ICAR- National Academy of Agricultural

Research Management
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030

SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT 2017

On
“Scoping Study and Value Chain Analysis (Mango) for
Identification of Potential Clusters for Value Chain
Development Under BTDP”

Under the guidance of

Dr. B.K.Sikka Dr. S.K. Soam

Director, Area Studies & Project, Head &Principal Scientist
Global AgriSystems Pvt. Ltd. ICM Division
ICAR-NAARM

Ms. Khushboo Sinha

Manager, Area Studies & Project,
Global AgriSystems Pvt. Ltd.

Mr. Vishnudeo Singh

Assistant Manager, Area Studies & Project,
Global AgriSystems Pvt. Ltd.

Submitted by

ADITYA PANDEY
Post Graduate Diploma in Management (Agriculture)
PGDMA-1602 (2016-18)
ICAR- National Academy of Agricultural Research Management

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 SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT 2017

On

“Scoping Study and Value Chain Analysis (Mango)

for identification of potential clusters for Value
Chain Development under BTDP”

Submitted by

ADITYA PANDEY
Post Graduate Diploma in Management (Agriculture)
PGDMA-1602 (2016-18)
ICAR- National Academy of Agricultural Research Management
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, Telangana, India

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 STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I do hereby solemnly and sincerely declare, to the best of my knowledge and belief that the project
entitled “Scoping Study and Value Chain Analysis (Mango) for identification of potential
clusters for Value Chain Development under BTDP” is a bonafide record of work done by me
during Summer Internship at Global AgriSystems Pvt. Ltd. under the guidance of Dr. S.K.Soam
Head & Principal Scientist, ICM Division of the Academy. All the contents and facts prepared
and presented are authentic without any bias. The source of materials used and all assistance
received during the course of my project has been duly acknowledged.

Place: Hyderabad Aditya Pandey

Date: 15th July 2017 (PGDMA 2016-18)

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Dr. S.K.Soam ICAR- National Academy of
Head & Principal Scientist Agricultural Research Management
ICM Division Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Aditya Pandey PGDM(A) 2016-18 has done the project entitled “Scoping
Study and Value Chain Analysis (Mango) for identification of potential clusters for Value
Chain Development under BTDP” for Global AgriSystems Pvt. Ltd. This has been carried out
as Summer Internship under my guidance for partial fulfillment of Post Graduate Diploma in
Management (Agriculture) at National Academy of Agricultural Research Management,
Hyderabad.

Place:
Date:
Dr. S.K.Soam
Head & Principal Scientist
ICM Division
ICAR-NAARM

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My report would remain incomplete if I do not express my gratitude to people who helped
me out all the way through my Internship. First, it is a matter and great privilege for me to be a
part of prestigious organization ICAR- National Academy of Agricultural Research
Management, Hyderabad. I am very thankful to Global AgriSystems Pvt. Ltd. for giving me
this chance to enhance my knowledge in the field of consultancy.

I would like to thank my mentor Dr. B.K. Sikka, Director, Area Studies & Project,
Global AgriSystems Pvt. Ltd. who has given his extreme support during the project. I take
immense pleasure in thanking my sub mentors Ms. Khushboo Sinha, Manager, Area Studies &
Project, Global AgriSystems Pvt. Ltd. and Mr. Vishnudeo Singh, Assistant Manager, Area
Studies & Project, Global AgriSystems Pvt. Ltd.; both of them with great benevolence and
generosity has always assisted me whenever I have approached them with any doubt and guided
me as a younger brother.

I would like to thank my institute mentor Dr. S.K. Soam, Head & Principal Scientist,
ICM Division, ICAR-NAARM for his efforts in guiding me throughout the project period. I
would like to thank our coordinator Dr. M. Balakrishnan, Principal Scientist, NAARM for
giving his valuable suggestions in making this report.

I take this opportunity to thank Dr. Ranjit Kumar, Head ABM, NAARM and the Faculty
of NAARM who have toiled hard in paving a solid foundation in me, which is indeed of great
importance in carrying out the research work.

I take this opportunity to express my affection to my Parents & family for their consistent
faith and support.

I thank my batch mates of PGDM(A) 2016-18 who were always beside me and supported
me in completing this project.

I would like to thank all the respondents who has spent their valuable time in giving the
authentic information for my project.

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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Background of the Project ......................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Project Concept & Features of the Project ............................................................................... 8
1.3 Objectives of the Project........................................................................................................... 10
2 METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN ........................................................................................ 11
2.1 Scope of Work ........................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Major Challenges ...................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Approach and Methodology..................................................................................................... 15
2.3.1 Data Collection for Commodities .................................................................................... 16
2.3.2 Secondary data collection / Review of Literature .......................................................... 19
2.3.3 Primary data collection .................................................................................................... 19
2.3.4 Sampling Design ................................................................................................................ 20
2.3.5 Methodology for data collection in field.......................................................................... 20
3 Overview of Mango ........................................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Global Scenario ......................................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Indian Scenario ......................................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Scenario in Bihar....................................................................................................................... 24
4 Mapping the Value Chain ................................................................................................................ 26
4.1 Marketing Channels ................................................................................................................. 26
5 Contraints and Opportunities in Existing Value Chain ................................................................ 28
6 Dynamics of Processing & Value Creation ..................................................................................... 28
7 Existing Central and State Policies and Schemes for the Farmers in Bihar ............................... 31
7.1 Centrally sponsored scheme ..................................................................................................... 31
7.2 State sponsored scheme ............................................................................................................ 33
8 Support for Mango Farmers in Bihar ............................................................................................. 37
8.1 State Horticulture Mission : ..................................................................................................... 37
8.2 Pradhan Matri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana ............................................................................... 38
8.3 Polyhouse ................................................................................................................................... 38
9 Existing Contact Person for getting help ........................................................................................ 39
10 Suggestions ……………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………….39
11 References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..41
12 Annexures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..41

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 List of Tables

Table 1 Districts under different agro-climatic zone in Bihar. ..................................................................... 9

Table 2 Stakeholders, criteria and methods of data collection.................................................................... 17

List of Figures

Figure 1 Policy interventions ...................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 2 Components of approach .............................................................................................................. 15
Figure 3 Sources and methods of data collection ....................................................................................... 17
Figure 4 Methodology of data collection .................................................................................................... 18
Figure 5: Top 5 Mango Producing Countries. ............................................................................................ 21
Figure 6: Area under mango cultivation in top 5 states of India during the year 2014-15. ........................ 22
Figure 7: Production of mango in top 5 states of India during the year 2014-15. ...................................... 23
Figure 8: State-wise comparison of productivity of mango with country's productivity during the year 2014-
15. ............................................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 9: Area under mango cultivation in selected districts of Bihar........................................................ 25
Figure 10: Production of mango in the selected districts of Bihar. ............................................................. 25
Figure 11: Existing marketing channels of mango in Bihar ....................................................................... 27
Figure 12: District wise share of buyers of produce from farmers. ............................................................ 27
Figure 13: District wise productivity of major mango varieties. ................................................................ 29
Figure 14: Problems in post- harvest management activities...................................................................... 30
Figure 15: Contact person/place for getting information/guidance for farmers.......................................... 39
Figure 16: Category of farmers ................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 17: District-wise educational qualification of farmers .................................................................... 41
Figure 18: Years of association with BRLPS ............................................................................................. 42
Figure 19: Annual income of the farmers ................................................................................................... 42
Figure 20: Land use pattern of farmers ....................................................................................................... 43

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Project
Bihar Transformative Development Project (BTDP) is an initiative of Government of Bihar. The
objective of BTDP is to provide livelihood opportunities for rural communities with special focus
on poor. Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society (BRLPS) through support from the World
Bank aims to scale up the JEEVIKA model of poverty alleviation in 300 blocks of 32 districts in
Bihar under Bihar Transformative Development Project (BTDP).
BTDP aims to improve rural livelihood options and works towards social and economic
empowerment of the rural poor and women by developing capabilities and promoting self-
managed community institutions and further strengthening their livelihoods. BTDP intervenes
with the community through four pronged strategies/ themes. These themes are –
1. Institution and capacity building
2. Social development
3. Microfinance and
4. Livelihoods
Under the Livelihoods theme, BRLPS aims to integrate rural households for high value agriculture
value chains and markets, improved income, employment opportunities and capability
development to respond to market demand and opportunities. To fulfil these objectives, Bihar
Transformative Development Project focuses on development of pro-poor value chains. Bihar
Transformative development Project has been working on interventions to directly support value
chain development, formation/strengthening Farmer Producer Organizations, initiatives to
promote social inclusion, support for high value commodity production and post-harvest activities.

