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R.V.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BENGALURU - 560059

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

2017-2018

LABORATORY MANUAL
II SEMESTER DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING
(16MDC22)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME ____________________
REG. NO. __________________

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R.V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belagavi)
R. V. Vidyaniketan post, Mysore Road, Bengaluru-59

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING


(16MDC22)

Semester:II
Academic Year: 2017-2018

Table of Contents
CYCLE- 1
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1. (a) Analysis and realization of analog link.
(b) Analysis and realization of digital link.
2. (a) Measurement of attenuation and bending losses of optical fiber.
(b) Measurement of numerical aperture of an optical fiber.
3. Measurement of BER of digital link and to test for synchronization.
4. Realization of TDM using optical fiber.
5. Performance analysis of voice link using fiber.
CYCLE-2
6. To realize an Optical Communication link using Optisystem
7. To create an appropriate Optisystem model to verify Power budget
analysis link.
8. To create and evaluate dispersion Compensation model.
9. To create and evaluate Receiver sensitivity model.
10.To create and evaluate Long Haul transmission with Optimal amplifiers.
11. Simulation of WDM point to point link using Optisystem.
12. Creating different topologies using Optisystem and observations.
13. Studying of WDM network components and their characteristics.
Course Outcomes:
CO1: Justify the use of optical components, transmission techniques and network
management concepts.
CO2: Analyze the performance characteristics of transmitting and receiving components and
systems.
CO3: Create a modulation scheme, topology for WDM network and apply network
management functions.
CO4: Develop and demonstrate techniques used in optical communication links.
Mapping:
Exp No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

CO’s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3

14.
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11

CO1 H H H M H H L L L

CO2 H H H M H H L L L

CO3 H H H M H H L L L

CO4 H H H M H H L L L

Prof. & H.O.D

EXPERIMENT NO 1

EXPT. NO.1a STUDY AND REALIZATION OF ANALOG LINK

AIM: To study the working of analog optical link and its realization using kits.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize the fiber as transmission media by realizing analog link. The
performance is measured by observing the input and output signals on CRO. The
effect of input signal frequency and amplitude can be studied

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Falcon make FCL-O3 kit with power supply, Function
generator, fiber cable, patch cards and CRO.
THEORY: Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals.
Basically, a fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber, & a
receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form & then transforms it
in to optical (light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium,
which carries this energy to the receiver .At the receiver the light is converted back into
electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.
Schematic diagram for fiber optic analog link FCL-03:

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in figure. Connect the power supply cables with proper
polarity to FCL-03 kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
2. Connect the function generator FG-02 to FCL-03 using power cable.
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3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Keep the jumpers JP2 & JP3 on FCL-03 as shown in figure.
5. Connect the 2KHZ, 2V pp signal from FG-02 as a constant signal to the IN post of
analog buffer on FCL-03.
6. Connect the output of analog buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
7. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH450V (950nm). Do not remove the cap from
the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the
cap by screwing it back.
8. Now rotate the optical power control pot p3 in FCL-03 in anticlock wise direction.
This ensures minimum current flow through LED.
9. Slightly unscrew the cap of RX2 photo diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap from
the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap.
Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
10. Observe the output signal from the detector at ANALOG OUT post on oscilloscopes
by adjusting optical power control pot p3 in clockwise direction and you should get
the reproduction of the original transmitted signal. Use CRO in dual mode to observe
both input and output signals simultaneously.
11. To measure the analog bandwidth of the link, keep the same connections and vary the
frequency of the input signal from 100 HZ on words. Measure the amplitude of the
received signal for each frequency reading.
12. Plot a graph of Gain/Frequency. Measure the frequency range for which the response
is flat.
OBSERVATIONS&TABULAR COLUMN:
Input signal Input signal output signal output signal
Frequency in Amplitude in Frequency in( Hz) Amplitude in (Volts)
: (Hz) (Volts)

EXPT. NO.1b STUDY AND REALIZATION OF DIGITAL LINK

AIM: To study the working of Digital optical link using kits.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize the fiber as transmission media by realizing digital link. The
performance is measured by observing the input and output signals on CRO. The
effect of input signal frequency and amplitude can be studied by measuring data rate.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Falcon make FCL-O3 kit with power supply, Function
generator, fiber cable, patch cards and CRO
THEORY: Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals.
Basically, a fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber, & a
receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form & then transforms it
in to optical (light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium,
which carries this energy to the receiver .At the receiver the light is converted back into
electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.
Transmitter: LED, digital, DC coupled transmitters are one of the most popular variety due to
their ease of fabrication. Standard TTL gate is used to drive a NPN transistor, which
modulates the LED SFH756V source.

