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"Fran Barnes, a
recognized
authority on rock art of the American South-West, writes,
'In the San Rafael Swell, there is a pictograph [picture
symbol] that looks very much like a pterosaur, a
Cretaceous flying reptile'..." (Swift, Dennis, "Messages on
Stone," Creation Ex Nihilo, vol. 19, p. 20). This figure, about 7 feet long from wing-tip
to wing-tip, is actually painted with a dark-red pigment. Indians of the Fremont culture
are thought to have inhabited the "Swell" between 700 and 1250 A.D. Black Dragon
Canyon is named for the pictograph which resembles a large winged reptile with a
headcrest. On the left is shown a photo of one of the curious "dinosaur" petroglyphs
near Middle Mesa at the Wupatki National Park. This particular petroglyph is called "Puff
the Magic Dragon," and appears to be a depiction of a fire-breathing dinosaur. Though
there is no certain way to date such petroglyphs, it is believed to be at least several
hundred years old.
To the left is an urn from Caria, which was located in Asia Minor (Turkey). This artifact
(described in Thomas H. Carpenter's 1991 book Art and Myth in Ancient Greece: A
Handbook) is estimated to be from 530 BC. It depicts what appears to be a mosasaurus
with several known sea creatures. The animal behind the sea serpent is a seal, while an
octopus is below the sea serpent along with what seems to be a dolphin. The thick
jaws, big teeth, large eyes, and positioning of the flippers on this creature match a
mosasaurus skeleton very well. Some mosasaurus species also had a narrow cranial
crest behind the eye that may have had a fin attached the way it is depicted on the
Carian urn. Other artifacts of interest from this region came to light after the deluge
and landslide of 1971 in the small village of Girifalco. A lawyer named Mario Tolone
began investigating. Tolone asserts to have found dinosaurian representations in this
area of Caria with hundreds of other ancient artifacts, of a pre-Greek civilization of
Calabria, that is at least 3000 years old.
Shown to the left is a terracotta statue measuring about 18
cm long, shaped remarkably like a dinosaur with plates on
its back. The plates are triangular, and continue along the
back until reaching the tail. In the view from above (right)
the object reveals a strange curving of the plates, as if the
animal had been represented in motion on the land. The
legs are large and awkward, as if carrying great weight,
not at all like those of a lizard. There is also a clear representation of a stegosaurus on
a piece of broken pottery.
The art below is from a Mesopotamian cylinder seal dated at 3300 BC. (Moortgart,
Anton, The Art of Ancient Mesopotamia, 1969, plate 292.) The animal on the right is an
artists conception from a skeleton of an Apatosaurus. There are many striking
similarities between these two depictions. The legs and feet on the Egyptian art clearly
fit the sauropods better than any other type of animal. The biggest difference is at the
head. Cartilage forming the shape of a frill or ears may be stylized or accurate (since
there is no way to know from the skeletons we have today). As for the musculature, the
Egyptian artist draws with stunning realism. One has to ask where the artist got the
model to draw so convincingly the trunk of a sauropod?
"An ancient Mayan relief sculpture of a peculiar bird with reptilian characteristics has
been discovered in Totonacapan, in northeastern section of Veracruz, Mexico. José
Diaz-Bolio, a Mexican archaeologist-journalist responsible for the discovery, says there
is evidence that the serpent-bird sculpture, located in the ruins of Tajín, is not merely
the product of Mayan flights of fancy, but a realistic representation of an animal that
lived during the period of the ancient Mayans - 1,000 to 5,000 years ago. If indeed such
serpent-birds were contemporary with the ancient Mayan culture, the relief sculpture
represents a startling evolutionary oddity. Animals with such characteristics are believed
to have disappeared 130 million years ago." (Anonymous, "Serpent-Bird of the Mayans,"
Science Digest, vol. 64 November 1968, p. 1)
The picture to the right (click to enlarge) was drawn by North American Anasazi Indians
that lived in the area that has now become Utah approximately 150 B.C. - 1200 A.D.
