Unsteady Mixed Convective Flow

in a Porous Lid-Driven Cavity

with Constant Heat Flux

B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, V. Ramachandra Prasad

and R. Bhuvana Vijaya

Abstract In this paper, we present the numerical analysis of mixed convection in a

square cavity filled with porous medium. The left wall of the enclosure is kept at a
constant heat flux, and the dimensionless governing equations are solved numeri-
cally with Marker and Cell (MAC) method. The numerical results are discussed
graphically with the effect of Darcy number, Prandtl number, Rayleigh number,
Grashof number, Reynolds number, temperature and streamlines.

Nomenclature
Da Darcy number
g Acceleration due to gravity, m s−2
k Thermal conductivity, Wm−1 K−1
L Length of the square cavity, m
K Permeability, m2
N Total number of nodes
Nu Local Nusselt number
Gr Grashof number
T Temperature, K
U x component of velocity, m s−1
U x component of dimensionless velocity
U0 x lid velocity, m s−1
V y component of dimensionless velocity
X Dimensionless distance along x-coordinate
Y Dimensionless distance along y-coordinate

B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan (&)
R. Bhuvana Vijaya

Department of Mathematics, JNTU Ananthapur, Anantapuramu 515002, India
e-mail: bmdhkh@gmail.com
V. Ramachandra Prasad
Department of Mathematics, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science,
Madanapalle 517325, India
e-mail: rcpmaths@gmail.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 439

M.K. Singh et al. (eds.), Applications of Fluid Dynamics, Lecture Notes
in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5329-0_32
440 B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan et al.

V y component of velocity, m s−1

p Pressure, Pa
P Dimensionless pressure
Pr Prandtl number
Re Reynolds number
Ri Richardson number

Greek symbols
a Thermal diffusivity, m2 s−1
b Volume expansion coefficient, K−1
c Penalty parameter
h Dimensionless temperature
t Kinematic viscosity, m2 s−1
q Density, kg m−3
U Basis functions
W Stream function

1 Introduction

Mixed convection is generally the combination of free convection and forced

convection. Mixed convection, in permeable medium flowing within enclosures, is
found in a variety of applications in engineering and geophysical systems like
lubrication technologies, cooling of electronic gadgets, drying technologies. The
flow and heat transmission caused by shear and buoyancy forces in cavities have
been investigated in the literature. An analysis reveals that there are two kinds of
studies: the first one is horizontally sliding lid at the upper wall (Iwatsu and Hyun
1995; Mohamad and Viskanta 1991; Prasad and koseff 1996; Freitas and Street
1988; Mohamad and Viskanta 1995; Khanafer and Chamkha 1999; Sharif 2007),
and the second one is horizontally sliding lid at the bottom wall (Chen et al. 1981)
or oscillating lid (Iwatsu et al. 1992a, b; Nield and Bejan 2006). The bounding case
Ri ! 0 and Ri ! 1 relates to the forced and natural convection flows separately.
The details of Ri in convective stream with permeable medium are discussed well in
the books by Pop and Ingham (2001), Bejan et al. (2004), Ingham and Pop (2005),
Nield and Bejan (2006) and Vafai (2000, 2005).
Al-Amiri (2000) numerically investigated the energy transfer in a lid-driven
square enclosure filled with permeable medium. Stable thermal stratification
structure has been observed by introducing a temperature gradient. Nusselt number
is correlated within the parameter ranges Da ¼ 103  100 and Ri ¼ 102  101
Unsteady Mixed Convective Flow in a Porous Lid-Driven Cavity … 441

