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1 Examining time- Jeon-Young Kang and The effects of water,
dependent effects of Jared Aldstadt. 2018. sanitation, and hygiene
water, sanitation, and Examining time- (WASH) interventions have
hygiene (WASH) dependent effects of been well acknowledged to
interventions using an water, sanitation, and reduce the risk from
agent-based model hygiene (WASH) diarrheal disease-causing
interventions using an pathogens. In spite of the
agent-based model.. recognized importance of
Center for Advanced WASH interventions on the
Digital and Spatial reduction of diarrheal
Studies, Department disease, there are still gaps
of Geography and in the understanding
GIScience, University of the time-varying effects
of Illinois at Urbana- of interventions. To bridge
Champaign, Urbana, this research gap, we
USA. developed agent-based
models (ABMs) of diarrheal
disease transmission in a
community context. In the
model, infections occur via
two pathways:
(1) between household
members within the
household environment and
(2) from the community
I Efek dari air, sanitasi, dan kebersihan
(WASH) telah diakui dengan baik
dapat mengurangi risiko dari penularan
patogen penyebab penyakit diare.
Terlepas dari pentingnya diakui
Intervensi WASH pada pengurangan
penyakit diare, masih ada kesenjangan
dalam pemahaman dari berbagai efek
intervensi. Untuk menjembatani
kesenjangan penelitian ini, kami
mengembangkan model berbasis agen
penularan penyakit diare dalam konteks
komunitas. Dalam modelnya, infeksi
terjadi melalui dua jalur:
(1) antara anggota rumah tangga dalam
lingkungan rumah tangga dan (2) dari
lingkungan masyarakat di luar rumah
tangga
environment outside the
household.
Water, sanitation, and
hygiene (WASH)
interventions (e.g., hand
washing with soap and the
use of clean water) are
promoted to prevent and
control transmission
pathways of diarrheal
diseasecausing
pathogens (e.g., cholera) to
human hosts Diarrheal
disease is a common cause
of morbidity among children
aged less than five years in
low-income countries.
Enteric bacterial pathogens
and parasites, major sources
of the diarrheal disease, are
primarily transmitted by
contaminated water.
I, II Intervensi air, sanitasi, dan kebersihan
(WASH) (mis., Cuci tangan dengan
sabun dan penggunaan air bersih)
dipromosikan untuk mencegah dan
mengendalikan jalur transmisi penyakit
diare. patogen (mis., kolera) ke inang
manusia Penyakit diare adalah
penyebab umum morbiditas di antara
anak-anak berusia kurang dari lima
tahun di negara-negara berpenghasilan
rendah. Patogen bakteri dan parasit
enterik, sumber utama penyakit diare,
terutama ditularkan oleh air yang
terkontaminasi.
2. Water, Sanitation, and Edgar Mugema Almost half the people in the I Hampir setengah penduduk di negara
Hygiene Service Mulogo,Micheal developing world have one berkembang memiliki satu
Availability at Rural Matte, et al. 2018. or more of the main diseases atau lebih penyakit utama atau infeksi
Health Care Facilities in Water, Sanitation, andor infections associated with terkait pasokan air dan sanitasi yang
Southwestern Uganda Hygiene Service inadequate water supply and tidak memadai. Tidak memadainya
Availability at Rural sanitation. Inadequate pengaturan air minum, sanitasi, dan
Health Care Facilitiesdrinking water, sanitation, kebersihan di non-rumah tangga,seperti
in Southwestern and hygiene in sekolah, fasilitas perawatan kesehatan,
Uganda.Department of nonhousehold settings, such dan tempat kerja, berdampak pada
Community Health, as schools, health care kesehatan,pendidikan,kesejahteraan,dan
Mbarara University of facilities, and workplaces, produktivitas populasi, terutama di
Science and impact the health, education, negara rendah dan negara menengah.
