See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245314448

Analysis of Double-Row Tapered Roller

Bearings, Part I - Model

Article in Tribology Transactions · April 2003

DOI: 10.1080/10402000308982622

CITATIONS READS

6 131

3 authors, including:

Spiridon Cretu Daniel Nelias

Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de …
157 PUBLICATIONS 333 CITATIONS 200 PUBLICATIONS 2,089 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Characterization of metallic weld parts View project

Modelling of nuclear valves : manufacturing process and in service loadings View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Spiridon Cretu on 21 February 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.


Analysisof Double-Row TaperedRollerBearings,
Part| - Model*
l)cpartnrult<rtMrtchincl)csign & lribolttgy
'l'h<,
.lir::t lurl ttl' this ltt'rt-purll:4tlr(rPrcs(nlsart uttul\firul
nuxk! tu pt'cdirt lhr P.q1ornk,il.'(sol ltntlrlc-ttttt' lttlx'rc'tl nillct'
lx,urin.gs(l)Rl'RB).'l'ln' nultl hds lrl"rl'tt slrurlurcl in lun nu.iu'
purrs:( Ih A rotn'ctrtionulqna,si'stulitarrrrl.1'ur l.) d(t.'rrnitt(llt.'
int<,nulload listril:iltirtn.tlt( l,cilriil* :itillitt'rsmil tlrc.filrisilclili'
urul (2)- A quusi-dvnauilartnh'sisu'hich inlagratt'stlte dilli'ran'
tial <,tpntionsJitrt<tth lrtring dtnu'nl in <ntlu kt rlctuniru'lhe
atrtounttl'skitfuling,tlrc.liirtion !tnt'cs utul ntntenls und rot$e'
qucntly thc heut dis,riptttitn.'l'heprupos<'dtrtuld ulkn'.s one trt
tuke into et'ounl u !!tncr<il e.rlcrnul Iotling (slul't tilting
nnnotls, rat!fu1an,l u.t'itil ltxuls). tlrt ittitiul u't'itl nnnltr<'ssiur
intnuluccd v'hil<'rnountin(, thc qx'rutittg .tpeetlunl tht luln'iutnt
in tlt<'stuntl
lrop(rli('s, S(),n(nunrt'it'(l nsulls ut'<'1tt'r':;tttt<tl
ytrt ttf lltis lu'(r'lr.Jftlrdlr.".
KEYWORDS
'l
lpcrr,rtl Rollt'r' llclrings: ltol Iing Lilclrrt:nl llclrlings
INTRODUCTION
'l'ltc
i n t c l n t l d c t s i g no t ' r r r l l i l r g b c l r l i r t g s h l t s i t l i t n t l i t t u r ' t t l i t l
i u l ' l u c n c co n t h c i r o v c r i t l l p c r l i r r r l t a n c ca t t t l l i f c . C o r t s c q r r c n t l yt h
lritvirrg
cl'l'icicrrcy an(l rcliitbility ol'nrrtcltirtcs
stlongly rlel^*rr<lcntttrt thc clroice antl tlcsign trl' hcilrirtgs rrscd,
with a dircct link on srrl'ctyitnd cnvit'otttnt'nl c()tlccm$.Tltc cvcr
increlsiltg cosl of ex1;'-ritrtctttltlwtrrk ltlxl tlrt' ltccd to shtrrtcn lltc
conccpti(nl slngr' rcqtlirc lhtr tlcvt'krllrllcttt ol'thcorcticirl nlcth().ls
lntl sirnulirtirrtt ttltrls.
t n t h e p a s t .t h c a p p l i c l t i r r t tt t l ' t l t : r l z ' s ( ! l i t s t i c( : o r l l i l ( :tlh c o r l "a r t t l
the use ol'sjovall's irtlcgr:rls (-i7) wcrc at thc or'igirrol'trnalytical
nlct.hods to calculitle thc intcrrral lorrtl clistlihtrtiorr in u rrrlling
bearing and subsc'quc'utlyto pretlict its stillitcss:rnd tirtigue lil'e
(see lbr cxantltls (25t, (29)\. With lhe tirst dcvclopmcnt of cont-
puters. this upproach has evolvt'd itrttl coltventiomitl tluasi-stltlic
Presentedat the 56lh Annual Meellng
In Orlando, Florida
Itley 20-24,2001
FinalmanuscriptapprovedMarch7,2002
Revlew led by Wiuism Crecelius
Vol.46 (2003). 2. 228-239
.**
l. llliRcEn lnd S. CRI:'ItJ
'lichnic:al
Univclsity"(ih. Asnchi"ol' hsi
l;lcttlty
Mcchanicallr'ingirrccrirrg
66(X)-lasi.Rotnania
antl
D. NEI,IAS
