L A G O S S TAT E G OV E R N M E N T

PROPOSAL FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF

L A G O S - B A D A G RY E X P R E SS WAY
( LO T 2 B S E C T I O N )

May, 2019
Lagos - Grenada Bada highway project proposals

table of Contents

1 OVERVIEW.............................................................................. 2
1.1 BACKGROUND.........................................................................................2
1.2 PREPARATION BASIS.................................................................................2
1.3 STUDY....................................................................................................2

1.4 DESIGN RANGE AND THE MAIN CONTENT.......................................................3

1.4.1 Route Design.................................................................................3

1.4.2 roadbed design..............................................................................3
1.4.3 pavement design...........................................................................3
1.4.4 bridge design.................................................................................3
1.5 BUILDING PROGRAM..................................................................................3

1.6 MAIN ECONOMIC INDICATORS.....................................................................4

SITUATION AND THE NEED TO BUILD TWO PROJECT AREAS...........5

2.1 LAGOS SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE................................................................5
2.2 NECESSITY OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS......................................................6

3 CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS...................................................7
NATURAL CONDITIONS 3.1 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION.............................................7
3.1.1 Topography....................................................................................7
3.1.2 Meteorological and Hydrological...................................................7
3.1.3 hydrogeological.............................................................................8
3.1.4 Earthquake....................................................................................8
3.1.5 geological conditions.....................................................................8
3.2 STATUS ALONG THE ROAD..........................................................................8

4 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND INDICATORS..............................16

4.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATION...........................................................................16
4.2 DESIGN STANDARD................................................................................16
4.3 ROAD CROSS SECTION.............................................................................16

5 ROAD DESIGN.......................................................................18
5.1 ROUTE PLANNING..................................................................................18
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Lagos - Grenada Bada highway project proposals

5.1.1 Graphic Design............................................................................18

5.1.2 Route profile design.....................................................................19
5.1.3 crossover design.........................................................................19
5.1.4 safety facilities and facilities along the.......................................20
5.1.5 land for construction and demolition...........................................20
5.2 FOUNDATION SCHEME.............................................................................20
5.2.1 Design Principles roadbed...........................................................20
5.2.2 General roadbed design................................................twenty one
5.2.3 Special roadbed design..................................................twenty two
5.2.4 embankment slope protection......................................twenty four
5.2.5 subgrade drainage........................................................twenty four
5.3 ROAD PROGRAM.....................................................................................25

5.3.1 pavement design principles........................................................25

5.3.2 Comparison of pavement structure type.....................................25
5.3.3 Pavement Structure Design.........................................................25
5.3.4 road drainage..............................................................................26
5.4 BRIDGES AND CULVERTS ENGINEERING........................................................26

Design Standards 5.4.1 Bridges...........................................................26

5.4.2 Principles of Bridge Design..........................................................26
5.4.3 Overview of bridge layout...........................................................28
5.5 OTHER WORKS......................................................................................29

5.5.1 Road Lighting..............................................................................29

5.5.2 Road Green..................................................................................31
5.5.3 Landscape Project.......................................................................31
QUESTION 6 AND SUGGESTIONS...............................................32
7 FIGURES............................................................................... 33

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Lagos - Grenada Bada highway project proposals

Project location map

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

1 Overview

1.1 Project Background

Project Name: Lagos – Badagry Expressway LOT2B segment

The total package of intent: China Civil Engineering Group Co., Ltd.

Design standards: British Standard

The project is located in Lagos, Nigeria. The Lagos-Badagry

Expressway, is a major gateway into Lagos state, Nigeria's economic
hub, and runs west along the Atlantic Ocean to the town of Badagry
(CH0-000-CH60-268), is a major artery of transport connecting Nigeria
to Benin, Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire and an important gateway for the
West African countries which has important political implications and
economic significance. The project, which was proposed at the
Economic Community of West African States summit to build a highway
linking the countries of the region, was conceived by the Lagos State
Government in 1974 and initiated by the Federal Government of Nigeria
in 1977, and is currently being implemented with self-financing by the
Lagos State Government
The project is divided into three sections, LOT 1, LOT 2, LOT 3, LOT 2 is
further divided into LOT 2A, LOT 2B. LOT3 segment is currently being
implemented and funded by the federal. LOT2B segment which
stretches from OKOKOMAIKO to AGBARA, is yet to be awarded.

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

1.4.1 Route Design

Preliminary design work includes survey of existing roads, crossing
over, and gathering of relevant information along the route.
Main tasks designed for:
(1) determine the basic Scheme
(2) substantially intersects the plane determined out argument

1.4.2 roadbed design

Roadbed design elements include the following:
(1) determine the basic design of the roadbed standard and special
cross section and along the roadbed earth subgrade scheme.
(2) determining substantially retaining, protection works embodiment,
the position, length, size and structure.

1.4.3 pavement design

(1) determine the basic design of a road surface;
(2) determining the basic dimensions Types and pavement structure.

1.4.4 bridge design

According to the information collected, combined with hydrologic,
topographic and geologic conditions and on-site investigation of the
position and aperture settings bridges and so on. Comprehensive analysis
of the design and construction of existing bridges with local, low cost, quick
and easy starting post-maintenance, bridge determine the recommended
bridge type scheme. According to actual needs along the road, provided
culvert, bridge channel and to meet the actual needs.
Bridge design elements include the following:
(1) Setting List bridge
(2) The main bridge-bridge arrangement in FIG.

1.5 building program

This project starts from Lagos to pick Bada highway LOT2A tenders
Grenada end, mileage Stake for K22 + 000, located OKOKOMALKO, both
west of Lagos to Grenada Bada extend along the highway, in the end
AGBARA, Stake K32 + 516.064. Road length 10.516Km. Road use of Class

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A2 motorway standards, using the form outside of the six-lane section

stamped plate gutter and sidewalks.

