Tue 4OOl

UnaavARrABLE
PutsE aENERATIR
Operation Manual

1486Highland Avenue,Unit2
Cheshire,CT 06410
(203)272-3285 FAX:(203)272-4330
 WARRANTY
Global Specialties@ warrants this device to
be free from defective material or workman-
ship for a period of one full year from the date
of original purchase.
- Global Specialties@ under this warranty is
limited to repairing the defective device when
returned to the factory, shipping chargespre-
paid, within one year from date of original
purchase.
Global Specialties@reservesthe right to dis-
continue models, changespecifications,price
or design of this device at any time without
notice and without incurring any obligation
whatsoever.
The purchaseragreesto assumeall liabili
tiesfor any damagesand / or bodily inj ury which
mayresultfromthe useormisuse of this device
by the purchaser,his employees,or agents.

Units returned to Global Specialties@ that
have beensubjectto abuse,misuse,damageor
accident,or have been connected,installed or
adjustedcontrary to the instructionsfurnished
by Global Specialties@, or that have been re-
paired by unauthorized persons will not be
coveredbv this warrantv.
This warranty is in lieu of ali representa-
tions or warranties expressedor implied and
no agent or representativeof Global Special-
ties@ is authorized to assumeany other oUtiga-
tioninconnectionwiththesaleand purchaseof
this device.

FACTORY SERVICEAND

Global Specialties@
will serviceand repair this instrument free of chargefor a period of one full
year,subjectto the warranty conditions above.

To obtain a return merchandiseauthorization (RMA) required for all returns, phone our
CustomerServiceDepartmentfor an RMA and all shipping instructions:
Tel. 1-800-572-1.028
or write:

GLOBALSPECIALTIES
1486HighlandAvenue,Unit2
Cheshire,
CT 06410
(203)272-3285FAX:(203)272-4330

ATTN: CUSTOMERSERVICEDEPARTMENT

BREADBOARDING SOCKETSLIFETIME GUARANTEE

All Global Specialties@

breadboardingsocketsare guaranteedfor life. If a socketever fails to
meet your requirements, return it and we will replace it,
NO QUESTIONSASKED.
Specificationssubject to changewithout notice.

@ and TM trademarks are the property of INTERPLEX ELECTRONICS, INC., New Haven, CT.
 TABLEOF CONTENTS

SPECIFICATIONS..
..PAGE2
INTRODUCTION.....
.PAGE4
DESCRIPTION.......
..PAGE 4
LOCATIONAND DESCRIPTION OF OPERATING
CONTROLS............PAGE
5
CHECKINGOUTTHE4OO1 .....PAGE
APPLICATIONS..... 9
...PAGE 14
CIRCUIT
D E S C RPIT I O N . . . . . . .
REcALIBRATIoN
PRocEDURE AND;usEnepLACEMENi............
B1BE ??
CIRCUIT
SCHEMATIC.......... ...PAG2 E7
SERV|CE
A N DW A R R A N TtYN F O R M A T | O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e. . z. .e. . . . . . . . . p n e

LISTOF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE1. Location
of Operating
Contro1s............. PAGE5
FIGURE2. RunlModeandcom[lemented waveforms.............. pAGE5
l99l! q TrigMode
Waveforms.............. ............PAGE 6
FIGURE 4 . G a t eM o d eW a v e f o r m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......,...PAG E
FIGURE5. One-Shot 6
ModeWaveforms.............. ...PAGE 6
FIGURE6. RunModeand Squared Waveforms.. ..PAGE7
FIGURE Z . C h e c k o uCt o n f i g u r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P A9G E
FIGURE 8. Waveforms.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . P A1G0E
FIGURE9. Checking TriggerandGateModes..... .PAGE14
F I G U R E1 0 . M i s s i n pg u l s eD e t e c t oArp p t i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p A G1E5
II9yl_E 11 Amptifier Frequency Response Test......... ..........pAGE 17
FIGURE12. Transmission LineTest... ...PAGE1g
FIGURE13. ScopeWaveformPatterns-Transmission LineTesting.......pAGE
FIGURE14. CaseDisassembly 20
andAssembty .......PAGE 25
F I G U R E1 s . C i r c u iSt c h e m a t i c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...p. .A. .G. .E
:2. 7

LISTOF TABLES

IlPf_E1.Typical patterns
square-wave andInterpretation...................pAGE
16
T A B L E2 . P o w e r / O u t pRuet t a t i o n s h i p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . ...... . . . . . . . p A G E
17
 4OO1SPECIFICATIONS

FrequencyRange: 0.5 Hz to 5 MHz

PulseWidthand
SpacingControls: 1O0nsec.-1sec in 7 overlappingranges.
Independentvariablewidthand spaiing
controls.Two concentric,single-turn
verniers
providecontinuous adjustmentbetween
ranges.

