental conditions.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) State the by-product that is obtained as a result of processes 1 and 2.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(v) Suggest the main respiratory substrate for BAT cells.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2014 9700/42/M/J/14 [Turn over

7 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows an electronmicrograph of a chloroplast.

Fig. 1.1

On Fig. 1.1, use label lines and letters to label one place where:

L – the light-dependent stage takes place

R – the enzyme rubisco is found.
[2]

(b) Chloroplasts can move within palisade cells.

Suggest two advantages of chloroplast movement within palisade cells.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2015 9700/42/M/J/15

 3

(c) Complete the following paragraph by naming the most suitable compounds to fill in the gaps.

Rubisco is involved in the fixation of ...................................................... by RuBP (ribulose

bisphosphate) in the Calvin cycle. The resulting six carbon compound immediately

splits to give two molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate (GP). GP is converted to triose

phosphate (TP) using ...................................................... and

...................................................... produced in the light-dependent stage. Some of the

TP produced is used to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate so that the Calvin cycle

can continue. The remaining TP may be used to synthesise other compounds

including ...................................................... which can directly enter the Krebs cycle.

[4]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2015 9700/42/M/J/15 [Turn over

 14

8 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a type of neurone found in the brain, called a pyramidal

cell.

many cell body

dendrites

single axon

Fig. 5.1

On Fig. 5.1, draw one arrow to indicate the direction in which a nerve impulse will travel, as it
leaves the cell body of the pyramidal cell. [1]

(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the percentage of energy used for various processes involved in the
maintenance of resting potentials and in the reception and transmission of action potentials
by a pyramidal cell.

transmitting maintaining
action potentials resting potentials
47% 13%
recycling transmitter
3% back into presynaptic
3% vesicles
setting up gradient
for presynaptic Ca2+

34%
restoring Na+ gradient at
post-synaptic membrane

Fig. 5.2

© UCLES 2015 9700/42/M/J/15

 15

(i) Explain why maintaining a resting potential requires energy.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Outline the role of calcium ions in passing on an impulse from the pyramidal cell to
another neurone.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Pyramidal cells contain large numbers of mitochondria. There are more mitochondria in
each dendrite than in the axon.

With reference to Fig. 5.2, suggest reasons for this distribution of mitochondria.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2015 9700/42/M/J/15 [Turn over

 17

9 (a) All cells need ATP for energy-requiring processes in the body.

Fig. 7.1 shows the molecular structure of ATP.

H2N
N
X
O O O N
N
O– P O P O P O N
O
O– O– O–

OH OH
Y

Fig. 7.1

(i) Name the base labelled X.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the sugar labelled Y.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State three reasons why ATP is ideal as an energy currency in all living organisms.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2015 9700/42/M/J/15 [Turn over

 18

(c) ATP is produced in three stages of aerobic respiration.

Complete the table below to show two products of each stage, other than ATP.

stage products

glycolysis 1. ...........................................................................

2. ...........................................................................

Krebs cycle 1. ...........................................................................

2. ...........................................................................

oxidative phosphorylation 1. ...........................................................................

2. ...........................................................................
[3]

(d) Carbohydrates and lipids are both used as respiratory substrates.

Table 7.1 shows the energy values of carbohydrates and lipids.

Table 7.1

respiratory substrate energy value / kJ g−1

carbohydrate 15.8
lipid 39.4

Explain why lipids have a higher energy value than carbohydrates.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2015 9700/42/M/J/15

 19

(e) Respiration can be investigated by calculating the respiratory quotient (RQ).

(i) State how the RQ is calculated.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Give the typical RQ values obtained from the respiration of carbohydrates and lipids.

carbohydrate .....................................................................................................................

lipid ............................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest what happens to the RQ value when respiration in yeast becomes anaerobic.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2015 9700/42/M/J/15 [Turn over

10 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a section through part of a dicotyledonous leaf of the tea plant Camellia
sinensis.

Fig. 1.1

On Fig. 1.1, use label lines and letters to label each of the following parts:

X – xylem tissue
P – palisade mesophyll tissue. [2]

(b) The leaves of C. sinensis have a large surface area and are thin.

Explain how each of these two features help the leaf to carry out photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The lower epidermis contains stomata.

(i) State one structural difference between a guard cell and other lower epidermal cells.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2015 9700/43/M/J/15

 3

(ii) Abscisic acid has an important role in the closure of a stoma. It promotes the loss of
potassium ions from guard cells.

Outline how the loss of potassium ions from guard cells will lead to the closure of a
stoma.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2015 9700/43/M/J/15 [Turn over