1.6 Main economic indicators

single
item Eye Quantity Remark
Place
Route length km 10.516
The number of
More 6
lanes
Roadbed width m 34.5

Roadbed excavation m3 217 460

Roadbed fill m3 227 270

Intersection (ring) Office 4

Cross right out into
Office 70
the right
Subgrade
m3 2305
protection
Asphalt concrete
m2 254417
pavement
Or widening of existing
m/
bridge 460m / 1 Zuo bridges to be
Block
demolished and rebuilt
Both a bridge
Flyover seat 4 demolition and
reconstruction
Culverts and
Road 25
channels

Situation and the need to build two project areas

2.1 Lagos Socioeconomic Profile

Lagos is located in southwestern Nigeria, with a total area of 3345
square kilometers, a population of over 13 million, is Nigeria's economic,
financial, trade, shipping and aviation center, 60 percent of the country's
industrial and commercial organizations gathered here, its total foreign
trade of the country's total 90%, is a veritable Nigeria"Economic capital".
Lagos water, land and air traffic. The main north-south A1 highway
there is, A234 and the A5 highway from east to west, road transport
accounts for over 90% of freight and passenger traffic.

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Lagos road statistics

The There
Non- No gutter
Road total Asphalt drains of
asphalt non-asphalt
property length (Km) non-asphalt
(km) (km)
(Km) (km)
Federal
governme 510 510 - - -
nt
State
Governme 5817 2973 2845 1992 854
nt
Local
governme 9897 5721 4176 2925 1253
nts
total 16224 9204 7021 4917 2104
Source: Office of Infrastructure Development MoW & ID
Lagos has a large motor vehicles, motor vehicle density per kilometer is
222, much higher than the national average of 11 / km. According to Lagos,
the relevant department statistics, the number of various types of new
motor vehicles YEARS registered in the table below:
Lagos YEARS new registration number of motor vehicles of various types Unit: vehicles

Vehicle Type / Year 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Saloon / Station
24995 20973 20249 27729 70496
Wagon
Pickup, van, Litcar 2175 824 1025 341 1460

Lorry / Trunk 1388 539 766 494 1780

Minibus 1687 3096 4941 3175 6988

Omnibus 13 609 527 256 162

Tanker 12 86 18 1 16
twenty
Tractor 116 127 29 17
three
Trailer 146 143 5 9 49

Tipper 110

total 30532 26397 27554 14856 81078

According to the table of data analysis, Lagos number of motor vehicles

has grown rapidly, from 1985 to 2005, the number of new vehicles
registered average annual growth of more than 5%. From 2000 to 2005,

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new motor vehicle registered an average annual growth of 40%.

Port of Lagos (Lagos Port Complex) area of 200 hectares, with two dry
cargo berths, 19 general cargo berths, six container berths and a RORO
berth. In addition, the company also has two inland port berths designed for
loading and unloading oil products. According to the survey, Lagos harbor is
divided into two port: Apapa Port and Port TinCan in 2005, completed a total
throughput of 22.279 million tons, an increase of 12.5% over the previous
year, faster growth, Lagos harbor mainly goods into Hong Kong-based, 2005
inbound cargo 21.487 million tons, accounting for 96.4% of overall
throughput, port cargo 792,000 tons, accounting for only 3.6%.
Murtala Moha Mulder (Murtala Mohammed) International Airport is
Nepal's largest modern airport, passenger Nigeria accounts for more than
50% of all air passenger traffic, with many major cities of the world have
direct flights.
Because of disrepair in recent years, the railway transport capacity is
low, combined with poor management, rail passenger and freight serious
decline.
2.2 Necessity of construction projects
Lagos - Grenada Bada highway is the economic center of Lagos, Nigeria
departure, along the Atlantic west to the town of Bada Grenada (CH0 +
000- CH60 + 268), connecting Nigeria to Benin, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire
direction traffic artery, is an important gateway to the West African country
of interoperability, have an important political impact and economic
significance. The project is in response to China Unicom to build a highway
in various countries in the region put forward proposals on the summit of
the Economic Community of West African States, proposed the idea in 1974
by the Lagos state government, and in 1977 initiated by the Federal
Government of Nigeria, which project currently implemented by the Lagos
state government self-financing. With economic development, traffic surge,
the original four-lane two-way roads can not meet the traffic demand, in
urgent need of widening. Currently this project is adjacent to the LOT2A
LOT3 tenders and tenders are under construction, this project has been
very urgent.

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3 Construction Conditions

Natural conditions 3.1 Project Construction

3.1.1 Topography
Lagos is located in southwest Nigeria, Benin narrow coastal alluvial
plain, flat open terrain along the line, the distribution of many smaller
lagoons, topography, ground elevation of 5m ~ 10m, as with marine coastal
plain, ring plot Sea plain area, the area of vegetation growth, the
distribution of swamp forest, swamp forest complex, secondary forest and
other tropical rain forest vegetation.

3.1.2 Meteorological and Hydrological

Lagos major tropical rainforest climate, hot and humid throughout the
year; by the Atlantic influence, dry, relatively less significant changes in the
rainy season.
Average annual temperature is about 26 ~ 29 ℃, the average
maximum temperature is about 30 ℃, the average minimum temperature
is about 24 ℃. 2, March hottest, the average maximum temperature 32 ~
34 ℃; cooler rainy season (June to September), the average maximum
temperature is about 29 ℃, extreme maximum temperature 39 ℃ (MARINA
2004).
Year is divided into two rainy and dry season, from April to October is
the rainy season, from November to March the following year for the dry
season. Humidity rainy season, low temperatures. The average annual
rainfall of about 1829mm, slightly larger MARINA region, the largest
average annual rainfall is about 2535.9 mm. The vast majority of rainfall
occurs during the rainy season, in addition to March, the dry season other
times almost no rain. Rainfall showed more thunderstorms form, generally
do not last long, but greater strength. More than 72 hours of long duration
rainfall can occur almost every year 2 or 3 times (still short duration
intermittent heavy rainfall as the main form), sometimes a sustainable
rainfall of 5 to 10 days.
Annual prevailing southwest wind (5 to 10 months, especially in the

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southwest monsoon season), followed by southerly and westerly winds, the

average wind speed of about 6M / S, the dry season there are more north
wind, but the wind speed in general is not. Rainy season often stormy
weather, wind speeds of up to 28M / S above; coastal wind power is even
greater. Instantaneous maximum wind speed of more than 45M / S.
Thunderstorm weather very much (rainy season), may occur at any
time, and can occur multiple times in a day (thunder and lightning,
thunderstorms). A huge thunderstorm during the month (rainy season)
occurs in about 10 days. The annual average relative humidity of 80 to
90%, 2 March slightly lower. Occasional fog, but generally only found in
coastal areas in June and November. Lagos no dust storms, but Hamadan
monsoon winds of the Sahara by the impact, from December to January the
following year there will be some sand and fog.