Technology, Mbarara, welfare, and productivity
Uganda and Department
of populations, particularly
of Medical Laboratory
in low- and middleincome
Science, Mbarara
University of Science
countries
and Technology,
Mbarara, Uganda
3. Implementation of Amelia Rahmitha, Drinking water is water that I,III Air minum merupakan air yang
Geographical Information Endang Sri Utami. goes through the processing melewati proses atau tanpa diproses
System for 2017. Implementation or without processing that yang diperlukan kesehatan dan bisa
Bacteriological of Geographical required of health and can be langsung diminum. Pasokan air minum
Contamination Analysis Information System directly drunk. Safe supply yang aman sangat penting untuk
on Refill Drinking Water for Bacteriological of drinking water is essential kehidupan manusia dan seharusnya
Depot (Study in Contamination for human life and should not tidak menimbulkan risiko yang
Tembalang District) Analysis on Refill pose a significant risk to bermakna bagi manusia. Persyaratan
Drinking Water Depot humans. The requirement kualitas air minum harus diikuti dan
(Study in Tembalang quality of drinking water dipatuhi oleh semua produsen sehingga
District).Bachelor have to be followed and air minum aman untuk dikonsumsi. Ini
Program of Public obeyed by all producers so persyaratan meliputi fisik,
Health, Diponegoro that drinking water is safe for mikrobiologis, aspek kimia, dan
University. consumption. These radioaktif, parameter biologis terkait
requirements include langsung dengan kesehatan pada.
physical, microbiological, Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik
chemical, and radioactive Indonesia nomor
aspects. Biological 492 / Menkes / Per / IV / 2010 adalah
parameters are directly kandungan Escherichia coli dan total
related to health. The bakteri coliform maksimum yang
regulation on Minister of diijinkan adalah 0 per 100 ml
Health Republic of Indonesia sampel. Escherichia coli yang bisa
no 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 menjadi patogen semacam itu
are Escherichia coli and total
bacteria coliform maximum
allowable is 0 per 100 ml ditularkan melalui kontaminasi air dan
sample. Escherichia coli that makanan, dan kontak dengan orang-
such pathogens can be orang.
transmitted through water
and food contamination, and
contact with people.

Escherichia coli that I,II,III

contaminate water has a risk Escherichia coli yang terkontaminasi air
to consumers, such as memiliki risiko bagi konsumen, seperti
diarrhea[4]. According to the diare. Menurut Profil Kesehatan Kota
Health Profile of Semarang Semarang, Angka kejadian diare adalah
City, Incidence Rate of 25 per 1.000 populasi di Indonesia
diarrhea is 25 per 1,000 2014. Sementara itu, di seluruh dunia
population in 2014. menurut UNICEF
Meanwhile, worldwide Indonesia, 88% anak-anak meninggal
according to UNICEF karena diare Bakteri coliform adalah
Indonesia, 88% of children organisme di lingkungan dan
die since diarrhea. Coliform kotoran hewan dan manusia berdarah
bacteria are organisms in the panas. Kehadiran coliform dalam air
environment and the feces of minum menunjukkan organisme
warm-blooded animal and penyebab penyakit (patogen) dapat
human. The presence of terjadi melalui sistem air.
coliform in drinking water Saat ini, air minum isi ulang telah
indicates that disease- menjadi pilihan umum oleh orang-orang
causing organisms berpenghasilan menengah. Air
(pathogens) can occur diproduksi oleh Depot Isi Ulang Air
through the water system Minum: badan usaha yang mengelola air
.Nowadays, refilled drinking minum untuk umum keperluan dalam
water has become a common jumlah besar dan tidak dikemas. Isi
choice by middle-income ulang bisnis air minum berkembang
people.The water is dengan baik karena harga air mineral
produced by the Drinking botolan yang lebih tinggi. Namun
Water Refilled Depot: a demikian proses air minum isi ulang
business entity that manages menggunakan teknologi yang sama
drinking water for public sebagai air mineral botolan. Namun,
purposes in bulk and not minum isi ulang air tidak menggunakan
packaged. The refilled biaya pengemasan dan distribusi.
drinking water business is
growing well due to the
higher price of bottled
mineral water. However, the
process of refill drinking
water uses the same
technology as bottled
mineral water. However,
refilled drinking water does
not use packaging and
distribution costs
II,III
Internal factors at risk for Faktor internal yang berisiko terhadap
bacteriological kontaminasi bakteriologis dalam air
contamination in refilled minum isi ulang dapat berasal dari
drinking water can be dirinya sendiri. Faktor internal termasuk
derived from itself. Internal kebersihan sanitasi. Kebersihan sanitasi
factors include sanitation depot adalah upaya untuk
hygiene. Depot sanitation
hygiene is an effort to control
the risk factor of
contamination from place,
equipment and handler to
drinking water for safe
consumption. Based on the
data of the health office of
Semarang City 2016 shows
that the depot that has
certificate of sanitary
hygiene is only 2. Aspects of
hygiene sanitation observed
by researchers include:
Location, Use of ultra violet
lamp, Behavior of
handkerchief. And External
factor at risk for
bacteriological
contamination at refilled
drinking water is the quality
control of drinking water
produced by depot less than
optimal. This observation is
conducted by District Health
Office which includes
sanitation inspection.
