WCDMA/HSPA Basics For UMTS: Disclaimer

WCDMA/HSPA basics for UMTS
Kari Aho
Project and Business Development Manager
kari.aho@magister.fi
Disclaimer
 Effort has been put to make material as correct as possible,

however, it is still suggested that reader confirms the latest
information from official sources like 3GPP specs
(http://www.3gpp.org/Specification-Numbering)
 Material represents the views and opinions of the trainer and not
necessarily the views of their employers or customers
 Use/reproduction of this material is forbidden without a

permission from the author
2 © 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd
Trainer and Company Introduction
3 3 © 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd

Trainer introduction
 Work history
 01/2009 – Project and business development manager at Magister
 01/2008 – 12/2008 Senior research scientist at Magister
 01/2006 – 12/2007 Researcher / Research trainee at University of
Jyväskylä
 Education
 Ph.D. 2009-2010, L.Sc. 2007-2009, M.Sc. 2003-2006, University of
Jyväskylä
 International publications
 20 conference papers
 2 journal articles
Magister Solutions (1/2)
 Strong background in wireless network research

 2 Professors, 9 Doctors, 16 Masters of Sciences / Ph.D students, and
2 Masters Degree students
 Over 100 academic publications and several patents
 Research and Development Partner

 Research to support standardization and implementation
 Technology road mapping
 Technology training
 References
 R&D co-operation with largest mobile and network manufacturers
 Leadership and membership on customer’s R&D project teams
Magister Solutions (2/2)
 Technology competence
 Second generation cellular systems
 GSM, GPRS, EDGE
 Third generation cellular systems
 WCDMA, TD-(S)CDMA, HSDPA / HSUPA, HSPA+
 Next generation cellular systems
 LTE, LTE-A
 WiMAX, Flash-OFDMA
 Special areas of interest

 Voice over IP
 Radio resource management development
 System level performance analysis
 Mobility management

Magister Solutions – Case Tokyo (1/3)
 Goal:
 Performance benchamarking between 3G HSDPA
and next generation LTE system
 Challenges:
 It is
i hard
h d to
t collect
ll t needed
d d statistics
t ti ti from
f
commercial networks
 It is not affordable to build large enough test
networks
 In relation to LTE, there are only limited commercial
products available
 Simulation based approach was

selected
 Like many vendors, operators as
well as the scientific communities
do for studying the wireless
cellular network performance
 Digital network planning data

over Tokyo map was used in the
simulator
 Realistic conditions through non-
regular network layout and
propagation
 Achievements
 Extensive report of the bechmarking study in realistic network
 Customer knowledge improvement to better support standardization
 International publications
Defining
Start- Result
and Simulations Reporting
up analysis
planning
0.5 month 2 months 0.5 month

Schedule and Practical Issues
Course schedule
 Introductory
 WCDMA technology overview
 Standardization
 Market and performance situation
 Rel’99 WCDMA
 Codes
 Power Control
 Mobility
 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
 HSPA
 HSDPA
 HSUPA
 Continuous Packet Connectivity
 Internet HSPA
Motivation and Goals
 Main things to learn

 Architecture (elements, data flow)
 Power control (fast, slow)
 Mobility (soft, softer, hard handover)
 What changes in Rel’99 WCDMA when HSPA is introduced
 All of the issues form a basis for HSPA and HSPA+ systems and
those are still in use

Readings related to the subject
 General readings
 WCDMA for UMTS – H. Holma, A. Toskala
 HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS – H. Holma, A. Toskala
 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband - E. Dahlman, S.
Parkvall, J. Sköld and P. Beming,
 Network planning oriented

 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS – J. Laiho, A.
Wacker, T. Novosad
 UMTS Radio Network Planning, Optimization and QoS Management
For Practical Engineering Tasks – J. Lempiäinen, M. Manninen
WCDMA Technology Overview
Why new radio access system for UMTS (1/2)
 Need for universal standard

 Universal Mobile Technology System (UMTS)
 Support for packet data services

 IP data in the core network
 IP radio access
 New services in mobile multimedia need higher data rates and

flexible utilization of the spectrum

Why new radio access system for UMTS (2/2)
FDMA
Wastes
 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
time
 Different frequencies for different users resources
 Example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
Wastes
frequency
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) resources
TDMA
 Same frequency
q y but different timeslots for different users
 Example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Code

CDMA
 Same frequency and time but users are separated from each
other with codes
Can exploit 1
 Example WCDMA/UMTS both time and 2
… Frequency
frequency N
Time
WCDMA Systems (1/3)
 Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) means that

 Bandwidth is not dependent of the information signal
 Transmission bandwidth is much larger than the information
bandwidth i.e. transmitted signal is spread
Despread narrowband signal, i.e, original data signal

Transmitted signal
before spreading
Spread wideband signal which will be sent
Frequency
WCDMA Systems (2/3)
 Benefits
Received signal
Power density (Watts/Hz)
after despreading but Received despred signal

before filtering
 More secure
communication
 Reduces the impact
Interference
of interference (and
jamming)
P
Frequency
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Received signal
after despreading and
after filtering
Frequency

WCDMA Systems (3/3)
 Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)

 Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between
the carriers
 Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time