3.1.3 hydrogeological
Groundwater is mainly buried in the plain areas of the red marine
Quaternary alluvium, 2 ~ 5m depth, abundant water, mainly due to surface
water and atmospheric precipitation dual supply, water quality influenced
by the natural environment, water quality is generally poor, large
groundwater having an intermediate portion Lot aggressive ~ eluting weak
concrete structure.

3.1.4 Earthquake

The line faults by area not developed, and are buried deep, have little
effect on the item.
Since Nigeria since its establishment have not had an earthquake, there
is no specific seismic department records this information, and the local
aspects of municipal and roads, utilities and other infrastructure has not
earthquake-proof, the project construction, seismic fortification by AASHTO
3.10 Tiao , it is a seismic zone, the acceleration parameter A = 0.05.

3.1.5 geological conditions

Along the exposed strata Quaternary phase and coastal lagoon

sediments mainly mud, silty soil, sandy soil saturated cohesive soil and
geological conditions foundation works in general.

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

(1) sludge: gray and black, plastic-like flow was mainly distributed in
wetlands, pond area, the layer thickness of 0 ~ 2.0m, the basic bearing
capacity of foundation σo = 20 ~ 40kPa.
(2) silty soil: dark gray, shaped as a soft plastic, containing a small
amount of silt, mainly in wetlands, pond area, thickness of 1.0 ~ 3.0m, the
basic bearing capacity of foundation σo = 40 ~ 60kPa.

(3) clayey soil: tan, hard plastic, in a local folder viscous soil humus, a
thickness of 7 ~ 13.0m, the basic bearing capacity of foundation σo = 180
~ 220kPa, cohesive soil humus σo = 100kPa.

(4) saturated sands SOIL: brown - brown yellow, distributed below the
surface within 20m ~ of loose sand in the form of tight state, σo = 150 ~
250kPa; 20m is less dense medium density ~, total thickness greater than
25.0m, The basic foundation bearing capacity σo = 250 ~ 450kPa;

Tertiary Ilaro underlying Formation. Geotechnical construction grade

surface is generally dig ordinary soil (Ⅱ grade), loose soil or soft soil (Ⅰ).

3.2 Status along the road

According to the survey, Bagh Darui highway built in the 1970s, built by
the European countries. Situation two-way four-lane, 6 meters wide in
construction with carved, carve, but with no isolation facilities, most of the
sections and other more serious water damage. The use of asphalt
pavement, lack of management and conservation, local road damage is
very serious, seriously affect driving. Towns along the more concentrated
population areas are densely roadside hawkers peddling, leading to serious
road congestion.
Lagos - Grenada Bada highway is the economic center of Lagos, Nigeria
departure, along the Atlantic west to the town of Bada Grenada (CH0 +
000- CH60 + 268), connecting Nigeria to Benin, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire
direction traffic artery.
A total project is divided into three sections, LOT 1, LOT 2, LOT 3, LOT 2
which is divided into LOT 2A, LOT 2B. Turkey and the successful
implementation of the Group is one of the LOT 2A segment, LOT3 segment

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

has now implemented by the federal government funded the construction

side as in the company.
LOT2A segment from MAZAMAZA to OKOKOMAIKO, mileage of (CH7 +
200-CH22 + 000), total length 14.8 km, 10-lane two-way, intermediate rail
passage 15 meters, the standard cross-sectional width of 100 m,
alignments, and the blue light rail Lagos overlapping, after completion of
the expansion of West African States became the highest grade highway,
will greatly ease the traffic congestion in the area. LOT2A segment total
investment of 141.2 billion naira, or $ 911 million dollars (the exchange rate
when signing the contract), self-financing by the Lagos state government.
Contract start time December 23, 2011, contract completion time
December 22, 2014, contract duration of 3 years. Because investment
capital budget is not in place, to take the project implemented in phases.
LOT2A segment currently construction schedule:
The completion of a bid to obtain a Certificate of Completion September
15, 2017; two tenders to complete the overall 65.8%; 23.6% completed the
entire three tenders. DETAILED completed as follows:
Bridge Engineering: Second Section of the overpass and pedestrian
bridge section, overpass pile section has been completed, the overpass pile
extension, part of the progress of the pile caps, piers, cover beams have
been completed 90%, being girder floor system construction. Two tenders
pedestrian bridge section has been 98% completed, and the only difference
between the remaining awning accessories. Three tenders overpass pile,
part of the progress of the pile caps, piers, cover beams have been
completed by 18%.
Highway Engineering: A Lot has obtained a Certificate of Completion;
two tenders completed culverts, ditches and protection works 77.01%, road
and sidewalk construction is completed 80.53 percent; the combined
average is 80% complete the total project amount of tenders. Three tenders
culverts, ditches and protection works 39.62%, road and sidewalk
construction is completed 27.89 percent; combined average of 31% of the
total project amount to complete the tenders.

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

Bada Grenada project LOT1, LOT2A road cross section layout

Gray Bada project LOT1 realogram section (roadside rail)

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

Gray Bada realogram project LOT1,2 junction element (passage rail)

Bada Grenada project LOT2A segment real map

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

Gray Bada item LOT2B segment (Lot 2) realogram

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

Gray Bada item LOT2B section (Lot 3) realogram

LOT3 segment currently implemented by the federal government

funded the construction side as in the company. Both sides widened to six
lanes in both two-way four-lane basis, outside of the ditch and set up
sidewalk.