l-.ahoratoircdc Mdclrrriquctlcs (irttlltcls
( : N R St J M R5 51 1 .l N S n d c 1 . Y ' e t n
(r9(r2I Villcurbattttc (c<lcx. l;ritttcc
ln:rlyscs lhal cottsitlcr thc cllccl ol thc ccnlrillgal lirrccs anti
its wcll its lhc intcrrral bearirrg gctxnt-tly' Thc
gyroscopic r't'tonlettls
thcorctical lritsisol tt qutrsi-stitlicntrxlcl lirr hoth ball 1p1lc:ylirldri-
cal rollcr lrcirlings was l'irst proposc(l by Joncs (24) ltttd (251.
Rclcrcncc (/, wils itlllollS lhc I'irst to study low-s1rcctl ta1^-rcd
nlller hcitrings. rvith rt vcctttr bascd rrellrtxl to descrihe lhe inler-
'l'his
nul gcontctry. tlis;rlitccntcnls an(l li)rccs. anllysis rvas litlcr
cxtctr(lc(fh y l . i u ( 1 7 ) c r x r s i t l c r i r r t
g h c c l l ' c c t s ol hilrh rrrlatiorral
specrl. rt:urtcly tlrc ccrttlilirgirl lilrcc atttl the lyrosctlpic lllolllclll
acting on caclt rollcr. ltr contritsl to thc ilti)rclnclltioncd models.
D e M u l . c l i l l . ( . 5 ) ,( 6 ) h a v c p r c s c n t c dl t g c r l c r a l a n t l c o n s i s t e n l
llrathcnralicitl nrtxlcl of high nrodular cltitrlctcr. More recently.
lloupc:rl (?.1) hus proposccl a sinrplc and analytical ilpproirch lbr
b o t h b l l l i t n ( l l o l l c r l r c a r i r r g sl.i r l i t c d t o s t a t i cc q u i l i [ ) r i r r r t[rr u t r v i t h
high caplhilitics to (lcscribc lhc trlcchilnicill interactions betweett
tlrt'bcarirtg. its ltousing rrnd the shnft. hetrcc eusy to iniplenrent in
ilny n(nr-littcitr t:.t:.A. plckage. lntlcperrdcntly ol'thc fatiguc lil'c
cstinruliort. thcr l'r'iclion torqtlc or tht' hcat gcncriltion iJ ilnothcr
irnportlnl rcsult rvhich rcllccls tltt: ovclnll rrllling truaring pcr-
litlnrancc. A dynlntic rttritlysisol'the rvholc bclring is the starlirll:
point lirr irny ;rnltlytic:rltttclhrxl lo itccoullt lirr sliding ilnd ll'icliotl
lirrccs lrud nr()nlcntsirnrl lhctcltrrc l() Prc(licl tcasotlitbly thc inter-
.c
r'otitting ilrc n a l h c i t tr l i s s i p i r t i o ni t s w c l l a s l l t c c o n l l i b u l i t l t to l ' c a c l t b c a r i r l ge l c -
litrls
n r c l r t . S [ c h d y n i r n t i c t ' t t o t [ ' l st t t t t s l i n t c g | a t c t h e ' d i l l c r e l r t i a lc - t 1 u i l -
t i o n s o l ' n r r r t i o no l ' t h c d i l l c r c n t b e l t r i r r gc l c n r c r t l si n o r d c r t o i l l l o w
il n)orc rcirlistic cstilniltion ol' thc slip velocities between the
rollcrs lntl tlrc racr:rvuys. Many thcorcticll studics ol' frictional
torquc in lollirrg hcitrirrgs ltavc beett pcrlbrnred by lr numher ol'
invcstigittors rvhich rrseddill'crrrtt nreth{)dologiesto calculiltc thc
'l-hus^
rrlcti(nr li)rccs rlt'r,elopedin EHL conjurlctions. Halris ( I /).
( / r \ J h a s s t u t l i e t l t h c q u r t s i - d y n a r n i cc c p r i l i b r i u r no f c y l i n d r i c r l
roller bcirrings ant'l trlll bc'aringsconsidering the EHI- theory and
:r Neu'tonirn lrehu,ior for the lubricant. Casscl and Pirvics (//J
lncnlioned the peltbrnrances ol' the conrputer program
SHABERTH - tbr SHAft BEaRing THernral lnalysis oi hearing
-
s)'stems. including bnll, cylindricll ttnd tapcrcd roller bc:lrings
pcrtbrmcd b;- Clecelius 1?) to analyze conrpeling dcsigrt concePts'
l-at^r Guptu (/l) rnd (/.1) has introdtlced a non-Newtonian fluid
rnorlel rvhile tleveloping a sophisticittcd ttrodcl ADORE - lor
l:8
 'firpctetl 229
Anatysisof Doublc-Rorv Rollcr Bcarings:[)alt l--Motlcl