Receiver: Photo detector having TTL type output is used. Usually it consists of PIN
photodiode, transimpedance amplifier and level shifter.
Schematic diagram for fiber optic digital link FCL-03:

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in figure. Connect the power supply cables with proper
polarity to FCL-03 kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
2. Connect the function generator FG-02 to FCL-03 using power cable.

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3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Keep the jumpers JP2 & JP3 on FCL-03 as shown in figure.
5. Connect the TTL signal from FG-02 as a constant signal to the IN post of digital
buffer on FCL-03.
6. Connect the output of digital buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
7. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap
by screwing it back.
8. Slightly unscrew the cap of RX1photo transistor with TTL logic output SFH551V. Do
not remove the cap from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end
of fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
9. Observe the output signal from the detector at TTL OUT post on oscilloscope you
should get the reproduction of the original transmitted signal.
10. To measure the digital bandwidth of the link, keep the same connections and vary the
frequency of the input signal from 100 HZ on words. Observe the variation in duty
cycle of the received signal for each frequency reading and determine the maximum
bit rate that can be transmitted on the digital link using the formula
1
Rb  bits / sec
Tb

OBSERVATIONS&TABULAR COLUMN:

EXPERIMENT 2

EXPT. NO.2a MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION AND BENDING LOSSES


USING OPTICAL FIBER

AIM: To measure the attenuation and bending losses in an optical fiber.


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OBJECTIVE: To explain the signal degradation mechanisms in an optical fiber and their
effects in communication link.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Falcon make FCL-O1 kit with power supply, Function
generator, fiber cable, patch cards and CRO.

THEORY: Optical fibers are available in different variety of materials. These materials are
usually selected by taking into account their absorption characteristics for different
wavelengths of light. In case of optical fiber, since the signal is transmitted in the
form of light, which is completely different in nature as that of electrons, one has to
consider the interaction of matter with the radiation to study the losses in fiber. Losses
are introduced in fiber due to various reasons. As light propagates from one end of
fiber to another end, part of it is absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss.
Also part of the light is reflected back or in some other direction from the impurity
particles present in the material contributing to the loss of the signal at the other end
of the fiber .In general terms, it is known as attenuation loss. Whenever the condition
for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated, the losses are introduced due to
refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of
curvature more is the loss. Other losses are due to the coupling of fiber at LED
&photo detector ends. When light travels down optical fibers, some of the light is
absorbed by the glass or plastic. This means that the light coming out of the end of the
fiber is not as strong as the light going into the fiber.

Schematic diagram for attenuation and bending loss measurement:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in figure. Connect the power supply cables with proper
polarity to FCL-03 kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
2. Connect the function generator FG-02 to FCL-03 using power cable.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Keep the jumpers JP2 & JP3 on FCL-03 as shown in figure.
5. Connect the 2KHZ, 2V pp signal from FG-02 as a constant signal to the IN post of
analog buffer on FCL-03.
6. Connect the output of analog buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
7. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH450V (950nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap
by screwing it back.
8. Now rotate the optical power control pot p3 in FCL-03 in anticlock wise direction.
This ensures minimum current flow through LED.
9. Slightly unscrew the cap of RX2 photo diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap from
the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now
tighten the cap by screwing it back.

To find attenuation:

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1. Set up the analog link as shown in the block diagram.
2. Use optical fiber of length l1 meter (say 1meter) and note down the output voltage
V1 Volts.
3. Use optical fiber of length l2 meter (say 3meter) and note down the output voltage
V2 Volts.
4. Calculate the attenuation loss ‘α’ using the formula

ln(v1 / v 2)
 dB / m
l1  l 2

To find the bending loss:

1. Set up the analog link as shown in the block diagram.


2. Use a optical fiber of one meter length.
3. Measure the output voltage V1 using a smaller bend mandrel with a
Diameter d1 mm.