DutyCycle: 107-to-1range,cont.adjustable

Accuracy:
(PulseWidthand Spacing) +5%typical,tlso/o@ max
verniersetting.
(Amplitude) +5o/o
of controlsetting.
Jitter: Lessthan0.1%+S0psec.
OperatingModes
(pushbutton selectable)

Run: 0.5 Hz to 5 MHz,frequencysettable

throughpulsewidth/spacing controls.
Trig: DC to approximately
10 MHzfrom
externalsource.
Gate: Generatorstartssynchronously
with
leadingedgeof gatesignal-"OneShot"
pushbuttoncan manuallyactivategate in this
mode.
One Shot: Enablesmanual"One
Shot"pushbutton.
SquareWave: Squarewavemay be obtainedat the
outputsby depressing
"SquareWave"
pushbutton.
Complement:
Q{guts may be invertedby depressing
the
"COMPL"pushbutton, withoutlosingsync
time reference.

NOTE:pulsespacingcontrolsnot active
during"Trigger"and "One-Shot"
modes.
Trig/Gate
Input: TTL compatible
input,DC coupledlogicinput:
pulses>2.4V
peak>4Onsec wide.Sinewave
input:>1.7V
RMS<1OMHz. Inputimpedance:
400Q max.input:r10V.
Output: Amplitude, 0.S-10V, adjustable
via singleturn
Var Out vernier;rise/falltime3Onsec;impedande,
50CI
TTL Out: Fan out,40TTL loads;sink,64mAat O.gV
maximum; rise/fall
time:lessthan2Onsec.
SyncOut: Amplitude 2.4Vminimum;fan out, 1OTTL
loads;sink,16mAat O.8Vmaximum;riseifall
time,lessthan2Onsec;syncpulseleadtime,
greaterthan2Onsec.
Power: 105-125VAC,
50/60Hz
220-240VAC,
50i60Hz (Optionat)
OperatingTemperature: 0"Cto50"C
(calibratedat 25" C t55" C).
32" F to 122" F
'(calibrate
d al 72" F*9" F).
Size (WxHxD): 10"x 3" x7" (254x 76 x 178mm).
Weight: 2.2tbs.(1 kg)
INTRODUCTION

The GlobalSpecialties
4001UltravariablePulseGeneratoris a reliablelowcostpulse
Generator.
lts uncomplicated
rugged.designand highqualitycomponents ensurelong
and dependableservice.The 4oo1offersthesefeaiures:

SeparateTTL Output
A VariableOutputfromO.5Vto 10V
5Q Outputlmpedance
PulseWidthRangefrom lOOnsec to lsec

DESCRIPTION:
The Model4001,primarily designedas a pulseor clocksource,is compatible with lC
and discretecomponent circuits.lt alsofindsapplication
as a syste. sieppet(One-
ShotMode),gatedoscillator(GateMode),or prir" stretcher(TiiggerMode).With
minimumof adjustments, a
the 4oo1can alsoserveas a missirigillse detectoror a
frequencydiscriminator.
The outputcan be complemented or convertedto a square
wavewith a pushof the button.

The Model4001offerstwo Simultaneous IndependentOutputs(TTLand Variable)

with riseand fall timeslessthan30nsec;2OnsecTTL compatibleleading-edge
pulseoutput'Thereare independent Sync
pulsewidthand pulsespacingcontrols(both
selectableform lOonsecto lsec) eliminating incompaiible
frequenJyano pulsewidth
settings.Also on the panelare four pushbuttonselectable
operatindmooeswitches
marked(Run,Trigger,Gateand One-Shot).
 LOCATION
AND DESCRIPTION
OF OPERATING
CONTROLS
Referto Figure1 for the locationof all operatingcontrols.
Thesenumbers
willbe
referredto throughoutthe text.
NOTE
All pushbutton
switchesare push-to-activate
switches.
1 2 3 4 5

-.- -', 5, 1.f. -,

*rrrorx l-E'|.- 19, /

;Ai.ffi:/n
| aoor eulse GENERAToer
[( l]-- ,\-/..
\lZ o^rt[.rc * tY* ar rr! out va. ovr

'13
12 11 1 0 9 8

FIGURE1. Locationof Operating

Controls
POWERSwitchand LED Indicator:
(1)
MODESwitch(2)

NOTE
The four ModeSwitches(2) aremechanically
interlocked
allowingonlyone switchto
be activated
at a time.Theyare designated
RUN,TRIGano ofr-sHor.
RUN:
In the Runmode,the 4OO1is self-oscillating.
All externalinputsare disconnected,
and
all timingcontrolsare functional.
(SeefigureZ)
aOpr3^.20nsec
1 l* { z.aV Min.
SyncOut n n n n :n n
I Run
TTLor t-t t-l f-l f-l l-l l-l Mode
VarOut
Complemented
TTLor --l l-'l f-] l-]
Var our f-l l-l l-
FIGURE2. Run ModeandComplemented
TRIG:
In the Trig mode,the 4001outputsproducea synchronous positivegoingoutputpulse
for eachpositiveinputtrigger.The outputpulsewidthis adjustedbyihe pulse
Width
and WidthVerniercontrols.The outputpuiseis initiatedby the posltiu"-.dge
of the
inputtrigger.Whenthe modeswitch.isin the Triggermode, rrrv pulse
ve' i"v-Y' the ' v'vv Spacingand
Spacing Vernier are inactive. (See Figure B)

