Ladder Logic

• Rail
• Rung
• Input
• Output
• Latching
• Internal Relay
 Logic Gate

A logic gate is a circuit with several inputs but only one output that is activated by
particular combinations of input conditions.

logic gates input and output signals can be in only one of two possible digital states, i.e.,
logic 0 or logic 1.

Logic gate truth tables show each possible input to the gate or circuit and the resultant
output depending upon the combination of the input(s).
 AND Gate

**Multiple Inputs
 AND Gate

**Multiple Inputs
AND Gate
AND Gate Operation
OR Gate
OR Gate
OR Gate Operation
 Problem 1

What types of logic gates might be needed in the following control situations:

(a) part of a chemical plant where an alarm is to be activated if the temperature

falls below a certain level (suppose 15 ℃).

(b) an automatic door is to open if a person approaches from either side?

 Solution (a)

(a) This requires a NOT gate in that the conditions required are:

Temperature Alarm
Low(< 15 ℃) (0) On (l)
High(≥15 ℃) (1) Off (0)
 Solution (a)

(a) This requires a NOT gate in that the conditions required are:

Temperature Alarm
Low(< 15 ℃) (0) On (l)
High(≥15 ℃) (1) Off (0)
 Solution (b)

(a) This requires a OR gate in that the conditions required are:

Person on side A Person on side B Door

Yes (1) No(0) Open(1)

No(0) Yes (1) Open(1)

No(0) No(0) Closed (0)

Yes (1) Yes (1) Open(1)

 Solution (b)

(a) This requires a OR gate in that the conditions required are:

Person on side A Person on side B Door

Yes (1) No(0) Open(1)

No(0) Yes (1) Open(1)

No(0) No(0) Closed (0)

Yes (1) Yes (1) Open(1)

 NOT Gate
State Indicator

**NOT function can have only one input

 NOT Gate
State Indicator

**NOT function can have only one input

Application of Not Gate
Solve
Solution
NOR Gate
NOR Gate Logic with NOT Gate
NOR Gate Logic with NOT Gate
NOR Gate Logic with NOT Gate
NOR Gate Logic with NOT Gate
Solve
Solution
NAND Gate
NAND Gate Logic With NOT Gate
NAND Gate Logic With NOT Gate
XOR Gate
Ladder Diagram of XOR Gate
Ladder Diagram of XOR Gate
XOR Gate with basic Logic Gates

Y
XOR Gate with basic Logic Gates

Y
X-NOR Gate
Ladder Diagram of X-NOR Gate
Ladder Diagram of X-NOR Gate
X-NOR Logic using basic gates
 Boolean algebra

The mathematical study of the binary number system and logic is called
Boolean algebra.