1.2 Project Concept & Features of the Project

Agriculture sector plays an important role in the economy of Bihar. The base of agriculture in
Bihar is its highly productive and nutrient rich soil, with abundant water resources, particularly
ground water. Different soil categories and agro-climatic zones allow enterprising farmers of Bihar
to grow a variety of crops. Apart from food grains (cereals and pulses), the state also produces
oilseeds, fibre crops, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables and other crops. The state government is trying
utmost to bridge the rural-urban gap by promoting higher agricultural growth. The “Agriculture
Road Map II” tries to ensure that the farm productivity steadily rises. The state government has

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introduced a strong agricultural monitoring system to ensure the sector’s continuous growth. The
support services in irrigation, seeds, fertilizer, farm mechanization, agricultural credit and
awareness programmes are being stressed to make agriculture more productive. The total
geographical area of 93.6 lakh hectares of Bihar has three distinct agro-climatic zones- North West,
North East and South. The North-West zone has 13 districts. This zone receives an annual rainfall
of 1040-1450 mms, and the soil here is mostly loam or sandy loam. The North-East zone has 8
districts and it receives rainfall ranging from 1200-1700 mms. The soil here is loam or clay loam.
Finally, the South zone, having 17 districts, receives an average annual rainfall of 990-1300 mm
and the soil is sandy loam, loam, clay and clay loam. Table 1 represents the segmentation of the
districts of Bihar in different agro-climatic zone.

Table 1: Districts under different agro-climatic zone in Bihar.

S.No. Agro-Climatic zone Districts

1 Agro-climatic zone I West Champaran, East Champaran, Siwan, Saran, Sitamarhi,
(Northern West) Sheohar, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Madhubani, Darbhanga,
Samastipur, Gopalganj, Begusarai
2 Agro-climatic Zone II Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura, Khagaria,
(Northern East) Araria, Kishanganj
3 Agro-climatic zone IIIA Sheikhpura, Munger, Jamui, Lakhisarai, Bhagalpur & Banka
(Southern East)
4 Agro-climatic zone IIIB Rohtas, Bhojpur, Buxar, Bhabhua, Arwal, Patna, Nalanda,
(Southern West) Nawada, Jehanabad, Aurangabad, Gaya

Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society aims to commission a study to identify supply chains
with the potential for inclusive growth with a pro-poor agenda through high value crops and
farmers’ equity in value chains in the Bihar Transformative Development Project (BTDP). The
assignment will identify agricultural commodities using a prioritization matrix to select up to 6
commodities and milk in the project districts that will then be supported with a focus on inclusive
growth, development of farmer’s organization (FPO formation) in potentially higher income
supply chains. Bihar enjoys the advantage of a diverse basket of agricultural production and is a
top ranked producer of maize, vegetables, and oilseed. Makhana is a unique high value product.

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Apart from this, Bihar farmers have demonstrated potential for leading the national averages for
grain crop yields. Dairying, fishery and poultry are emerging as high value options for farmers in
the integrated farming systems. The project aims to empower the farmers to adopt high value
agriculture with the support of
improved product quality & standards and realization of value addition opportunities. Value chain
analysis and strengthening of the same as well as creating newer value chains using alternative
marketing channels is one of the important elements of empowering farmers to have better access
to markets.

1.3 Objectives of the Project

The main objective of this assignment is to provide sufficient understanding on the current status
and future potential of mango in the project area and do a value chain analysis of mango in Bihar
(in three selected districts namely Darbhanga, Samastipur and East Champaran) identifying
specific bottlenecks and opportunities in their respective value chains so that it can be addressed
and leveraged through the project intervention thereby increasing production, income and
employment for the rural poor. The specific objectives are as follows:
 Within the project area Identify major production pockets, growth potential, market trends
& competitiveness of selected value chains (supply and demand) including its future
prospect within the country and abroad.
 Value chain mapping that depicts the chain actors and their functions & inter relationship.
 Identify and examine constraints and opportunities within the selected value chains and
recommend interventions to overcome constraints and make use of opportunities to
promote inclusive & sustainable pro-poor economic growth and competitiveness.
 Analyze dynamics of processing and value creation, reward distribution, value chain
governance and power relation structures and knowledge transfer.
 Identify the underlying policy, institutional, and infrastructural issues that affect the
competitiveness of the selected value chains with reference to the role of government and
private sector in the regions of focus. Also develop a matrix indicating areas of priorities
for which public sector can intervene and areas for the private sector support.

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  Identify institutions and organizations working for selected value chains from national to
local levels (local, regional, national organizations from GO, NGO and private sector) that
can contribute to pro-poor value chain development.

2 METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN

2.1 Scope of Work
Bihar is a bio-diverse state with four agro climatic zones and varying soil types, suitable for
agricultural development. The state has over 57.12 lakh hectares of cultivating land in which
cereals, pulses and other major food grains are grown. Horticulture is growing popularity owing
to the high value of horticulture produces than agriculture crops. The major fruit crops grown in
Bihar are Mango, Guava, Litchi, Banana, etc. Apart from these major crops, minor crops like
Makhana, Pineapple, Betel vine are also grown. Almost all vegetable crops like solanaceous,
cucurbits, beans, cole crops, okra, onion and other root crops are widely grown successfully in the
state. The state’s farming system is also characterized by large number of livestock. Due to rising
population and progressive decrease in holding size, Animal Husbandry has a special role to play
for the economic sustainability of majority of the people. Livestock plays a subsidiary role in the
farm as far as food production is concerned, though their role in absorbing the huge quantities of
cropresidues, coarse grains, cereals by-products and farm left-over and returning valuable manure
to the soil to sustain their fertility for generations is significant. Livestock in general and dairying
in particular is emerging as a driving force in the growth of agricultural sector in Bihar. As regards
poultry, apart from backyard poultry production by the small farmer, commercial poultry has not
yet taken off. Despite leading the world in production of a lot of agricultural and horticultural
commodities, India as a whole and Bihar in particular, is still far behind the world in terms of
creating value out of that production. Value-addition/ processing in India is not yet developed even
to match the world average. Bihar is plagued by high losses, lack of value addition and processing
infrastructure and alternative avenues for liquidation of agricultural and livestock produce. With
increase in high value agriculture and livestock production in Bihar, the situation is more critical
because value loss is much higher.

