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Harappan society and its neighbors, ca. 2000 B.C.E.

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§Indus valley
samkri
–not desert
–well-watered and heavily forested View my complete profile
§500 miles along the river valley
–10-20 times larger than Mesopotamia or Egypt Chat Box
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Foundations of Harappan Society

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§The Indus River

–Silt-enriched water from mountain ranges
§Major society built by Dravidian peoples, 3000-2500 BCE
–Cultivation of cotton before 5000 BCE, early cultivation of poultry
–Decline after 1900 BCE
§Major cities: Harrapa (Punjab region and Mohenjo-Daro (mouth of Indus River) Blog Archive
–70 smaller sites excavated (total 1,500)

► 2014 (3)
►
► 2013 (10)
►
HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION ► 2012 (1)

►
▼ 2011 (80)
▼
► August (1)
►
vWas discovered for the first time at Mohenjadaro and Harappa
► July (19)
►
vIs one of the modern and ancient civilizations.
vWas discovered in 1922 by Mr. R.D.Banerjee. ► June (18)
►
vIn Sindhi language, ‘Mohenjadaro’ means the ‘Mound of the Dead’. ► May (21)
►
§The Harappan culture existed along the Indus River in what is present day ▼ February (21)
▼
Pakistan.
§It was named after the city of Harappa. Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro The First War of
were important centers of the Indus valley civilization. Indian
Independence of
§This Indus Valley “civilization” flourished around 4000-1000 B.C.
1857
Soils in India
CITY PLANNING Questions on

Physical features
of SAARC nations
Physical features of
South Asia(focus
on India, Pa...
Indus Valley
Civilization
Big bang theory,
Light year, Galaxy
and Nebulae (C...
Climate of
India,Pakistan,
Bangladesh and
Nepal
India's Foreign
Policy
United Nation's
Organization
§very densely populated
§houses: two to three stories Resources of India
§every house is laid out the same Endangered species
of india
§uniform culture over a wide area Comparison of
§cities built on a common plan wheat cultivation
–a grid: always NS and EW axes in India and USA
§with twelve smaller grids Waste Management
–kiln-dried brick Child Labour in
India
Pollution
Major Cities: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa Ozone layer
depletion
Non Renewable
§The cities are well known for their impressive, organized and regular layout. Resources of
§They have well laid our plumbing and drainage system, including indoor toilets. Energy
§Over one thousand other towns and villages also existed in this region. The Chernobyl
disaster
§Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Greenhouse Effect
–surrounded by smaller cities, towns, and villages and Global
§one situated in the north Warming
§one situated in the south Bhopal Gas Tragedy
Rubber cultivation
in malaysia
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
Mohenjo-daro
view of the “Citadel”
SALIENT FEATURES
§There was a separate fortified area and a distinct settlement.

§Two types of roads:-
i. Main roads
ii. smaller streets
MAIN ROADS:-
* 10 metres broad
* started from the main entrance of the fort
* reached the centre of the settlement
STREETS:
§At Mohenjo-Daro narrow streets and alleyways are off

of the major streets, leading into more private
neighborhoods.Many of the brick houses were two
stories high, with thick walls and high ceilings to keep
the rooms cool in the hot summer months
SMALLER STREETS:
* parallel to each other
* Joined main road at right angle
* 2.45 meters in width
TOWN PLANNING OF INDUS CIVILIZATION
HOUSES :
* Made of burnt bricks
* Upper storey
* had kitchen and bedrooms
* had latrine and bathrooms
Double-stair house
Mohenjadoro houses and drains
Mohenjodaro toilets
A bathroom on a private residence
§Private wells were rebuilt over many generations for

large households and neighborhoods.This well in DK G
area at Mohenjo-daro stands like a chimney because all
of the surrounding earth has been removed by
excavation.
A large public well and public bathing platforms were
found in the southern part of Mound AB at Harappa.
§These public bathing areas may also have been used
for washing clothes as is common in many traditional
cities in Pakistan and India today.
Mohenjo-Daro
§This shows the high western mound made up of a massive mud brick platform
and brick houses of the Harappan period ( 2600 to 1900 B. C.).
§Pipes were fixed to facilitate water to reach underground drain.

§Underground drains had manholes provided with lids for the holding
A large drain or sewer
GREAT BATH
§12 meters long

§7 meters broad
§2.5 meters in depth
* Has steps to climb down into

it from both the north and the
south.
Great Bath – large structure whose central sunken area would have been
filled with water
GREAT BATH FLOOR
GRANNARY
§The "granary" of Harappa is found on Mound F.