mengendalikan faktor risiko
kontaminasi dari tempat, peralatan dan
penangan hingga air minum untuk
konsumsi yang aman. Berdasarkan data
Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang 2016
menunjukkan bahwa depo yang
memiliki sertifikat kebersihan sanitasi
hanya 2. Aspek sanitasi yang diamati
oleh peneliti meliputi: Lokasi,
Penggunaan lampu ultra violet, Perilaku
saputangan. Dan faktor eksternal yang
berisiko terhadap kontaminasi
bakteriologis pada air minum isi ulang
adalah kontrol kualitas air minum yang
dihasilkan oleh depot kurang optimal.
Pengamatan ini dilakukan oleh Dinas
Kesehatan Kabupaten yang mencakup
inspeksi sanitasi.
4 Water, sanitation, and Mustafa Sikder, Umar Water, sanitation, and
hygiene access in Daraz, et.al. 2018. hygiene (WASH) are
southern Syria: analysis Water, sanitation, and immediate
of survey data and hygiene access in priorities for human survival
recommendations for southern Syria: and dignity in emergencies.
response analysis of survey WASH interventions
data and commonly implemented in
recommendations for emergency response in
response. Journal of households and facilities
Water and Health include: 1) water supply,
including construction or
repair of water infrastructure,
and support for operation and
maintenance of systems; 2)
water treatment, including
operationalizing simple
water safety plans at central
and household levels; 3)
excreta disposal, supporting
sewage systems or
constructing emergency
facilities; and, 4) promotion
of hygiene practices and
provision of hygiene items.
WASH interventions in
middle income or urban
I,II Air, sanitasi, dan kebersihan (WASH)
segera
prioritas untuk kelangsungan hidup
manusia dan martabat dalam keadaan
darurat. Intervensi WASH yang biasa
diterapkan dalam tanggap darurat di
rumah tangga dan fasilitas meliputi: 1)
pasokan air, termasuk konstruksi atau
perbaikan infrastruktur air, dan
dukungan untuk operasi dan
pemeliharaan sistem; 2) pengolahan air,
termasuk mengoperasionalkan rencana
keselamatan air sederhana di tingkat
pusat dan rumah tangga; 3) pembuangan
kotoran, sistem pembuangan limbah
pendukung atau pembangunan fasilitas
darurat; dan, 4) promosi praktik
kebersihan dan penyediaan item
IV kebersihan. Intervensi WASH dalam
pengaturan pendapatan menengah atau
perkotaan umumnya berfokus pada
mendukung infrastruktur skala besar
yang ada, sementara intervensi untuk
populasi yang dipindahkan umumnya
berfokus pada pembangunan fasilitas.
Cakupan WASH yang memadai dalam
 settings generally focus on
supporting existing large-
scale infrastructure, while
interventions for displaced
populations generally focus
on facility construction.
Adequate WASH coverage
in emergencies may prevent
displacement, reduce risk of
outbreaks, reduce risk of
malnutrition, and play a
fundamental role in
dignity, protection, school
attendance, and livelihoods .
WASH interventions reduce
both the risk of disease and
the risk of transmission of
disease, although program
design, implementation
characteristics, and
community aspects were
found critical to program
success in a recent systematic
review
5. Water Access, Sanitation, Tyler J. Gorham, Diarrheal illness was the
and Hygiene Conditions Joshua Yoo, et al. underlying cause of roughly
and Health Outcomes 2017. Water Access, 1.5 million deaths globally
among Two Settlement in 2012. In low and middle
keadaan darurat dapat mencegah
perpindahan, mengurangi risiko wabah,
mengurangi risiko kekurangan gizi, dan
memainkan peran mendasar dalam
martabat, perlindungan, kehadiran di
sekolah, dan mata pencaharian.
