peech

What did Mr Lee tell his partner yesterday?

He told his partner, 'We will have to spend a lot of money on
the construction of these buildings. '
OR
He told his partner (that) they would have to spend a lot of
money on the construction of the buildings.
� We can report people's words by using direct
speech or reported speech. Direct speech is the
exact words someone used. We use quotation
marks (' ') in direct speech. e.g. 'I'm tired.' Helen
said. Reported speech is the exact meaning of what
someone said, but not the exact words. We do not
use quotation marks in reported speech. We can
either use the word that after the introductory verb
(say, tell, etc.) or we can omit it.
� Personal pronouns, possessive adjectives/
possessive pronouns change according to the
meaning of the sentence.
e.g. Helen said (that) she was tired.
� We can report someone's words either a long time
after they were said (out-of-date-reporting) or a short
time after they were said (up-ta-date reporting).
Fill in the gaps with say or tell in the correct
tense.
We can use the verbs say and tell both in direct
and reported speech.
� Say is used with or without a personal object.
When used with a personal object, it is always
followed by the preposition to (said to me).
e.g. He said. 'I'm cold.'
He said (that) he was cold.
He said to me. 'I'm cold, '
He said to me (that) he was cold.
� Tell is always followed by a personal object (told
me). e.g. He told me. 'I'm cold..
He told me (that) he was cold,
Expressions with say and tell:
say good morning/afternoon etc, something/nothing
etc. a prayer. so. a few words. etc.
tell the truth, a lie. a secret, a story. a joke, the time,
the difference. sb one's name, sb the way. one
from another. one's fortune. sb so. etc.
102
A 'This sugar-free chocolate is delicious'. 1) ...6SId...
Sandra. 'I can't 2) ... the difference between
this chocolate and the one containing sugar.' '1 like it.
too'. 3) Mark. '1 wish someone had 4) .
me about it sooner. I could have lost so much weightl '
'To 5) you the truth. I don't think you should
lose weight,' 6) Sandra. 'I like you just the way
you are.' she 7) him.
B 'I saw Paul in town today', Steve 1) ....... Louise
'I 2) good afternoon to him and I noticed
that he'd had his hair cut I should have 3). . .
something about it. but it looked awful. s.o I dldn t
mention it'. 'You did the right thing. LOUise
4) him. 'Irs better to 5) - nothing than
to 6) a lie.'
C At Alison's wedding reception, her father stood up and
1) the guests that he would like to 2) a
few words. He started to 3) .......... a story about when
Alison was young. Alison felt embarrassed, but she
didn't 4) so. Then, her father 5) the
guests some jokes, which everyone found very funny.
Finally, he 6) a prayer for the happy couple.

� � - .. -. UNIT 7
. eech
Please
leave quietly when
you finish.
Check
your answers again
before you hand the
aper in.
First read, then report what the teacher
told the students before the exam.
Please leave
your bags at the front
of the room.
Raise
your hand if you
need anything.
./"
Write
all your answers
in pen.
4 ..
5
1 ...He asked the 6tudent6 1:0 leave their l1a6s at
the front of the room ..
2 .
3 .
9 The man said to the waiter. 'Can you bring me some
water. please?'
8 The policeman said to the thieves. 'Put your hands up"
7 He said to them. �Please. please don't hurt me.'
11 The librarian said to the boys. 'Don't make so much
nOise.
12 The chef said to me. 'Put the cake in the oven.'
10 Jason said to his father. �Please. please let me go to
the party.'
/'
Turn the following sentences into reported
speech.
4 He said to her. 'Close the door. please.'
The teacher said to the student. 'Come and see me
after the lesson.'
...The teacher a5ked the 5tudent to go and 5ee him/
her after the le550n....
2 He said. 'Shall we go out for dinner?'
3 Colin said to Dave. 'Please hold this book for me.'
Lorna asked them not to tell anyone about it.
Peter told them to inform the manager right away.
Jim suggested calling the computer expert.
� To report commands, instructions, requests or
suggestions in reported speech, we use an
appropriate introductory verb (ask, order, beg,
suggest, tell, etc.) and the to-infinitive, -Ing form or
that-clause depending on the introductory verb
(see page 109).
e.g. a) "Stop the car!' the policeman said to him.
The policeman ordered him to stop the car.
b) 'Put all the ingredients in a bowl, . she said to me.
She told me to put all the ingredients in a bowl.
c) 'Will you please hold this bag for me?' Laura said
to Helen.
Laura asked Helen to hold the bag for her.
d) 'How about going to the cinema?' I said to them.
I suggested going to the cinema.
5 Father said. 'How about going to the beach?'
6 She said. 'Let's watch the game on TV.'
6 .
7 ..
8
107