l0 V Max
Trig

TTL or f,,,n
tvtode
VarOul I
FIGURE3. TrigModeWaveforms.
GATE:
In the Gatemode,the 4991outputsproducetrainsof pulsesfor the
durationof the
appliedgallngsignal.The leadingedgeof the gatingsignalstartsthe outputpulse
!ai1 The firstpulsein the trainii synchronized'witti
teioingedgeof the gatingsignat.
Boththe PulseSpacingand Pulsewiotn controlsthe programpulse
trainparameters.
lf the gatingpulseendswhilean outputis present,the lait pulsewill be
complemented. (SeeFigure4).

I 2.4V Min
lcate
.Irloi
Var Oul With LeadEdge l;il'"
)
of GateSignai

FIGURE4. GateModeWaveforms.
ONE-SHOT:
In the One-Shotmode,the modeswitchis latchedand the One-Shotpushbutton
(-s)'whenpressed,.initiates
an'outputpulse.Pulseparameters
are set by the pulse
Width(11)and WidthVerniercontrols.,Pulse Spacingand SpacingVerniercontrols
are not active.(SeeFigure5)

Pushbutton
one Shot---r,/ oepressed
lone-snot
.Irlol
Varout
-l

Figure5. One-ShotWaveforms.

6
SQUAREWAVE:(3)
when this buttonis depressedthe outputis convertedto a squarewave.The
output
now changesstatewith everypositiveedgeof the original"piogrammed"
waveform.
This dividesthe frequencyof the signalOytwo.All inputsand controls
are still
functional.
(SeeFigure6)-

Run
TTL or Mode
Varout i-t_i-i_ro*r"o

FIGURE6. RunModeand SquaredWaveforms

COMPLEMENT: (a)
Whenthis buttonis depressed the TTL and Variableoutputsare automatically
complemented.All inputsand controlsare stillfunctionat.
1net.Figure2)

ONE-SHOTMODESWTTCH: (5)
See MODEswitches(2)for details.

AMPLITUDE CONTROL: (6)

The AMPLITUDE controladjuststhe amplitude
of the vottageat the VAR OUT BNC
connector
from0.5 Voltsto 10 Volts.

VAR OUT:(7)
The VAR OUT BNc connector providesa convenient
meansfor interconnecting
generator the
outputto its destination.
The VAR OUTsignalhas a riseandfalltimeof
3Onsecand outputimpedance of 50 ohms.
TTL OUT:(8)
The TTL OutputBNC connectoris fed by four TTL gatesin parallel,providing
fanoutof 40. Riseandfall timesare lessthan20ns6c.Both'TTLand'vAR a TTL
ouT pulses
are derivedfrom the sameinternalsourceand are svnchronous.

SYNCOUT:(9)
The SYNCOUT BNCconnector producesan outputpulse2onsecwideand 2onsecin
advanceof the mainoutputpulses.The Syncpulseamplitudeis a minimum ol 2.4
Voltsand can drive10 TTL loads.
GATE\TRIG INPUT:(10)
The GATE\TRIGinputterminalsare DC coupledto the 4001internalcircuitry.The
inputsignalcan be a sinewavegreaterthan 1.7VRMSor a positivepulsegreater
than2.4V

NOTEAmplitude
mustnot exceedtlOV.

W I D T HV E R N T E R
( 1: 1 )
The WIDTHVERNIERis usedfor continuous adjustmentof pulsewidthbetweenthe
limits9f.the rangeset on the PULSEwIDTH sWtrcH. A stightovertapat both
ends
of the Vernierrangeinsurescontinuousadjustment
overthe entiresevendecadesof
pulsewidthadjustment.

PULSEWIDTHSWTTCH: (12)
The PULSEWIDTHswitchis usedto selectoutputpulsewidthsfrom 1oonsec
to lsec
in.sevenranges'Whenusedin conjunction withthe WidthVernier,continuous
adjustmentoverthe instrumentrangeis achieved.

SPACING VERNTER ( 1: 3 )
The SPACEVERNIERis usedfor continuous adjustment of pulsespacingbetween
the limitsof the rangeset on the pulsespacingsr,vitch.
n stightou"ri"p at bothendsof
the vernierrangeinsurescontinuous adjustmentouerthe entiresevendecadesof
pulsespacingadjustment.

PULSESPACING SWTTCH: (1a)

The PULSEWIDTHswitchis usedto selectoutputpulsespacingfrom 1ggnsec
to
lsec in sevenranges.when usedin conjunction
wiin the SpACI-ruG
vrnrutrn,
continuous adjustment
overthe entireinstrument
rangeis achieved.

FLIP-UP LEGrM: (15)

Easilyraisedor folded.Elevatesthe frontof the generator1 i/2 inches.