 UL and
d DL hhave separatet 5 MHz
MH frequency
f bands
b d
 Users are separated from each other with codes and thus frequency
reuse factor equals to 1
 WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems

including HSPA and HSPA+
WCDMA Key Features (1/4)
 Fast power control (PC)

 Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the interference
Without PC received
UE1 UE2 power levels would
be unequal
q
UE3
UE1
UE3 In theory with PC
UE1 UE2 UE3 received power levels
UE2
would be equal
 Soft handover
 Improves coverage, decreases interference
UE1 BS 2
BS 1

 Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver

 Utilizes multipath diversity
 Considerably higher bit rates than with 2G systems

 With Release ’99 theoretically 2 Mbps
 The highest implemented is however 384 kbps
 Support for flexible bit rates
 Multiplexing
l l off d
different
ff services with
h different
d ff QoS require on a
single physical connection
 Real-time, (voice, video telephony)
 Streaming (video and audio)
 Interactive (web-browsing)
 Background (e-mail download)
Standardization

Standardization (1/2)
 WCDMA was studied in various research programs in the

military, industry and universities
 First publications: late 40s
 First applications: Military from the 50s
 Rake receiver patent 1956
 Cellular applications proposed late 70s
 Investigations for cellular use 80s
 IS-95 standard 1993 (2G)
 WCDMA was chosen as 3G technology in late 1997/early 1998 by

many forums like
 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
 Association of Radio Industries and Business (ARIB, Japan)
Standardization (2/2)
 During 1998 parallel work proceeded (mainly) in ETSI and ARIB

 Resource consuming for companies with global presence and
not likely to arrive to identical specifications globally
 The same discussion e.g. in ETSI and ARIB sometimes ended
up to different conclusions
 Work
W k was also l on-goingi iin USA and
d Korea
K
 At end of 1998 Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was

founded
Third Generation Partnership Project (1/2)
 Members
 Founding members
 ETSI – EU
 ARIB – Japan
 Telecommunications Technology Committee (TTC) – Japan
 Telecommunications Technology Association – Korea
 Wireless Technologies and Systems Committee (T1P1) – USA
 China Communications Standard Association (CCSA) – China later
 Different companies, like Nokia, are members through their
respective standardization organization
 Original scope was to produce Technical Specifications (TS) and

Technical Reports (TR) for a 3G Mobile System but later the
maintenance and development of GSM including evolved radio
access technologies (e.g. GPRS and EDGE) was also included

Third Generation Partnership Project (2/2)
 3GPP work is divided into Technical Specification Groups (TSG)

 GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)
 Radio Access Network (RAN)
 Service & System aspects (SA)
 Core network & terminals (CT)
3GPP RAN (1/2)
 RAN1 covers, for instance,

 Physical channel structures and mappings
 Physical layer multiplexing, and channel coding and error detection
 Spreading, modulation and other physical layer procedures
 Measurements and their provision to the upper layers

 Radio interface architecture and protocols between UE and RAN
 Services offered by the physical layer to upper layers
 Cell selection and re-selection procedures
 UE capabilities for UE - RAN interface
 Definition of RRM strategies to be supported by RAN
3GPP RAN (2/2)

 Overall UTRAN and E-UTRAN architecture
 Synchronization in UTRAN and E-UTRAN
 Interface protols for Radio Network Controller (RNC) – RNC (Iur),
NodeB – RNC (Iub) and RNC – Core Network (Iu) communication

 Requirements for radio link, Radio Resource Management (RRM)
performance and accuracy of measurements
 Radio system scenario analysis and simulation

 Development of UE conformance test specifications

Timeline
First major Japan launched Commercial
Commercial Commercial
milestone by first commercial HSDPA
networks in HSUPA
3GPP Rel’99 3G networks
Europe networks
network
1999 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Standard R99 Rel-4 Rel-5 Rel-6 Rel-7 Rel-8 Rel-9 Rel-10
WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA Evolutions (HSPA+)

Technique
Naming 3.75G
3.5G
3G LTE LTE-Advanced 4G
Market and performance situation
Market and performance situation (1/5)
 In Finland alone there are over 8 million GSM and WCDMA-HSPA

mobile subscriptions
 World wide over 4.7 billion subscriptions
 3G (incl. HSPA)
 Over 650 million 3G subscriptions
 Commercially launched by 383 operators in 156 countries
 Network peak data rates
 247 commercial HSPA networks, i.e 65%, support 7.2 Mbps (peak DL) or
higher
 58 HSUPA networks support up to 5.8 Mbps peak UL and another 5
networks support 11.5 Mbps peak

 Device peak data rates (excl. notebooks, e-book readers)

 2,221 (out of 2922) devices support 3.6 Mbps peak or higher
 1,435 devices support 7.2 Mbps peak or higher
 Operating band
 27 commercial UMTS900 operators launched in 20 countries (i.e. HSPA
launched in the 900 MHz band; some have launched HSPA+)
 2,183 HSPA devices (90%) operate in 2100 MHz band
 817 tri-band HSPA devices 850/1900/2100 MHz
 Source: Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) surveys
One Song
Whole Album
DVD-Movie
HD-Movie
Source: Ficora ”Telecommunication Markets in the Nordic Countries”

Unit Magnitude
Exabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Petabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000
Almost 10- fold

