Low Impedence BB

Topic:
BUSBAR
Technology and Solutions
Protection and Substation Automation
PROTECTION
APPLICATION
BASICS 1
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
© ABB Switzerland Ltd. - 1
$%%
Topic Objectives
Objectives
Measurement
- Differential Current Measurement
- Stabilized Differential Current Measurement
- Fault Conditions
Differential Current Supervision
Intertripping
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
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BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
Measuring Principle
Who knows
Mr. Kirchhoff ?
$%%
Measuring Principle
Kirchhoffs 1st Law: Node Rule
The summe of all

currents must be zero
I1 + I2 + I3 = Σ I = 0
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
Measuring Principle
Kirchhoffs 1st Law: Node Rule
If
I1 + I2 + I3 = Σ I
≠
0
⇒ Fault on the busbar
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
⇒ Trip circuit breaker
$%%
Measuring Principle
Differential current measurement
Σ I = I1 + I2 + I3
If
Σ I > differential current setting
⇒ Trip Busbar Protection

BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
Measuring Principle
Stabilised differential current measurement
Σ I > Ikmin ; and ⇒ Trip Busbar
If
(Σ I / Σ ⏐ I ⏐) > k Protection
Differential current Idiff= | Σ I |
k= 1
k= 0,85
t
aul
l f
rna Low impedance
t e
in measuring
principle !!!
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
no fault
Ikmin
0
Restraint current IRest = Σ | I | $%%
Measuring Principle
Advantage:
load depending tripping value
as more (load / fault) current is flowing on the
busbar
as more differential current is required to generate
a tripping signal
⇒ system is very stable in case of
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
CT failure
CT saturation
$%%
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
Measuring Principle
load depending tripping value
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Measuring Principle load depending tripping value
Busbar fault condition single injection
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
I1 =
1000A
$%%
What would be the

differential and
restrained current in that
situation
???
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
ΔI = + I1
=+1
= 1 kA
Σl = + ⏐+ I1⏐
= + 1 kA
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
= 1 kA
$%%
Differential current Idiff= | Σ I | k= 1

k= 0,85
t
aul
l f
n a
t er
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
Restraint current IRest = Σ | I |
⇒ trip measurement system !!!

( if IΔ > Ikmin)
$%%
Busbar fault condition multiple injection
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 =
1000A 2500A 1500A 2000A
$%%
What would be the

differential and
situation
???
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
ΔI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 1 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 7 kA
Σl = + ⏐+ I1⏐+ ⏐+ I2⏐ + ⏐+ I3⏐ + ⏐+ I4⏐
= + 1 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
= 7 kA
$%%

k= 0,85
t
aul
l f
n a
t er
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW

$%%
Measuring Principle External fault condition
e.g. line fault
I1 =
6000A
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
I2 = I3 = I4 =
2500A 1500A 2000A
$%%
What would be the

differential and
situation
???
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
ΔI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= - 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 0 kA
Σl = + ⏐+ I1⏐+ ⏐+ I2⏐ + ⏐+ I3⏐ + ⏐+ I4⏐
= + 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
= 12 kA
$%%

k= 0,85
t
aul
l f
n a
t er
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
⇒ measurement system stable !!!

$%%
Measuring Principle Current transformer failure
during fault condition (Ι)
I1 =
CT shorted !!!
6000A
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
I2 = I3 = I4 =
2500A 1500A 2000A
$%%
What would be the

differential and
situation
???
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
ΔI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
=
=
Σl = + ⏐+ I1⏐+ ⏐+ I2⏐ + ⏐+ I3⏐ + ⏐+ I4⏐
=
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
ΔI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= - 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 0 kA
= 2 kA
Σl = + ⏐+ I1⏐+ ⏐+ I2⏐ + ⏐+ I3⏐ + ⏐+ I4⏐
= + 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 0 kA
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
= 10 kA
$%%

k= 0,85
t
aul
l f
n a
t er
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%

k= 0,85
t
aul
l f
n a
t er
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW

$%%
during fault condition (ΙΙ)
CT shorted !!!
I1 =
6000A
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
I2 = I3 = I4 =
2500A 1500A 2000A
$%%
What would be the

differential and
situation
???
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
ΔI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
=
=
Σl = + ⏐+ I1⏐+ ⏐+ I2⏐ + ⏐+ I3⏐ + ⏐+ I4⏐
=
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
ΔI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 0 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 6 kA
Σl = + ⏐+ I1⏐+ ⏐+ I2⏐ + ⏐+ I3⏐ + ⏐+ I4⏐
= + 0 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
= 6 kA
$%%

k= 0,85
t
aul
l f
n a
t er
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%

k= 0,85
t
aul
l f
n a
t er
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW

(worst case condition) $%%
during load condition
CT shorted !!!
I1 =
600A
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
I2 = I3 = I4 =
250A 150A 200A
$%%
What would be the

differential and
situation
???
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
ΔI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
=
=
Σl = + ⏐+ I1⏐+ ⏐+ I2⏐ + ⏐+ I3⏐ + ⏐+ I4⏐
=
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
ΔI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 0 kA + 250 A + 150 A + 200 A
= 600 A
Σl = + ⏐+ I1⏐+ ⏐+ I2⏐ + ⏐+ I3⏐ + ⏐+ I4⏐
= + 0 kA + 250 A + 150 A + 200 A
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
= 600 A
$%%

k= 0,85
t
aul
l f
n a
t er
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%

k= 0,85
t
aul
l f
n a
t er
in
no fault
Ikmin
0
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW

⇒ differential current alarm !!! $%%
How is it possible to detect
failures in the CT circuits
???
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
⇒ Differential Current Alarm
A differential current for a longer time is

the consequence of a failure in the
system (intern / extern)
⇒ Differential current alarm

⇒ Option to block the system
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
Which failures in the CT circuits

can the Differential current
supervision detect
???
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
The differential current

supervision can detect
⇒ a missing CT input (e.g. CT circuit

not connected to the system)
⇒ a wrong CT ratio
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
⇒ a wrong current direction
$%%
⇒ the “differential current supervision” is able

to detect a missing / wrong CT input
⇒ therefore the “differential current alarm” is
very important and must not be ignored by the
operating personal
If not, there is a risk of maloperation !!!
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%
Intertripping
Tripping flow chart
Measurement Intertripping
system system
TRIP CB
TRIP BBP
trip all CBs TRIP CB
zone x connected TRIP CB

to zone x
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
just the Intertripping system can send a tripping

signal to the CB because it “knows” which CB
to trip (the measurement systems are only
responsible for measuring !) $%%
BBP_basics_1 / 2003-04-01 / RW
$%%

Low Impedence BB

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Topic:

The summe of all

⇒ Trip circuit breaker

Σ I > differential current setting

⇒ Trip Busbar Protection

What would be the

Stabilised differential current measurement

Differential current Idiff= | Σ I | k= 1

Restraint current IRest = Σ | I |

⇒ trip measurement system !!!

What would be the

Stabilised differential current measurement

Differential current Idiff= | Σ I | k= 1

Restraint current IRest = Σ | I |

⇒ trip measurement system !!!

What would be the

Stabilised differential current measurement

Differential current Idiff= | Σ I | k= 1

Restraint current IRest = Σ | I |

⇒ measurement system stable !!!

What would be the

Stabilised differential current measurement

Stabilised differential current measurement

Differential current Idiff= | Σ I | k= 1

Restraint current IRest = Σ | I |

Differential current Idiff= | Σ I | k= 1

Restraint current IRest = Σ | I |

⇒ measurement system stable !!!

What would be the

Stabilised differential current measurement

Stabilised differential current measurement

Differential current Idiff= | Σ I | k= 1

Restraint current IRest = Σ | I |

Differential current Idiff= | Σ I | k= 1

Restraint current IRest = Σ | I |

What would be the

Stabilised differential current measurement

Stabilised differential current measurement

Differential current Idiff= | Σ I | k= 1

Restraint current IRest = Σ | I |

Differential current Idiff= | Σ I | k= 1

Restraint current IRest = Σ | I |

A differential current for a longer time is

⇒ Differential current alarm

Which failures in the CT circuits

The differential current

⇒ a missing CT input (e.g. CT circuit

⇒ a wrong current direction

⇒ the “differential current supervision” is able

zone x connected TRIP CB

just the Intertripping system can send a tripping

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