FUSEHOLDER: (REARPANEL)
Thefuse postis mountedto the rearpanel.(see Figure14).
 CHECKING
OUTTHE4OO1
To checkout the Model4001PulseGenerator
the following
equipment
is required.
(SeeFigure7).

1. A dual-trace
oscilloscope, minimum.(HewlettpackardModel
100MHzbandwidth
1740or equivalent)

2. A TTl-levelfrequencysource.(GlobalSpecialties
Model2001or equivalent)
3' ThreeBNC-toBNCcables(GlobalSpecialties
ModelPSA-2or equivalent)
4. A 50 ohm terminator.

Procedure
Plugthe 4001intoa powersourceof the propervoltageandfrequency.
(105to
11SVAC, 60Hzor 210to 230VAC,50 to 6OHz)Pressin the pOWrn ON switch.The
LEDadjacentto the switchwill illuminate.
o@
o
o
oB'3oo o
Y Fauln
l o S
n
o
o o

FIGURE7. Checkout
Configuration.
StepA:
Set the controlson the 4001as follows:

CONTROL POSITION
PowerSW ON
PulseWidthSW 100ns
PulseSpacingSW 100ns
WidthVernier Xl (fullyclockwise)
SpacingVernier X1 (fullyclockwise)
RunModeSW IN
SquareWaveSW NormalOut Position
ComplSW NormalOut Position
Amplitude
Cntrl 10V (fullyclockwise)
StepB:
ConnectoneBNC-Io-BNC
cablefromthe4001TTLOUTBNCto theoscilloscope
channel"A"input.

connectthesecondBNC-Io-BNC cabtefromthe4001syNc our

BNCto the oscilloscope
channel"B',input.

StepC:
Set the oscilloscope
in the ALT modeto triggeron the risingedgesof the ,,61,,
input,
with a sweepspeedof 50nsper divisionor faster.

observethatthe""syNc
purseriseandfat timesare ressthan2ons.
Pulsewidthis approximately
2Ons.
Amplitudeis 2.4Vminimum.
Risingedgeof the syNc pulseleadsthe risingedgeof the TTL
pulseby approximately
20ns.

StepD:
Pressin the COMPswitchon the 4001.

observethat the""
Rising.
edgeof the syNc pulseleadsthe fallingedgeof the TTL
pulseby approximately
20ns.(SeeFigureg).
Width- 1 gsec

_:l-l*_i ( n
l<- r sec -->f
sPbcine

-:l widthl sec ---->l

l.<-
Spacing
1 zsec

FIGURE8. Waveforms.

10
Step E:
Returnthe COMPswitchto it,snormalposition.

Observethatthe.....
Riseandfalltimesof the TTL outputare lessthan20ns.

NOTE:
some overshootor ringingmay havebeenobservedon the TTL signal.This is
a
resultof the undampenedtransmissionlineeffectsof the BNC cabl6and is not
inherentto the waveform.The sameform of distortionmay also be in
evidenceduring
the followingstepswherethe VAR OUTsignalis used.Thesereflections will ceaseto
existonceproperimpedance matchingis obtained.
StepF:
Disconnectthe BNCcablefromthe TTL our and connectto VAR our.
Rotatethe AMPLITUDE pot fromits fullyclockwise
positionto its fuliy
counterclockwise
position.

Observethatthe.....
waveformamplitudedecreasesfrom its initial1oVvalueto a o.5V
level.

StepG:
Set outputamplitudeto 5V.
Connectthe 50fJ terminatorat the oscilloscope
"A" channelinputin-linewiththe BNC
cable.

NOTE
Manyoscilloscopes
havea 5OOterminator
that may be usedin placeof the external
terminator.

Observethatthe....
output amplitudeis now 2.5Vand that ringingpreviouslypresent
dueto impedance mismatchingno longerlpfears.
NOTE
VAR OUT riseand fall timesare lessthan30ns.

observethatthe""
ursewidthand pursespacingare each100nsxso/o.

1t_
StepH:
Rotatethe WIDTHVERNIERto its uX10"position.Notethat the pulsewidthis
now
lpsec *15o/o
andthatthe pulsespacingis unchanged.

Pressin the coMp switchand notethe waveforminversion.

Pressin the SQUAREWAVEswitch.Notethatthe resultingwaveformhas a pulse

widthof.1.1psecand a pulsespacing
of 1.1psec,(the.r*if the wIDTHandrf".ing
settings)for a totalof 2.2p"s.

Returnthe SQUAREWAVEand COMPswitchesto theirnormat(OUT)positions.

STEPI:
Rotatethe SPACINGVERNIERto its "X10"position.
Notethatthe pulsespacingis
now lusec t15%.

and pULSEWTDTH
ChangePULSESPACING to 1ps.
Observe....
A pulsewidthand pulsespacingof lOpsec+11o/o.

STEPJ:
Observe....
A pulsewidthand pulsespacingof 1ps xlo/o.

and pULSESPAC|NG
ChangePULSEWTDTH to 1Ops.
Observe....
A pulsewidthand pulsespacingof 10ps r5%.

