1

Real Power, P = Vm I m cos( v − i ) = Vrms I rms cos( v − i ) = S cos( v − i ) (Unit: Watt)

2
1
Reactive Power, Q = Vm I m sin( v − i ) = Vrms I rms sin( v − i ) = S sin( v − i ) (Unit: VAR)
2
S=Apparent Power
Complex Power, (Unit: VA)
1 1
S = Vm I m cos( v − i ) + j Vm I m sin( v − i )
2 2 (rectangular form)
1
= Vm I m  v − i (polar form)
2
(Unit: VA)
1
= Vm  v I m  − i
2
1
= V I*
2
= Vrms I rms
 V
Z=
I 1
S = V I*
V =Z I 2
V 1
I = = Z I I*
Z 2
1 2
= Z I
2
1
= Z Im2
2
1
= ( R + jX ) I m 2 [ Z = R + jX ]
2
1 1
= Im2 R + j Im2 X
2 2

= P + jQ
or
1 Vm 2
S=
2 Z*
Power Factor Improvement Try to make the overall pf close to 1
Why???
To reduce loss in the line (system loss) by minimizing current drawn from the source

Let
Real power consumption by the resistive part of the
load=P

Reactive Power consumption by the inductance

part of the load= Q1= QL

The load has apparent power = S1

Power factor angle=θ1

Using power triangle

Power Factor Improvement How??? Use a capacitor parallel to the over all load

Real power consumption by the resistive part of the

load=P (didn’t change)
Total Reactive Power consumption by the
inductance as well capacitive part of the load=
Q2=QL-QC
The load has apparent power = S2
Power factor angle=θ2
Using power triangle
 V
Ic = [in rms]
Zc
1
Z c = Rc − jX c where, Rc = 0 and X c =
C
complex power by the capacitor,
Sc = Pc − jQc here, Pc = 0
= V I c*
* 2 2
V V V
=V * = =−j
Zc jX c Xc Where,
V
2 Qc = P(tan 1 − tan  2 )
− jQc = − j
Xc 1 : pf angle before using the capacitor
2

Qc =
V  2 : pf angle after using the capacitor
1/ C
Q
C = 2c
V  Value of the capacitor required to improve power factor
Q) Two devices are connected in parallel with a 120 V rms 60 Hz source. Device 1 draws 360 W with unity
pf. Device 2 absorbs 1440 W with a pf of 0.7 lagging. Find the value of the capacitor so that the magnitude
of the source current equals 10 A rms. What is the power factor combination of the two-device-capacitor
combination?