§It is a brick structure that was built on a massive brick foundation over 45 meters
north-south and 45 meters east-west.
§Two rows of six rooms that appear to be foundations are arranged along a central
passageway that is about 7 meters wide and partly paved with baked bricks. Each
room measures 15.2 by 6.1 meters and has three sleeper walls with air space
between them.
Warehouses to store grains were found at Harappa, Mohenjadaro and Lethal.
Store house at Harappa
GRANNARY AND WELL
ECONOMY- AGRICULTURE
§The Mesopotamian model of irrigated agriculture was used to take advantage of

the fertile grounds along the Indus River.
§Earthen walls were built to control the river's annual flooding.
§This civilization was the first to cultivate cotton for the production of cloth.
Several animals were domesticated including the elephant which was used for its
ivory.
ECONOMY (AGRICULTURE)
§The Mesopotamian model of irrigated agriculture was used to take advantage

of the fertile grounds along the Indus River.
§Earthen walls were built to control the river's annual flooding.
§This civilization was the first to cultivate cotton for the production of cloth.
Several animals were domesticated including the elephant which was used for
its ivory.
ECONOMY
§The Harappan civilization was mainly urban and mercantile.

§Inhabitants of the Indus valley traded with Mesopotamia, southern India,
Afghanistan, and Persia for gold, silver, copper.
§Cubical weights in graduated sizes.
§These weights conform to the standard Harappan binary weight system that
was used in all of the settlements.
§The smallest weight in this series is 0.856 grams and the most common weight
is approximately 13.7 grams, which is in the 16th ratio. These weights were
found in recent excavations at Harappa and may have been used for controlling
trade and possibly for collecting taxes.
TRADE
§with lower Mesopotamia

§but gradually declined
The central ornament worn on the forehead of the famous "priest-king" sculpture from Mohenjo-daro appears to represent an eye bead,
.
possibly made of gold with steatite inlay in the center
gold disc
SOCIAL LIFE
§Wore cotton and woolen clothes

§Dyed their clothes
§Did embroidery works
§Women used cosmetics
§Used fashionable hair-die, jeweler of gold, silver, bronze
Art of bronze making was well known to them.
Soapstone statue of man, covering his body by printed cloth
which passes on his shoulder & below his right armpit
* a bronze figure of a dancing girl is highly prized piece of art.

Bronze dancing girl
ORNAMENTS
§This collection of gold and agate ornaments (see next slide) includes objects
found at both Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.
§At the top are fillets of hammered gold that would have been worn around the
forehead.
§The other ornaments include bangles, chokers, long pendant necklaces, rings,
earrings, conical hair ornaments, and broaches.
§These ornaments were never buried with the dead, but were passed on from
one generation to the next.
§These ornaments were hidden under the floors in the homes of wealthy
merchants or goldsmiths.
Wore ear-rings, necklaces, bangles, girdles and bracelets
Indus gold ornaments
Mohenjadaro necklace
NECKLACE
§Necklace from Mohenjo-Daro made from gold, agate,

jasper, steatite and green stone.
§The gold beads are hollow and the pendant agate and
jasper beads are attached with thick gold wire.
§Steatite beads with gold caps serve to separate each of the
pendant beads.
TRADE
* large number of steatite seals , plates, pots, earthen dolls and gold were found.
Moulded terra-cotta
Man killing bear with spear
Clay Seals
Silver Seal
"unicorn" seal + writing
Seals with many animals like the Brahmin bull, tiger, elephant, unicorns were
found.
Indus moulded tablet terra-cotta
Harappan tablets
More seals
Gharial eating fish on molded terra-cotta tablet from Mohenjo Daro.
Seated “yogi” : early Shiva?
UNICORN
§This unicorn seal was also discovered