for fixed value of Gr ¼ 105 . A numerical study has been conducted by Khanafer
and Vafai (2002) on mixed convection heat and mass transfer in a lid-driven square
enclosure filled with a non-Darcian fluid-saturated permeable medium.
Finite-volume technique as well as alternating direction implicit (ADI) method has
been used for solving the governing equations numerically. Chin et al. (2007)
examined the mixed convection flow past a vertical surface inserted in a permeable
medium when the viscosity of the fluid changes with temperature conversely. The
influence of oscillating lid temperature on transient mixed convection heat
exchange from a permeable vertical surface inserted in a saturated permeable
medium with internal heat generation or absorption is studied by Duwairi et al.
(2007), and Galerkin finite element method is used to solve the Navier–Stokes
equations. Kandaswamy et al. (2008a, b) performed a numerical investigation on
mixed convection heat exchange in a square enclosure filled with a fluid-saturated
permeable medium. The vertical walls of the cavity are insulated when the top and
bottom walls are kept at constant with distinct temperatures. The walls of the
lid-driven enclosure are fixed except the top horizontal wall which is moving at a
constant speed.

2 Mathematical Modelling and Simulation

The regime under investigation is illustrated in Fig. 1. Consider a two-dimensional

square cavity where the walls are thermally insulated except the left wall which is
maintained at constant heat flux. The upper wall of the cavity is assumed to move
from left to right with uniform velocity, U0 . Thermo-physical properties of the fluid

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of

enclosure heat transfer system
442 B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan et al.

such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat and thermal expansion coef-
ficient are treated as constant. The governing equations for the unsteady
two-dimensional natural convection of mass, momentum and energy in the
enclosure (cavity) by invoking Boussinesq approximation can be written in
non-dimensional form as:

@u @v
þ ¼ 0: ð1Þ
@x @y
 
@u @u @u @p 1 @2u @2u 1
þu þv ¼ þ þ  u: ð2Þ
@t @x @y @x Re @x2 @y2 Re:Da
 
@v @v @v @p 1 @2v @2v 1
þu þv ¼  þ þ  v þ Ri:T: ð3Þ
@t @x @y @y Re @x2 @y2 Re:Da
 2 
@T @T @T 1 @ T @2T
þu þv ¼ þ : ð4Þ
@t @x @y Re Pr @x2 @y2

The transformed primary and secondary velocity and also thermal boundary
conditions are:

uðx; 1Þ ¼ 1; uðx; 0Þ ¼ u ¼ uð0; yÞ ¼ uð1; yÞ ¼ 0;

vðx; 1Þ ¼ vðx; 0Þ ¼ vð0; yÞ ¼ vð1; yÞ ¼ 0; ð5Þ
@T @T @T @T
@x ð0; yÞ ¼ 1; @x ð1; yÞ ¼ 0; @y ðx; 0Þ ¼ @y ðx; 1Þ ¼ 0

The dimensionless variables and parameters are defined as:

T  Tc
x ¼ X=H; y ¼ Y=H; u ¼ U=U0 ; u ¼ V=U0 ; h ¼ ;
Th  Tc
ð6Þ
P m U0 L Gr gbðTh  Tc ÞL3
p¼ ; Pr ¼ ; Re ¼ ; Ri ¼ ; Gr ¼ :
qU02 a m Re2 m2

Here X is dimensionless x-coordinate, Y is dimensionless y-coordinate, U is

dimensionless x-direction velocity, V is dimensionless y-direction velocity, h is
dimensionless temperature function, P is dimensionless pressure, Pr is Prandtl
number, Re is Reynolds number, Ri is Richardson number, Gr is Grashof number,
T is dimensional temperature, p is dimensional pressure, g is gravity, q is fluid
density, a is thermal diffusivity, m is kinematic viscosity, H is height of enclosure
(cavity wall dimension), and t is dimensional time. We note that the emerging
thermal Grashof number encompasses the relative influence of gravity (buoyancy)
forces to viscous forces in the regime.
Unsteady Mixed Convective Flow in a Porous Lid-Driven Cavity … 443