Conditionals� Wishes� Had BetterIWould Rat er�

UNIT 9
I.I ... ,~ I Past
Note: Type 1 and Type 2 Conditionals refer to the
present or the future. The use of Type 2
Conditionals suggests that the situation is less
probable, impossible, or imaginary. Compare
the examples:
e.g. a) If I meet Brad Pitt. J'II ask him about his next film.
(comment made by a reporter who is going to
Hollywood)
If I met Brad Pitt. I would ask for his autograph.
(comment made by a teenage fan)
b) If I win the money. J'II bUy a new car. (comment
made by a contestant on a TV game show)
If I won the money. I would buy a new car.
(comment made by a member of the audience)
+ We use if to show that something might happen.
We use when to show that something will
definitely happen.
e.g. If Steve calls. tell him I'll be back in ten minutes.
(Steve might call.)
When Steve calls. tell him 1'1/ be back in ten minutes.
(It is certain that Steve will call.)
+ We can form conditionals by using words/
expressions such as unless (Type 1 Conditionals),
providing/provided that, so/as long as, on condition
(that), what if, suppose/supposing, otherwise (= if
not), but for, and, or (else), even if, in case of/in the
event of, etc.
e.g. a) Unless you help me. I won't finish on time.
(= If you don't help me. ,..)
b) I'll water the plants providing/provided (that)
I have time this afternoon. (... if I have time .. .)
c) So/As long as you promise to be back by
midnight. you can go to the party.
(If you promise .. .)
d) He agreed to work Saturdays on condition
that he was paid overtime.
(. .. if he was paid .. .)
e) '1'11 take Dad's car tomorrow night. . 'What if he
needs it?' (= What will you do if he needs it?)
f) Suppose/Supposing you were fired. what
would you do? (= If you were fired. .. .)
g) We'd better leave now. Otherwise we'lI miss
our flight. (If we don't leave now. we'lI miss our
flight.)
h) But for your advice. I wouldn't have been able
to solve my problems.
(If you hadn't advised me. .. .)
i) Do that again and I'll }
punish you. (If you do that
i) Don't do that again or (else) agam ...)
I'll punish you.
k) I wouldn't go to the party even if they invited me,
I) In case of/In the event of a fire. sound the
alarm. (If there is a fire . .. .)
+ We do not normally use will, would or should in an
if-clause. However, we can use will or would after if
to make a polite request or express insistence or
uncertainty (usually with expressions such as I
don't know, I doubt, I wonder, etc.) In this case, if
means whether. We can also use should after if to
talk about something which is possible, but not very
likely to happen.
e.g. a) If you will wait a minute. Mr Carrington will be
able to see you.
(Will you please wait ... - polite request)
b) If you will go on making so much noise. I'll
send you out.
(If you insist on making ... - insistence)
c) I wonder if he'lI call me tomorrow.
(I wonder whether,., - uncertainty)
d) If Paul should turn up. tell him to wait for me.
(I don't really expect Paul to turn up.)
+We can use were instead of was for all persons in the
if-clause of Type 2 conditionals.
e,g. If Andrew was/were taller. he could be a basketball
player.
We use If I were you ... when we want to give
advice.
e.g. If I were you. I wouldn't travel on my own.
+ We can omit if and use inversion in Type 1,2 and 3
Conditionals. This structure is more common in
formal English.
e,g. a) Should he fail to be re-elected. it would be a
great disappointment for him.
Were he more careful. he would make fewer
mistakes.
Had she been asked. she would have given
her permission.
Fill in the gaps with if or when and a verb in
the present tense, as in the examples.
1 We might go for a walk tomorrow, .. ,If we flO, ... we will
take the dog with us.
2 The guests will arrive soon, .. ,When they arrive,... we
will greet them at the door.
3 I am going to phone Sam in a minute ..
him. I want you to leave the room.
4 I might visit Pamela tomorrow her, I
will buy her a present.
5 The bus comes at eight o'clock, we
will all get on it.
6 She might invite us to her party us.
we will go,
7 The film will start soon I will record it,
a Mark may lend me some money. .. some
money. I will buy that jacket.
127