STEPK:
Rotatethe WIDTHVERNIER
andSPACING to ..X10...
VERNIER
Observe....
A pulsewidthand pulsespacingof l0Oprsec
t15%.
changethe PULSEwtDTHand pULSEspActNGto 1oops.

Observe....
A pulsewidthand pulsespacingof lmsec +1|o/o.

L2
 STEPL:

Observe....
A pulsewidthand pulsespacingof 100ps xilo/o.

changethe PULSEwtDTHand pULSEspActNGto 1ms+\-5%.

STEPM:
Rotatethe WIDTHVERNIERand SPAOING
VERNIERto ,'X1O'..
Observe....
A pulsewidthand pulsespacingof lOmsec+15"/o.

changePULSEwrDTHand pULSEspAcrNGto 10ms.

Observe....
A pulsewidthand pulsespacingof 100mse
c x15o/o.
STEPN:
Rotatethe WIDTHVERNIER
and SPAOING to ,,X1,,.
VERNIER
Observe....
A pulsewidthand pulsespacingof lOms+So/o.

changethe PULSEwtDTHand pULSEspActNGto 100ms.

Observe....
A pulsewidthand a pulsespacingof 100msxlyo.

STEPO:
Rotatethe WIDTHVERNIERand SPAOING
VERNIERto ,,X10,'.
Observe....
A pulsewidthand pulsespacingof lsec xl}o/o.

changethe PULSEwrDTHand pULSEspAcrNGto 1ms.

Pressin the ONE-SHOT

modeswitch.
Momentarily
pushin the whiteoNE-sHor pushbutton.

Observe....
One single1Omspulseis generatedfor eachactuationof the pushbutton.

1_3
 STEPP:
Pressin the TRIGmodeswitch.

connecta TTL-level, signalfroma TTL-levelfrequencysourceto

l\z the GATE\TRIG
lN connectoron the 4001 pulsegeneratorusinga BNCcabte.

Observe..
A 10mspulseoccurringat the 2Hz rate.

STEPQ:
Pressin the GATEModeswitch.

Observe....
Pulseburstsoccurringat a 2Hz rale.

STEPR:
Turnoff the powerand disconnect
all cables.Thisconcludes
the 4oO1pulsegenerator
checkout.

Gate/TriggerPulseSource

oo
i-.- L- (a) t")
o
Al
t) (J V

s'so
E E .
o o
o o

4001UnderTest

Figureg. CheckingTriggerand GateModes.

APPLICATIONS

The 4001 PulseGeneratorwith its manyfeaturesand easeof operationmake

it a
welcomeadditionto any lab.

The followingis just a samplingof the variedusesof the 4001.

L4
Missing-PulseDetector
Programthe 4001pulsewidthfor 1Opsec.Set the inputtriggerpulserepetitionperiod
(.pnplto Sprsec.Eachtimethe triggerpulsegoespositive,-the
ioot i. resetand must
timeoutto itsfull 10psec.

The outputsof the 4001remainin the HighState.lf one of the triggerputsesis not
present(missing)the 4001outputwill tim-eout to 1Opsecand then return
to its low
stateuntilthe nexttriggerpulseoccurs.(see Figure10).
----l t /sec
t'199:: f*
Input I
4oor I
I
I
I
_>1logsec

FIGURE10.MissingpulseDetector
Application.
TRACINGDIGITALLOGICFLOW
The 4001and a digitallogicprobesuchas the GlobalSpecialties Lp-Bmakean
excellenttroubleshooting
system.Justusethe 4001as a signalinjectorto injecteither
a pulsetrain,a singleone-shot,
or the complement of eitherlThentracethroughthe
circuitswiththe LP-3and quicklyfindthe defective
component.

ANALYZING A MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAM

By substituting your4001for the microprocessor systemclockyou can giveyour
microprocessor th_ecapabilityof steppingthroughiis microprogiam
eithera stepat a
time (in the One-Shotmode)or at much-reducddspeed,oy uiing tongtimingperiods
in the "RUN"mode.

Note,however,that somemicroprocessors havea minimumclockspeed,belowwhich

correctoperationis not assured.lf in doubt,checkthe datasheettoi tfre
microprocessorthatyou are using.

TESTINGRADIOCONTROL RECEIVERS
Proportionalradiocontrolis usuallyimplemented by sendinga variablemark-space
ratiolow frequencymodulation on a radiofrequencysignal.-your 4001may be usedto
simulatethe radiotransmitterwhentestingthe low-irequency stagesof your receiver.
The 4001is alsoidealfor simulating thejoystickinputto the transmitter.

15
 AUDIOTESTING
The4001 againshowsits versatilityin testingaudioamplifiers.
Squarewavesare
usedin audiotestingto.displaya wioerangjof frequencies simulianeously.
Square
wavesconsistof a fundamental frequency,and a seriesof odd harmonicsto square
off the waveshape.