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 2.2 Major Challenges
State agriculture is mired with multifaceted challenges that emanate both from within the system
and also from outside. These challenges have consequentially affected income and economic
upliftment of its population. The major challenges contributing to low productivity are as below:
(http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Bihar.pdf)

a) Technological factors: There are two agricultural universities, five agricultural colleges,
one horticulture college, one agriculture engineering college, one dairy technology college
and one veterinary college in the state. All the 38 districts have a functional Krishi Vigyan
Kendra (KVK). ICAR has also a presence with eastern states regional headquarter at Patna.
Besides, National Research Centre for Litchi and Makhana are established in state.
However, State productivity remains low because of the slow adoption of modern
technologies, low seed replacement rate, limited access of quality seeds to farmers, lack of
effective quality control mechanism for farm inputs, constraint on timely supply of farm
inputs to farmers, and poor farm mechanization. Dominance of cereals in cropping pattern
reflects on the subsistence nature of state agriculture. Institutional extension system faces
the challenge to take latest technologies to farmers’ field.
b) Less Penetration of Advanced Agri & IT Technologies: Large yield gaps still exist
between experimental yields & those obtained at farm level due to less penetration of
advanced agricultural technologies and lack of up-scaling of on-farm validated Agri & IT
Technologies, Hi-Tech Agriculture Initiatives & Agriculture Innovations. The state is also
lacking in organized mechanism and systematic approach to protect, conserve, augment,
sustainably use & benefit from Bio-diversity resources, despite the availability of germ-
plasm of both plant & animal origin that is adapted to Bihar conditions.
c) Land Issues: More than 91 percent of all holdings fall in the category of marginal holdings
with farm size less than 1 hectare. Each such holding is again fragmented in small parcels.
Land records are obsolete, making any institutional investment virtually impossible. Small
farm agriculture creates serious problems for economy of scale.
d) Rainfed agriculture: State agriculture still heavily depends on monsoon. In the last 5
years, there has been drought or drought like situation in four consecutive years. Kharif
crops are almost a gamble leaving little prospect for investments in costly inputs. Canal

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 Irrigation isscanty. Irrigation is majorly (70%) dependent on diesel based tube wells. High
cost of diesel based irrigation makes it a very difficult input for even Rabi crops.
e) Limited Infrastructure: Current availability of sound Agri-infrastructure facilities across
the value chain of food & agribusiness is very much limited. Road connectivity, storage
godown and power availability to agriculture sector is inadequate to usher accelerated
agriculture development in the state. This has resulted in missing planned approach to
Agriinfrastructure development and affordability for the utilization of available
infrastructure along with its commercial viability which stands as major hindrances for the
farming community.
f) Inadequate institutional credit: Slow pace of implementation of kisan credit card leave
large number of farmers dependent on high cost non-institutional lending sources seriously
impeding use of modern agri inputs and adoption of modern technology. Bank finance for
meeting working capital requirements is a challenge for processing units and there is
limited private spending especially on agri assets including R&D, PHM, marketing
Infrastructure & irrigation.
g) Inadequate Marketing and Processing: Presently, a relatively unrewarding profession
mainly due to low productivity, unfavorable prices & practically very little value addition.
In most of the cases, even primary value addition is missing. The situation is exaggerated
further in the wake of globalization of agricultural trade. Marketing and processing
infrastructure are not adequate and is affecting farmer’s income. Farmers lack a
comprehensive view about varied market access opportunities.
h) Flood & Drought-State agriculture is dependent on Monsoon. A heavy rainfall lead to
flood and a deficient rainfall could lead to drought. The paradox of flood and drought occur
simultaneously almost every year making agriculture highly vulnerable and unstable.
i) Knowledge & Implementation Gaps in Advanced Risk Management Models: Crop &
weather insurance concept & process largely unknown amongst farmers and there is no
price protection mechanism to farmers except for rice and wheat through Minimum
Support Price (MSP).
j) Pitfalls in Meeting Requisite Export Standards: Adherence to sanitation & phyto-
sanitation (SPS) standards & measures for minimizing the export rejections are missing in
case of several crops that have potential for export to other countries.

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The above mentioned challenges and constraints may be overcome by following pro-poor policy
intervention:

Cluster Development

Leveraging Agricultural Integrated Value Chain

Production Strengths Development

Promotion of Exports of
Gender Balance
Processed Agri Produce

Strengthening Agriculture
Entrepreneurship Development
Marketing

Value Addition by Agro & Food

Processing

Figure 1: Policy interventions

The proposed interventions will lead to the followings:

 Increase the final value of the produce
 Increase the realization to the producer
 Shelter the producer from the vagaries of market by providing alternative marketing
options
 Increase the economic output of the state &

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  Increase employment
In view of the above, the assignment has been taken up for developing Commodity profile and
conduct value chain study for selected commodity to enhance market efficiency and
competitiveness.
This study will assist the project in identifying key players and opportunities for adding value
along the value chain, thereby providing impetus to overall agriculture development of the state
and leading to a market-led agricultural production.
The assignment would involve the following activities:
 Review of current status of agriculture i.e. production, marketing and processing and
identify important commodities
 Evaluate the value chain and market linkages in selected commodity to identify growth
constraints and gaps.
 Assessment of market demands as well as of the major consumption markets.
 Identifying the growth drivers of value added products of focused value chains.
 Recommend specific measures for enhancing competitiveness
 Assessment of Investment Potential - Identify full range of value added products and
potential investors

2.3 Approach and Methodology

The components of the approach are discussed hereunder:

Diagnose Discuss Design Detail Deliver

Figure 2 : Components of approach

Step – I: Diagnose – This phase involves initial discussions with client, review of the past work
and benchmarking with best practices to arrive at current status. A preliminary gap analysis is
carried out.

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Step – II: Discuss – Discussions regarding the findings of the Step – I with the client and key
stakeholders to carry out a need assessment. A preliminary assessment of the potentials is also
carried out.

Step – III: Design & Develop– The phase involves environment scan for technology,
organizational capability & training needs of stakeholders to determine the nature and extent of
interventions. Extensive stakeholder’s discussion also takes place during this phase for
consultative participation. This phase will conclude with initial recommendations and preliminary
design.

Step – IV: Detailing – At this stage preliminary recommendations are presented to the client and
after consultations, detailed implementation plan is developed. Guidelines, criteria for
implementation, capacity augmentation of the stakeholders if required and training needs are also
documented.

Step – V: Deliver – Submission of the deliverables and identification of private and public
enterprises interested in required investments/ interventions in different value chains during this
period.

2.3.1 Data Collection for Commodities

This section would highlight the data collection methods to be followed, sampling and sampling
methods and analysis.
To meet the objectives of the project, the data would be collected through two methods –
i. Primary data collection
ii. Secondary data collection

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 Secondary Primary
Data Published data and Data
Collection reports available with Collection
Face to Face
Government
Interviews with
Functionaries, State
farmers
Departments and in
public domain

Structured
discussions with
Authentic reports and
Government
data available on
Functionaries, service
Internet
providers, supply
chain & logistics

Figure 3: Sources and methods of data collection

The list of key stakeholders and type of data collected from these stakeholders can be understood
from the grid given below –

Table 2: Stakeholders, criteria and methods of data collection

Key Stakeholders Criteria and Information Requirement Method of Data

Collection
Markets and market Production and consumption trends Secondary
information Marketing channels Secondary +
Primary
Emerging opportunities; Growth trends and Secondary
Potentials; Competitiveness
Farmers Production and productivity, constraints and Primary
price buildup, power concentration
Input Supply Quality and availability of inputs Primary
Post-harvest management Quality and availability of technology Primary
Post-harvest handling and wastage Primary

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Processors/Processor
associations
Logistics
Traders/Intermediaries
Exporters – Private and Current status and export potential of Secondary
Government agencies
Government Functionaries
Inspections and grading Primary
Dynamics of processing, value creation and Primary
reward distribution, market for processed
products and leverage points in value chain
Storage and warehousing Primary
Transportation logistics Primary
Contractual arrangements, power relation Primary
structure and value chain governance
+
commodities Primary
Underlying policies, institutional and Secondary +
infrastructural mechanism, export/import Primary
policy, state agro and food processing and
industrial policies etc. to be studied

Development of reaearch tools

Pilot testing of research tools in study area

Finalization of research tools

Identification of stakeholders and setting up appointments

Face to face interviews/discussion with stakeholders

Back chack in fields

Data compilation and Data entry

Data analysis and Value chain mapping

Figure 4: Methodology of data collection

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2.3.2 Secondary data collection / Review of Literature
The review of literature would be done to collect information from various sources on –
1. Commodity specific information related to its production clusters, consumption trends and
markets
2. Compile statistical data on area, production and production trends, post-harvest methods/ losses,
export potential etc.
3. To understand marketing channels, market concentration and growth trends
4. Monitor government policies.

