FORMULAE /IDENTITIES OF CLASS X MATHS

I) REAL NUMBERS
1)Euclid’s division lemma :
Given positive integers a and b, there exist whole
numbers q and r satisfying a = bq + r,
0 ≤ r<b.
2 . Euclid’s division algorithm : This is based on Euclid’s
division lemma. According to this, the HCF of any two
positive integers a and b, with a>b, is obtained as follows:
Step 1 :Apply the division lemma to find q and r where
a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r<b.
Step 2 : If r = 0, the HCF is b. If r >0, apply Euclid’s
lemma to b and r.
Step 3 :Continue the process till the remainder
is zero. The divisor at this stage will be HCF (a, b).
Also, HCF(a, b) = HCF(b, r).

3.𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 :

Every composite number can be expressed
(factorized) as a product of primes, and this
factorization is unique, apart from the order in which
the prime factors occur.
1. If p is a prime and p divides a2, then p divides
a, where a is a positive integer.
2. Let x be a rational number whose decimal
expansion terminates. Then we can express x
in the form p/q , where p and q are coprime,
 and the prime factorizations of q is of the form
2n5m, where n, m are non-negative integers.
2.POLYNOMIALS

1. Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic

and cubic polynomials respectively.
2. A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficients is of the form
ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are real numbers with a ≠ 0.
3. The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates
of the points, where the graph of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis.
4. A quadratic polynomial can have at most 2 zeroes and a cubic
polynomial can have at most 3 zeroes.
5. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
−𝑏 𝑐
ax2 + bx + c, then α+β= ; and α× β =
𝑎 𝑎

6. .If α ,β and 𝛾 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial

ax3 + bx2 + cx+d, then
−𝑏 𝑐
α +β+ 𝛾 = , αβ + β 𝛾 + 𝛾 α = ; αβ 𝛾 = - d/a ;
𝑎 𝑎

7. The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x)

and any non-zero polynomial g(x), there are polynomials q(x)
and r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x),

Wr(x) = 0 or degree r(x)<degree g(x).

h 3.PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
e
r1.For word problems the meaning of the following words /phrases are to
eclearly understood by the students.
Numerator, denominator, once place , tens place, interchanged,
Reversed,upstream,downstream,reducedto,reduced
 by,before,ago, after, hence, latter ,at least,atmost etc.
2.If Unit place digit of a number is y and tens place digit is
𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝒚 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑦. If the digits are
reversed the new number is 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝒙 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑥.
3.The general form for a pair of linear equations in two variables x
and y is a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0, where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are all

real numbers and a12 + b12 ≠0, a22 + b22≠ 0.

Graphical Method :

The graph of a pair of linear equations in two variables is

represented by two lines.
(i) If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique
solution of the two equations. In this case, the pair of equations is
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏
consistent. ≠
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
(ii) If the lines coincide, then there are infinitely many solutions —
each point on the line being a solution. In this case, the pair of
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
equations is dependent (consistent). = =
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
(iii) If the lines are parallel, then the pair of equations has no solution.
In this case, the pair of equations is inconsistent.
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
= ≠
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐

CHAPTER 4:- QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

1. A quadratic equation in the variable x is of the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and a≠ 0.
2. A real number 𝛼 is said to be a root of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, if 𝑎 ∝2 + 𝑏 ∝ +𝑐 = 0.
The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c and the
roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the same.
3. If we can factorise ax2 + bx + c, a ≠0, into a product of two
linear factors, then the roots of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be found by equating each factor to zero.
4. A quadratic equation can also be solved by the method of
completing the square.
5. 5. A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
(i) two distinct real roots, if b2 – 4ac> 0,
(ii) two equal real roots (i.e., coincident roots),
if b2 – 4ac = 0,
(iii) no real roots, if b2 – 4ac< 0.
5.ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
1. An arithmetic progression (AP) is a list of numbers in which
each term is obtained by adding a fixed number d to the
preceding term, except the first term. The fixed number d is
called the common difference.
The general form of an AP is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . .
2. A given list of numbers a1, a2, a3, . . . is an AP, if the differences
2 – 1, 3 – 2, a4 – 3, . . ., give the same value, i.e., if k + 1 – k
a a a a a a a

is the same for different values of k.

3. In an AP with first term a and common difference d, the nth
term (or the general term) is given by an= a + (n – 1) d.
𝑛
4. Sum of n terms of an A.P is given by [2a+(n-1)d]
2
 𝒄+𝒂
5. If a,b and c are in AP then b-a=c-b.So, 𝒃 =
𝟐
6. In case the sum of odd number of terms of an AP is given take
…+(a-d)+a+(a+d)+… = Sum (Here common difference is d)
In case of even number of terms take
….+(a-3d)+(a-d)+(a+d)+(a+2d)+….. =Sum(common difference
is 2d)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>0<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<

6.TRIANGLES
1) THALES THEOREM ( BASIC PROPORTIONAL THEOREM)
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides
in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio

2)CONVERSE OF THALES THEOREM

If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the
line is parallel to the third side.

Criteria for Similarity of Triangles

1) AAA
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding
sides are in the same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are
similar.