Status of construction projects LOT3 segment Bada Grenada

LOT2B segment Status:

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

The status of road, severe local damage

Status pile bridge, part of the pier settlement more serious position

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

The status quo across the river bridge, Π type bridge structure is still
good

Status flyover

LOT2, LOT3 junction

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

4 technical standards and indicators

4.1 Design Specification

The project road the British road and road-related specifications Federal
Republic of Nigeria related specifications.
4.2 Design Standard
Road grade: A2 grade highway;
Design speed: 100Km / h;
Drive: two-way six-lane stamped with the outside of the plate gutter
and sidewalk
Standard Section width: 34.5m;
4.3 road cross section
The project to broaden the basis for the transformation of the existing
road on. Both two-way four-lane section of road, lane width 3.65m, middle
bandwidth of 6m, the right side of the road shoulder width 2.5m. Widening
the cross section is six lanes, lane width 3.65m, intermediate bandwidth,
6m, hard road right shoulder 1.5m, 1.05m wide peripheral groove cover and
0.75m wide sidewalks for pedestrians.

Both standard cross road

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After widening cross road standards

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

5 road design
5.1 Route Planning

5.1.1 Graphic Design

1, Graphic Design Principles
(1) flat-screen indicators should meet the specifications for the Federal
Republic of Nigeria road requirements;
(2) under the premise of meeting the transportation function, consider
the construction project should strive to reduce the amount, the amount of
demolition, save investment;
(3) road network with unified planning considerations, basic obedience
road network planning;
(4) in conjunction with the existing road considered, rational use of the
existing road.

2, Graphic Design Overview

This project starts from Lagos to pick Bada highway LOT2A tenders
Grenada end, mileage Stake for K22 + 000, located OKOKOMALKO, both
west of Lagos to Grenada Bada extend along the highway, in the end
AGBARA, Stake K32 + 516.064. Road length 10.516Km.

Route plan
(1) Curve
When the radius of curvature less than the minimum radius of the circle

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

does not have ultra-high, to be provided at both ends of the circular curve
transition curve.
(2) line of sight
Sight distance and driving speed are closely related, in line with
international methods of using speed V85 as checking speed.
1) visibility on corners
The driver when approaching a curve can be perceived from the corner
and there is time to change their travel behavior.
Normally, the curve visibility is traveling at a speed V85 of the distance
within 3 seconds.
2) stopping sight distance
The driver appeared before the road obstruction, braking distance route
a certain location. Stopping sight by the driver with the reaction time and
the braking distance from the composition, thus stopping sight distance
should be greater than the braking distance. In the corners, stopping sight
distance should be increased.
Horizon 3) intersection
Before the arrival of the vehicle has priority, non-priority road users or
out of the intersection should have a corresponding line of sight, for
information on other priority road users appear to determine the start and
finish by road. For vehicles to turn left into the service road should provide
the appropriate viewing distance traffic in the face of adverse arterial road.

5.1.2 Route profile design

1, longitudinal design principles
(1) ensure that the vehicle is traveling safe and comfortable;
(2) The use of the road type and the speed, Vertical Alignment must
meet the standards;
(3) improve the beach area and may be submerged sections of the sea
profile, so that the roadbed from water damage;
(4) increase the profile near the hydraulic structure to meet the
required height of the structure;
(5) to improve the profile of the flat area, in order to ensure minimum
slope of 0.3% by the smooth drainage;

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(6) vertical section designed to consider land use planning and the
status quo on both sides of elevation,
(7) focus plane and vertical combination design.
2, Profile Design Overview
Road length 10.516Km, disposed at a vertical curve 25; 0.9% Maximum
Longitudinal; minimum longitudinal slope 0.3%; 250 m minimum slope
length; minimum radius of the convex curve 10000m; minimum radius of
the concave curve 10000 m.

5.1.3 crossover design

1, the intersection of design principles
(1) disposed on the intersection line and terrain conditions permit, good
line of sight links;
(2) Set intersection and road network planning are consistent;
(3) Set intersection spacing is necessary to consider the convenience of
traffic up and down the highway, but also consider the impact on the speed
and density of the intersection service level highway.
2, intersection Design Overview
The project villages along the dense line of a total roundabout 4, the
right and into the intersection at about 70.

Set intersection map

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5.1.4 safety facilities and facilities along the

1, the signaling device
Road signaling device includes flag is set on the road shoulder of the
road markings and signs to provide a variety of warning to the driver, ban,
instructions, directions and information inducing sight, making traffic safer.
2, along the line facilities
This project is a major facilities along the toll station, located near the
end AGBARA.

5.1.5 land for construction and demolition

Land acquisition and resettlement of the project due to the
responsibility of the owner, the design of land acquisition and relocation is
not included in the estimates.

5.2 Foundation Scheme

5.2.1 Design Principles roadbed

Follow the "local conditions, combining prevention with control,
security, economic, aesthetic nature" principle, according to the
characteristics of the project, combined with the local topographic and
geologic conditions, using reasonable construction of embankment height,
the slope of the slope, in the form of protection, foundation treatment
measures, prevention and treatment of subgrade defects and ensure the
stability of the roadbed. Make embankment protection, drainage, earth and
other integrated design to enhance water and soil conservation and
environmental protection, land conservation work.
1, adhere to a stable roadbed design durable, beautiful and natural
resource conservation, economic rationality principle, and road construction
into consideration and integrated design.
2, local conditions, local materials, safe and economical, attractive
appearance, in harmony with nature, landscape and environmental
coordination.
3, slope protection and the use of green landscape, a combination of
effective measures to landscaping, greening mainly with native plants,
reducing masonry works, reflecting green ecological protection.
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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

4, set reasonable protection works, Treatment bad foundation, ensure

the stability of the roadbed;
5, attaches great importance to borrow pit planning, increase
environmental protection and soil conservation efforts, respect for nature,
cherish resources, to achieve the harmonious development of roads and
protect the natural environment.