Nomenclaturc = irritill :rxill ctrrttprcssitlrt.

nt
r = rtrllcrseini-concanglc:trr-[J)/1.rlttl
u = scrni-rnajor txis ol the rollcr elld-flangcconlitct'llr = thcrnurlrctlue:liott lirctorlirr thc lubrictnt lilrn thickness
A = HcrtTianconllcl trc:1.llr- q, = rtdill ruisalignrnL'nt ilrUllcof tollcr. ntd
h = scrni-rninuraxis o[ tlrc rrrllcrend-llirngcconti[t' lll = ntisaligurucnlanglcarotlndthc Y lnrl Z--lxis'luspcctivl-ly
C,, = dmg coctlicicrtt rltl
I),, = largc-cnddianlctcrot'rollcr.ttt )' = nlcilnc()ntilcltnglc: 1rt+ll)/2.rtttl
t),, = rneilttcliamrrlcrol'rtrller. tlt = lulrrictntsltcitrtittc.s''
2e = distirncebetwecrtrorv rollcr liitntcs (Xrrrn,.Y,,..n,.Zw.n,).,tl 4 = lubriclnt dynlntic viscosity.Pa's
". = axial loculionof the f istitlnlbrce hltlancecelrlcr.ln , = hulf lttgular cxtcncto[ sphcricalrollerend.rad
L' = Young'sruotlttlusof bodiesI and 2. rcspectivcly' N/nt- A = lubricrrrttilur plraurctr:r:hn,/tt
" t.2
lt' = equivtlentYoutl-{'smodultls: , l. = coelTicicnt ol' liiclion (lhcti(rn)
E ' = ' ) l K 1 - . r ' t 1 \If\ + ( l - r ' j ) / / : : 1 .N / n t - l'l.-' = Poisson'srttitr ol hodicsI lrn<l3. rcsl^-ctivcly
F = friction ftrrce due lo ilsPclity contirct.N viscosityol' thc lubtiqilnt
= kirterttatic
{ = lubricant dntg fbrcc. N ltt = lotationll speed.ritd/s
,{I
= hytlrodynarnicpressurelirrce. N tlt = azimuth angle ol roller. rad
tl
F' = rollinS tiiction force. N (t = courpositesurlhceroughness (llMS). rtl
F' = sliding liiction tirrcc, N t = lubricantshcarslrcss.Itit
l:tr = roller centrifugal force' N T,, = chanrctcrislic lutrricanlsllcitrslrcss(l]yling strcss)'Pa
,i- = rrxialappliedloacl.N o = opening{ngle ol the innerling {1ltrrge. rld ,
t-' = radialapplictlload.N = clcnsilyof thc luhricant-g.iN mi)ilorc' K8/nl'
P,O
.t = lil eunniidulusof luhrictrrt.N/nt:
6* = notr<lirlensional mittc'r'ialpitlilnleter:.r,,,t' Matrix and Ye.lor Notalians
ll = nlinimuurlubricantl'ilm lhickness,ln
ib = heat gerteratiott,W t = v0ctolctosspl'oducl
= nronteutof inertiaol'rollcl tbout its owtt axis (X*-axis). {}., : colunlnvccl()rcxpllsscdl)y rrlslncllls
s' = tratlsposcd c(lltllllnvcclot
Kgnr- {}'
K = loirJ-detlectio:rtlctor: Nln''/l-fbr poirll contact'ilnd n.,. = nulrix expresscdby clcnunl:
NTml(f'-tbr linc contact u' = transfx)sL'dn]iltrix
= trilnslbntlittiollnlatrix litlnt rollut'lo ittcrlinlliilntc
I = activelengthof line coutact'rn t^t lh'tl
/,,. = nonind roller length, m f*'S, = initinl positionsof raccwayond rollcr.rcsPL-clivcly'
I = fatiguc lifc associatedwith90Vo reliability. hn come lnlo contitcl
"to
M,t = tluicl drag rnomentabout the roller axis, N.nt (veclorslocittingin thc incni0l thnlc)
Mr = roller gyroscopicmoment.N.m f,* ,s, = final [xrsirionsof tncc*"y tnd roller, rcspcctivrtly,thi(
Ms = mon'rentof spin, N.m coureinto cotrlacl(veclorslocatingirt thc inertialliitttie)
= belring rot.ttio,nalspeed,rpm I' = innerring,vcctor
p = prcssurc,N/m- A = inner ring disPlacertlenlvccltrr
lro = maximum Hertzian pressure,N/m? a = roller vectOr
q = load per unit length, N/m n = unit vcctorllonnal ttl tltc ritccwayliurtldc
= roller displacetnenlvuctor
o = contactnormal load, N
= roller caSepockEtnornralforce, N
U
Q..
Qc = basic dynamic capacitY,N Iunux SYato/-J tNn AnnarvuttttNs
o,. = race equivalent load, N
= pitch radius of the beat'ing,m I = row number I ol bearing
It = equivalentradius of curvaturein the Y*- direction,m 2 = row number 2 of bearing
Re = Reynoldsnumbet u = asperity-to-asPcritY contacl
R\ = cuivature racliusof the roller large cnd surface,m = cage
T = inlet lubricant temperature,C f = guiding f'langc
T* = contactmoilent' Nm i = lnncr raceway
il, = avemgetrntrainingvelocity, rn/s J = rollerorbital position
u* = non-dirncnsiortitlparanteterof speed:4,,V//r!R k = rirccway:iurcr (k = i): outcr(k = o) rrxl l'langc(k = l)
= roller disphccmcnt.tn - hcaringnlw: low I (rn = l) arld luw 2 (nt = 2)
U llI

v = surf'acevelocity in moving tlircclkrn, m/s o = 0utcrraccwily

AV = slidingvebcity, In/s I = t { h s l i c cr t l l i n c c u l t i l c l
w* = non-drmcnsionalpurumeterof load: Q//';'lR-tilr linc contlct = rollor
and Q/Ii'R-for Point contact .T = tlirc{,:tiotl palirllclto X-axis
z = total number of rollers per row .v = rlircctionparallelto Y-axis
a = outer racewaysemi-coneangle,rad = direclionplrullel to Z.-axis
Q, = pressure-viscositycoelTicient EIID = clastohydrodynanric
p = inner racewaysemi-concanglc, rad tvR = isoviscous-rigid
= tiustion of initial axial compression,7o PVE = piezoviscous-claslic
5
6 = contaclcompression,m PVR = piczoviscous-rigid
6", 6)..6, = inner ring <lisplacemcntuklng the X , Y and Z-axis. DRTRB = bouble llow'fapered Rollcr llcaring
respectively,m SRTRB = SinglcRow'l'apcredRollcr Bclliug
230 l . l l l t r r r . l . ) .N r r r \ : . , . . rj ! " ( ' r r r !

I o t l l l r t t l t l c l l i t r l t t t t c l t i c\ l l l { l i c \ ' l l r ) l l l ( ( r l l l i l ( ' l ( i c { ( } r l l t i l l l o l l si t l l ( l
'
q u l s r - r l t ' r t ; t t n ttc: t l u i l i l r r i t r nct t l t t i t l i o t t si t t ( ' e \ p t t ' : \ c ( l t r l r t r i r t . rr:' c t
I o r t r r t t lt n a t r i x t t o t a t i o t t s . ' l h c l r a t : l i o r tl i t r c c s t t t ' < ' t l c i
t n
l l l t r : d ! t t l t t t t -
i c c t ; r r i l i l t r i r r l tht i t v c l t t t t o h t l r i n c < rl t s i r t l ll t \ o l t \ t ' r ' l o t t i l t t r l l c r r -
\)^, l o g i c i r l r n o r l c l . l h t : e l l e ' c to l ' s u r ' l ; t c cr o t t l ' h t t t ' s sl u t s b c c t t i r l c l t r r l e i l
in thc trlctlittiorr ol'llaction lirrct's.
Ftlxol I FLAIIG! 2