4 .Measure the output voltage V2 using a larger bend with a diameter d2 mm


5. Calculate the bending loss using the formula

v1  v 2
bendingloss  v / mm
d 2  d1

OBSERVATIONS &TABULAR COLUMN:

L1=__________ V1=__________

L2=__________ V2=__________

The attenuation loss ‘α’ is calculated using the formula

ln(v1 / v 2)
 dB / m
l1  l 2

V1=__________ d1=__________

V2=__________ d2=___________

The bending loss is calculated using the formula

v1  v 2
bendingloss  v / mm
d 2  d1

EXPT. NO.2b MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE OF AN OPTICAL


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FIBER

AIM: To measure the numerical aperture of an optical fiber.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the numerical aperture of an optical fiber (plastic fiber) this is
useful specification in optic fiber communication.

EQUIPMENTS: Falcon make FCL-01 kit with power supply, Function generator, fiber
cable, patch cards and CRO.

THEORY: Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on
the fiber end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber.The cone
formed by the rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the
fiber .The light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance, else it is
refracted out of the fiber core.
Note: It is very important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the cable &
the distance from the launched point & the cable should be properly selected to ensure that
the maximum amount of optical power is transferred to the cable.

Schematic diagram for numerical aperture measurement:

PROCEDURE:

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1. Make connections as shown in figure. Connect the power supply cables with proper
polarity to FCL-01 kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
2. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756v.Do not remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosend, insert the plastic fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by
screwing it back.
3. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in figure.
4. Keep switch S2 in VI position on FCL-01.
5. Switch on the power supply, Connect the 2KHZ, 2V pp signal from FG-02 as a
constant signal to the IN post of analog buffer on FCL-01.
6. Insert the other end of the fiber into the numerical aperture measurement jig hold the
white sheet facing the fiber. Adjust the fiber such that its cut face is perpendicular to
the axis of the fiber.
7. Adjust the distance between the fiber tip and the paper (circle) to match the intensity
response.
8. Observe the bright light spot on the paper screen by varying intensity pot P3 and bias
pot P4.
9. Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters MR and
PN as indicated in the figure.
10. Mean radius is calculated using the following formula
( MR  PN )
r
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11. Find the numerical aperture of the fiber using the formula
r
NA  sin  max 
d  r2
2

Where  max is the maximum angle at which the light incident is properly transmitted
through the fiber.

Maximum entrance angle  max = sin-1(NA)

OBSERVATIONS&TABULAR COLUMN:

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MR=_________ PN=____________

Radius is calculated using the formula

( MR  PN )
r =__________
4

Numerical aperture is calculated using the formula

r
NA  sin  max  =__________
d  r2
2

EXPERIMENT 3
EXPT. NO.3 MEASUREMENT OF BER OF DIGITAL LINK AND TO TEST FOR
SYNCHRONIZATION
AIM: To measure the bit error rate using optical link and test for synchronization.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the digital optical link in terms of bit error rate and its
importance in the design of digital communication system.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Falcon make FCL-O4 kit with power supply, Function
generator, fiber cable, patch cards and CRO.

THEORY: In telecommunication transmission, the bit error rate (BER) is a ratio of bits that
have errors relative to the total number of bits received in a transmission. The BER is an
indication of how often a packet or other data unit has to be transmitted because of an error.
Too high a BER may indicate that a slower data rate would actually improve overall
transmission time for a given amount of transmitted data since the BER might be reduced,
lowering the number of packets that had to be resent.
Block Diagram:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in figure. Connect the power supply cables with proper
polarity to FCL-04 kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
2. Keep the switch SW7 at the fiber optic receiver output to TTL position on FCL-04 as
shown in figure.
3. Keep the jumpers JP1 on FCL-04 as shown in figure.
4. Switch on the power supply.
5. Keep the PRBS switch SW6 as shown in figure to generate PRBS signal.
6. Connect the post DATA OUT of PRBS generator to the TX IN post and also to data in
post of bit error rate event counter on FCL-04.
7. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH450V (950nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap
by screwing it back.
8. Slightly unscrew the cap of photo transistor with TTL logic outputSFH551V. Do not
remove the cap from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of
fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
9. Connect detected signal TTL OUT to BER DATAIN post & to post IN of noise
source.
10. Connect post OUT of noise source to post RXDATAIN of bit error rate event counter.