2) SSS If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional to (i.e., in

the same ratio of ) the sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding
angles are equal and hence the two triangles are similiar.
 3) SAS If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other
triangle and the sides including these angles are proportional, then
the two triangles are similar.
Areas of Similar Triangles
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of
their corresponding sides.

CHAPTER-7-CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

Distance formula

1. The length of a line segment joining A and B is the distance

between two points A (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) and B (𝑥2, 𝑦2 ) is
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + ((𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
2. The distance of a point P(x,y) from the origin is √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Section formula
3. The co-ordinates of the point P(x,y) which divides the line
segment joining the points A (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) and B (𝑥2, 𝑦2 ) internally in
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
the ratio 𝑚1 : 𝑚2 are ( , )
𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑚1 +𝑚2
4. If the ratio in which P divides AB is k:1 then the co-ordinates of
𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑘𝑦2 + 𝑦1
the point P will be ( ,
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
5. The co- ordinate of the point P(x,y) which is the mid-point of the
line segment joining the points A (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) and B (𝑥2, 𝑦2 ) is
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
( , )
2 2
6. The area of the triangle ABC whose vertices are A (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) ,
B (𝑥2, 𝑦2 ) and C(𝑥3, 𝑦3 ) is given by
1
= [𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
2

Area of quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ),𝑩 (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ),𝑪( 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 ),𝑫( 𝒙𝟒 , 𝒚𝟒 ) is
𝟏
=𝟐 ⌈𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟒 − 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟒 ⌉ sq unit
Centroid of triangle ABC with vertices A(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ),𝑩 (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ),𝑪( 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 ) =

𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 +𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒚𝟑

( , )
𝟑 𝟑

8.INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO

In right angle triangle ABC trigonometric ratios are as follows

𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐵𝐶
Sin A = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶

𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐴𝐵

Cosine A = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶

𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐵𝐶

Tangent A = =
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐴𝐵

1 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶
Cosine A = = =
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐵𝐶

1 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶
Secant A = = =
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐴𝐵

1 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐴𝐵

Cotangent A = = =
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐵𝐶

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME SPECIFIC ANGLES

Angle A 00 300 450 600 900

Sin A 1 1 √3 1
0 2 √2 2
Cos A √3 1 1 0
1 √2 2
2
Tan A 1 1 √3 Not
0 √3 define
Cosec A Not 2 √2 2 1
define √3
Sec A 1 2 √2 2 Not
√3 define
Cot A Not √3 1 1 0
define √3
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

Sin (900-A) = Cos A

Cos (900-A)= SinA

Tan (900-A) = Cot A

Cot (900-A) = Tan A

Sec(900-A) = Cosec A

Cosec (900-A)= SecA

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Sin2A + Cos2A =1

Sec2A – Tan2A =1 for 00 ≤ A < 900

Coesc2A – Cot2 A =1 for 00< A≤ 900

CHAPTER-10- CIRCLE
 (a) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
(b) The length of the two tangents from an external point to a circle are equal I.e. PA=PB.

O P

SL.NO NAME FIGURE PERIMETER AREA NOMENCLATURE

1 Circle 2πr or πd πr2 r=radius

r
d=diameter=2r
1
2 Semi-circle πr+2r πr2 r=radius
2

3 Ring(shaded r
π(R2-r2) R=outer radius
region) r= inner radius
RR
4 Sector of a r
πr 2 𝜃 Θ=angle of the
circle l+2r 3600 sector
or r= radius of the
πrθ sector
+ 2r
1800
l= length of the
arc
5 Segment(ACBA) πrθ
+ 2r sin
𝜃 πr2 𝜃 r=radius
O 1800 2 -
of a circle 3600 θ= angle of the
1 2
A B 𝑟 sin 𝜃 related sector
C 2
 CHAPTER-12-AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES

CHAPTER-13-SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES

Mean for Ungrouped Frequency table

Mean is given by

Greek letter ∑ (capital sigma) means summation

Mean for Grouped Frequency table

In these distribution, it is assumed that frequency of each class interval is centered around its
mid-point i.e. class marks

Mean can be calculated using three methods

a) Direct method

This method can be very calculation intensive if the values of f and x are large. We have
big calculations and chance of making mistake is quite high

b) Assumed mean method

Where
a= Assumed mean
di = xi –a

c) Step deviation Method

Where
a= Assumed mean
(𝑥𝑖 –𝑎)
ui =
ℎ
 MODE

where l = lower limit of the modal class,

h = size of the class interval (assuming all class sizes to be equal),

𝑓1 = frequency of the modal class,

𝑓0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class,

𝑓2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.

EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP

MODE= 3 MEDIAN – 2 MEAN

MADIAN

𝑛
−𝑐𝑓
2
Mode = l +[ ]xh
𝑓
Where,
l= lower limit of the median class,
n= number of observations
cf=cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class
f= frequency of the median class
h= size of the class interval (assuming all class sizes to be equal)
 CHAPTER-15-PROBABILITY

1. The theoretical ( classical ) probability of an event , E , P ( E ) ; is defined

as :
Number of outcomes favourable to E
P(E) =
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment
2. ( a ) P ( a sure event ) = 1
( b ) P ( an impossible event ) = 0
3. The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that
0≤P(E)≤1
4. For any event E, P(E) + P(𝐸̅ ) = 1 , where 𝐸̅ stands for ‘ not E ’.
E and 𝐸̅ are called complementary events.