r o ' u DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
l)ouhlt:-rorv tlpcrctl rollcr hcitrings (l)R'l'RU) may ltavtr rollcr
Fr r'
t l fn"r rows in b:rck-to-ltitck (rlcsiglrirtion sullix L)lJ) trr in lircc-to-litcc
Bccirg curmlin F1
( d c s i g n l t i r x r s u l l ' i x I ) l ; ) a r r i t t t g c l n c : n ll.n D I ) - u r r a n g c n l c n t .l h c
kriul lirrtrsol thc hcaring tlivctjc lou'rrnls thc beilring axis u'hile
- * "
tlte hratl lirttrs lirt' [.)l-ltrrttngcttrcnt cotlvcrgc towrrds the bcitring
a x i s . ' l ' h c rl i r n t t t : rr l e s i g r tl l t r t v i d c ss t t h s r a n l i arlc s i s l i u l c cl o l l l o l n c n l
k r a t l i r t g{ l h ; t l i s . h i g h s t i l l i r c s s ) .r t h c t s i t sl h c l ' l t t c t ' p r o v i d c sg r c i l t c l '
Flg. l-schematlc vl€w ol I doubl€-row tapered roller bearlng In DB'
arrangomonl. t b i l i t y t r r i r c c o r t u t t o d a ttrtrr i s l t l i g n t n c n(l t c l r t t i v c l' l c x i b i l i t y ) .
A s i r u p l i l ' i c r lc n r s s - s c c t i o t ot l ' a I ) R T R I ] ( t t l I ) [ ] - a r r n n g c n l c n l )

Advanccrl [)yntnrics Ot l{ollirrg ljlcrncttts to ohtain l lirll s l t o u ' i n l l h c c s s c n t i a l b c a l i n g c o t t r ; x l l l t - l l l s( i n n c I r i l t g t t t r ' o r i r ' .

tlynanric sinrull(iolt, in rcll-tirnc. lilr varitxtstypcs ol'bcarings. o u l c r r i n g t t t ' r ' t t y ra t t d g u i t l i n g s l x r u l t l c r o r . / / r r r r . r , itto' )g c t h e r w i t h

including thc tlpcrcd rollcr bcarirrg.onc. Sitlcc lhilt work. nlilny s o r n cs e o r r t e t r i c a<l l e l l n i t i o n si s g i v e n i n I ' i g . l . ' f h e t l c f i r r i t i o no f

nllling hcaring uurlyscs prcscnlc<lin thc litcraturc hitvc ttscd non- cuch syntbol is givcn in llre notrtenc:laturc.
'l'hc
N c r v t o n i l n l l u i d r r t r x l c l s( o l ' v l r i t t t t s l y p c s ) t o c s l i n t . t t ( ' l h ct f t t c t i o l l conical rlccwity surlitccs ol'lltc cottc arttl cup have a conr-

l'<rrccsaud ulonrcnls duc lrt lttbricattt slrcaling. lts lilr crxatnplclhc n l ( n l l p c r a l P ( ) i n tn | ( k r r r o w l ) a n d A . ( l i r r r o w 2 ) a s i l l u s t r a t c r d

work ol'Ndli:rs. et xl. (.1.1,)

:ur(l 1.lli on high-sperrdnrller hclrrings i n l ; i g . l . W h i l s t r h c l p c x c o i r r t : i d c sw i t h l h c c c n t u r - l i n eo l ' l l t c

artd ball bearings.r(t:rpctivcly.'[hcy gaveiit melh(xl to idcntily thc hc:u'ing it is possil'rlcto tlclcrnrinc tlrc nr:titl gconlctl'icill pal'alllc-

c$trihulion ol citch inleraclion bctwccn bcaring clcntcnts to thc trrrs r'.\.lhc rollcr nr(lius iln(l thc bcitfing illlg.les:

totul crlcrgy dissipatctl. lt should bc crnphasizcdlltat thc rltcolog-

. l r i t c h r a r l i u s( o I d i v i d i n B r i l ( l i u s )o l ' t h c b c i l r i n g
ical nrodcls uscd to dcscribc thc lluid bchnvior irrc scnti-cmpirical
:rs thcy ncctl dat:r dcduccrl l'nrnt cx1:crintcttlilltl'ilcli(nl cut'vcs. ln it [)',,si n(^1\
dilltrrcnt Inanrtcr Zh()u rrn<lllocpriclr (41, hitvr' ;lrrtposcd it ttt'w
' tll
") 2lrrtt.(t)
rurcth{xl(o cstinratc tlrc trictirxr lortluc rrl'llpcrctl rollcr htritrillgs.
. rollcrlclivc lcngth
b a s c d < x rn r i x c t l - l . i l I [ .l u b r i c l t i o n w i t h : r c o r t l r i l ) r t l i ( ] ro)l ' ( l r y c o n -
tacts lxtrvccn aspcrilic.slo thc (tvcrilll li-iction lirt'cc. Such il tnodcl 1 , . - ( r ' 1* r ' . . , ; )
,
should bc uscd whcn thc luhriclnt lilnr thickrrr:ssis krw in corn- ('o.s(sI
t2l
parisrxt lo lhc sur'lltccnrughncss. i.c. lirr low spcc(l :lpl)liciltions.
Morc rcccntly Wrng, cl ul, (J/) hlvc l)t'csctltc(lit nl('lho(l t(l prc-
rlir:t tlrc tortpte rtttrlltr:ul ilcn('rilli()tl in t:qrcrc<lrttllcl lxrrllirlgs with u'hcrc r', itnd r, lttc thc rollcr charttl'crs lrrrnt the litrgc antl sntlll

lully-or parli.tlly-.iltnltllctl rollcrs. lrt lhis litst w()rh. lllc c(rnlilct c r r t la l i l s c x t l c n t i t y . r c s p c c t i v c [ ] ' .