3 MAC Numerical Solution and Validation

The momentum and energy balance Eqs. (2)–(4) have been solved using the
Marker and Cell (MAC) method (Amsden and Harlow 1970). The pressure dis-
tribution is obtained by making use of continuity Eq. (1). The numerical solutions
are carried out in terms of the velocity components ðu; vÞ and stream functions ðwÞ .
As per the Cauchy–Riemann equations, stream function ðwÞ is defined as u ¼ @w @y
and v ¼  @w@x , where positive and negative signs of w denote anticlockwise and
clockwise circulations, respectively. In the MAC approach, although we consider
viscous flow, viscosity is not actually required for numerical stability (Amsden and
Harlow 1970). Cell boundaries are labelled with half-integer values in the finite
difference discretization. The marker particles do not participate in the calculation.
Here we elaborate on the numerical discretization procedure. Based on the weak
conservative form of the unsteady two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations and
heat conservation equation as defined by Eqs. (1)–(4), we implement a grid
meshing procedure using the following notation at the centre of a cell:
1 
ui1=2;j ¼ ui1;j þ ui;j : ð7Þ
2

Applying to the x-direction momentum conservation Eq. (2) we have:

Discretized advection terms:

@ðuuÞ uu1  uu2

¼ ð8Þ
@x Dx

where
 
1
2
uu1 ¼ ui;j þ ui þ 1;j
2
  ð9Þ
1
2
uu2 ¼ ui1;j þ ui;j
2

Similarly, we have:
@ðuvÞ uv1  uv2
¼ ð10Þ
@y Dy

where
1
1

uv1 ¼ ui;j þ ui;j þ 1 : vi;j þ vi þ 1;j
2 2 ð11Þ
1
1

uv2 ¼ ui;j þ ui;j1 : vi;j1 þ vi þ 1;j1
2 2
444 B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan et al.

The following central difference formula is used for the second-order

derivatives:
@2u @2u
r2 u ¼ þ 2
@x2 @y
ð12Þ
u i1;j  2ui;j þ ui þ 1;j ui;j1  2ui;j þ ui;j þ 1
r2 u ¼ þ
Dx2 Dy2

Applying to the y-direction momentum conservation Eq. (3) we have:

Advection term:

@ðvuÞ vu1  vu2

¼ ð13Þ
@x Dx

Here the following notation applies:

1
1

uv1 ¼ ui;j þ 1 þ ui;j : vi;j þ vi þ 1;j
2 2
1
1

uv2 ¼ ui1;j þ 1 þ ui1;j : vi;j þ vi1;j
2 2
@ðvvÞ vv1  vv2
¼
@y Dy
 
1
2
vv1 ¼ vi;j þ 1 þ vi;j :
2
  ð14Þ
1
2
vv2 ¼ vi;j1 þ vi;j
2

The central difference formula for the Laplacian operator is given by:

@2v @2v
r2 v ¼ þ
@x2 @y2
ð15Þ
vi1;j  2vi;j þ vi þ 1;j vi;j1  2vi;j þ vi;j þ 1
r2 v ¼ þ
Dx2 Dy2

Effectively, the x-momentum equation discretization technique can be summa-

rized as:
    2  
@u @u @ u @2u
~u ¼ u þ dt:  u
n
þv þ a1 þ 2  a2 u ð16Þ
@x @y @x2 @y

where a1 ¼ 1=Re and a2 ¼ 1=Re:Da. There is a slight modification needed in the y-

momentum equation due to the addition of a new term. Therefore, this term must be
included in the discretized equation, and we have:
Unsteady Mixed Convective Flow in a Porous Lid-Driven Cavity … 445

    2  
@v @v @ v @2v
~v ¼ v þ dt:  u
n
þv þ a1 þ  a2 v þ b:T ð17Þ
@x @y @x2 @y2

where a1 ¼ 1=Re, a2 ¼ 1=Re:Da, and b ¼ Gr=Re2 . It is further noteworthy that the

temperature term T is co-located such that it coincides with velocity before using it
in the above equation to account for the staggered grid. After ~
u and ~v are projected
to get u and v by Poisson pressure equation.