Terabyte 1,000,000,000,000
when compared
Gigabyte 1,000,000,000
t year 2010
to
Megabyte 1,000,000
Kilobyte 1,000
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

(WCDMA)
Contents
 Codes
 UMTS Architecture
 Power Control
 Handovers

Codes in WCDMA (1/4)
 Channelization Codes (=short codes)

 Defines how many chips are used to spread a single information bit
and thus determines the end bit rate
 Length is referred as spreading factor
 Used for:
 Downlink:
o Separation
Sepa a o of o downlink
do connections
o e o s to o different
d e e users
use s within one
o e
cell
 Uplink: Separation of data and control channels from same terminal
 Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles
 additional scrambling code is needed
 Scrambling codes (=long codes)

 Very long (38400 chips), many codes available
 Does not spread the signal
 Used for
 Downlink: to separate different cells/sectors
 Uplink: to separate different mobiles
 The correlation between two codes (two mobiles/NodeBs) is low

Channelization
Channelization
codes separate
codes separate
data/control
different
channels
connections
Scrambling Scrambling codes

codes separate separate different
cells/sectors mobiles
Downlink Uplink

Symbol_rate = Bit_rate = Control overhead User_bit_rate =
Chip_rate/SF Symbol_rate*2 Channel_bit_rate/2
Spreading Channel Channel DPDCH Maximum user

Factor (SF) symbol bit rate channel bit data rate with ½-
rate (kbps) rate range rate coding
(kbps) (kbps) (approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps
Half rate speech
256 15 30 12–24
12 24 66–12
12 kbps
128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps Full rate speech
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps 144 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps 384 kbps
4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3 2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
parallel
codes
Questions
 To what purpose channelization codes are used in the downlink?

 To what purpose scrambling codes are used in the uplink?
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

Architecture (1/3)
Uu interface
Iub interface
 New Radio Access network
needed mainly due to new RNC
radio access technology
CN
 Core Network (CN) is UE NodeB
based on GSM/GPRS
 Radio Network Controller NodeB

(RNC) corresponds roughly UE
to the Base Station

Iur interface
Controller (BSC) in GSM
RNC
NodeB
 Node B corresponds
roughly to the Base Station UTRAN
in GSM

Architecture (2/3)
 RNC
 Owns and controls the radio resources in its domain
 Radio resource management (RRM) tasks include e.g. the following
 Mapping of QoS Parameters into the air interface
 Air interface scheduling
 Handover control
 Outer loop power control
 Admission Control
 Initial power and SIR setting
 Radio resource reservation
 Code allocation
 Load Control

Architecture (3/3)
 Node B
 Main function to convert the data flow between Uu and Iub
interfaces
 Some RRM tasks:
 Measurements
e oop po
 Innerloop power
e control
o o
Questions
 Name three main elements in the UMTS architecture

 What would be the responsibility of UEs

Power Control in WCDMA (1/4)
 The purpose of power control (PC) is to

ensure that each user receives and
transmits just enough energy to prevent:
 Blocking of distant users (near-far-effect)
Without PC received
 Exceeding reasonable interference levels
UE1 UE2 power levels would
be unequal
UE3
UE1
UE3 In theory with PC
UE1 UE2 UE3 received power levels
UE2
would be equal
 Power control can be divided into two parts:

 Open loop power control (slow power control)
 Used to compensate e.g. free-space loss in the beginning of the call
 Based on distance attenuation estimation from the downlink pilot signal
 Closed loop power control (fast power control)
 Used to eliminate the effect of fast fading
 Applied 1500 times per second
 Closed loop power control can also be divided into two parts:
 Innerloop power control
 Measures the signal levels and compares this to the target value and if
the value is higher than target then power is lowered otherwise power is
increased
 Outerloop power control
 Adjusts the target value for innerloop power control
 Can be used to control e.g. the Quality of Service (QoS)

 Example of inner loop

power control behavior:
 With higher velocities

channel fading is more
rapid and 1500 Hz power
control may not be
sufficient
WCDMA Handovers (1/7)
 WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different types

which support different handover modes
 Intra-frequency handover
 WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system. Soft, softer
and hard handover supported
 Inter-frequency
q y handover
 Handover between different frequencies but within the same system.
Only hard handover supported
 Inter-system handover
 Handover to the another system, e.g. from WCDMA to GSM. Only hard
handover supported
 Soft handover
 Handover between different
base stations
 Connected simultaneously to
multiple base stations
 The transition between
them should be seamless
 Downlink: Several Node Bs
transmit the same signal to BS 1
UE1 BS 2
the UE which combines the
transmissions
 Uplink: Several Node Bs
receive the UE
transmissions and it is
required that only one of
them receives the
transmission correctly

 Softer handover
 Handover within the
coverage area of one base
station but between
different sectors
 Procedure similar to soft
handover BS 1
UE1 BS 2
 Hard handover
 The source is released first and then new one is added
 Short interruption time
 Terminology
 Active set (AS), represents the number of links that UE is connected
to
 Neighbor set (NS), represents the links that UE monitors which are
not already in active set
 Handover parameters
 Add window
 Represents a value of how much worse a new signal can be compared to
the best one in the current active set in order to be added into the set
 Adding link to combining set can be done only if maximum number of
links is not full yet (defined with parameter).
 Moreover a new link is added to the active set only if the difference
between the best and the new is still at least as good after the ‘add timer’
is expired. Timer is started when the signal first reaches the desired
level.
 Drop window
 Represents a value of how much poorer the worst signal can be when
compared to the best one in the active set before it is dropped out
 Similarly to adding, signal which is to be dropped needs to fulfill the drop
condition after the corresponding drop timer is expired.