WaveformLF Gain LF Gain l-{FGain HF Gain Damping

qr- oK OK oK OK oK
a l L O K H O K H
^
H O K L O K H

+ ' o K H o K L H
l:l" OK L OK H H
'az' H H L L H
qJ- H L L H H

4 . L H H L H
'"u 'Sharp
oK oK H Cutoffor
OK OK Peaked
'-'Ll- OK OK H OK L
t-
L =Low
O K O K H O K L L
LL = VeryLow
r i r o K o K * o K L H = High
OK= Suitable
Proper

TABLE1. TypicalSquarewave Patternsand an Interpretation

of TheseShapes.

For an amplifierto reproducea squarewave it musthavea flat frequency

response
from0.1Fto 10Fwhere"F" is the fundamental frequency
of the squarewave.
The traditional
testfrequencies
are SOHzfor the lowfrequency
testand 1gKHzfor the
highfrequency end.(SeeTable1)

connectthe 4001to the amplifierundertest as shownin Figure12 and observe

the
outputon the scope.Table2 showsthe tableof powerand voltagerelationships
for
40 and SOspeakers. lt alsoliststheoutputvoltagelevelfor lOdBbelowthe maximum
outputof amplifierswith differentpowerratings.bhoosethe ratingclosestto
the
amplifierundertest.Testingat 1OdBbelowmaximumoutputensuresthatthe
amplifier
will not be in saturation.This levelis approximately
2lS of the full poweroutput.

16
 o
o
o o
o o

Amp UnderTest

FIGURE11.AmplifierFrequency
Response
Test.

PowerRatings(RMS) Output(RMS)

Full l0 dB Below
8(l 4J) E2 Output Max Output

1 W 2W 8V 2.8V 2.3V
5 W 10w , 4 0v 6.3 V 5.2V
1 0 w 20w 80v 8.9 V 7.3V
20w 4 0 w 160V 12.6V 10.3V
5 0 w 100w 400v 20.0v 16.3V
100w 200w 800v 28.0V 23.1V

TABLE2. Power/Output
Relationships

L7
TESTING TRANSMISSION LINES
lf a transmission line is not terminated
at the far end by its characteristic
impedance,
reflectionswill occur.This phenomenon can be usedto find faultson transmission
lines'Usingyour 4001you can find out if the cableundertest is open,
or short
circuited,and with somesimplecalculations, you can find the lengihof tn" cable.
Equipment
1-4001PulseGenerator
1-50Qcoaxialcableto be tested(=1Om
long)
1-oscilloscope
1-passiveprobe10:1
1-50Qtermination
1-adaptorbananafemale-BNC male
1-BNCT connector

oo
o
o
o a
o o

BananaFemale 10:l PassiveProbe

FIGURE12.Transmission
LineTest
Set up the equipment
as shownin Figure12.
Set the 4001to:
Amplitude-6.5V
Pulsewidthtime-Sprsec
Pulsespacetime-Sl-rsec
SquareWave-engaged l
(useVAR.outputconnector)

Set the scopeto:

VerticalDisplay-1V/cm
InputCoupling-DC
TrigSource-lnt
Trig Mode-Audio
Trig Level-Adjusted
SweepTime-2psec/cm

1_8
Withthe far end open,the scopeshoulddisplaya signalas shownin Figure13.
The
finalamplitudeis reachedin two steps.At the momentthe 4001meetsthe 50e
of the
cableitself,the outputis at nominalvalue(midscale dotsB on Figure13)and a
reflectiontakesplaceat the openend.Whenthis reflection feedsbackto the pulse
generatoroutput,it tellsthe 4001thatthe far end is open,and the open
circuiivoltage
of the 4001appears.

Now-change the Time/Divof the scopeto 0.1psecand observethe signalin Figure

13.The time betweenpoints"A" and "B" is the time it takesfor the miisingsigriat
to
reachthe openend and return.For example,assumethat (as in Figuretsny
lne
reflectiontakes12Onsec. lt is knownthatihe velocityof a signatin I coaxialcableis
about0.7c (c=3x108 m/sec).lf the cablehasthe length"L'iit willtake2uo.7c
before
the signalreturnsas a reflection.Usingthe timeobservedon the scopethe cable
lengthis calculatedas shown:

2l
,=ffC where"T,,is TIMEfor Reflection

Solvingfor "L" we get:

-t __ 0- .27 c T

2= (0. 7) x(3x/08/ ms?c)x( 120xf2'sec)

2

Remember thatthe accuracyof thisresultis determined by the Time-Base accuracy.

9!fn clrcuiting
the end of the cableresults in the waveform shownin Figure138 and
13C'After12Onsec the 4001"knows"thatits outputis shortcircuited and the voltage
dropsto zero.The cableloadinfluences this idealbehaviorand zero means
"almost"zero. The cableloadinfluences this idealbehaviorand zeromeans"almost,,
zero,whichcan be noticedfromthe offsetlevelwith respectto the start.
Terminating the far endwith5OOresultsin the waveform(shown in Figure1gD).
Matchingthe far end of the cablewith a resistorequalto itre characteiisticimpedance
completelyeliminatesreflections from the far end,iesultingin a perfectsquarewave
at the generatorend of the cable.