r:u
¼ r2 p
dt

We can use the discretized temperature equation to get T at next time level
nþ1
ðT Þ via the algorithm:
    2 
@T @T @ T @2T
T n þ 1 ¼ T n þ Dt:  u þv þv þ ð18Þ
@x @y @x2 @y2

where v ¼ Re1Pr. Next, we integrate in time by an incremental step dt in each

iteration until the final time t ¼ 1:0 is reached. The variables are co-located and
plotted. Modern variants of the MAC method utilize the conjugate gradient
schemes which solve the Poisson equation. Further details are provided in Amsden
and Harlow (1970). To confirm mesh independence, a Grid Independence Study is
conducted. In computational fluid dynamics, of which finite difference simulation is
merely one methodology, once a mesh provides a solution which is invariant with
the finer meshes, the coarser mesh can be adopted. This reduces computational cost
but retains the necessary accuracy. Table 1 shows that accuracy to three decimal
places is achieved for Nusselt number at the left wall with a mesh of 61  61 which
is sufficient for heat transfer computations, and therefore, this is adopted for all
subsequent simulations.
Furthermore to corroborate the present computations, visualizations of the
temperature (isotherm) and streamline distributions for two special cases have been
provided. These replicate the solutions of Kandaswamy et al. (2008a, b). The
equivalent Rayleigh number used in Kandaswamy et al. (2008a, b) is merely the
product of the thermal Grashof number and Prandtl number used in the present
model (i.e. Ra = Gr Pr). Generally, very close correlation is attained as observed in
Figs. 2 and 3, and confidence in the present MAC computational code is therefore
justifiably high.

Table 1 Grid Independence Grid size Average Nusselt number (Nu)

Study
21  21 0.1500
31  31 0.1525
41  41 0.1554
51  51 0.1587
61  61 0.1592
446 B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan et al.

P.Kandaswamy et.al [22] Present MAC results

Fig. 2 Comparison contour plots, for bottom–bottom thermal condition vertical walls with
Pr ¼ 0:71; Gr ¼ 105 ; Ha ¼ 10

4 MAC Numerical Results and Discussion

In this present investigation, the Reynolds number is kept constant at Re = 100.

Numerical solutions of flow and temperature fields are obtained for various values
of DaðDa ¼ 103  100 Þ, PrðPr ¼ 0:71Þ, and RiðRi ¼ 0:01  10Þ within a
lid-driven permeable square cavity. The heat transfer in the lid-driven porous cavity
is convection for values of parameters ðRe; Pr; GrÞ for any Da. Figures 4, 5 and 6a–
d show the streamlines and temperature contours for heat flux of left wall, and
remaining walls are thermally insulated with different Ri. Figure 3 shows the effect
of Darcy number for Pr ¼ 0:71; Re ¼ 100 and Gr ¼ 102 . At low Richardson
Number RiðRi ¼ 103 Þ, the effect of mixed convection seems to be dominant.
Figure 3a indicates the primary streamline circulation occupies the cavity fully;
however, the strength of the circulation is weak at Da ¼ 103 . The corresponding
isotherms are parallel to the vertical wall at the left-side portion of the driven cavity
as the flow is stagnant. Figure 3b shows that the primary streamline cell moves to
Unsteady Mixed Convective Flow in a Porous Lid-Driven Cavity … 447

Temperature
(a) 1
streamlines
1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny
0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(b) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny
0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
nx nx

(c) 1
streamlines
1
Temperature

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(d) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
nx nx

Fig. 3 Streamlines and isotherms for Re ¼ 100; Ri ¼ 0:01, a Da = 0.001, b Da = 0.01, c Da = 0.1,
d Da = 1
448 B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan et al.