The secondary data will be collected from Department of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture,
Directorate of Agricultural Marketing, State Agricultural Marketing Board, NSSO, APEDA
(APEX Update), MOFPI, NHB etc.

The secondary information for each commodity will include:

1. Area, Production and Productivity
2. Market Concentration and proximity of production centre to markets
3. Market arrivals, dispatch, market surplus and consumption
4. Marketing channels, price spread and marketing efficiency (using shepherds index)
5. Growth trends
6. Export potential
7. Value Addition

2.3.3 Primary data collection

The primary information on pre-determined factors for each commodity will be collected from
different stakeholders like producer-farmers (proportionate sample of large, medium & small),
various market intermediaries and consumers through personal interview method. The interviews
would be conducted based on two types of survey tools –
 Well - structured survey tools – for the quantitative research
 Semi-structured / Open ended survey tools – For qualitative research (Expert Interviews)
Primary surveys along with Market Research will include interviews with the key stakeholders
listed above.

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2.3.4 Sampling Design

1. Stratified random Sampling – This would be followed up by face to face interviews with the
farmers and consumers. Within each district, 3 villages would be identified where farmer
interviews would be conducted. Farmers would be identified randomly within a village. Consumer
interviews would be done at the district headquarters market place.

2. Purposive sampling – To identify rest of the stakeholders, purposive sampling would be

done as the stakeholders would be interviewed for feedback on specific vertical (Input
supply, post-harvest management, extension, trading and import/export).

2.3.5 Methodology for data collection in field

Expert Interviews - Besides all the above methods of collection of information, it is always felt
that In-depth interviews of knowledgeable and lead individuals in the entire value chain can
provide sufficient amount of information. In addition to this, these interviews have always
proved to be helpful in adequately understand and gain an insight into the evaluation needs.
An expert is an individual, who as a result of her/his knowledge due to association with the
component of the value chain, previous experience or social status in a community has access to
information valuable for the evaluator. Experts are a source of information which will assist in
understanding entire commodity. The interviews would provide evaluator with detailed,
qualitative information about impressions, experiences and opinions. The expert interviews would
be carried out by the researchers through prior appointment.

Farmer/Consumer Interviews – Farmers and consumer interviews would be carried out by a

team of investigators who would be supervised by senior team members. These investigators
would be trained by the researchers on the survey tools. Post the training, mock calls would be
conducted among the investigators to check their level of understanding. Only those
investigators who qualify the mock calls would be utilized in field for collection of information.

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Data Handling and analysis
Both primary and secondary data will be collected, compiled, tabulated and analyzed using
statistical tools such as regression analysis, correlation, descriptive statistics, ANOVA, cross table,
etc. and other quantitative & qualitative analytical tools and techniques to arrive at appropriate
conclusions (with the help of SPSS software package specifically made for the statistical analysis)
as per the requirement according to the objectives & terms of references of the study.

3 Overview of Mango
3.1 Global Scenario
Mangoes are produced in over 90 countries worldwide, with Asian countries accounting for
approximately 77% of global production, followed by the Americas (13%) and Africa (10%). The
top 5 mango producing countries (FAOSTAT, 2014) are India (41%), China (12%), Thailand
(7%), Indonesia (5.6%) and Pakistan (5%). Figure 1 shows the top 5 countries in mango production
with their production level in the year 2014.

Top 5 Mango Producing Countries

16000
14000
Production (In '000 MT)

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
India China Thailand Indonesia Pakistan
Production ('000 MT) 15188 4350 2600 2131.139 1888.449
Country
Source: FAOSTAT database,2014

Figure 5: Top 5 Mango Producing Countries.

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 3.2 Indian Scenario
Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) is the most important fruit of India and is known as “King of
fruits”. India ranks first, globally, in mango production with a share of around 41% of the world’s
total production followed by China. . During the year 2014-15 the country’s total area under mango
cultivation was around 1670 thousand ha. with an overall production of 12482 thousand tonnes
and national productivity of 8.6 MT/ha.

Mango is grown almost in all the states of India. Uttar Pradesh tops the list of mango producing
states. Other major producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar and
Gujarat. Rest of the states has quite less production. Figure 2, 3 and 4 represents the Indian scenario
of mango cultivation with respect to the share of area under mango, production and productivity
of mango in the top 5 states of the country, respectively.

STATE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF AREA UNDER MANGO IN 2014-15

Andhra Pradesh
19%
Others
32%

Uttar Pradesh
15%

Karnataka
10% Odisha
Telangana 12%
12% Source : National Horticulture Board

Figure 6: Area under mango cultivation in top 5 states of India during the year 2014-15.

Andhra Pradesh is having highest area under mango cultivation with a share of around 19%
(315.42 thousand ha.) followed by Uttar Pradesh (250.74 thousand ha.), Odisha (197.74 thousand
ha.), Telangana (196.44 thousand ha.) and Karnataka (175.41 thousand ha.). Bihar ranks 8th in the
list with a share of 8.8% (148 thousand ha.).

Page | 22
 STATE-WISE CONTRIBUTION IN PRODUCTION OF MANGO IN 2014-15
Others
Bihar 5%
10%

Uttar Pradesh
35%
Karnataka
13%

Telangana
14%
Andhra Pradesh
Source : National Horticulture Board 23%

Figure 7: Production of mango in top 5 states of India during the year 2014-15.

In terms of quantum of production Uttar Pradesh is the leading state with a production level of
4347.50 thousand tonnes followed by Andhra Pradesh (2822.08 thousand tonnes), Telangana
(1801.75 thousand tonnes), Karnataka (1646.51 thousand tonnes) and Bihar (1272.00 thousand
tonnes). These 5 states accumulate for the 95% of the country’s total production.

State-wise Productivity of Mango in India

20
17.3 16.7
18
16 14.8
Productivity(MT/ha.)

14.3
14
12 10.1 10
10 8.6
8
6
4
2
0
Uttar Pradesh Punjab Madhya Rajasthan Jharkhand Bihar India
Pradesh
State/Country's Average
Source : National Horticulture Board

Figure 8: State-wise comparison of productivity of mango with country's productivity during the year 2014-15.

Country’s average productivity is around 8.6 MT/ha. which is almost half of the productivity of
the leading state i.e. Uttar Pradesh which is having a productivity level of 17.3 MT/ha. States like

Page | 23
Punjab (16.7 MT/ha.), Madhya Pradesh (14.8 MT/ha.), Rajasthan (14.3 MT/ha.) and Jharkhand
(10.1 MT/ha.) do not contribute much in production but lies above the country’s average
productivity level in the list of productivity. States like Andhra Pradesh (8.9 MT/ha.), Telangana
(9.2 MT/ha.) and Karnataka (9.4 MT/ha.), which are the top mango producing states, have a
productivity just above the country’s average productivity level.

3.3 Scenario in Bihar

Mango is the leading fruit crop of Bihar with an approximate share of 50 per cent of the total area
under fruit crops. It is grown in over 100,000 hectares of land; the state has an annual production
of 1.5 million MT.

Bihar is the 5th leading producer of Mango in the country and is producing about 10.19% of
mangoes of the country having production of about 1272 thousand tonnes from an area of 148
thousand ha. The productivity of the state is 10 MT/ha., which is above the national productivity
level of 8.6 MT/ha.

The state is known for a large variety of mangoes grown in its plains, the most popular being
Maldah, Bombay, Jardalu, Jarda, Safeda, Sepia, Sukul and Gulabkhas. The leading mango-
producing districts include Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, East and West Champaran and
Bhagalpur.

The Planning Commission has identified the district of Darbhanga for systematic development of
the fruit crop for its total commercial exploitation.

Page | 24
 Area under mango cultivation in selected districts of Bihar
16 13.9
13.5 13.5 13.55
14
12 10.5 10.6 10.6 10.64
Area ('000 ha.)