5.2.2 General roadbed design

1, roadbed width: 34.5m
2, road humps gradient: 2.5%
3, the slope of embankment slope
Fill subgrade slope: this item fill height generally less than 4m, fill
subgrade slope of 1: 1.5.
Embankment slope excavation: The excavation project to dig a shallow,
excavated embankment slope is 1: 1.25, the slope and the surrounding
natural ground floor along.
4, surface treatment foundation
The project covered more than the status quo along the vegetation.
Usually the original ground road surface to be cleared turf, humus soil
compacting treatment, salt crust, clearing the table thickness 30cm.
5, compacted ground filler and
The key is that the strength and stability of roadbed roadbed fillers,
ground, compacted three aspects, preferred the roadbed fill level coarse-
grained soils with good soil of gravel, sandy soil or the like as a filler, and
controls the track bed and roadbed the following passage substantially
maximum particle diameter of filler material should meet the specifications.
Roadbed subgrade compaction construction which is the most important
process, plays a decisive impact on the roadbed stability, durability and
other quality standards. When some sections embankment height H is less
than the total thickness pavement road bed, the foundation should be
overcut topsoil and backfill layered, ultra digging depth is h, requires H + h
is not smaller than the total thickness pavement road bed. To remove
surface water and other factors affecting them. The project subgrade filling
and compaction requirements in the table below, use of roadbed

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

compaction heavy compaction standard.

Subgrade compaction degree (heavy)

The bottom The maximum

Fillers minimum
Types of surface of the compactnes particle size of
intensity
section road s(%) the filler
(CBR) (%)
Depth (m) (Cm)
0 to 0.3 ≥96 8 10
Filling 0.3 to 0.8 ≥96 5 10
roadbed 0.8 to 1.5 ≥94 4 15
1.5 ≥93 3 15
Zero fill 0 to 0.3 ≥96 8 10
and ≥96
excavatio
n 0.3 to 0.8 5 10
roadbed

5.2.3 Special roadbed design

1, soft roadbed treatment
Silt along the project, silty soil is developed, a large water content, high
compressibility, low strength, poor performance of the project, direct
subgrade soil as foundation soil consolidation and shearing deformation due
to the generation of a large difference in settling and sedimentation, and
because of its low strength, stability and foundation bearing capacity can
not meet the engineering requirements arising foundation soil damage,
affecting the normal use and life of the road. Therefore, it is necessary to
soft silt soil, silty soil, etc. roadbed treatment.
For soft soil subgrade, smaller depth shallow surface cover soft soil
type, depth and thickness of the bottom plate ≤3m, Replacement
Treatment is generally used. Bottom depth and thickness> 3m soft ground,
generally considered the foundation of Composite processed economically
and technically reasonable premise, the actual geological conditions
reasonable choice Treatment scheme.
The thickness of the item of soft soil and the physical and mechanical
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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

properties, drainage consolidation method, vacuum preloading method,

prefabricated reinforced concrete pipe pile, and the pile of CFG mixing pile
of several process schemes like the following comparison.
1) drainage consolidation method:
Vertical drain is provided in the soft ground, greatly reducing the
drainage from the foundation to accelerate the consolidation process, in
conjunction with preloading, can significantly improve the effect of preload.
Common vertical drain wells have sand bags, plastic drainage plate. The
law as a conventional soft foundation treatment methods, design and
construction are very mature, simple construction, low construction cost;
but it must guarantee a certain Preloading period in order to obtain good
soft foundation treatment effects, generally require pre-press period of not
less than 6 months. For tight deadlines, soft soil is thick, often using
overload preloading.
2) Method of vacuum preloading
Vacuum preloading method as negative vacuum preloading and
overload preload load, horizontal drainage channel uses 50 ~ 80cm thick
sand cushion, vertical drainage channel spacing using 1.1 ~ 1.5m, Packed
Drain equilateral triangle arrangement . This method is suitable for small
silty soil permeability and saturation soft cohesive soil, especially ultra soft
ground. Vacuum preloading method does not require the stack carrier,
loading and unloading is omitted a step of shortening the squeeze time;
second negative pre-vacuum pressure method disturbs the foundation soil
pore water to accelerate discharging, shortening the time of consolidation.
The method used more often in soft foundation treatment, is an advanced
design, mature technology solutions to meet the requirements of tight
schedule. Reinforcement of soft soil under vacuum preloading method for
high quality sealing and vacuum requirements of the construction process,
when a large area, more jet pumps needed equipment, the project cost is
slightly higher. If the soft base layer sandwiched a wide range of sand
aquifer, it should be used with caution, otherwise required to take the mud
mixing Pile as curtain be sealed water before using this law.
3) reinforced precast concrete pile

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

The concentrate or later prefabricated reinforced concrete piles, diesel

powered hammer impact or static pressure, a method for processing soft
foundation prefabricated pile into the group. In recent years, the Act soft
ground in municipal road and highway projects in the process has been
more applications. The law is good construction quality, easy to control,
simple construction, the shortest period, good soft ground effect, depth is
generally unrestricted reinforcement; but the high construction cost for
built-up areas should be considered piling body vibration is applied to the
surrounding environment the impact, if necessary, requires the use of
damping measures.
4) Cement Fly Ash gravel pile
CFG Pile doped by the gravel, stone chips, fly ash pile type having a
variable amount of cement bonding strength of the equipment made by the
pile. Using piles and soil between piles together by CFG Composite
Foundation Cushion formed. This foundation, due to increased carrying
capacity great tunability settlement small deformation, relatively low cost,
simple construction, effective reinforcement depth up to 25m, strength is
improved, short construction period, settlement after a small, but
strengthen the construction quality control, the need for pile testing, high
construction cost. CFG pile diameter of 0.4 ~ 0.5m, using a pitch 1.5 ~
2.0m, in use, sand cushion thickness using 0.5m.
5) mixing pile
Mainly made of cement curing agents, the use of mechanical stirring
deep and forced stirring soft soil, physical and chemical effects generated
through a special mixing columnar body having a high strength composite
foundation is formed with the original formation: Pile divided and plasma
spray pile. The law on soft ground reinforcement to good effect,
construction technology is mature, fast construction schedule, but to
strengthen the construction quality control, the need for pile testing, high
construction cost. DJM effective reinforcement depth of less than 12m,
effective reinforcement slurry spray pile depth of less than 15m. The natural
water content and foundation reinforcement and depth were selected using
slurry spraying pile Pile for Soft natural water content of less than 50%,