Even noted anti-creationists agree that it resembles a dinosaur and that the brownish
film which has hardened over the picture, along with the
pitting and weathering, attests to its age. One evolutionist
writes, "There is a petroglyph in Natural Bridges National
Monument that bears a startling resemblance to a
dinosaur, specifically a Brontosaurus, with a long tail and
neck, small head and all." (Barnes and Pendleton, Canyon
Country Prehistoric Indians - Their Culture, Ruins, Artifacts
and Rock Art, 1995.) Clearly a native warrior and an
apatosaur-like creature are depicted. Horned and flying
serpent figures are prominent in the mythology of most
Native American peoples, often associated with rain and thunder. An example is the
Algonquin pictograph of a flying serpent known as Mishipizheu. Yet another Native
American rock pictograph found in Utah (see left) seems to depict a sauropod dinosaur.
Deep in the jungles of Cambodia are ornate temples and palaces from the Khmer
civilization. One such temple, Ta Prohm abounds with stone statues and reliefs. Almost
every square inch of the gray sandstone is covered with ornate, detailed carvings.
These depict familiar animals like monkeys, deer, water buffalo, parrots, and lizards.
However, one column contains an intricate carving of a stegosaur-like creature.
But how could artisans decorating an 800 year old Buddhist temple know what a
dinosaur looked like? Western science only began assembling dinosaurs skeletons in the
past two centuries. (Pictures are courtesy of Don Patton.)
Although some have suggested that it could be a fossil or a faked composite, it is much
too accurate to be a fabrication. The survival of the skin suggests that it is not a fossil
since it includes accurate wing features, a head crest, and the ears. (Goertzen, John,
"The Rhamphorhynchoid Pterosaur Scaphognathus crassirostris: A 'Living Fossil' Until
the 17th Century," 1998 ICC Paper.)
"A fantastic mystery has developed over a set of cave paintings found in the Gorozomzi
Hills, 25 miles from Salisbury. For the paintings include a brontosaurus - the 67-foot,
30-ton-like creature scientists believed became extinct millions of years before man
appeared on earth. Yet the bushmen who did the paintings ruled Rhodesia from only
1500 b.c. until a couple of hundred years ago. And the experts agree that the bushmen
always painted from life. This belief is borne out by other Gorozomzi Hills cave paintings
- accurate representations of the elephant, hippo, buck and giraffe. The mysterious
pictures were found by Bevan Parkes, who owns the land the caves are on. Adding to
the puzzle of the rock paintings found by Parkes is a drawing of a dancing bear.
(Anonymous, "Bushmen's Paintings Baffling to Scientists," Evening News, January 1,
1970, London Express Service printed in Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, January 7,
1970.)
To the left is just such a rock painting from a cave at Nachikufu near Mpika in northern
Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia). It shows three long-necked, long-tailed creatures
sketched in white. (Clark, Desmond J., The Rock Paintings of Northern Rhodesia and
Nyasaland, in Summers, Rogers, Rock Art of Central Africa, 1959, pp. 28-29, 194.)
However, more recent discoveries of fossilized dinosaur skin and embryos have silenced
these same critics. For example, Luis Chiappe and colleagues discussed certain
sauropod dinosaur embryos found in South America: "The general skin pattern consists
of round, non-overlapping, tubercle-like scales...A rosette pattern of scales is present in
PVPH-130" (Chiappe, et al., 1998, p. 259). Note the skin depiction above to the left.
To the right is an
artifact from
Tiwanaku, an
important Pre-Columbian archaeological site in Bolivia.
Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the
most important precursors to the Inca Empire. The
sculptor depicted a dinosaur-like creature at least 800
years before European scientists discovered dinosaurs.
"In the 1960's, a leading jewel designer called Emanuel Staub was commissioned by the
University of Pennsylvania...to produce replicas of a series of small gold weights
obtained in Ghana. ...So well crafted were they that the animals that they depicted
could be instantly identified by zoologists--all but one, that is, which could not be
satisfactorily reconciled with any known animal, until Staub saw it." (Shuker, Dr. Karl
P.N., In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, 1995, p. 20.) Originally photographed resting
on its hind legs (as if bipedal), this enigmatic Ashanti gold figurine was difficult to
identify. Once properly positioned, Staub noted that the mysterious artifact bears a
striking resemblance to a dinosaur. Perhaps this figurine was an attempt to model the
sauropod Mokele-mbembe creature that is said to inhabit remote regions of equatorial
Africa still today.