10
8 9.28 9.3 9.3 9.33
6
4
2
0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Year

Darbhanga Samastipur East Champaran

Figure 9: Area under mango cultivation in selected districts of Bihar.

Production of mango in selected districts of Bihar

160 140.5
140 121.09 120.52
Production ('000 tonnes)

119.96
120 99.82 100.5 99.3
100 89.3

80 92.3
86.75 86.81 82.3
60
40
20
0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Year

Darbhanga Samastipur East Champaran

Figure 10: Production of mango in the selected districts of Bihar.

There is a same trend in terms of area under cultivation of mango in the selected districts as the
area under cultivation is more or less same as compared to the previous years. But there is an
increase in the production level. In Darbhanga the production took a huge shift in terms of
production in the year 2015-16 as compared to the previous years, where the production was almost
the same in the previous years. But in Samastipur and East Champaran there was a downfall in the

Page | 25
level of production but it has increases in the last year i.e. 2015-16. When compared to the previous
year trends it can be concluded that in the year 2015-16 the production in all the three districts
have noticed an increase.

4 Mapping the Value Chain

Mango is a climatric fruit, therefore it can be harvested before ripening also. The decision on
harvest time is made primarily by the pre-harvest contractors based on their convenience, as
majority of farmers sell their produce on pre-harvest contract (PHC) basis. The fruit ripens mainly
after the harvest as it is difficult to transport the ripened produce to the distant market because of
high chances of loss due to excess ripening.

4.1 Marketing Channels

The major players in the supply chain and value chain of the mango in the existing market in the
study area of Bihar are Local Trader and Pre-harvest contractors with an average share of 50% and
40% in the study area. This situation pertains due to lack of availability of players like wholesaler
and retailer in the market. The medium and large PHCs work with traders located in
distant cities like, Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur, Gorakhpur, Chennai, Lucknow, while smaller PHCs
collect the crop from remote villages and sell to the trader within state. PHCs surveys the orchards
well in advance and take on lease at the time of flowering season (February-March). Mostly the
contracts are done annual basis, while some absentee farmers do contract for longer period to
reduce risk even at lower return.

Thus in the mango market, there are several marketing channels co-existing:

I. Farmer – Consumer
II. Farmer – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer
III. Farmer – Pre-harvest Contractor – Retailer – Consumer
IV. Farmer – Pre-harvest Contractor – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer
V. Farmer – Pre-harvest Contractor – Local Trader/Commission Agent – Retailer – Consumer
VI. Farmer – Pre-harvest Contractor – Local Trader/Commission Agent – Wholesaler –
Retailer – Consumer
VII. Farmer – Pre-harvest Contractor – Local Trader/Commission Agent – Consumer

Page | 26
 Figure 11: Existing marketing channels of mango in Bihar

District wise buyers of produce from farmers

60% 50% 50% 50%
40% 40%
40% 30%
20% 20% 20%
20% 10% 10% 10%
0% 0% 0%
0%
Consumers Local trader Commission Wholesaler Pre-harvest
directly agent contractor
Darbhanga East Champaran Samastipur

Figure 12: District wise share of buyers of produce from farmers.

Page | 27
5 Contraints and Opportunities in Existing Value Chain

6 Dynamics of Processing & Value Creation

There is no such processing industry in the study area for mango except the pickle
manufacturing plants in Darbhanga only. The only processed product of mango in Bihar is mango
pickle. The reason behind no pulp or juice processing plant in the state is that the most preferred
variety of the mango in the state is Fazli (Malda), more than 60% of the farmers produce Malda as
19 out of 30 farmers were having malda tree.

Page | 28
 The pulp industry does not prefer the pulp of Malda for juice making as they procure from
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra mainly.
There is a huge scope for mango processing industry in the study area. Products like mango
jam, jelly, pickle, bars etc. can be made from the available varieties. This creates a lot of
opportunity for processing industry and will help in creating value for both the farmers as well as
customers in the market as the customers can get the local and fresh product and farmer can earn
money round the year.

Major Variety & District-wise Average Prductivity per tree of Mango

Darbhanga E.Champaran Samastipur

3.20
3.50
3.00

3.00

3.00
2.50

2.25
Productivity(Q/tree)

2.50
2.00
1.79

1.75
1.67
1.66

2.00
1.50
1.25

1.25
1.50
1.00

1.00 1.00

0.50
0.50

0.00
Malda Sukul Kisanbhog Zardalu Dashahari Biju
Mango variety

Figure 13: District wise productivity of major mango varieties.

Page | 29
 Post Harvest Management
80% 70% 70%
60%
60%
40%
40% 30% 30%
20%
0%
Darbhanga East Champaran Samastipur
Farmers Response (%) No Farmers Response (%) Yes

Figure 10: Percentage of farmers doing post- harvest management activities in the study area.

Darbhanga East Champaran Samastipur

90%
90%
70%

40%
40%

40%
30%

30%

30%
20%

20%

20%

20%
10%

10%

10%

10%
10%

10%
0%
0%

0%
0%

0%

0%

0%

0%
SHORTAGE HIGHER BOTH NO HIGH NOT NOT BOTH HIGH NO
OF SKILLED WAGES SHORTAGE PROBEM PRICES AVAILABLE AVAILABLE PRICES PROBLEM
LABOUR OF SKILLED ON CREDIT ON TIME AND NOT
LABOUR AVAILABLE
AND ON CREDIT
HIGHER
WAGES
GRADING & PACKING PACKAGING MATERIAL

Figure 14: Problems in post- harvest management activities.

The reason for low processing is due to poor post-harvest management practices followed
by the farmers as they are not much aware about such operations which reduces the value of their
produce in the market.

Hence by overcoming this problem we can make the processing more dynamic in the state
and more value can be created for the farmers.

Page | 30
7 Existing Central and State Policies and Schemes for the Farmers in Bihar
(Bihar State Agricultural Plans: 2016-171)

The state and central level schemes are as follows: Bihar Agricultural Directorate, Department of
Agriculture, Bihar Government, in the fiscal year 2016-17.

7.1 Centrally sponsored scheme

1. National agricultural development scheme
In order to ensure more holistic and integrated development of agriculture and allied sectors,
keeping in view the agronomic, natural resources and technology, for the promotion of States
for the development of intensive agriculture, a special additional central assistance (ACA) The
scheme started from the year 2007-08. The main purpose of this scheme is to make all-round
development of agriculture. The three components - increase in production, infrastructure and
assets development and Flexi funds. From the year 2007-08 to 2014-15, 100 per cent of the
amount was received in the form of a grant, but from the year 2015-16, the funding pattern has
been changed to 60:40 Centrally and in proportion to the states.

2. Submissions on Agriculture Extension

The main objective of this plan advanced agriculture and the latest technical information and
training, crops of perception, cruises outside the state of farmers and officials, conduct farmer
schools, farmers Seminar / fair / conference / workshop / Farmer scientific conversation farmer
interest group (Faiji ) empower farmers through the Food Security group (FSG) and Farmer
producer Organizations (FPO), etc., self-reliant and Swab Nbi make and to promote among
other farmers through the state of extraordinary and outstanding by farmers success story of
the achievements of the allied sectors of agriculture / agricultural / short film.

1
Department of Agriculture, Bihar Government ,
http://hi.vikaspedia.in/agriculture/91593f93893e92894b902-915947-93293f90f-93093e91c94d92f-
93593f936947937-92f94b91c92893e90f902/92c93f93993e930/92c93f93993e930-91594393793f-
92893f92694793693e93292f-92694d93593e93093e-93593094d937-2016-17-92e947902-93890291a93e93293f924-
92f94b91c92893e90f901

Page | 31
 3. National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture
The main components of this scheme are the purchase of computers and equipment from the
block level to headquarters, establishment of information technology training laboratory at the
level level, appointment of data entry operators from division level to headquarters for 3 years,
project management at headquarter level Selection of preferred consultancy and consultancy
for the unit, establishment of touch screen kiosks on every two blocks. The selection of the
blacksmith schemes, purchase of hand tools for the paste services etc. through the Soul Plan.