bctrvccrr lhr: tollt:rs ltn<l lhc: ruccrvays is ltssttlttctltlry lrrbricirlctl

whcn lhc'tclltpct':ttulc ('xcccds 190 (' irntl lhc lritclion bchavirlr is MECHANTCAL (OUASI-STATIC
INTERACTIONS MODEL)
s i n r p l y t l c s e r i b c dt r y l l i ' i c t i o nc o c l l i c i t ' n t v i r r v i r t gw i t h t l t c s l i d i t l g A contprcltcrlsivc qullsi-stillictnotlcllo obtitirlthc lord distri-
vcltrity. hutitrnanxrrrgnrllcrs.thc klrd distrihutitrnalongthc rollcr length.
'fhc :rrttlrolatiotr)betwcen
s t a t i c .c l u i t s i - s t a t i cq,u l s i - d y n a n r i cr r n dl i r l l < l y n r r n t i ict n i t l l ' - luxl tlrc rclutivc nlovemcntlclisplaccrrtcnt
sr.s hcrc lhlvc-rtlcrntioncd wtrtc pc'rtirrrttrl litl single-rrrrvrrllling hcrc.This l'irstnlo(lclis 0lr inlerntc(liirlc
r'ingsis l)r1'scntctl slcp in
be:rrings. with linritt:tl loittl c:rrryirtg clrplcity itt ctttttpltrisott to tlrc tlcvr'loprncntof a qurrsi-dynilmic nnxlel. ln order to sintplily
doublc-row rollirrg ht'urings. Whcrr thc lold is vcrv high in both thc iutalysis.thc tollowing ilssurnptiutshavc'becnntitdc:
irxial lnd raditl dir'cctiorts antl wlrctr thc lvlillrblc sprtcc is too
srrrall lor two singlc row rolling bcttrirtgs. thc rrsc of tloublc-row . tlrc lrearingclcnlcntsarc matlclirxtr a lrttrelvclasticntaterial.
tupcrcrl rollct' hearings TDRTRB) tcplcsents thc bcst prilctictl . trxh rollelsand ruccwiryshrvr.-rr-ctilincarproliles.
solulion. Although the DRTRB is useclin ntany itpplications (such . intr'rnalfriction lbrcesand rromctltsare i,grrored.
as rvhccl bearings. nltchine totlls. helictlpter atrd itttttttrtolivegear- . thc-clfbcl of lhc cagcsis neglected.
ol'
hoxes etc.) the iltletttiotl to dytlitnlic sirrrul:rtiortlor this t1'pr-" . the outsrlinEris irssumedro be fixetl in space.
bearing has been sntlll t:onrparcd with th.u orr othcr rolling belr-
ing tvpes. Thc lirlkrwingmain coonlinrtteslstctnshavebecnintroduced
1'hc presenl pilpcr prolx)scs n culrPl'r'hctlsivt'tnodt'l lirr lirr convenience: lhe inertialrettrettcecoorclinate (X,. Y,.
51'stgur
DRTRB irllowing onc lo pr(:(lict lhcit'pr:rlirnttltrcr;s ltnd lo pcr- Z,) lixcclto lhe outer ring anclrvith its origin irt thc rniddlecross-
 Rollcr Rclrirlgs:Palt l-Model
Anllysis ol' Dorrtrlc-Row'l:rpc'rt'il
231

n,het-e
4.,
t I , ' . r , ,- - -2
d.. +

-t,-l; ) l l
1 1. [r',.,1.(rI.,
(fu.r,.,..,1.,,
I6
('
d : . r=' d .+ 1 u '1 , ,T ( d .+, + ) l
Fo F" FO
r+4 v (-

and A' is the tolal iuitial axill comprcssion of bt'aring,6,. 6y.0/.

F. y" antl 1, arc lhe linear and itngulardisplac:cmcnts of thc shali
r*r7r 7 mcusure<lwith respectto thc inertial tiarne. the upper sign ret'ers
to row I (m = l) andlhc lower sign.
re{'ersto low 2 (nr = 2)'
Innerring
Thrustflange . rotationvector

T', 1'= {(}.1y.f.i1 l3bl

Tr, With rcspcctltl llre rcllcl ctxrrdittitlcsysl!:llts(X.".u'.Y*.n,'

ltt = T3. theetluilibritrnrpositiortol'thc rollcrsis tlcsclibed
Z*..,,,).
by the tollowing veclols:
Fig.2-Co-ordinatesyslemsandexternalloadlngtransmllledtromthe
shaftto lhe b€aring.
. displacetnent
vector

sectionof the bcaring, the cone coordinatesystem(Xil, Y,r,,Z,n) IJrrr: rt".r,,}l

{tr..,.,r,,.0. t4al
and the rollcr coordinfltesyslem(Xw.!r.Y*.u,,Z*.n,).The subscripts
m denotesthe bearingrow; thus m = I refersto row I and In = 2 . rotntionvector
refers to row 2.
The bearingis subjectcdto the action of the lbllowing cxternal iD- : {0. g,.n,,{l}'t' l4bl
loads:
The magnitudeof the vectorcomponenlsirr Eqs'l4al and [4bl
l. First an axial preloading(F ) expresseclin terntsof the ini- dependson its angularposition(azinrulhangleqr).The total elas-
tial total axial compression(A ), tic defbrmationtbr each Hertz'iancontactis expressedin termsof
2. Secondan externalloading with tive components: the bcaringinternalgeometryand thc displacenrent and rotation
- the axial force, F. = F,, which acts in the positive vectorsabove-defined.
directionof the Xt - axis.
- rwo radial forces, F," = F, and F,, = Fr..which act along NominalPositionVectors
the Y, - axis and thcZr- axis' respectively.
Thc tlistlnce lirrnr thc X*. -axis ol' thc rollq' lo lhc inneralld
- two lilting monlellls,M, and M,, whichact aroundthc Y,
outcr rilccwilysis rlcl'itlcd[ry:
- axisand the7,r- axis.respectively.