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

should adopt slurry spray pile; natural water content greater than 50% for
the soft ground, spray powders pile better reinforcement effect. Cement
mixing pile diameter of 0.4 ~ 0.5m, using a pitch 1.5 ~ 2.0m, in use, sand
cushion thickness using 0.5m.
Considering the stratigraphy, construction time, the treatment effect
and the project cost, in soft ground sections of recommended treatment
options cement mixing pile.

2, ponds, ditches roadbed

The route across the pond, there is mud at the bottom of the trench
have an adverse effect on the project, treatment options:
① a water pond and ditch deeper the groove, ditch pond construction
difficulties, the drainage dredging, filling rubble 50cm + 10cm gravel
pouring screed + 40cm lime (5%) Treatment liquid clay is low, then step
Excavation Fill Layer ordinary soil, rubble stone should be resistant to
weathering, compressive strength ≥ 30Mpa, size of less than 30cm.
② The water of the pond and ditch the groove is not deep, ditch pond
construction no difficulty, after drainage dredging, a layer of filament
geotextile, filling 40cm lime (5%) Liquid Limit Soil Treatment lower,
excavation and then step Fill Layer ordinary soil.
③ the ditch pond water, the clear compaction of the excavating step Fill
Layer ordinary soil.
3, bridge, culvert channel (structure) head Embankment
Range bridge transition section treatment: bottom along a route from
the station back direction is not less than 2m, from the station back to the
top of not less than 1.5 times the height of the roadbed (not including the
height of the road embankment thickness) were added 2m. Lime filler
priority Treatment with 5% low liquid clay, 5% of cement employed Low
Liquid Limit Soil Treatment borrow area when no liquid clay is sufficiently
low, the degree of compaction required not less than 96%, the compaction
roller of large construction application of a thin layer of dead tamper
minutes filling compaction.

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

5.2.4 embankment slope protection

Cut height embankment or slope height less than 4 m, slope protection
using grass; rainfastness slope to prevent and ensure slope stability, bridge
10 meters hexagonal precast concrete blocks can be paved protection;
swamp flooding the link to the hexagonal segment precast concrete paved
protection; grading road subgrade not limited, may be employed to close
slope retaining wall.

5.2.5 subgrade drainage

Design Principles subgrade drainage system of the present project: The
terrain along, geological conditions and the size of the precipitation, cut
through, discharge, lead, etc., the water introduced into the embankment
near the trench. Subgrade and pavement drainage self-contained, and
combine with the local irrigation and drainage systems up, both to ensure
the required road drainage embankment, without affecting irrigation and
drainage.
The main drainage facilities are: ditches, drains and so on.
Provided on both sides of the cut section of the rectangular plate ditch
embankment.
Fill embankment toe berm provided 1.0m wide, disposed outside berm
rectangular or trapezoidal drains, water will be discharged into the trench
after purification, pond.
All sections of the gutter, etc. reinforced concrete gutter; trapezoidal
some sections may be employed according to the actual situation of soil
drainage.
5.3 road program

5.3.1 pavement design principles

Pavement structure designed according to traffic and its components
and requirements, combined with the local climate, hydrology, soil and
other natural conditions, follow the local conditions, a reasonable selection,
construction convenient, conducive to maintenance and conservation of
investment, technical and economic comparison of pavement structure of
the program, select technologically advanced, economical, safe and
reliable, in favor of mechanized construction of the road structure of the
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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

program. The main pavement design the following principles:

(1) to traffic-based;
(2) to adapt to road grade and service functional requirements;
(3) comply with local road construction materials supply situation;
(4) adapted to natural conditions requirements;
(5) technology is mature, excellent performance and reasonable cost.

5.3.2 Comparison of pavement structure type

Asphalt concrete pavement and cement concrete pavement road performance comparison table

The type of road Asphalt concrete

Cement Concrete Pavement
surface pavement
Bending tensile
Lower compressive
strength and High compressive strength
strength and tensile
compressive and tensile bending strength
bending strength
strength
Poor deformation, Good deformation
Deformability deformation sensitive capacity to adapt to
roadbed undations
Differential temperature
Temperature Temperature stability, easy
stability, easy to produce
stability plastic deformation
plastic deformation
Driving comfort slightly
Driving comfort Driving comfort is good
worse
Vibration and
Vibration, high noise Small vibration, low noise
noise
High on the gravel
Low of gravel material
Economic material requirements,
requirements, lower initial
engineering high initial investment
investment costs
costs
Operating Save fuel, tire wear small Fuel costs, tire wear and
economy vehicles vehicle
Maintenance Normal low maintenance Normal high maintenance
costs costs costs
Difficult to repair, after a Easy maintenance,
Serviceability long maintenance cycle repairs without
maintenance maintenance
Comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of
asphalt and cement concrete pavement, the project intends to use asphalt
concrete pavement, road toll station using cement concrete pavement.

5.3.3 Pavement Structure Design

The project pavement design must meet practical, economic,
comfortable, aesthetic requirements; pavement construction shall have

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

good temperature stability, water density, good sliding performance and

durability requirements. Recommended pavement structure is as follows:
Sliding surface asphalt concrete AC-13C 4cm
Asphalt concrete base AC-20C 6cm
The sealing layer of asphalt 0.5cm
5% cement stabilized macadam base 20cm
Graded gravel bottom cushion 20cm
The total thickness of the pavement structure 55cm
In the high water table and wet road base need to add a layer of
crushed stone or gravel cushion 15cm.