4. National agricultural sustainable mission

(A) Annualized Development Plan (RADD)

The basic objective of this scheme is to increase the productivity of crops by adopting a cluster
based approach (100 O.), Consolidated agricultural system such as crop, horticulture,
livestock, animal resources, fisheries, forestry etc. and conservation and value addition of
natural resources. The main function of this scheme is to provide green house, bee keeping,
silage unit, post harvesting storage / processing unit, construction of pond / reservoir
(individual / community), reservoir release, tube well, irrigation pipe, solar pipe, diesel /
electric conductor pipe , Vermi compost unit, green manure etc.

(B) Soil Health Card and Management Plan

The main objective of this scheme is to check the soil of the entire state in the next three years
to provide soil health card to the farmers, the capacity building of agricultural students and
effective research with the Indian Agricultural Research Council / State Agricultural
Universities to soil testing laboratories. To strengthen the soil fertility related problems in the
districts under this scheme. To increase the use capacity of analysis and development of
nutrients with standardized processes for taking soil samples, promoting nutrient management
on the basis of soil testing in the districts, to promote nutrient methods, State-level soil
checking and capacity building of progressive farmers etc.

Page | 32
 (C) Conventional Agricultural Development Plan
The main purpose of this scheme is to encourage the use of conventional resources of organic
farming and to link organic products with the market, to develop organic farming through
cluster and PGS certification to promote organic farming; Under 50 years of cultivation in 50
acres of land under cluster, taking 50 or more farmers for cultivation, from seed to harvesting,
crop cutting, branding, packaging and for three years By providing the assistance of Rs.20000
per acre to each farmer till the marketing of the product and in the support of farmers, there is
a need to increase domestic production and certification of organic products.

5. Prime Minister's Agriculture Irrigation Scheme

The main objective of this scheme is to increase water availability in the fields and to increase
irrigated areas under assured irrigation (water to every farm), improve water use efficiency in
the fields, adoption of micro irrigation and other water saving technologies, watershed
approach To ensure the integrated development of rain-fed areas and to the farmers and spread
workers To promote expansion activities related to water harvesting, water management and
crop line plan for the area.

7.2 State sponsored scheme

1. Seed Production in State Seed Multiplication Sectors
Seed production of the crops like Paddy, Bajra, Madua, Arhar, Jute, Mung, Lobia, Peanuts and
Soybean in Kharif and Wheat, Barley, Chana, Lentil, Pea, Rye / Mustard in Rabi. Mango, Urad
and Garam are also focused under this scheme. As per the local suitability and circumstances
of the fields, the sloping cover target has been set.

2. Integrated Seed Village Scheme

For the establishment of Integrated Seed Village, it has to be done in the marked village of
Nalanda, Buxar, Rohtas, Kaimur, Bhojpur, Aurangabad, Katihar and Purnia districts, in which
60% subsidy to the farmers / base of seeds and certified seed of oilseed crops and others Crop
seeds are provided at 50% subsidy. Supported Unified Seed Village is provided for five years.

Page | 33
 3. Soil Seed and Fertilizer Laboratory Upgradation Program
Expenditure for honorarium and daily wages of the driver and purchase of essential items and
materials for the operation and operation of the permanent / movable laboratory for all
laboratories, and for the management of mortar checking and insurance items in Patna and
Saharsa. Has been.
For successful operation of seed training laboratories, training of seed testing personnel at the
state level for orientation is to be given.
Training for the post of personnel posted on the positions created in the Quality Control
Laboratory, along with the training for orientation of fertilizer analysts and pest analysts at the
state level.

4. Agricultural mechanization
There is a provision of grant on 44 different types of agricultural equipments, out of these
devices, power tiller, rotavator, zero til / seed drill, combine harvester, self propelledry / binder,
power thrasher / table cellar, straw reaper equipment have been based on demand. .
In the agricultural mechanization scheme, the mechanization software is being utilized for
online arrangement of applications ranging from receipt to machine distribution. Grant rate for
all types of agricultural machinery has been increased for SC / ST farmers. For the benefit of
SC / ST farmers, minimum land acquisition for tractor has been increased to 1 acre and 0.5
acres for power tiller.
Apart from the Kisan Mela, there is a provision for grants for agricultural equipments
purchased outside the fair.

5. Construction of e-Kisan Bhawan

In the interest of the overall development of agriculture and the interests of the farmers, the
Department of Agriculture has been constructing e-Kisan Bhawan in all 534 blocks of the
state. The objective of this scheme is to provide agricultural related materials and all other
technical services at the block level through a single window. The work of e-Kisan Bhawan
has been completed in 294 blocks out of 534 blocks. Construction work in remaining 240
blocks is in progress.

Page | 34
 6. Toll development scheme
Keeping in view the consolidated management and environmental balance of pest-related
diseases in the avoided areas, Farmers' School is being operated to increase the crop production
and make farmers self-reliant in crop problem solving.

7. Farmer advisory scheme

Each Panchayat has been deemed to be the Honorary State Plan of the Farmed Advisers
appointed.

8. Organic farming promotion plan

To increase the production of Vermi compost, there is a provision to grant 50% of the value at
a maximum of 3000 rupees per unit to the farmers at a permanent / semi-permanent production
unit of 75 cubic feet capacity. A farmer can take advantage of the grant for a maximum of 05
units. Apart from this, there is a provision of assistance to entrepreneurs / government
establishments to promote Vermi Compost production at commercial level. In Vermi Compost
distribution, 50% of the value has been provided for a maximum grant of maximum of Rs.300
/ quintet for 02 hectare. For the establishment of Vermi Compost Production Unit at the
commercial level, a provision has been made to grant the individual entrepreneur a grant of
Rs. 6.40, 12.80 and Rs. 20.00 lakh respectively for the cost of production of 1000, 2000 and
3000 tonne per annum per annum for the production capacity. Which will be payable after
production of at least 50% of the production capacity per annum i.e. 30% in the first year of
the total grant, 20% in the second year, 20% in the third year, 15% in the fourth year and In
the fifth year, provision of grant of 15 percent grant has been made. The government
establishment has a provision of granting a maximum of 16.00 32.00 and 50.00 lakh rupees
per annum for the production capacity of 1000, 2000 and 3000 tonne per annum per annum.
Bio fertilizer is useful in storing nutrients in the ground and making it available to plants. Under
this program, the farmers who want to buy bio fertilizers, have been offered 50% of the price
for a maximum of 75 rupees per hectare grant. There has been provision for grants to
government / non-governmental organizations in commercial organic fertilizers.

Page | 35
 Drying and moong cultivation is being promoted in the form of green manure. The Program
for making Pure seeds 90% and Moong Seeds for 80% Grants has been approved for this
program for Parmesan / Kharif 2016.
For the promotion of dung / bio gas, the farmers have a provision of 50% of the cost of the cost
up to a maximum of Rs.19000 / - per unit for a capacity of 2 cubic meters. For the installation
of the plant, the turnkey service provider will be given assistance of Rs.1500 / per unit east.
The production of micronutrients such as zinc, boron etc. will increase crop production in areas
with micro nutrient consolidated nutrient management. For this purpose, in areas where there
is a shortage of micro nutrients like zinc, boron etc., to encourage the farmers towards their
behavior, 50 percent of the value will be made available at a maximum of 500 rupees per
hectare subsidy rate.