 Replace window
 Represents a value for how much better a new signal has to be compared
to the poorest one in the current active set in order to replace its place
 Replace event takes place only if active set is full as otherwise add event
would be applied
 Similarly to add and drop events, also with replace event there exist a
replace timer
 Exercises:
 Replace ‘Threshold_1’, ‘Triggering time_1’, etc with correct handover
parameter names.
 Which event is missing from the example?
Triggering time_1 Triggering time_2

BS1
Received
signal Threshold_1
Threshold_2
strength
BS2
BS3 BS1 dropped from the AS
BS2 from the NS reaches BS1 from the AS reaches

the threshold to be added the threshold to be
to the AS dropped from the AS
Questions
 To which parts can the fast i.e. closed loop power control be
dived into?
 To how many base stations UE is connected to when it makes a
hard handover?

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

(MBMS) – Background
 Before MBMS broadcast and multicast transmissions were dealt
with using somewhat inefficient techniques
 Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)
 Only message-based services with low bit rates
 IP Multicast Service (IP-MS)
 No capability to use shared radio or core network resources
 Nowadays clear need for efficient group transmission method

 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
 Digital Video Broadcast - Handheld (DVB-H) / Digital Multimedia
Broadcasting (DMB)
MBMS – Introduction (1/3)
 Allows different forms of multimedia content to be delivered

efficiently by using either broadcast or multicast mode
 Mobile TV, weather reports, local information, …
 The term broadcast refers to the ability to deliver content to all
users who have enabled a specific broadcast service and find
themselves in a broadcast area
 Multicast refers to services that are delivered solely to users who
have joined a particular multicast group. Multicast group can be, for
example, a number of users that are interested in a certain kind of
content, such as sports

 More efficient use of network resources and capacity for

delivering identical multimedia content to several recipients in
the same radio cell
 Built on top of the existing 3G network
 All MBMS services can be provided with cellular point-to-point

(p-t-p) or with point-to-multipoint (p-t-m) connections
 Optimizing the usage of radio resources
 Users receives the data with fixed bit rate

 e.g. 64, 128 or 256 kbps
MBMS has so called counting

methods to indicate when the
transition from p-t-p to p-t-m mode is
reasonable
p-t-p p-t-m
MBMS – Quality of Service (1/4)
 Lack of uplink traffic with MBMS leads to not having

 Feedback information available
 Individual retransmissions
 In order to improve the reliability of MBMS transmissions

periodic
i di repetitions
titi off MBMS content
t t can be
b used d
 Repetitions are not precluded by the lack of uplink traffic because
the service provider can transmit them without feedback from the
UE
 Periodical repetitions are done on RLC level with identical RLC
sequence numbers and Protocol Data Unit (PDU) content

MBMS – Quality of Service (2/4)
 As data loss is required to be minimal also during cell change,

there has been made effort to achieve this e.g. by using soft and
selective combining
 MBMS is most likely to be available through large parts of the
network thus macro diversity combining i.e. combining the
information coming
g from different NodeBs could be utilized
 Moreover, also antenna diversity techniques can be considered

as an option to improve the reliability
 Multiple transmit (Tx) and/or receive (Rx) antennas

(MBMS) – Quality of Service (3/4)

(MBMS) – Quality of Service (4/4)

MBMS performance in WCDMA networks
Cell throughput with 2-
antenna terminal and soft
combining 1500-2500 kbps =
12-20 x 128 kbps TV
channels
Cell throughput with 1-antenna

1 antenna
terminal and soft combining
600-1000 kbps = 5-8 x 128 kbps
TV channels
Questions
 What does multicast mean?

 How the lack of uplink transmissions with MBMS can be
compensated so that the QoS is improved?
WCDMA Conclusion

Conclusion (1/4)
 Need for universal standard and improved packet data

capabilities were among the key factors towards a new radio
network interface, Wideband Code Division Access (WCDMA)
 3GPP is currently the main standardization body in charge of

WCDMA and its evolutions
 Market share for WCDMA is growing rapidly

 More than 650 million subscribers (incl. HSPA)
 Fueled by various services (facebook, twitter, youtube, etc.)
Conclusion (2/4)
 Codes in WCDMA
 Channelization Codes
 Spreads the information signal
 Separates of downlink connections (DL) or data and control channels
from same terminal (UL)
 Scrambling codes
 Does not spread the signal
 Separates different cells/sectors (DL) or different mobiles (UL)
 UTRAN
 Needed mainly due to new radio access technology
 Node B responsible of handling connections to and from the UE
 RNC responsible of radio resource management
Conclusion (3/4)
 Fast power control (PC)