Some of the beautiful French chateaus built at the close of the Middle Ages and early
1500's have dramatic dragon illustrations carved into their walls, ceilings, and furniture.
These include Château de Chambord, Château de Blois, and Château Azay-le-Rideau.
Note the similarities in the dinosaurian-like dragons and their resemblance to dinosaurs
like Plateosaurus and Thecodontosaurus. The Château Azay-le-Rideau also displays a
fascinating tapestry depicting what looks like a pterosaur fighting a (click to enlarge). A
tapestry at Château de Blois portrays a dragon (and its baby) with gnarly horns on its
head that are reminiscent of the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia (click to enlarge).
Another pterosaur-like depiction from the Middle Ages is shown
in Athanasius Kircher's 1678 book Mundus Subterraneus. This
drawing is so compelling that Peter
Wellnhofer (The Illustrated
Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs, 1991,
p. 20.) suggests it might have
been based on fossil finds. But it is
more likely based on even more
ancient reports. In Kircher's book,
the character Winkelried was
supposed to have killed the dragon in Switzerland during the earliest days of his
particular settlement. The most obvious anatomical discrepancy with pterosaurs (the
front feet) was a more recent addition to dragon depictions.
G. E. Smith's 1919 book The Evolution of the Dragon explains that ancient notions only
included a snake-like body, leathery wings like a bat, and two legs. The front legs were
not added till the 16th century. Kircher also includes a picture of a dragon (on left) that
resembles the rhamphorynchoid pterosaurs.
In 1496 the Bishop of Carlisle, Richard Bell, was buried in Carlisle Cathedral in the U.K.
The tomb is inlaid with brass, with various animals engraved upon it (see right).
Although worn by the countless feet that walked over it since the Middle Ages, a
particular depiction is unmistakable in its similarity to a dinosaur. Amongst the birds,
dog, eel, etc. this clear representation of two long-necked creatures should be
considered evidence that man and dinosaurs co-existed.
One would think that such hard evidence would be highly problematic for evolutionary
theory. Indeed Dr. Philip Kitcher, in his anti-creationist book Abusing Science, claims
that solid evidence that dinosaurs and man co-existed would "shake the foundations of
evolutionary theory." (1998, p. 121) Likewise, Strahler insists that "it is conceivable that
a scientist will some day discover human bones among dinosaur bones in such a
relationship that it is judged highly likely that humans and dinosaurs lived at the same
time. Such a finding would deal a crushing blow to the widely favored hypothesis of a
unique evolutionary sequence. In Popper language, the hypothesis of evolution would
be falsified." (Strahler, Arthur N., Science and Earth History: The Evolution /Creation
Controversy, 1999, p. 17.) Unfortunately the history of Darwinian theories suggests that
all such evidence would quickly be assimilated into evolution theory. But one can at
least hope that as more evidence comes to light, the credibility of the evolutionary
story-tellers will at last wear thin!
Job is the oldest book in the Bible. This book is very interesting from a scientific perspective
because of the many natural phenomena that are addressed by God, Job, and his friends. Along
the way, God points Job to two special creatures. The first, mentioned in Job 40:15, is usually
translated "behemoth" in the English Bible. Some commentators have suggested that behemoth
was a hippo or elephant. But the passage makes clear that this herbivorous animal was "chief
of the ways of God." Certainly the hippo and elephant (which had other Hebrew names) don't
qualify as the biggest land animal, nor does their anatomy fit the clear language of verse 17. A
cedar tree brings to mind a dinosaur's huge tail! In fact, pygmy peoples in equatorial Africa tell
stories of a ferocious dinosaurian creature that occupies their swamps and rivers and lashes its
opponents with its tail. It becomes fascinating, as one considers the tail as an offensive
weapon, to review the description of Satan as a dragon: "And there appeared another wonder
in heaven; and behold a great red dragon ...And his tail drew the third part of the stars of
heaven, and did cast them to the earth:" (Revelation 12:3-4).