9. Seed Treatment
Treatment of seed is essential for the purpose of promoting the consolidated pest management
trend. In order to adopt the technique of treatment of seed, farmers will be given 50% of the
value of the seed treatment on a maximum of 150 rupees per hectare. For the crops, some
extremely harmful insects such as gram puddu (pod borer), pigeon (suit and fruit borr) of
brinjal etc. can be trapped by trapping pyomonotrap and its population can be prevented from
growing. This is the new technology. To increase the trend towards this, the grant amount has
been approved for 90% of the cost at a maximum of Rs 900 per hectare. To eliminate
environmental pollution from the treatment of chemical insecticide / fungus, it is necessary to
adopt organic alternatives. For the promotion of their use, grants will be provided to the
farmers at a rate of 50 per cent of the value of maximum 500 rupees per hectare.
Organification and certification of organic farming will be done by forming a group of farmers
/ producers, according to the National Organic Production Program, certification will be done
by granting subsidy on the prescribed package for organic farming. Implementation of the
adoption of organic farming will be done by the Director, Bihar State Seed Certification
Agency through District Agricultural Officer.

Page | 36
 10. Diesel grant distribution
In the year 2016-17, arrangements have been made to provide diesel grants to the farmers by
the government in order to convert paddy straw, paddy straw and paddy, maize and other kharif
crops with diesel driven pumpsets, in view of dry-weather conditions due to shortage in the
year 2016-17.
For irrigation of Kharif crops, Rs. 30 / - per liters will be given @ 300 rupees per acre, per
irrigation diesel subsidy. The grant will be given to the maximum amount of Rs 900 per acre
for 2 irrigation of Paddy Bichra, 3 irrigation of Paddy, 3 maize of maize and other kharif crops.
For irrigation three irrigation crops and other rabi crops as Rabi crops, Rs. 300 per acre has
been approved for a maximum of Rs. 900 per acre per acre.

11. Restoration of market committee

Under the state plan, the zones for the siege of broken wall of the premises of 16 Agricultural
Production Market Committee (disintegrated) have been penalized. Regarding the timing of
the plan and the quality of the scheme, the responsibility of the concerned officer of the
respective market committee (disintegrated) officer-cum-special officer.

8 Support for Mango Farmers in Bihar

8.1 State Horticulture Mission :
A. Saghan Bagwani Mission
 1 ha. – 400 plants at 5m X 5m
 1 ha. – 1600 plants at 2.5m X 2.5 m
 Planting material is provided at the rate of Rs. 50 per seedling from the government
nurseries.
 Subsidy : Rs. 50000 for 1 ha. in 3 phases is provided.
1st year – 60 %
2nd year – 20 %
3rd year – 20 %

Page | 37
  At the end of first year the orchard is checked and verified for the subsidy of next
year. Subsidy will continue only if the survival rate of the plants is more than 90 %
at the end of 1st year.
 The benefit is transferred to the farmer’s account through RTGS/NEFT.

B. Tissue Culture
 Cost of cultivation of mango = Rs. 1,25,000 per ha.
 Planting material = Rs. 16.50 per seedling by state government nursery.
 Spacing = 1.5m X 1.5m
 Population = 3786 plants per ha.
 Subsidy = 50 % of the cost of cultivation i.e. Rs. 62,500 per ha.
 The benefit is provided in 2 phases with 75% of the subsidy amount in 1st year and
the remaining 25 % in the 2nd year.

8.2 Pradhan Matri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

a) Drip irrigation :
 Cost of drip irrigation is Rs. 1 lakh.
 Subsidy = 75 % of the cost.
 Companies registered with the Government of Bihar like Jain Irrigation,
Mahindra, NAFED etc. sell the drip irrigation set to farmers at subsidized rates.

b) Sprinkler : for sprinkler system also there is 75 % on the sprinkler sets.

8.3 Polyhouse
50% subsidy on the cost of setup of the polyhouse.

Page | 38
9 Existing Contact Person for getting help

Figure 15: Contact person/place for getting information/guidance for farmers

Farmers are mainly going to Dealers/Distributors for the information related to mango cultivation
and purchase of planting materials. Very few farmers are aware about the State Agriculture
Departments and visit it for any query or help. Even farmers do not prefer to go to the KVKs and
SAUs for any help because of their loose functioning.

10 Suggestions
A. Adopt commercial method of farming:- Farmers should be motivated to go for
commercial cultivation of mango i.e. for selling purpose and to make a business out of
it. At many places it was noticed that farmers are simply having the trees and not selling
the produce or taking care of it with a business mind.
B. Small and medium processing plants should be established: - This will help in
making mango processing more dynamic in the state and will create value for the
farmers. Farmers will be able to get more income along with a round the year income.
This will also provide a job security to them in terms of their own business unit.

Page | 39
 C. Registration for GI for prominent mango varieties:- The state should focus on
getting GI (Geographical Indications). This will help the farmers in having the right to
sell the prominent variety of the state in the distant market with a trade name. GI for
Fazali/Malda is already with West Bengal. As it is major variety produced in Bihar, the
state can register for the GI for Fazali/Malda variety of mango so that the farmers will
be more benefitted. Along with that the GI for Zardalu is already in process. So, it can
also be applied for Zardalu variety of Mango.
D. Better transportation facility is required:- Inspite of having proper road connectivity
farmers are facing the problem of transportation facility to carry their produce to the
distant market. Better transportation facility can help them to trade in distant market
and get better price for their produce.
E. Formation of FPOs:- The Farmer-Producer Organizations (FPOs) can help the
farmers have a better idea about the end result of their produce. They can sell in bulk
and can export to different places. This will help them to get a better value for their
produce.
F. Linking farmers directly with terminal market:- Farmers are unware of the terminal
markets as the majority of the produce is in the hands of Pre-harvest contractors.
Making farmers aware about the terminal markets and linking them directly with it will
help to eliminate the intermediaries from the marketing channel and will help them get
a better price in the market.
G. Re-enforcement of APMC Act in Bihar:- As APMC Act was abolished by the Bihar
Government in the year 2006 there is no fixed market available for the farmers in the
state. Re-enforcing the APMC Act will help the farmers to get a permanent market in
the state where they can sell their produce and it will also link them to the markets of
the other state and APMC.

Page | 40
11 References

12 Annexures
Category of Farmers
100%
80% 80%
80% 70%
60%
40%
20% 20%
20% 10% 10% 10%
0% 0% 0% 0%
0%
Darbhanga E.Champaran Samastipur

General OBC ST SC

Figure 16: Category of farmers

Educational Qualification
70%

80%

50%
60%
30%

30%

30%

40%
10%

10%

10%

10%

10%

10%

10%

10%

10%
20%
0%

0%

0%

0%

0%
Darbhanga E.Champaran Samastipur

Illiterate Preliminary High Secondary Sr. Secondary Graduation Post-graduation

Figure 17: District-wise educational qualification of farmers

Page | 41
 Year of Association
Not associated <1 year 1 year 2 years > 2 years
80%

60%

50%
60%

40%
30%

30%
40%

20%

20%

20%
10%

10%

10%
20% 0%

0%

0%

0%
0%
Darbhanga E.Champaran Samastipur

Figure 18: Years of association with BRLPS

Annual Income
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40% 33% 33%
30% 30% 30%
30% 23%
20%
20%
10% 10% 10% 10%
10% 7%
3%
0% 0% 0% 0%
0%
Darbhanga E.Champaran Samastipur Grand Total

< Rs. 25000 Rs. 25000-50000 Rs. 50000-100000 Rs. 100000-200000 > Rs. 200000

Figure 19: Annual income of the farmers

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 GRAND TOTAL
Both Own and
Leased land %
20%

Both Own and

Leased out land
%
7%
Only on Own
land %
73%

Figure 20: Land use pattern of farmers

Farmer’s Questionnaire

(Commodity – Mango)

Farmer’s Profile:
1. Name
2. Gender (M/ F)
3.
a. Village b. Block c. District

4. b. Year of
a. Jeevika
association with
Member (Yes/ No)
Jeevika
5. Educational
status (Illiterate/ Preliminary (5th to 9th pass)/ High Secondary/ Sr. Secondary/
Graduation/ Post graduation)
6. Category of
farmer
(General/ OBC/ ST/ SC)