 To ensure that each user receives and transmits with just enough
energy
 Open loop PC for the connection setup and fast closed loop PC for
the actual connection
 WCDMA Handovers
 Intra-, interfrequency and intersystem handovers
 Soft(er) handover for seamless hand-off
 Hard handovers with small interruption time when HO is made

Conclusion (4/4)
 MBMS was introduced to more efficient utilization of limited radio

network resources with multimedia content provision
 Improved even further with macro diversity combining and diversity
techniques
HSPA evolutions
Contents
 Introduction
 HSDPA
 HSUPA
 Continuous Packet Connectivity
 I-HSPA
 Conclusion
© 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd

Introduction
High Speed Packet Access (1/3)
 There were number of pushing forces to improve the packet data

capabilities of WCDMA even further, e.g.
 Growing interest towards rich multimedia content in the wireless domain
 Competitive technologies such as WIMAX
 High
g Speed
p Packet Access ((HSPA)) evolution introduced first downlink
counterpart of the evolution called High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) in Release 5
 Uplink evolution followed later in Release 6 by the name of High Speed

Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
 HSPA was originally designed for non-real time traffic with high
transmission rate requirements
 HSPA features/properties include e.g.

 Higher order modulation and coding
 Higher throughput and peak data rates
 In theory up to 11.4 Mbps in the uplink and 28 Mbps in the downlink
without Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO) in Release 7
system
 Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO)
 Roughly speaking equals to additional transmitter and receiver antennas
 Enables simulaneous spatially separated data streams -> multiplied data
rates!
 2x2 DL MIMO in Release 7 doubles the theoretical data rate to 56 Mbps
 Fast scheduling in the Node B
 Possibility to take advantage of channel conditions with lower latency

 Link adaptation in downlink

 Possibility to adjust the used modulation and coding scheme in order to be
appropriate for current radio channel conditions
 Improved retransmission capabilities
 Newly introduced layer one retransmissions called as Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request (HARQ) => reduced delay
 Radio Link Control (RLC) level retransmissions still possible
 Shorter frame sizes and thus Transmission Time Intervals (TTI)
 With HSDPA 2ms and with HSUPA 10ms and 2ms
 Multicarrier HSPA (Rel. 8-10)
 Two or more 5 Mhz carriers in use simultaneously
Timeline
First major Japan launched Commercial
Commercial Commercial
milestone by first commercial HSDPA
networks in HSUPA
3GPP Rel’99 3G networks
Europe networks
network
1999 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Standard R99 Rel-4 Rel-5 Rel-6 Rel-7 Rel-8 Rel-9 Rel-10
WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA Evolutions (HSPA+)

Technique
Naming 3.75G
3.5G
3G LTE LTE-Advanced 4G
Questions
 Why were the packet data capabilities of WCDMA improved even

further?
 For what kind of services was HSPA originally designed?

High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA)
Contents
 Introduction to HSDPA
 Link Adaptation
 Fast Retransmissions
 Downlink Scheduling
 HSDPA Mobility
Introduction to HSDPA
 HSDPA Improvements for packet data performance both in terms

of capacity and practical bit rates are based on
 The use of link adaptation,
 Higher order modulation,
 Fast scheduling,
 Shorter frame size (or transmission time interval),
interval) and
 Physical layer retransmission
 HSDPA operates on top of Rel’99 and is not a stand alone system
 HSDPA does not support Rel’99 features like fast power control
or soft handover

Link Adaptation (1/3)
 UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI

messages (Channel Quality Indicator)
 Adaptive modulation and higher order modulation (16/64QAM)

with HSDPA
16
ous EsNo [dB]
14
12
10
8
6
Instantaneo
4
2 Link
0
-2 adaptation
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time [number of TTIs] adjusts the
16QAM3/4
mode within
16QAM2/4
few ms based
QPSK3/4
on CQI
QPSK2/4
QPSK1/4
 Link adaptation is not used in uplink, though

 More complex modulation schemes require more energy per bit to
be transmitted than simply going for transmission with multiple
parallel code channels, thus HSUPA benefits more from using
multiple codes as PC keeps the signal levels quite good anyway

Fast Retransmissions (1/3)
Rel ‘99 HSPA
RNC
Retransmisson Packet
Packet
NodeB
RLC ACK/NACK
Retransmisson
UE Layer 1
ACK/NACK
 Radio Link Control (RLC) layer ACK/NACKs also possible with HSPA
UE NodeB RNC
U
User d
data
t
(Re)transmission
RLC
RLC (N)ACK
MAC-d
MAC-hs
(Re)transmission
Layer1
HARQ (N)ACK
 Layer 1 signaling indicates the need of retransmission which leads to

much faster round trip time that with Rel ‘99
 Retransmission procedure with layer 1 retransmissions (HARQ) is done

so that decoder does not get rid of the received symbols if the
transmission fails but combines them with new transmissions
 Retransmissions can operate in two ways:

 Identical retransmissions (soft/chase combining)
 Non-identical retransmissions (incremental redundancy)

Questions
 What is CQI?
 What does link adaptation do?
 Which entity initiates RLC re-transmissions?
 Which entity initiates HARQ re-transmissions?
Downlink scheduling (1/5)
 NodeB has certain amount of users connected to it and it needs

to schedule the different users for transmission in different
fractions of time (Transmission Time Intervals)
 Certain fairness for scheduling time for each user should be
maintained
 Resources should be utilized in optimal manner
 There exists different ways that users can be scheduled in

downlink, e.g.
 Round Robin
 Proportional Fair
 Round Robin (RR)

