Central Organisation

for Railways
Electrification

Project submitted by:

Shashwat Dixit
Electronics and Communication Engineering, 2nd Year
United College Of Engineering and Research Allahabad
CONTENTS:
 Basic of exchange used in Indian railways, Digital

Exchange used at CORE /ALLAHABD, Programming of

Digital Exchange.
 Optical fiber based communication & its equipment viz,
STM & MUX.
 Various phase & medium of telecommunication in
Indian Railways and its usage.
 Basics of Networking & IP planning in Indian Railways.
 RAILNET connectivity in Indian Railways.
1. Basic of exchange used in Indian railways, Digital

Exchange used at CORE /ALLAHABD,

Programming of Digital Exchange.

 There are various exchanges used in Indian Railways.

 The most common and important for our branches is
Telephone exchanges.
 Telephone exchange means a set of equipment that connects
telephone lines during.
 Before studying about telephone exchange we have to know
what communication is. : -
o Exchanging our taught, media, word, writing or any other
thing is known as communication.
 We can communicate in various forms by using electronic
devices like
1. By using wired communication
2. Or by using waves like radio wave, ultrasonic wave,
infrasonic waves etc.
There are 2 types of communication in Electronic Engineering.

 Analog Communication
 Digital Communication

Analog Communication is a data transmitting technique in a

format that utilizes continuous signals to transmit data
including voice, image, video, electrons etc. An analog signal is
a variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude which
is generally carried by use of modulation.

Digital Communication Signal should be in digital form like 0

&1. For digital formation, there are some techniques sampling,
quantization, Encoding, modulation, Noise, filter, detection and
about error.
Firstly we study about radios which are the basic of
communication.

 In radio we use radio wave.

 There are two types of modulation in radio are: -
 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 In today’s time we mostly use FM because of its low range
and high or good sound quality.
 In AM the range is high but the sound quality is not soo good.
o Frequency says about Intensity.
o Amplitude says about Volume.
o Human can hear sound in the range of 20Hz – 20000Hz.
o Below 20Hz the sound is called Infrasonic.
o And Above 20000Hz is called ultrasonic wave.
 Radio picture with knob and its range.

 Now we come to Telephone Exchange.

 In telephone we use voice frequency communication range
up to 300Hz – 3000Hz.
 With the invention of the telephone itself, the honor of "first
telephone exchange" has several claimants. One of the first
to propose a telephone exchange was Hungarian Tivadar
Puskás in 1877 while he was working for Thomas Edison. The
first experimental telephone exchange was based on the
ideas of Puskás, and it was built by the Bell Telephone
Company in Boston in 1877.
 Father of telephone exchange old telephone switch board

Tivadar Puskás

Telephone exchange