5.3.4 road drainage

Motor vehicles, vehicular and hard shoulder humps cross slope, the
road surface slope water from the crown lateral discharge on both sides of
the roadbed.

5.4 bridges and culverts engineering

Design Standards 5.4.1 Bridges

Bridge and culvert design load: "the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the
Federal Highway Engineering Handbook" provides load;
Design flood frequency: 1/100;
Use environment class: Class Ⅰ;
Structural design reference period: 100 years;
Road clearance: ≥5.0 m,
Bridge Width: width of the bridge 2 × 13.45m;
Culvert length: width requirements to meet the roadbed

5.4.2 Principles of Bridge Design

The project is located in the coastal sedimentary plain, flat, coastal and
small water gap, bridge building height should be as small as possible, to
ensure that there is sufficient headroom under the bridge to meet flood
requirements. Bridges are mostly general structure, bridge structure should
be selected based on a comprehensive consideration of the following
principles:

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

1, according to the development of a comprehensive set of bridge routes to, hydrological,

topographical and geological conditions. Selection of the bridge in a safe, economical,
practical, beautiful, easy construction principles, generally in a safe, economical, proper
consideration needs to landscape, and to facilitate the requirements of integrated conservation,
traffic, flood, irrigation, use the appropriate Structure type.

Natural coordination and cross-beam bridge with high pier

coordination
2, in the selection of the bridge structure should fully use of new
materials, new processes, the applicability and economics combine the best
design of the structure to do advanced technology, reasonable economy,
adhere to standardized, lighter, assembly of construction convenient low
economic indicators. Under the premise of meet the functional, structural
design should follow economical, safe, reliable, durable aesthetic principles,
and choose as the technology is mature, easy maintenance, simple
construction, short construction period of the bridge structure.
3, when the upper structure is configured to select the type of bridge,
should be considered factors such as terrain, geological conditions at the
bridge position. Continuous deck is generally used simply supported
rectangular beam or a hollow beam, after the first continued structure
prestressed concrete beam or T Box small; may also be higher when a
larger span pier high Situ Continuous Box.
Usually the bridge, using Span below 20m and hollow rectangular beam
or beams; difficulties when crossing river, pier or higher high construction
and transportation conditions, span can be 25m, 30m, 35m small
prestressed concrete box girder, T beam or a continuous beam, a
continuous rigid frame and the like.
According to the information should be collected, combined with

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

hydrological, topographical and geological conditions of the site

investigation bridge position and aperture settings, etc., combined with a
comprehensive analysis of existing local bridge design, construction, and
ultimately determine the low cost, quick and easy ongoing maintenance
bridge plan.
4, the bridge across the marsh Itabashi design using piles, each cross 8
meters.

Pile section cross swamps recommended Itabashi sectional view (only

schematically)
5, culvert, channel
The project irrigation water and drainage along the line they use a
vertical trench with a route parallel to solve, this design culverts are
generally arranged, the next stage should be adjusted and improved project
planning, along the line may be set culvert irrigation ditches and rivers such
as a detailed investigation and comprehensive analysis, reasonable layout,
to meet the needs drainage, subgrade drainage and agricultural irrigation
along. Status and geological conditions The line trenches culvert reinforced
concrete culvert or round culvert, poor geological conditions of road culvert
bottom ground treatment required to increase the bearing capacity of
foundation bottom culvert.
This phase culvert Zanan 2 ~ 3 / km for substantially laid, and measure;
the next stage should be adjusted and improved site survey.

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 Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

5.4.3 Overview of bridge layout

According to the information collected, combined with hydrological, topographic and
geologic conditions, according to the site investigation, combined with a comprehensive
analysis of existing local bridge design and construction, the project set the bridge shown in the
following table:

And the Brid structure type

River
number of Ob ge Lower
N name Deck The
center holes liq full structure
o Or width
Stake Aperture uit leng upper Pier Taiwan
. bridge (M) structu
(Aperture y th and and
name re
× m) (m) basis basis
9 × 8m +
Slab
Bada 10 × 38mT Pile
reinfor
BDK30 Grenad pile pier, Block
2* ced
1 + a Itabashi 90 460 pier Plate
13.45 concre
780.0 Bridge Bridge pile seat Taiwan
te, T-
No. 1 Itabashi + plate
beams
8m

Π widened bridge girder bridge arrangement of FIG see Figure "QL-1

bridge layout", the station BDK29 + 840 position for an existing bridge
demolition and reconstruction.

5.5 Other works

5.5.1 Road Lighting

1. Design the content and scope of
Design mainly includes street lighting box changes, low voltage lighting
lines and laying selected lamp type, lamp arrangement, lighting control,
ground. Lighting box changes the mains power supply, external power
supply implemented by sector, not within the scope of the present design.
2. Lighting Design Standards
According to the present urban expressway road lighting design
standards, the average intensity of not less than 30LX, illumination
uniformity is not less than 0.4, the average luminance of not less than 2cd /
m2, a total luminance uniformity no less than 0.4, the brightness is not less
than 0.7 degree of vertical uniformity, lighting power density not higher
than 1.00W / m2.

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

3. Design Principles
(1) maintenance
Road lighting design should take full account of maintenance and ease
of maintenance lighting and power supply systems, street maintenance to
avoid affecting the normal operation of the road.
(2) Security
Designed to consider the safety of the respective devices of the lighting
system, the lighting device to avoid dropping or electrical fire accidents.
(3) energy saving and environmental protection
The lighting system is a big power on the road during the whole life of
the operation, the design should response to the national "energy saving"
the call to meet the design criteria, the premise of ensuring road safety,
and reliable operation as well as socio-economic benefits of full
consideration of new energy, new technology in road lighting system.
(4) Equipment Selection
Lighting system design facilities and equipment used should be
consistent with existing national and industry technical standards, and
preference should be given advanced technology, affordable and energy-
efficient equipment and styling products, active and prudent use of new
technologies, new processes and new material.
4. Supply and Distribution
Along a dedicated 10 / 0.4kV road lighting box-type power substation.
Box changes using high-pressure side inlet and outlet ring, 10 volt power
supply from the electricity sector. Selection box changes the transformer tie
line group is D, yn11 dry-type transformers the phase distribution; provided
capacitor compensation counters, intelligent inner box saving controller
becomes necessary. Each seat box substation capacity 1x100kVA, low
voltage power supply radius of about 0.8km, to ensure that the last drop of
a lamp controlled within 10%.
Box prefabricated outdoor substations environmentally friendly, and its
appearance in harmony with the surrounding landscape. Disposed within
the tank becomes green belt around it need fencing. Drainage tank
provided at its bottom becomes the basis of a PVC-Φ150 pipe, adjacent to