Intervensi WASH mengurangi risiko
penyakit dan risiko penularan penyakit,
meskipun desain program, karakteristik
implementasi, dan aspek masyarakat
dianggap penting untuk keberhasilan
program dalam tinjauan sistematis
terbaru.
I Penyakit diare adalah penyebab
mendasar sekitar 1,5 juta kematian
secara global pada tahun 2012. Di
negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah
Types in Rural Far North Sanitation, and income nations, inadequate
Cameroon Hygiene Conditions access to safe water, poor
and Health Outcomes hygiene, and unimproved
among Two sanitation conditions (also
Settlement Types in known as the WASH
Rural Far North paradigm) are responsible
Cameroon, for 502,000 deaths per year:
International Journal 58% of all diarrheal disease-
of Hygiene and related deaths in these
Environmental Health countries. Much of this
burden is the result of
diarrheal illness, as poor
WASH conditions
contribute to the spread of
gastrointestinal pathogens
via mainly the fecal-oral
route. Concerning microbial
water quality, the largest
contributor to illness is fecal
contamination of drinking
water and its sources
(thereby adding enteric
pathogens).
Breaking this transmission
cycle requires improvements
in hygiene (such as
handwashing behaviors),
sanitation facilities, and/or
dan menengah, akses yang tidak
memadai ke air bersih, kebersihan yang
buruk, dan tidak ditingkatkan
kondisi sanitasi (juga dikenal sebagai
paradigma WASH) bertanggung jawab
atas 502.000 kematian per tahun: 58%
dari semua kematian terkait penyakit
diare di negara-negara ini. Sebagian
besar dari beban ini adalah akibatnya
penyakit diare, karena kondisi WASH
yang buruk berkontribusi pada
penyebaran patogen gastrointestinal
melalui rute fecal-oral. Mengenai
kualitas air mikroba, penyumbang
terbesar penyakit adalah kontaminasi
tinja air minum dan sumbernya
(sehingga menambah patogen enterik).
Memutuskan siklus penularan ini
membutuhkan peningkatan dalam
kebersihan (seperti perilaku mencuci
tangan),
improved drinking water
sources and treatment
high-qualityWASH
interventions have proven to
be effective in combatting
diarrheal illness. A recent
meta-analysis found that
hygiene-based interventions,
such as hygiene education
campaigns and handwashing
promotion, may reduce the
risk of diarrheal illness by
45%, with a pooled estimated
relative risk of 0.55 (95% CI
0.40–0.75). However, this
protective effect may be
reduced in settings with
limited access to
water.Further, household,
point-of-use water treatment
(boiling, chlorination, etc.) in
rural areas may reduce
diarrheal illness by 39%.
Improved drinking water
intervensi WASH telah terbukti efektif
I dalam memerangi penyakit diare.
Sebuah meta-analisis baru-baru ini
menemukan bahwa intervensi berbasis
higiene, seperti kampanye pendidikan
higiene dan promosi mencuci tangan,
dapat mengurangi risiko penyakit diare
sebesar 45%, dengan perkiraan risiko
relatif yang dikumpulkan sebesar 0,55
(95% CI 0,40-0,75). Namun, efek
perlindungan ini dapat dikurangi di
pengaturan dengan akses terbatas ke air.
Selanjutnya, rumah tangga, pengolahan
air titik penggunaan (perebusan,
klorinasi, dll.) Di daerah pedesaan dapat
mengurangi penyakit diare sebesar 39%.
Pasokan air minum yang ditingkatkan
(seperti keran umum, lubang bor, mata
air yang dilindungi, atau air yang
disalurkan langsung ke rumah) dapat
supplies (such as public taps, membantu mengurangi penularan
boreholes, protected springs, patogen enterik melalui pengolahan air
or water piped directly to minum atau perlindungan sumber air,
homes) may help reduce the tetapi uji coba secara acak yang
transmission of enteric mempelajari efektivitas intervensi
pathogens through drinking pasokan air adalah terbatas. Sayangnya,
water treatment or source dari 663 juta orang yang masih
water protection, but kekurangan akses ke sumber air minum
randomized trials studying yang lebih baik, hampir setengahnya
the effectiveness of water hidup di Afrika sub-Sahara
supply interventions are
limited. Unfortunately, of the
663 million people still
lacking access to an
improved source of drinking
water, nearly half live in sub-
Saharan Africa