 Simplest scheduling algorithms
 Assigns users in order i.e. handling all users without priority
 Positive sides
 Easy to implement
 Each user gets served equally
 Negative sides
 No channel conditions are taken into account and thus resources might
be wasted

 Proportional Fair (PF)

 Compromise-based scheduling algorithm
 Based upon maintaining a balance between two competing interests
 Maximize network throughput i.e. users are served in good channel
conditions
 Allowing all users at least a minimal level of service
 PF is assigning each user a scheduling priority that is inversely

proportional to its anticipated resource consumption
 High resource consumption => low priority
 In general priority metric for certain user can be defined as follows
d
priority  ,
r
 where instantaneous data rate, d, is obtained by consulting the link adaptation
algorithm and average throughput, r, of the user is defined and/or updated as
follows
(1  a ) * rold  a * d , if user is served

r ,
 (1  a ) * rold , otherwise
1
 where a is so called forgetting factor. Hence, a equals the equivalent averaging
period in a number of TTIs for the exponential smoothing filter

Mobility with HSDPA (1/4)
 Handovers are roughly tradeoff between two issues

 When channel conditions are getting worse, handover to better cell
should be made so that packets won’t get lost due to poor channel
conditions
 However, each time when the (inter-site) handover is made,
transmission buffers in the Node B are flushed resulting to additional
delays from RLC level retransmission or disruption of service
 When regarding HSDPA, the user can be connected only to one

serving HSDPA Node B at the time
 Leading to hard handover when the handover between HSDPA Node
Bs is required in contrary to DCH soft handover
 Even though there is only one serving HSDPA cell, the associated
Rel’99 channels can be in soft(er) handover and maintain the
active set as in Rel’99
Node B,
Serving HSDPA
DCH
DCH Node B,
Part of DCH active set
HS-SCCH
UE
DCH/HSDPA
DCH
 HSDPA handover procedure includes following steps

 Serving cell change procedure is initiated when a link in (Rel’99)
active set becomes higher in strength and stays stronger for certain
period of time, referred as time-to-trigger
 If the condition mentioned above is met then the measurement
report is sent from the UE to the Node B, which forwards it to the
RNC
 If e.g. the admission control requirements are met the RNC can then
give the consent for the UE to make the handover by sending so
called Signaling Radio Bearer (SRB) (re)configuration message

 In the case of intra Node B handover, the HARQ processes

(transmissions) and Node B buffers can be maintained and thus
there is only minimal interruption in data flow
 However, with inter Node B handover i.e. between Node Bs, the
Node B packet buffers are flushed including all unfinished HARQ
processes which are belonging to the UE that is handed off
Questions
 How does Round Robin allocate resources for the users?

 How intra- and inter-Node B handovers differ from each other?
High Speed Uplink Packet Access

(HSUPA)

Contents
 Introduction to HSUPA
 Multicodes with HSUPA
 Uplink Scheduling
 HSUPA Mobility
Introduction to HSUPA (1/2)
 Roughly three years later when HSDPA was introduced uplink

counterpart of the high speed packet access evolution was
introduced in Release 6
 In 3GPP original name was not HSUPA but Enhanced Dedicated
Channel (E-DCH)
 The obvious choices for uplink evolution was to investigate the
techniques used for HSDPA and, if possible, adopt them for the
uplink as well
 Improvements in HSUPA when compared to Rel’99

 Layer 1 Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) i.e. fast retransmissions
 Node B based scheduling
Introduction to HSUPA (2/2)
 Easier multicode transmissions

 Shorter frame size, 10ms mandatory for all HSUPA capable devices
and 2 ms as optional feature
 Higher order modulation (Release 7)
 HSUPA is not a standalone feature

feature, but requires many of the
basic features of the WCDMA Rel’99
 Cell selection and synchronization,
 random access,
 basic power control loop functions,
 basic mobility procedures (soft handover), etc.

Multicodes with HSUPA
 Even though Rel’99 supports in theory multicode transmissions

in practice only HSUPA can support multicode transmissions and
thus higher bitrates
 In theory Rel’99 can use 6xSF4
 HSUPA can in practice support 2xSF2 + 2xSF4
 The reason why Rel’99 does not support multicodes is that the
scheduling is controlled by RNC and thus rather slowly
controllable
 Potentially wasted resources due to changing channel conditions and
slow adjustment
 Also, the lack of HARQ with Rel’99 means lower packet error target
for the system and thus higher resources for UE
Questions
 What new features on top of multicodes and shorter frame sizes

do HSUPA offer?
 Is DCH part of the HSUPA?
 Why does not DCH support multicodes in practice?
Uplink scheduling (1/5)
 With HSDPA all the cell power can be directed to a single user for
a short period of time
 Very high peak data rates achievable for certain UE and all the
others can be left with a zero data rate
 However, in the next time instant another UE can be served and so
on
 With HSUPA HSDPA type of scheduling is not possible

 HSUPA is a many-to-one scheduling
 The uplink transmission power resources are divided to separate
devices (UEs) which can be used only for their purposes and not
shared as with HSDPA