All cornponents ol'the externalloadingabove-mentiuted irc

applied on the shaft at the middle cross-section of the bcaring' -. f
1t1,(t:) , ;;,h, tr= i.o
.")icn(,:) lsl
;i,ii;l
They are presentedas well as the coordinalesystemsin Fig' 2'
A generalextemal loadingproducesrnechanicalinteractionsat
the roller/racewayand roller/guidingflange contactsthat diftbr for whercx ( 0< x < | ) is theaxiulcooldinalcirlongthorollcrandc
each row and eachroller. Conscquently,the bearingcomponents is the nonrinalcleafitncc.
(inner ringsand I'ollers)arc translatedand rotateclfrom their ini- On inner and ltutcr racewaystlrf'aces:lor an lrhitriu'yangu-
y lar coorrlinaterp. the norninalpositionvcctor Rk (k = i.o) litr a
tial positions.With respectto thecoordinatcsystem(X,". r,'Z,n),
the equilibriumpositionsof the inncr rings are described by thc poinl on lhe racewayol'the concor cup is cxprcs'sed with rcspect
following displacement and rotation vectors: system(X,,,.Y,,,,Z,n)by:
to the co-ol'dinatc

. displacetnent
-til,)-{ ::;:i;;,::ikl},,'u,
r3arR*,.(",,,'d,,i
vector

A* : {d,..r,,,d.y,r,,'
d".ru.}?
232 I. Bnncnn.D. NEI-lns,rxt>S. (lttutt.i

where the upper sign refers to the inner colltacl (k = i) and thc
lower sign to the outer contact(k = o), aud c,,,is an intlex tlrat
'''* *"'},,,
dependson the row; cr = - 1 fbr nrw I and cu = I lin row 2'
The nominalpositionvectorR, of a flangesurl'irce
comesinto contactis:
point that { ";,:.i'tr;"lil:t:T,"' tl2l

On roller surface:asa consequence of the rollerdisplacement

f,-'l ( k:tll^.tt.t?-Il^ c o s 1' r r r 4 ) , , , , )
= = 1i r , l =,-{ p,,,-Il^.cor,\.*izt t / l ^ . s i r r { l l s i r r q i}
and tilting, the positionvectorS**1 (k = i,o,l) can be written in
Rr,,"(rl") t7]
lrt" ),,,
-
[ [ . , , , l t , . r r r r . \ . r t l t r 1* l l , . s i n ? l v s t ' ) , , , the (X*.*, Y*.n,,Z*.n,)- coordinatesystemas:

whereI is the half angularextendof the sphericalroller end, i.e.,

lr = arcsin(*)
S*.k.m : Sw.k+ Um + {D* x S*,P t t3l
On roller surface:lhe nominalpositionvectorS*.n(k = i,o) of
SubstitutingEqs. [4] tnd [9] into Eq. I I 3 L one obtainsthe fol-
the analogouspoint that comesinto contacton the roller riurfaceis
lowing expression:
expressedin the roller f)arne(X*.,n,Yr.r, Z*.,n)by:

S*,p=(
( r
t)
I
I I8l *'--{;;; :f:'.*;,1
s']''' ll4al

[ +nr(r)J
where the signs"-" and "+" relbr to the inner (k = i) and outer (k
where the signs"-" and "+" refer to the inner (k = i) and outer (k
= o) racewaycontacl, respectively.
= o) racewaycontact,respectively.

(
.| - -
f R"[rrs.\ rns('y fl)]
'l
r: { ii,"\':;.
sr'
"::" :'"l
s * , f = ",r,
{ . s , , , r , } * 1_ g . tel u4bl
[ ",,r,J " , )I
|. -n" . sir{1- 0)

Equationll5l is used to expressthe roller surfaceposition

Final PosltlonVeclors vector R',",n (k = i,o,f) in the (2,, Y,, Z,) inertial frame;
whentheinner
surfaces:
On theinnerandouterraceway
ringsaredisplacedand misaligned,the veclorRt, which givesthe
R*,k,m: W* + [Al,"S;,k,^ tl 5 l
final position of any pnint of the cone surf'ace,is expressedin the
where [A]n, is the transfotmation matrix from the (X*.n,, Y**,
system(X,, Y,, Z,) as:
Z,.n,) - roller coordinatcsystemto the (X,, Y t, Z) - ilenial coor-
dinate system.The vector W locatesthe roller systemorigin with
["1] respectto the inerlial system.
Ri,- = { Rt.* *r* + A,,, +I X Ri... =
";" }:
|.'i"J 'W-
: {Tcru r't'rrrsirt'$, r'- t:os({)lr tt6l
where the uppersign relbrs to row I and the lower sign to row 2.
( ,',., + 6, - ri" '1y * r'io ' 'y" T c,' l
'oo* - "t'i't'''Yz ttot
\ {' I LOADS AND DEFORMATIONS
( ,'r" + dz + I'it''f.y ) ,,,
Once the final position vectorswithin each Hertzianconjunc-
wherer. is thepositionvectorof theconeframesrclativeto the tion surfaceare known, the normal contactdeformation0* (with k
inertialt'rarne = i,o, and f) can be determinedas the projection on the unit vec-
tor (normal to contactingsurfaccs)of the differencebetweenfinal
rr-: {1c',0,0}? position vectors:
The outerring is assumed to be fixed in space,theretbrethe
nominalandfinal positions
of any pointin contactareidentical:
'x,^(r,d) : +(Ri,* - Rlu,r.,*)tu,mrk: i,o ll7al
Rl,rr,: Ro,- tlll

ln a similar way than for Eq. [0], the final position of any = (Ri,- - Ri;.*)n1,m
61.^(4r) il7bl
point of the inner ring flange is given by the following vector:
The signs "t" correspondto inner and outer racewaycontact,
respectively,and nu reprcsentsthc normal unit vector at the con-
Ri,., :
{fi} = Rr.," + r,,, * A.,, f I x R1... = tact point on rhe raceways (k = i,o) and guiding flange
 i\ntlysis ol' Double-RowTaperedRollcr llcalings:Prrt l-- Modcl 233