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

the water discharge system rainwater, drainage slope is not less than 1%.
5. road lighting
(1) Select the source
Use LED street light source. Whole lighting effect ≥120lm / W, color
rendering index ≥75, color temperature is 4000 ~ 4500K, 2000h ignition
lamp lumen maintenance should be not less than 98%, the lamp lumen
maintenance 5000h ignition point should not be below 97%, elliptical spot.
Power factor not less than 0.95.
(2) its attachment fixture
Street lamps using high-pressure cast aluminum housing half light
lamp, lamp maintenance factor 0.7, the lamp protection class IP65 or more,
a level of electrical insulation. Lamps with modular design, lamp life of not
less than 20000h. Lighting a light efficiency is not less than 90%. It should
be established individually for each lighting fuses. The system uses a light
source or reflective perspective light guide lens design. LED lights need for
good cooling system, and over-temperature protection, moisture and
moisture exhaust breathing functions. LED lamps in all lamp body of high
thermal conductivity aluminum alloy material, good bat design light
distribution and thermal performance.
Places prone to strong vibration of the motor vehicle traffic bridges,
lamps used shall comply with anti-vibration requirements specified in the
national standard.
(3) Light distribution scheme
Using 12 m tall street lights rod, bilaterally symmetrical arrangement, a
pitch of about 25 m. Lane street is provided on both sides of the shoulder,
from the stand and said tooth distance of 0.5 m, using both sides of the
street curbs singled arm forms, 250W LED lamp uses a light source lamp
post arm 2 meters long, 5 degrees elevation.
Radius curve section 1000m or less, reduce the spacing lights, lamp
spacing pitch of the linear segment 50% to 70%, the smaller the distance is
also smaller radius; lamp may not be mounted at a corner on an extension
line of the straight sections of the lamp; the river over the bridge and road
lighting should connected thereto consistent lighting, bridge railings, curbs

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

should have enough vertical illumination. At the intersection 15 meters laid

three 180W LED lights.
(4) poles
All the internal and external poles using a molding spray galvanized
steel rod. Housing excellent corrosion resistance. 7 according to the seismic
level, wind power 12. Waterproof and reliable measures within the drain.
The poles should be grounded wire mounting bolts. After construction is
completed, use paint pole number marked on the road street light pole, for
future maintenance check.
6. Intelligent lighting control
1) road lighting should be reasonably determined time depending on
the season switch lights, light control and automatic control of a
combination of time control for correcting the luminance change of the sky
main control supplemented by manual control.
2) multi-level dimming control. During dimming, color temperature LED
road lighting change should not occur, and the respective LED dimming
stages road lighting should be linearly proportional to the power;
simultaneously dimming, brightness of the LED road lighting should be slow
transition.
3) single use of intelligent street lamp control, should have the lamp
dimming interface, the control module by a single lamp, continuous
dimming, fault detection, detection of a ground fault, leakage detection and
a series of functions, and the remote control terminal through RTU
communication, intelligent operation.
The illumination line and laying
(1) 4-core low-pressure mains lights YJV-1kV low voltage power cables,
wiring Buried street lamppost well under each using insulation piercing
connector, the connector may not necessarily be the main cable breaking
or stripping the skin by a clamp to the trunk, construction convenient, safe
and reliable.
(2) road lighting cable through the HDPE pipe laying, laying of steel pipe
is too wear intersection.
Ends (3) crossing the lighting cable tube wells hand, easy replacement

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

of the cable to facilitate maintenance.

8. Ground
(1) TT power supply system of the lighting system, the bridge section
steel bars by the main street bridge structure as the ground electrode, the
other sections lights using 25x4mm galvanized flat steel, hot galvanized
steel bar Ø14 ground as the horizontal and vertical ground pole. All lights
The grounding resistance is no greater than 10 ohms.
(2) box-type substation grounding, protective earth, a lightning
grounding the common grounding means grounding resistance less than 4
ohms.

5.5.2 Road Green

Road cross section arranged in conjunction with the proposed road
greening plan, and coordinate with the surrounding environment, such as
sidewalk street trees, central green belt and other forms of greening.

5.5.3 Landscape Project

According to the status quo along the perimeter and planning of this
project, combined with practical, reasonable segmented and fragmented
landscape orientation, landscape design, and strive to achieve harmonious
with the surrounding environment.

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

Question 6 and suggestions

1, flat vertical alignment of the project are Google maps alignment
based on the existing road line position and the ground level there is some
error, the next stage should be collected topographic map or carry out
measurements in order to optimize the vertical line level, ensure the
accuracy of the number of engineering and project investment.
2, has yet to collect geological data along the current situation
surrounding the project only with reference to the work. Therefore, special
handling roadbed, bridges and culverts substructure design are required to
determine the further implementation of geological data and then.
3, road BDK30 + at 800 existing bridges needed for testing and trials in
the next stage, to determine whether to continue to use, does not meet
such requirements broaden, to be demolished and rebuilt.
4, in order to reduce engineering investment, road cross section plan
fails to adopt, in the project to promote the need to strengthen
communication and planning department, to avoid a substantial increase in
investment.

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Lagos – Badagry Expressway project proposals

7 figures
The
Chart numb
No. name
number er of
sheets
1 Route plan profile thumbnail LX-1 1

2 Standard cross road map LX-2 1

3 FIG bridge arrangement QL-1 2

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