during the late 1927-31 excavations at
Mohenjo-Daro.
§One theory holds that the bull actually has
two horns, but that these have been stylized
to one because of the complexity of
depicting three dimensions.
§However the manufacturing and design
process behind seals was so sophisticated
that the depiction of three dimensions might
not necessarily have been a problem.
COPPER
COPPER PLATE WITH VERTICAL SIDES
PAINTED BURIAL POTS OF INDUS
INDUS POTS
CERAMICS
ELEPHANTS
ARTIFACTS
§These egg shaped whistles may have been used for music, a tradition that is still
present in rural areas of Pakistan and India.
CLAY SCULPTURE
Figurines
§Inside the city is an area that has been identified as a crafts quarter.
§Large quantities of manufacturing debris have been found in this area indicating
the presence of workshops for making stone beads, shell ornaments, glazed
faience ornaments, stone tools and possibly even gold working.
Workshop for making beads, shell ornaments
- Harappa mound
BURIAL
§The body was placed inside a wooden coffin (which later decayed) and entombed
in a rectangular pit surrounded with burial offerings in pottery vessels.
§The man was buried wearing a necklace of 340 graduated steatite beads and
three separate pendant beads made of natural stone and three gold beads. A
single copper bead was found at his waist.
They buried the dead. Items of daily use of the deceased were also deposited in
the tomb.
§This burial was disturbed in antiquity, possibly by ancient Harappan grave
robbers.
§Besides the fact that the body is flipped and the pottery disturbed, the left arm of
the woman is broken and shell bangles that would normally be found on the left
arm are missing.
§The infant was buried in a small pit beneath the legs of the mother.
Burial of woman and infant at Harappa
LANGUAGE
§The Indus (or Harappan) people used a pictographic script.
§Some 3500 specimens of this script survive in stamp seals carved in stone, in
molded terracotta and faience amulets, in fragments of pottery, and in a few other
categories of inscribed objects.
§In addition to the pictographic signs, the seals and amulets often contain
iconographic motifs, mostly realistic pictures of animals apparently worshipped as
sacred, and a few cultic scenes, including anthropomorphic deities and
worshippers.
§This material is important to the investigation of the Harappan language and
religion, which continue to be major issues.
THE ORIGINS OF INDUS WRITINGS
§The origins of Indus writing can now be traced to the Ravi Phase (c. 3300-2800
BC) at Harappa.
§Some inscriptions were made on the bottom of the pottery before firing.
§This inscription (c. 3300 BC) appears to be three plant symbols.
ANCIENT INDUS
DECLINE
§Floods
§Earthquake
§Destroyed by Aryan invasion
§Increase in population & livestock – exhausted the natural resources.
§Soil erosion due to large scale brick-manufacture.
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7/11/2019 Icse Resource Provider: Indus Valley Civilization

More Create Blog Sign In

Feb 10, 2011

Please like my page

Be the first of your friends

Old World Civilizations

Harappan society and its neighbors, ca. 2000 B.C.E.

Foundations of Harappan Society

§The Indus River

–70 smaller sites excavated (total 1,500)

HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION ► 2012 (1)

CITY PLANNING Questions on

view of the “Citadel”

§There was a separate fortified area and a distinct settlement.

ii. smaller streets

§At Mohenjo-Daro narrow streets and alleyways are off

TOWN PLANNING OF INDUS CIVILIZATION

* Made of burnt bricks

* had kitchen and bedrooms

* had latrine and bathrooms

Mohenjadoro houses and drains

A bathroom on a private residence

§Private wells were rebuilt over many generations for

§Pipes were fixed to facilitate water to reach underground drain.

A large drain or sewer

§12 meters long

* Has steps to climb down into

filled with water

GREAT BATH FLOOR

§The "granary" of Harappa is found on Mound F.

Warehouses to store grains were found at Harappa, Mohenjadaro and Lethal.

Store house at Harappa

GRANNARY AND WELL

§The Mesopotamian model of irrigated agriculture was used to take advantage of

§The Mesopotamian model of irrigated agriculture was used to take advantage

§The Harappan civilization was mainly urban and mercantile.

§with lower Mesopotamia

§Wore cotton and woolen clothes

Art of bronze making was well known to them.

Soapstone statue of man, covering his body by printed cloth

which passes on his shoulder & below his right armpit

* a bronze figure of a dancing girl is highly prized piece of art.

Wore ear-rings, necklaces, bangles, girdles and bracelets

Indus gold ornaments

§Necklace from Mohenjo-Daro made from gold, agate,

Man killing bear with spear

"unicorn" seal + writing

Indus moulded tablet terra-cotta

Gharial eating fish on molded terra-cotta tablet from Mohenjo Daro.

Seated “yogi” : early Shiva?

§This unicorn seal was also discovered

COPPER PLATE WITH VERTICAL SIDES

PAINTED BURIAL POTS OF INDUS

Workshop for making beads, shell ornaments

Burial of woman and infant at Harappa

Posted by samkri at 10:29 PM

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