the right wall of top corner under the effect of Darcy number Da ¼ 102 . The
corresponding isotherms are more concentrated at the left vertical wall. Figure 3c
shows the streamlines for the effect of Darcy number Da ¼ 101 . The single
enlarged cell moves towards the right vertical wall, and the corresponding iso-
therms indicate that the convective heat transfer is zero at the bottom right vertical
wall. The nature of streamlines is same in Fig. 3c, and the corresponding isotherms
in Fig. 3d reveal the convective mode of heat transfer at the bottom region of the
right wall of the enclosure is thermally inactive.
Figure 4 shows the effect for various Darcy numbers for Pr ¼ 0:71 and fixed
RiðRi ¼ 0:1Þ. It will repeat same contours.
Figure 5 shows the effect for various Darcy numbers for Pr ¼ 0:71, Re ¼ 100
and fixed RiðRi ¼ 1Þ. Two developed clockwise-rotating vortices are seen inside
the cavity in Fig. 5a: first one is the fully formed vortex on top wall, and second one
is very small vortex formed at the left side of the bottom wall. The corresponding
isotherms are parallel to the left wall of the cavity by the effect of Darcy number
Da ¼ 0:001. Figure 5b–d shows the effect of Darcy numbers Da ¼ 0:01; 0:1; 1.
The streamlines are formed as two rotating vortices: fully formed vortex cell is
located near top wall, and a small vortex cell is formed at left-side corner of bottom
wall of the cavity, the size of the small vortex increases as the Darcy number is
increased. The corresponding isotherms are more concentrated near the heat flux
wall with the formation of thermal boundary layer, the energy is transferred in right
corner of bottom wall, and right vertical wall of lid-driven cavity is thermally
inactive.
Figure 6 shows the effect for various Darcy numbers for Pr ¼ 0:71, Re ¼ 100
and fixed RiðRi ¼ 10Þ. The mirror image effect is shown in Fig. 6a for streamline
contours with Darcy number Da ¼ 0:001. The corresponding isotherms indicate the
heat transfer is decreased at the right side of the vertical wall and the rate of heat
transfer is high at the left wall and top moving lid. Figure 6b–c, shows that two
fully developed clockwise circulations are formed in the cavity, the primary cir-
culation is formed at the right side of the corner top wall and top corner right side
walls, and also secondary circulation is formed at the bottom of left vertical wall
and left side of bottom wall. The corresponding isotherms indicate that the iso-
therms occupy only left and moving top wall. The convective heat transfer is zero at
the right wall and right side of the bottom wall of lid-driven porous cavity by the
effect of Darcy number Da ¼ 0:01; Da ¼ 0:1. The influence of Darcy number
Da ¼ 1 on porous cavity shows that the streamlines are formed in two circulations
diagonally as shown in Fig. 6d. Mixed convection is lesser due to less thermal
gradient induced by thermal mixing.
Unsteady Mixed Convective Flow in a Porous Lid-Driven Cavity … 449

streamlines Temperature
(a) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny
0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(b) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 ny 0.6
ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(c) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(d) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
nx nx

Fig. 4 Streamlines and isotherms for Re ¼ 100; Ri ¼ 0:1, a Da = 0.001, b Da = 0.01,

c Da = 0.1, d Da = 1
450 B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan et al.

streamlines Temperature
(a) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6

ny
ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(b) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny
0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(c) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(d) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
nx nx

Fig. 5 Streamlines and isotherms for Re ¼ 100; Ri ¼ 1, a Da = 0.001, b Da = 0.01, c Da = 0.1,

d Da = 1
Unsteady Mixed Convective Flow in a Porous Lid-Driven Cavity … 451

streamlines Temperature
(a) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny
0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(b) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 ny 0.6
ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(c) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
nx nx

streamlines Temperature
(d) 1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
ny

ny

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
nx nx

Fig. 6 Streamlines and isotherms for Re ¼ 100; Ri ¼ 10, a Da = 0.001, b Da = 0.01,

c Da = 0.1, d Da = 1
452 B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan et al.

5 Conclusions

The influence of heat flux on the left wall and the remaining walls is adiabatic on
the flow, and heat exchange characteristics due to lid-driven mixed convection flow
within a permeable square cavity have been studied in the present investigation. It is
observed that the heat exchange rate is decreased for high Ri with Darcy number
Da ¼ 1. Heat transfer rate is enhanced for low RiðRi ¼ 0:01Þ and Darcy number
DaðDa ¼ 0:001Þ. The flow rate is increased for decrease in Darcy number. For
increase in the Richardson number Ri in all cases, the flow rate is also enhanced.