(k = fl. The expressions of t\* arc prcscnlc(lin dctail irr Appendix ( f l.',,): (l .. 1.'--- r'1:r3't.1;i'(/,,
r(r")ros|r/t:''
A.
Accordingto l-lcrtz'sthcory,the norrnalloitdltrttlrntttttclllarc I .1.;"e,,..:(t.)rrrstr/r' [20cI
!.,;"u
lirrkcrtlto the contaclelasticdelilrmitlions:
i! '- )j,, ,
.\/,,,) :tl . ,11,,

:1;u
Qft,,,(q,) - t'o
r,i')d'r'L: | | ti.rl trr';..,,,sltttt
tf;.t,;t"Jil{/,,.,,,( t20dl
I r'i,.,,,,ttsttr'""t";r/'r'r1u'}
.ln',I1"/*'i.r'.
1 ! i i / . ,) : ( )- - J I - Il,. ,
- /t.r'
Qr,,,.(0) ll8bl
4/'(.,i') -1"t'.1.'..,,,rrtstts1'11i)r/'rrlf')
ti:+ .t,;"J,Jtt,,.,,(* r,1,,.,,,'sirttt l20el
rl fl
Ti.,,: I r1(t:,rlt)rd:r: 1\i.., / ,i,'11l*'(t,,'vi),,,dtt IlScl
Jo .lo
Equationsl20dl and l20cl wereotrtaincdsrliling tionl the fbl-
The contactstif'tnesscsK,' K. artd K,. which dependon thc
lowirtg n:athenratical firrnrulttionof lltc lolcl intcnsitycorttribu-
materialpropertiesdndcolltilct geometryat the roller'-racewayand
tion (c1,)to thc rcsistanltilling tnonrc.nt:
roller-flangccontacts,respectively.are given by Harris( I9)' Fot
detailedcxprcssions of Eqs. IlSrtl-llttcl the reitdernlay rcl'erto
AppendixB.
&,.r, Xeo- ,,,( "';,::;',,'",]lili',
,,:1,,,;ililil'.i""
)
Quasi-Statlc Equilibrium \ 1 , , , , , , , , , " i , , ,I' r , , . , . , , , t ' r t s r t t i t t t/. '

The contact forccs and molnents must balanceeach bearing

element(rollers and ring of eachlow). ln thcscetlualitrnsthc uppcrsign rcf'urslo rrlw I (rtr= l) and
Roller equilibrium: threequasi-staticequationsof equilibri' thc lowcr signto row 2 (nr = 2).
um areneededto determinetherollerdisplacements (u^,9r, ur) as The lirce-to-taceorrilngcmcnl(tlesignrrted by thc suflix DF)
defined bv Eq. t4l, i.e., two equationsof forces and one oI wherethe loadlincsconvergctowardsthc bclring axisconsistsof
moment(for eachroller) expressedin the roller coordinatesystem two bearingswith an intermc<liatc ring belweenthe two outer
(x*,Y*,2*): rings. unlikc the back-to-backarratrgetnetlt (DB) fbr which the
intennediatering is put bctwcenthe two inner rings.The quasi-
stltic modelpresentcdabovelbl DB-arrangcmcnt, carrbe easily
qy,u")* F" : f)
Qu,-{',r*, I l9al ildaptedto DF-arrangcmenl try applyingthc initial axialconrprcs-
I
k sion to the outerrings.

Iti,*(r", * M, :6
pt1,u.) t l9bl BEARING LIFE
&
In currentengineeringapplicationsof a rolor supprted by
wherc Q* is the contact load; F. and M* are the centrit'ugalforce
rolling bearings,thc calculatiorrof individualbearingfatiguclife
and gyroscopicmolnent,respectively,and T n representsthe con-
is rnatleusingthe ISO standardmcthod basedon thc Luntlberg
tact moment.Detailedexprcssions of Eqs'Il9al-ll9bl aregiven rncthodusedby narr-
an<lPalnrgrctt /2,3)theory.Thc standarclized
elsewhereby Crctu,ct al. (-i) tbr a singlcrow taperedroller bcar-
ulirclurcrsin thcir catalogucsl() cillculittc;t dynanticccluivalcnt
ing.
load is subicctcdlo ntnnytcslriclitxtssuchas;zcro inlertlalclcat'-
Bearing equilibrium: the quasi-staticequilibriumcqualions tll'lhc inncrantlttttlctrings:lrndno
lncci parallclt.lisplitccntents
of the completebearingare nccdcdto lincl the linear and angrrlar
ccntrilugallilt'ccandgyrosctrpic lllolllclll.
displacements 0*, 6y,6,, Yyand1, of the shaftat thc middlecross- scctionis to evitluatetheopcratingheat'ing
The purposct>fthis
sectionof the bearing. distribrrtiorras obtaincdby the prescnt
lif'eusingthc internat loacl
A conrbinedload appliedto the shaft inducesdilferent loadson
quasi-stulicanalysis.Itr nornraloperatingconditionsthe guiding
eachcup.The sum of the inrcrnalloadsresultingon eachcup must to il pro-
flangcol'eachbearingrow is Iightly loadcdandsubjected
balancethc cxtemal loading.The quasi-static equilibriumol'the
nouncedsliding. Scuflirlg may occtlr at this conlactbut is not
DRTRB in DB-arangement,which includesthe contributionol' lil'c lating melhod'
includctl in thc Lundhcrg-Palrrrgrcn
eachrow, is given by: the lif'eof'thc guidingI'langcis itssurnctl inlinitc'
Conseqttentty,
Thc presence of a rclativernisalignmcnt hetween the inncrand
(tn,) : o: F* - L#" Ii" Q",r0il"o",;,tl'!,+ outer rings modifiesthc loac'ldistdbution atnong rollct's antl lhc
loadtlistributionat fhe rollcr/raceway u()ntircls. ln thc slicing tech-
z'tT" .[i" e,,,2(t!t\
t:os(:tt(t [20a1 length of a linear contact is divided into
niqueused,theeffective
a nuntbern ol'clisks with thickncss Al. Thc probahility of survival
(D l;,) :0 = Fv - z#!t .l;?"(),,,1(ri.,)sinrilt!t-
lbr thewholebearingis predictedts thc Productot survivalprob-
abilityofeachslicc.
' l20bl
iT" Ii" Q,.2(l;)sinti"itt'
234 I. BcRcn,q. S. (ilrritl'
D. N6t.tes.cstr