The "unicorn," mentioned nine times in the KJV Bible, is the Hebrew word "Re-em." The
Septuagint (Greek translation of the Old Testament) translated it "Monokeros" (one-horn) which
was used in Bibles until the 19th century when Akkadian and Ugaritic records were found that
mentioned the "Re-em" being hunted like a wild ox. However, their early pictograph for the
"Re-em" shows an animal head with three horns, like a Triceratops. In Psalm 92:10 the "Re-
em" has but one horn, while the language or Deuteronomy 33:17 implies two horns. Although
most commentators and modern versions translate it as a bull or rhino, some have theorized
that "Re-em" might be a Monoclonius (single horned dinosaur like Triceratops).
In Job 39:9-12 God asks, "Will the unicorn be willing to serve you, or abide by your crib? Can
you bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow? or will he harrow the valleys after you? Wilt
you trust him, because his strength is great?" This passage shows that the unicorn, whatever it
was, could not be tamed to be used in farming, as could an ox. In his classic work Naturalis
Historia the first century author Pliny the Elder described "an exceedingly wild beast called the
Monoceros [one-horned]. ...It makes a deep lowing noise, and one black horn two cubits long
projects from the middle of its forehead." He describes it as like an elephant in length, but with
much shorter legs. Other classical authors like Aelian, Oppian, and Martial also mention a "nose-
horn" creature (a "Rinokeros"). Some claim that the "Rinokeros" sharpens his horn on a rock
and utilizes it in fighting elephants. This is the root word from which we get the modern name
rhinoceros, but the ancient descriptions do not fit the rhino. The correlation between the
classical authors and some modern cryptozoological reports is striking. Dr. Roy Mackal's
explorations in the Congo brought back reports of a rare, single-horned animal called "Emela-
ntouka" or "killer of elephants." In a recent expedition, pygmies in Cameroon identified the
horned creature (there called "Ngoubou") with a Ceratopsian dinosaur and claimed it could
sport from one to four horns. Indeed, modern researchers believe that the ceratopsian
dinosaurs likely did use their great horn for combat (Dodson, Peter, The Horned Dinosaurs:A
Natural History, 1996, p.123.)
In the Authorized version of scripture we find Isaiah twice mentioning the "fiery flying serpent."
Egypt is called the place of the "lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent," (30:6). This fits with
classical authors describing pterosaur populations in Egypt and Arabia. Goertzen notes: "The
Hebrew word, m'opheph Jpvfm, is a polal participle; a form used only by Isaiah when describing
the reptilian saraph. The polal indicates an intensive of the root pvf ooph that means to fly or
flutter. The imperfect form of the polal is found in Genesis 1:20, 'flying creatures that flutter to
and fro' and Isaiah 6:2 'seraphim' (the same word as
the reptiles here used for angelic creatures) that fly to
and fro.'" (Goertzen, John, "The Bible and Pterosaurs,"
1998.) This same word is employed in Numbers 21:6 to
describe the poisonous reptiles that bit the murmuring
Israelites. Indeed it is easier to envision an attack of
nimble flying snakes (pterosaurs) killing many of the
children of Israel rather than them being surprised and
killed by snakes on the ground. The pterosaur
becoming a type of Christ (John 3:14) seems more appropriate than the snake, which from
Genesis to Revelation is a symbol of Satan. In addition, the spread wings on the top of the pole
would form a cross. In fact, a plate found with Sennacherib's booty at Calah (from the conquest
of Palestine) depicts such a winged serpent on a pole that would seems to match the
Nehushtan or brazen saraph of Moses that had become a symbol of worship by Hezekiah's reign
(II Kings 18:4). The "fiery" flying snake even matches some cryptozoological reports from New
Guinea, which attribute to alleged living pterosaurs a bioluminescent capability like a firefly.
While some of this remains merely speculation, it becomes clear that some very fascinating
animals have become extinct since Biblical times. But some might object to using arguments
from the Bible, claiming that it is not a reliable resource. There are several lines of evidence
that the Bible is God's Word. Skeptics respond that there are supposed to be a great many
contradictions in the Bible. Again the facts come down on the side of God's Word being
consistent, entirely without error in the original, and remarkably preserved.