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11. Connect the post CLK out of PRBS generator to post CLK IN of bit error rate event
counter.
12. Press switch SW8 to start counter.
13. Adjust pot P1 for Noise level to observe effect of noise level on the error count.
14. Observe the error count LEDs for the error count in received signal in time 10
seconds.

OBSERVATIONS&TABULAR COLUMN:

EXPERIMENT 4
EXPT. NO.4 REALIZATION OF TDM USING OPTICAL FIBER

AIM: To Study the working of TDM optical link and its realization using kits.
OBJECTIVE: To Analize how different signals of different frequencies are multiplexed at
the transmitter, sending through single channel and reconstructed at the receiver.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Falcon make FCL-O1 & FCL-02 kit with power supply,
Function generator, fiber cable, patch cards and CRO.
THEORY:
TDM technique enables simultaneous transmission of number of signals along the same
communication channel. The basic concept behind this is that the signals from different
sources are multiplexed by allowing only a specific time slot for each signal. At the receiver
side, the multiplexed data is distributed to the corresponding receivers. The block diagram
shows different parts used in the TDM circuit. The circuit consists of three parts: clock pulse
generator, four stage up/down binary counter and multiplexer.
NOTE: KEEP ALL SWITCH FAULTS IN OFF POSITION

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BLOCKDIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in figure Connect the power supply cables with proper
polarity to FCL-01 & FCL-02 kits. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply
is OFF.
2. Connect the function generator FG-01 to FCL-01 using power cable.
3. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2, JP3 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in figure.
4. Keep the jumpers JP1& JP2 on FCL-02 as shown in figure.
5. Keep switch S2 in TX IN position.
6. Switch ON the power supply
7. Connect four sinusoidal signal of different frequencies as 250 Hz, 500Hz, 1KHz &
2KHz generated on FG-01 to CH1, CH2, CH3,& CH4 inputs of Time Division
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Multiplexing section on FCL-01 respectively. The amplitude of these signals can be
varied with the help of potentiometers P3, P4, P5 & P6.Observe these signals on
oscilloscope and adjust their amplitude to 2 Vp-p.
8. Observe the TDM output at OUT post of Time Division Multiplexing section as
shown in figure.
9. Connect the output of Time Division Multiplexing section post OUT to post IN of
analog buffer on FCL-01.
10. Connect the output of analog buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
11. Connect post CLK on FCL-o1 to post CLK input of FCL-02.
12. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from
the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap
by screwing it back.
13Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now
tighten the cap by screwing it back.
14.Keep switch SW2 in ANALOG OUT position on FCL-02
15.Connect the output of photo diode detector post OUT to post DEMUX IN of Time
Division Multiplexing section.
16. Connect the output of Time Division Multiplexing section CH1, CH2, CH3 & CH4
to input of 4th order low pass filters IN1, IN2, IN3 & IN4 respectively.
17. Observe the four different reconstructed signals at the output channels marked as
OUT1, OUT2, OUT3 & OUT4 of 4th order low pass filters in FCL-02 as shown in
figure.
18. Perform the above procedure again for all the combinations of Transmitter &
receiver.
SWITCH FAULTS:

NOTE: Keep the connections as per the procedure. Now Switch ON corresponding fault
switch button to ON position & observe the differently effects on the output. The faults
are normally used one at a time.

1. Put switch 3 of SF 1 in Switch Fault section of FCL-01 to ON position.


Synchronization pulse duty cycle get increases. TDM output distorts and similarly
Demodulator output also gets distorted.