L9
 2rceclDiv <->

-1

\A
I

A
L L -
"u"Y-
FIGURE13. scopewaveformpatterns-Transmission
LineTesting.

0.1psec/Div<--+

ft-
-B
I

- A
0 'olts

FIGURE13A.scopewaveformpatterns-Tnansmission
LineTesting.

20
 2rcec/Div€

J\ J
0 V cIts r tr ,E

FIGURE138.scopewaveformpatterns-Transmission
LineTesting.

0.'l6ec/Div €

t l
0 V rt lts .
-:t F - I.;;f.T
2nd Rerfleclion
?
t t l
\- f
1r;t Reflectior
t l

FIGURE13c.scopewaveformpatterns-Transmission
LineTesting.

2L
 2 psec/Div <+

r I
0 V (tts J
't

FIGURE13D.ScopeWaveformPatterns-Transmission
LineTesting.

CIRCUITDESCRIPTION

Figure15 showsthe schematic diagramof the 4001PulseGenerator.

pulsegenerator The heartof the
is the integrated
circuitA-1 dualmonostablemulti-vibrator
#74123.
The two monostable multi-vibrators
are cross-coupled
from the "e,, outputof the first
to the "A" inputof the secondand vice_versa.

Anti-Latch CircuitOperation
The cross-coupled monostabled circuitsas longas their,,8,,inputsare
multi-vibrator
high'However, sincethe couplingbetweenthe two circuitsii purelyDc it is possible
for he oscillator
to latch-up. The froblemis overcome by a specialtriggering
is gated cir:cuit
!9t on if a1 failsto osciilate.
TransistorsQ3 and e4 form a hookoscillator.
R30and R32 biasthe baseof Q3 to 1/2Vccwhilethe emitterof
e3 is controiledby
R28and R29.Theseresistors are connected to the e outputof the nt-t ano 41-8.
As longas 41 oscillates, one of the Q outputswill be high.The averagevoltageat the
emitterof Q3 will be halfthe Q highvoltage.Thisholdsthe emitter
negativethan its base,and e3 istut off. of e3 more

lf the oscillatorstops,b-o!hQs go high.Q3 emittervoltagerises

aboveits basevoltage
and startsto conduct.Q3 and Q4 turnon and latch,dis;harging
Cre. ns eB and e4
recoverfromthe latchcondition, the "B" inputof At-n goeshigh,forcinge of 41_A
low,turningoff the hookcircuitand restartingthe oscillator.

22
TimingCircuitOperation
The timingof A1-Ais controlled
bythe selectionof capacitors
C1 throughcTand R1
throughR10.
The timingresistorR9 or R10and the trim potsR1 and R7 set the rangefor
Rg,the
SpacingVernier,Joreachof the pulsespacingswitchpositions. 41-B timingsystemis
the sameas A1-A.

ModeSwitchOperation

Run Position
ln the run mode,53 removesthe 5 voltsfrom the inputto A5-Bcausing
the outputto
go high,enablingthe oscillator.

Trig.Position:
In the trig'position,
54 applies5 voltsto R31,Q4 saturates
and shortsthe,,B',inputof
the.A1-Ato ground,disabling 41-A.Whena positivetriggerpulseappearsat J4, e5
emittergoeshighandA5-Alow,A5-Bgoeshigh,triggeiing 41-B on.'
GatePosition:
ln the gateposition,
55 tiesboththe baseof Q3 andthe "8" inputof A1-Ato the S
volt.linethrougha 1K resistor(R33)turningoff Q3 and insuring that41-A is in the
oscillatormode.
To gatethe oscillatoron, a positivevoltageis appliedto J4, whichvia
emitter{ollowed
Q5 causesA5-Ato go low,A5-Bto go high,and'theoscillator to start.The oscillator
willcontinueto runwhilethe gatesignalis present.Whenthe gateis removed,
the
oscillatorcompletesitsfinalcycle.

One-ShotPosition:
The pushbutton
fires? J-K FlipFlop(A2-A)whoseoutputturnsoff e5 throughCR2
and R44.Thismanuaily simuratesthe inpuiof a triggeipurse.
OutputCircuitOperation

TTL Out:
The TTL outputis derivedfromfourtwo-input
NANDgates.A 4.7?resistorlimitsthe
outputdriveto 40 TTL loads.

Var Out:
Q2 is the finaldriverfor the VARoutput.The collector of Q2 is tiedto Vcc whilethe
baseis tiedto the collector of Q1 througha 47Qresistor. The collector of e1 is tied
highthrougha 330Qresistorand is alsoshuntedto groundby a 2.SKa amptitude pot.
Q1 and cR1 alsoprovideactivepulldown for the outputwhenit is low.
The outputis fed via a 47o resistor,providingthe correctimpedance
and overload
protection.