 The shared resource of the uplink is the uplink noise rise(*), or the
total received power seen in the Node B receiver
 Typically, one UE is unable to consume that resource alone completely
and it is very beneficial for the scheduler to know at each time instant
how much of that resource each UE will consume and to try to maintain
the interference level experienced close to the maximum
(*)ratio between the total power received from all of the UEs at the base station and the thermal noise
 Two different scheduling schemes are defined for HSUPA traffic

 Scheduled transmissions controlled by Node B which might not
guarantee high enough minimum bit rate. In addition each request
requires time consuming signaling
 Non-scheduled transmissions (NST) controlled by radio network
controller (RNC) which defines a minimum data rate at which the UE
can transmit without any previous request. This reduces signaling
overhead and consequently processing delays
 Scheduled transmissions
 The scheduler measures the noise level and decides whether
 Additional traffic can be allocated
 Should some users have smaller data rates
 The scheduler also monitors the uplink feedback
 Transmitted on EE-DPCCH
DPCCH in every TTI
 Referred to as happy bits
 Tells which users could transmit at a higher data rate both from the
buffer status and the transmission power availability point of view

 Depending on possible user priorities given from the RNC, the

scheduler chooses a particular user or users for data rate
adjustment
 The respective relative or absolute rate commands are then send on the
E-RGCH or E-AGCH
 UE in soft handover receives only relative hold/down commands
f
from other
th than
th serving
i HSUPA N Node
d B
Questions
 What is the shared resource in the uplink if power is in the

downlink?
 What kind of scheduling possibilities HSUPA offer?
Mobility in HSUPA (1/2)
 HSUPA supports the soft(er) handover procedure similar to

WCDMA Rel’99
 The HARQ operation in HSUPA soft handover situation is done in

following manner
 If any Node
N d B iin the
th active
ti sett sends
d an ACK,
ACK then
th the
th information
i f ti
given to the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer is that an ACK has
been received and the MAC layer will consider the transmission
successful

Mobility in HSUPA (2/2)
Packet
reordering RNC
Correctly
NodeB
received
Layer 1 packet
ACK/NACK Data
NodeB
UE
Layer 1
ACK/NACK
Questions
 Which logical entity handles packet reordering and initiates RLC

retransmissions if necessary
 If UE is in a two-way soft handover how does the HARQ operate?
Continuous Packet Connectivity

(CPC)

Contents
 Introduction CPC
 UL discontinuous transmission
 DL discontinuous reception
 HS-SCCH less
 Performance example
Introduction to CPC (1/2)
 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) was released in Release 7
 Designed to improve the performance of delay critical small bit

rate services like VoIP
 Eliminates the need for continuous transmission and reception

when data is not exchanged. Can be categorized into three
feature
 UL discontinuous transmission
 DL discontinuous reception
 HS-SCCH less for HSDPA VoIP
Introduction to CPC (2/2)
 Benefits
 Connected inactive HSPA users need less resources and create less
interference => more users can be connected
 UE power savings => increased talk time (VoIP)
 UTRAN resources are saved

UL discontinuous transmission (1/2)
 Before 3GPP Rel’7, DPCCH was defined to be transmitted continuously

regardless is actual user data or not
 Highly loading the cell
 Draining the UE battery
 An ideal solution would be to keepp the UE silent during

g the p
periods that
it is not transmitting any data and activate the control channels just for
the transmissions periods
 However, that could compromise, e.g., the fast power control which would be
then updated only during the times when the data is exchanged
 Thus, in Rel’7 more elaborate solution for UL DTX was formalized

 Various cycles and timers quarantee non-compromising discontinuous
transmisson
UL discontinuous transmission (2/2)
DL discontinuous reception (1/2)
 In DL, Discontinuous Reception (DRx) cycles allow an idle UE to

power off the radio receiver for a predefined period so that
 DL scheduling is still possible
 UE is able to shut-off the receiver circuitry over some periods of
time to yield a non 100 % receiver duty cycle
 Minimum monitoring/measurement possibilities to keep up with
changes in UE’s active set due to mobility
 When UE wakes up from inactivity

 It listens predefined time for incoming transmissions
 If it successfully decodes a new transmission during that time it
starts timer for staying active certain period of time

DL discontinuous reception (2/2)
HS-SCCH less
 HS-SCCH-less HSDPA operation in downlink

 Initial transmission of small, periodic packets, such as VoIP packets,
can be sent without High Speed Secondary Control Channel (HS-
SCCH)
 Eliminates the control channel overhead from small packets sent
over HSDPA
 Retransmissions are sent with HS-SCCH pointing to the initial
transmission
VoIP performance with and without CPC
 In general major performance enhancements visible if circuit switched voice over

WCDMA and VoIP over HSPA Rel 7 is compared
 With Rel 99 CS voice capacity 60-70 users/cell
 With Rel 7 VoIP capacity goes beyond 120 users/cell
H. Holma, M. Kuusela, E. Malkamäki, K. Ranta-aho, C. Tao:

“VoIP over HSPA with 3GPP Release 7”, PIMRC, 2006.