References

Al-Amiri AM (2000) Analysis of momentum and energy transfer in a lid-driven cavity filled with a
porous medium. Int J Heat Mass Transf 43:3513–3527
Amsden AA, Harlow FH (1970) A simplified MAC technique for incompressible fluid flow
calculations. J Comp Phys 6:322–325
Bejan A, Dincer I, Lorente S, Miguel AF, Reis AH (2004) Porous and complex flow structures in
modern technologies. Springer, New York
Chen CJ, Neshat HN, Ho KS (1981) Finite-analytical numerical solution of heat transfer in
two-dimensional cavity flow. Numer Heat Transf 4:179–197
Chin KE, Nazar R, Arifin NM, Pop I (2007) Effect of variable viscosity on mixed convection
boundary layer flow over a vertical surface embedded in a porous medium. Int Commun Heat
Mass Transf 34:464–473
Duwairi HM, Damseh RA, Tashtoush (2007) Transient mixed convection along a vertical plate
embedded in porous media with internal heat generation and oscillating temperature. Chem
Eng Commun 194:1516–1530
Freitas CF, Street RL (1988) Non-linear transient phenomena in a complex recirculating flow: a
numerical investigation. Int J Num Methods Fluids 8:769–802
Ingham DB, Pop I (eds) (2005) Transport phenomena in porous media, vol 3. Elsevier, Oxford
Iwatsu R, Hyun JM (1995) Three-dimensional driven-cavity flows with a vertical temperature
gradient. Int J Heat Mass Transf 38:19–28
Iwatsu R, Hyun JM, Kuwahara K (1992a) Convection in a differentially heated square cavity with
a torsionally-oscillating lid. Int J Heat Mass Transf 35:1069–1076
Iwatsu R, Hyun JM, Kuwahara K (1992b) Numerical simulation of flows driven by a
torsionally-oscillating lid in a square cavity. J Fluids Eng 114:143–149
Kandaswamy P et al (2008a) Magnetoconvection in an enclosure with partially active vertical
walls. Int J Heat Mass Transf 51:1946–1954
Kandaswamy P, Muthtamilselvan M, Lee J (2008b) Prandtl number effects on mixed convection in
a lid-driven porous cavity. J Porous Media 11:791–801
Khanafer KM, Chamkha AJ (1999) Mixed convection flow in a lid-driven enclosure with a
fluid-saturated porous medium. Int J Heat Mass Transf 42:2465–2481
Khanafer K, Vafai K (2002) Double-diffusive mixed convection in a lid-driven enclosure filled
with a fluid-saturated porous medium. Numer Heat Transf A 42:465–486
Mohamad AA, Viskanta R (1991) Transient low Prandtl number fluid convection in a liddriven
cavity. Numer Heat Transf Part A 19:187–205
Mohamad AA, Viskanta R (1995) Flow and heat transfer in a lid-driven cavity with stably
stratified fluid. Appl Math Model 19:465–472
Nield DA, Bejan A (2006) Convection in porous media, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin
Unsteady Mixed Convective Flow in a Porous Lid-Driven Cavity … 453

Pop I, Ingham DB (2001) Convective heat transfer: mathematical and computational modelling of
viscous fluids and porous media. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Prasad AK, Koseff JR (1996) Combined forced and natural convection heat transfer in a deep
lid-driven cavity flow. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 17:460–467
Sharif MAR (2007) Laminar mixed convection in shallow inclined driven cavities with hot
moving lid on top and cooled from bottom. Appl Therm Eng 27:1036–1042
Vafai K (ed) (2000) Handbook of porous media. Marcel Dekker, New York
Vafai K (ed) (2005) Handbook of porous media, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis, New York