7. Contact No.

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 8. a. Total b. Total c. Total land d. Total land
land cultivated leased out for leased for
holding land cultivation/ cultivation
(kattha) (kattha) barren land (kattha)
(kattha)

9. a. a. Less than 25,000 b. Farm c. Off-farm d. Non- e. Others

Annual b. 25,000 – 50,000 activities activities farm (Rs.)
income c. 50,000 – 1,00,000 (Rs.) (Rs.) activities
(Rs.) d. 1,00,000 – 2,00,000 (Rs.)
e. More than 2,00,000

Assessment of Production of Mango:

10. Production2

10.1 What is the pattern of cultivation of mango?

a. Self b. Contractual

10.2 What was the area of production of mango during the last season? -------------- (Q)

10.3 What was the production of different varieties of mango during last season?
Mango variety Volume of production (Q)

2
Answers to these questions will be in reference to the production during the last season.

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10.4 What are the reasons for cultivating the above mentioned variety in abundance? Please tick-
mark the options.
(a) Easy availability of seed
(b) High demand in the market
(c) Short duration variety
(d) Early maturity
(e) Fetches higher price in the market
(f) Any other reason ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

10.5 What is the average cost of planting material?

S. No. Mango variety Cost per planting material (Rs.)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

10.6 What was the cost of production per unit during the last season?
S. No. Particulars Cost/unit (Rs.)
(i) Cost of labour (from land preparation to harvesting)
(ii) Cost of manure & fertilizers
(iii) Cost of hiring machineries (pumps, sprayers etc.)
(iv) Cost of irrigation

10.7 What are the issues related to production?

S. No. Issues related to production Please tick-mark
(i) Lack of knowledge and skill related to cultivation practices
(ii) Infestation with insects & pests
(iii) Bad weather conditions (wind/ excessive heat/ water logging)
(iv) Poor quality soil
(v) Poor quality planting material

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11. Procurement of inputs

11.1 Where do you procure/ purchase inputs from?

Inputs Place of procurement/ purchase Mention the
code
Planting material (i) PACS (Primary Agri. Coop. Society)
Pesticides (ii) Plant Protection Unit (of Ministry of Agriculture)

Weedicides (iii) State Agro Retail Store

(iv) Small private retailer
Fungicides
(v) Private nursery

Organic manure (vi) Govt. Agency

(viii) Others :________

11.2 What are the current challenges in the procurement of inputs?

S. No. Issues faced Please tick-mark
(i) Lack of improved high yielding cultivar
(ii) Lack of timely availability of fertilizer/insecticide/fungicide
(iii) Lack of availability of quality fertilizer/insecticide/fungicide
(iv) Lack of purchasing power for high quality fertilizers/
(v) Lack of credit facilities
(vi) Lack of irrigation facility

12. Post-harvest management

12.1 i) Do you undertake any post-harvest practices?
(a) Yes (b) No

ii) If yes, then please tick-mark the options.

(a) Cleaning
(b) Sorting & grading
(c) Curing
(d) Weighing & packaging

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12.2 Please account for the post-harvest losses during different stages.
S. No. Post-harvest stages % of loss Over all losses (%)
(i) Harvesting & aggregation
(ii) Cleaning, grading, weighing & packaging
(iii) Transportation from farm to market

12.3 What type of packaging material do you use?

S. No. Type of Packaging material Please tick
(i) Gunny Bags
(ii) Tray
(iii) Crates
(iv) Any others …………………

12.4 Who performs the harvesting & post harvesting related activities and what are the charges
incurred?
S. Activities (i)Self, (ii)Hired labour Charges / Quintal (Rs./ Q)
No. (Mention the code)
(i) Harvesting
(ii) Grading
(iii) Packaging

12.5 What type of problems do you face in post- harvest management?

Problems faced by farmers Please tick mark
S. No Post-harvest practices

a. Shortage of skilled labor
(i) Grading & Packing b. Higher wages
c. No problem
a. Shortage of boxes/gunny bags
b. High prices
(ii) Packing material c. Not available on credit
d. Not available on time
f. No problem

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13 Processing
13.1 (i) Are the produce processed into by-products?

(a) Yes (b) No

(
(ii) If yes, what are the
i processed by-products? Please mention.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)
13.2 (i) Do you own a processing facility?
(a) Yes Y (b) No
( the cost of setting up a processing facility?
(ii) If Yes, what was ( Rs. -------------------------
e
13.3 What are the imajor issues related to processing? Please i mention.
s
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
) )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Y Y
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 Logistics & Marketing
e e
14.1 Whom do you sell your produce?
s s
S. Buyer % of the total harvest Selling Price (Rs./ Q)
No. sold
(i) Consumers directly
(ii) Local trader
(iii) Commission agent
(iv) Wholesaler
(v) Private processor/ company
(vi) Any Govt. agency
(
(vii) Any export agency
(viii) Any other i

i
14.2 How do you carry the produce to the market? Please tick-mark the options.
)
(a) Rented vehicle (c) Own vehicle
( (
(b) N cost borne by the trader
Carrying (d) Cart/ Thela (e) Others --------------
i i
o
14.3 What are the approximate
i carrying charges/ quintal?
i Rs. --------------
14.4 (i) Do you store your produce to get better price?
) )
(a) Yes (b) No
N N
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o o
(ii) If yes, then where do you store it?
(a) Own storage shed (b) Rented storage godown
(c) Any other (Please specify) --------------------
14.5 How much storage charges do you pay for rented storage space? ------------------ (Rs. / Q)
14.6 What is the total volume of commodity marketed during the last season? ----------------- (Q)
14.7 Please give an idea about the sale of the produce.

14.8 i) Are you aware about e – marketing platfoms?

a. Yes b. No
ii) If Yes, please name these platforms.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14.9 What are the major constraints faced by farmers in logistics and marketing?
Please tick
S.
Particulars Problems faced by farmers mark
No

a. No storage facility
(i) Storage facility b. Inadequate storage facility
c. No problem
a. Lack of vehicles
b. Vehicles not available in time
c. Non availability of reefer vehicle
(ii) Transportation
d. High transportation charges
e. Lack of all-weather roads
f. No problem
a. Inadequate/ limited information about markets
Market
(iii) b. Misleading information
intelligence
c. No problem
a. Deduct more charges
b. Part payment
Malpractices in
(iv) c. Multiplicity of charges
the markets
e. Quote lower price than actual prices
f. No problem

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 Please tick
S.
Particulars Problems faced by farmers mark
No


15 Extension services
15.1 (i) Are you a member of any farmer’s association/cooperative?
(a) Yes (b) No
(ii) If yes, then, what benefit do you get?
(a)Training of farming practices (d) Easy access to improved seed varieites
(b) Easy access to credit facility (e) Easy marketing of produce
(c) Get relevant information regarding production & Marketing

15.2 Whom do you contact for getting information/advice regarding problems related to farm
practices & crop disease?
(a) State Agriculture Department (d) NGO (Gov. & Private)
(b) KVKs (e) Universities
(c) ATMA (f) Dealer/distributors
15.3 (i) Do you adopt the given advice in your farming practices?
(a) Yes (b) No
(ii) If yes, what changes did you realize in farming practices after getting extension services?
(a) Adoption of new varieties of seeds (d) Increase in productivity
(b) Introduction of new cropping pattern like intercropping, mixed cropping etc.
(c) Better utilization of available schemes (e) Any other -----------------------------------
15. 4 (i) Have you availed any credit/ loan facility for the production of crop?
(a) Yes (b) No

(ii) If Yes, give an idea about the same.

S. No. Lending agency Amount Rate of Credit Period Purpose
interest
(i) Farmer Producer
Organisation (SHG/

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 S. No. Lending agency Amount Rate of Credit Period Purpose
interest
Cooperative/ Producer
Company)
(ii) Bank
(iii) MFI
(iv) Money lenders
(v) Others
a.
b.

15.5 What are the challenges that you are currently facing in availing the services from different
agencies?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Signature of farmer: Investigator’s Name:

Date:

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