Questions
 Name one benefit for the UE and one benefit for the network that
UL DTX brings along with it
 What kind of constraints there are for configuring a DRX cycle?
Internet HSPA
(I-HSPA)
I-HSPA (1/3)
 Internet-HSPA (I-HSPA) aims to provide competitive mobile

internet access with much more simpler network architecture
than it is in normal WCDMA/HSPA systems
 Deployable with existing WCDMA base stations
 Utilizes standard 3GPP terminals
 Simplified architecture brings many benefits such as

 Cost-efficient broadband wireless access
 Improves the delay performance
 Transmission savings
 Enables flat rating for the end user
 Works anywhere (compared to WLAN or WIMAX)

I-HSPA (2/3)
NodeB /
E-NodeB SGSN
RNC GGSN
UE
Internet /
Intranet
I-HSPA
I-HSPA (3/3)
Release 99
~200 ms Round trip time of 32-Byte packet
200
180 HSDPA
<100 ms
160 Internet
140 HSUPA Iu + core
~50 ms RNC
120
Iub
100 I-HSPA Node B
80 ~25 ms
AI
60 UE
40
20
0
Today HSDPA HSDPA+HSUPA I-HSDPA+
I-HSUPA
Questions
 Name at least one difference between normal HSPA and I-HSPA

architectures
 Name at least two benefits of the simplified architecture in I-
HSPA

HSPA Conclusion
Conclusions (1/2)
 High Speed Packet Access evolution for WCDMA was introduced in

Release 5 and 6 for downlink and uplink, respectively
 HSPA offers much higher peak data rates, reaching in theory up to 56

Mbps in the downlink and 11.4 Mbps in the uplink (Release 7), in
addition to reduced delays
 Key technologies with HSPA are

 Fast Layer 1 retransmissions i.e. HARQ
 Node B scheduling
 Shorter frame size (2ms in DL and 2/10ms UL)
 Higher order modulation and coding along with link adaptation in downlink
 Support for multicodes in the uplink
 In later releases MIMO & multi-carrier
Conclusions (2/2)
 HSPA improves also the performance of delay critical low bit rate
services, like VoIP, even though it was not originally designed for
that
 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) enhancements introduced

in Release 7 improve performance of delay critical low bit rate
services even more
 I-HSPA was introduced to provide competitive internet access

solution
 High data rates with low delay
 Reduced costs => flat rate could be possible

HSPA vs DCH (basic WCDMA)
Feature DCH HSUPA HSDPA
Variable spreading factor Yes Yes No
Multicode transmission Yes Yes Yes

(No in practice)
Fast power control Yes Yes No
Soft handover Yes Yes No

(associated DCH only)
Adaptive modulation No No Yes
BTS based scheduling No Yes Yes
Fast L1 HARQ No Yes Yes
HSPA Peak Data Rates

Downlink HSDPA Uplink HSUPA
 Theoretical up to 56 Mbps  Theoretical up to 11.4 Mbps
 Initial capability 1.8 – 3.6 Mbps  Initial capability 1.46 Mbps
Max Max
# of codes Modulation # of codes TTI
data rate data rate
5 codes QPSK 1.8 Mbps 2 mss
2 x SF4 1 46 Mbps
1.46
10 ms
5 codes 16-QAM 3.6 Mbps 2 x SF2 10 ms 2.0 Mbps
10 codes 16-QAM 7.2 Mbps 2 x SF2 2 ms 2.9 Mbps
15 codes 16-QAM 14.4 Mbps 2 x SF2 +

2 ms 5.76 Mbps
2 x SF4
15 codes 64-QAM 56 Mbps 2 x SF2 +
2 ms 11.4 Mbps
Rel 7 2 x SF4
MIMO + Rel 7
64QAM 16QAM
Th k you!!
Thank

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WCDMA/HSPA basics for UMTS

 Effort has been put to make material as correct as possible,

 Use/reproduction of this material is forbidden without a

2 © 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd

Trainer and Company Introduction

3 3 © 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd

4 © 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd

Magister Solutions (1/2)

 Strong background in wireless network research

 Research and Development Partner

5 © 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd

Magister Solutions (2/2)

 Special areas of interest

6 © 2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

7 © 2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Magister Solutions – Case Tokyo (2/3)

 Simulation based approach was

 Digital network planning data

8 © 2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Magister Solutions – Case Tokyo (3/3)

0.5 month 2 months 0.5 month

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1010 © 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd

11 © 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd

Motivation and Goals

 Main things to learn

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 Network planning oriented

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WCDMA Technology Overview

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Why new radio access system for UMTS (1/2)

 Need for universal standard

 Support for packet data services

 New services in mobile multimedia need higher data rates and

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 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Code

16 © 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd

WCDMA Systems (1/3)

 Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) means that

Despread narrowband signal, i.e, original data signal

Spread wideband signal which will be sent

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WCDMA Systems (2/3)

after despreading but Received despred signal

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 Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)

 Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time

 WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems

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WCDMA Key Features (1/4)

 Fast power control (PC)

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WCDMA Key Features (2/4)

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 Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver

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WCDMA Key Features (4/4)

 Considerably higher bit rates than with 2G systems

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24 © 2010 Magister Solutions Ltd

 WCDMA was studied in various research programs in the

 WCDMA was chosen as 3G technology in late 1997/early 1998 by