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2. Put switch 4 of SF 1 in Switch Fault section of FCL-01 to ON position. Mixed signal
appears for CH3 & CH4 positions at Multiplexer and Demultiplexer outputs.
3. Put switch 2 of SF 1 in Switch Fault section of FCL-02 to ON position. Fourth filter
output gets distorted.
4. Put switch 4 of SF 1 in Switch Fault section of FCL-02 to ON position. Output for
third channel will be absent.
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS: TDM TRANSMITTER WAVE FORMS

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TDM RECEIVER WAVEFORMS:

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EXPERIMENT 5
EXPT. No 5 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VOICE LINK USING FIBER

AIM: To Study the operation of voice link using optical fiber.

OBJECTIVE: To explain the characterization of optical fiber as a transmission medium for


voice communication.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Falcon make FCL-O1& FCL-02 kit with power supply,
Function generator, fiber cable, Mic and speaker, patch cards and CRO.
THEORY: Audio pre-Amplifier section on FCL-01 kit will amplify the voice signal from
microphone and it can be applied to the modulation section as an input signal. The signal is
converted into light using the transmitter. Received signal in converted to analog form first
then it is demodulated using demodulator section and fed to audio amplifier section.
Amplified signal is fed to speaker, where it is again converted to voice form.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in figure. Connect the power supply cables with proper
polarity to FCL-01 &FCL-02 kits. While connecting this, ensure that the power
supply is OFF.
2. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2, JP3 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in figure.
3. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2 on FCL-02 as shown in figure.
4. Keep switch S2 in TX IN position on FCL-01.
5. Switch on the power supply.
6. Connect Mic to the post MIC
7. Connect the AUDIO IN post of audio pre-amplifier to the IN post of analog buffer on
FCL-01.
8. Connect the output of analog buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
9. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap
by screwing it back.
10. Slightly unscrew the cap of photo diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now
tighten the cap by screwing it back.
11. Keep switch SW1 to ANALOG OUT position in FCL-02.
12. Connect the post OUT of detector to post AUDIO OUT.
13. Connect speaker to the post SPEAKER.
14. Notice the output signal from the speaker, which is exact reproduction of the speech
signal from the microphone
15. For clear voice signal vary optical power control pot P3 on FCL-01 and volume pot
P4.You should get the reproduction of the original transmitted signal.

OVERVIEW OF OPTISYSTEM
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OptiSystem is a comprehensive software design suite that enables users to plan, test, and
simulate optical links in the transmission layer of modern optical networks.

Optical communication system design software

Highlights

 Hierarchical design from optical components to systems (at the physical layer)
 User-defined components and script language
 Based on realistic modeling of fiber optic communications systems
 Extensive library of active and passive components including realistic, wavelength-
dependent parame
 Parameter sweeps and optimizations

Description

OptiSystem is an optical communication system simulation package for the design, testing,
and optimization of virtually any type of optical link in the physical layer of a broad spectrum
of optical networks, from analog video broadcasting systems to intercontinental backbones. A
system level simulator based on the realistic modeling of fiber-optic communication systems,
OptiSystem possesses a powerful simulation environment and a truly hierarchical definition
of components and systems. Its capabilities can be easily expanded with the addition of user
components and seamless interfaces to a range of widely used tools. OptiSystem is
compatible with Optiwave's OptiAmplifier and OptiBPM design tools.

OptiSystem serves a wide range of applications, from CATV/WDM network design and
SONET/SDH ring design to map design and transmitter, channel, amplifier, and receiver
design. OptiSystem contains a MATLAB component that enables the user to call MATLAB
within its environment to incorporate new components or models into the software.
OptiSystem uses the MATLAB .dll files to evaluate the MATLAB script in the component to
perform the calculations.

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Simulation Experiments
Simulation 1
Realize an Optical Communication link using Optisystem

Simulation Model

Simulation Results

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Simulation 2
Create an appropriate Optisystem model to verify Power budget analysis link.

Simulation Model

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Simulation 3
Create and evaluate dispersion Compensation model

Simulation Model

Simulation Results

25
Simulation 4
Create and evaluate Receiver sensitivity model.

Simulation Model

Simulation Results

Simulation 5
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Create and evaluate Long Haul transmission with Optimal amplifiers .

Simulation Model

Simulation Results

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Simulation 6

Simulation of WDM point to point link using Optisystem.

Simulation Model

Simulation 7

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Creating Point to Point topologies using Optisystem

Simulation Model

Simulation Results

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