23
Sync.Out:
The inputsof A4-Dare connectedto a timingchainconsistingof 3 TTL gates(AO-
A,A3-8,A4-A) and R39,C19.The outputof n-s-ois normallyhigh.When it goes low,
therewill be a briefintervalbeforethe signalreacheste ortpi,t of A4-A
in which
neitherinputof A2-D.will be high,and sJa syncwilrbe generated.Dependingon the
positionof the complement switch,the firsttrinsitionof ine outputwitieitherbe
simultaneous withthe fallingedgeof the syncpulseor lsnsec afterit.

PowerSupply:
A plug-intype powersupplysuppliesraw DC, plus(+) and (-) through power
the
switchdirecilyto the regulators.

RECALIB
RATIONPROCEDURES
FuseReplacement
The 4o01 is protectedby a type3AG slo blo 114amp(1/8amp for 230V)
25oVpower
fuse'The fuseis accessible at the rearpanelof the'unit.lf replacement
of the fuse
shouldbecomenecessary, followthisprocedure:
1. Disconnect the AC powercord.
2' Use a screwdriver to removethe fusecap holdingthefuseand removethe fuse.
3. lnsertfuse with correctrating.

NOTE:Newfusesseldomfailwithoutmalfunction of the instrument.

Repeated
replacement
of the fusewithoutcorrecting
the problemmaycausefurtherdamage.

CaseDisassembly andAssembly
To openthe case,turnthe unitupsidedownwiththe rubberfeetfacing
up (see Figure
14).Removethe four padsfromihe plasticfeet.Remou.tn" ;;;";;
i;"m the center
recessof eachof the four feet.

Note
The flip-uplegwillautomatically
comefreewiththe frontfeet.

Carefullyseparatethe two halvesof the caseand recalibratethe unit.To closethe

case,lowerthe casebottomand guidethe frontand rearpanelsinto
theirslots.
Positionthe rubberfeet as illustraied
and screwthe two halvesof the casetogether.
Do not overtighten
screws.Instailthe four rubberpads.

24
Recalibration Procedure
Bgforebeingshipped,your 4001PulseGeneratorwentthrougha very
thoroughseries
of testsand calibration.
lf recalibration
becomesnecessary, f|llow the instructions
outlinedbelowcarefully.Do not attemptto recalibrate
this'unitunlessyouhave
e19ughexperiencein ihe use of an oscilloscope.See warranty(backcover)for limits
of liability.

Duringthis recalibration
procedure,
referto Figure1, controlLocations:
1. Disconnect
all cabresfromthe 40-01.Removepowercordfrom wail prug.
2' Removethe top casehalf as outlinedin the CaseDisassemory
piocboure.(See
Figure14)

FuseHolder
And LlneCord

FIGURE14.CaseDisassembly
and Assembly

3' Reconnect
powerand connectthe oscilloscope
to the TTL ouT BNCon the 4001.

25
4. Set up 4001frontpanelas follows:

CONTROL POSITION
Power(1) ON
Mode (2) RUN
PulseWidthSw (12) 100ns
PulseSpacingSW (14) 100ns
SpaceVernier(10) X1
WidthVernier(11) X1
SquareWave(3) OUT
Comptement(4) OUT
5. AdjustR17for a pulsewidthof 10Onsr5o/o.
6. AdjustR7 for a pulsespacingof 10Onsxlo/o.
7' SwitchPULSEWIDTHand PULSESPACINGcontrolsto their1ps positions.
B. AdjustR16for a pulsewidthof 1ps +So/o.
9. AdjustR6 for a pulsespacingof 1ps xlo/o.
10' SwitchPULSEWIDTHand-PULdE SPACINGcontrolsto their1oprspositions.
11.AdjustR15for a pulsewidthof 10ps5%.
12.AdjustR5 for a pulsespacingof 16ps5%.
13' SwitchPULSEWIDTHanOpUtSE SPACINGcontrolsto their100pspositions.
14.AdjustR14for a pulsewidthof 100ps xlo/o.
15.AdjustR4 for a pulsespacingof lObps l:lo/o.
16' SwitchPULSEWIDTHano putsr SpnCtruGcontrolsto their1mspositions.
17.AdjustR13for a pulsewidthof 1ms xlo/o.
18.AdjustR3 for a pulsespacingof 1ms xlo/o.
19' SwitchPULSEWIDTHano pUtSE SPACINGcontrolsto their
1Omspositions.
20. AdjustR12for a pulsewidthof 1Omsxl"/o.
21. AdjustR2 for a pulsespacingof lOms+So/o.
22' SwitchPULSEWIDTHano putsE SPACINGcontrolsto their100mspositions
23. AdjustR11for a pulsewidthof lOOms+5o/o.
24. AdjustR1 for a pulsespacingof 100msxlo/o.
25'.Turnoff power,disconnectail cablesfromthe 4001,and reassemblethe
outlinedin the CaseReassembly caseas
proceclure.
Thiscompletes
recalibration
of the 4001.

26
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