The L,o - latiguelife of a racewilyelcmentaryslicc is (in mil- rt.7')l

r.l23: --:1,19(i* It -?()l
. t
lions of revolutions): , + [ ( f .rteJ)^L]?rrt
.
(#f#f
Lt'r,u,.t: lztl
as:
viscosityv I calculatc(l
with thekirrernatics
whereQ..*.r.,is thc basicdynamiccapacg (ftrr l(f revolutions)
of a roller- racewaysliceof indext (t =1. 1r),ftrr the row of index 4r'-r00nfiX)
-,u lbr N < 1000
,i : rPm
nr (flt = 112) ana contactof index k (k = i,o). WOV
'15t)o
= D'A'
Qc:,t.,,., (#)2/'rD?u/'?
N7/!z-ttt t22l ui - frr N > looorom
ffi##
\/ Nd
where B is a constantdependingon the material quality
(B = 551.2for 52100 air-meltsteelaccordingto units in N and where N and d are thc rotationalspeedand bearingpitch diameter
(in mrn).respectively.
mm); Dt is the disk diameterat index U d, is the corresponding
Finally,the lifb ol'cach bearingrow and subsequentlythat of
pitch dianretero{'the bearing,and ir. is a stressconcentrationf'ac-
tor accordingto Rumbargerand PoPlawski( 1994):l"- = 0-6I fcrrt the whole DRTRB can be preclictedin tcnnsof hoursas:
= I andn, and)r"= I fbr I =2,tt' - l.
Qu.*.r.,it theequivalentloadfor the samcroller-raccways'lice,
x 106
-Loro.,,,(rrer)
:
L11v,,,.(h'rs) ,nr,:rt t3ol
row and contact,expressedas: 60xN
ttt=2
- for rotatingraceway(the innerring in the presentanalysis):
Lrc.onrn,':tt t',].!|1-"/' t3lt
ltt=\
r2t
/\ : rr,2r,lo
VE.i,rn.t
l rI4\'/n
(1;.,,,,1L!.)n 1231
TRTBOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS (OUASI-DYNAMIC
MODEL)
- for stationaryraceway(theouter ring in the presentanalysis): A fine descriptionol'the interactionsbetweenthe various
rolling bearingelementsis required(i) to evaluatetherisk of con-
t rZn tact failurc (fatigue, scuffing, wear), (ii) to estimate the total
rr I power lossand its sourcelocation,and (iii) to determinethe veloc-
ulll,o,r1,t.:Ln 7r1u,u,,,,LL)'/t,t'4tlt/u l24l
Ju ity of eachbearingelementtaking into accountsomeskidding of
as:
TheL,,,-lif'eof thewholeracewayis determined the cage or skewing of lhe rollers. Of course' thesethree impor-
tant issues alE not independent'Coming back to the primary
Ltr,k,,,:tf ril(:,,,rl t/n I2sl objectives of the study the models presentedbelow are those
requiredto estimatethe magnitudeand the origins of heat gener-
The L,,,- life of a singlerow tapereclroller bearing(SRTRB) is: ation within the bearing.
The heatdissipatedinto the bearinghasthreeorigins:the fric-
l:-0 tion forcesandmoments,the rolling forces,and the churningand
vt t u. ., .r ]
_
- f \- r-glrrl-n/O L26l drag forces (or windage losses).Except for the bearing type and
L/:r"*,tn t
ft=i size which are always intportant,the heat dissipatedby tiiction
by Debognie(1982)the L,,,- life
Using the relationproposecl dcpcndsrnainly on the intemal geometry,operatingconditions
of a DRTRB is given by: (speed, ternpcratureand load ranked in order of importancc)'
lubricationtype (grease, jet oil, rnistor dry lubrication)and lubri-
cant propertiesand quantity; Thc rolling forces acting againstthe
= tI
Lto,pnrnn r;1/,ll-'/o 127) movemenlof rollers depends mostlyon the load level;Finallythe
rrr:l churning or drag forces and moments are directly connectedto the
To accounttbr thc eff'cctsof reliability, material and lubrica- amountof lubricant deliveredby the lubrication system.
tion, adjustmentfactorsmay be appliedto the life of SRTRB.The The significant contributions to the total heat generatedare
adjustedlife becomes: listedbelow dependingon their location:

Lan.s nr nB = atazt Ln.S Rr RB t28l . tiiction forcesbetweenrollers and mceways

where a, is the reliability factor (ar = I for a reliability of 9QVo)
and q., is a coefticientdependingon the ratio betweenthe oil vis-
cosity v. at 40 C and the viscosity v, required for an.adequate
lubrication at the operating temperature'The ar. r's, v /v , dia-
grant is given by the bearing manufacturersin their catalogs
(FAG, 1988;SKF, 1989:etc.).An equivalentrelationshipmay be
obtainedby interpolation:
. friction forcesand momentbetwecnroller endsand flanges
. friction forces betweenrollers and cagepockets
. rolling forces acting at the roller-racewayconlacts
. lubricant drag forces and moments
It shouldbe noted that evcn if the bearingis well lubricatecl
somemelallic interactionsbetweenasperitiesusually occur at the
 RolL'r I]eitrings:I'irrt l-:lr4odcl
i\rrllr sis nl'[)ouhlt:-Rou''lrrpercd 23s

/2, ll ,.,., :t cit,.i [32a1

lz* td.L!t txo
CLrlR(tWlY
Yq
-
vq- [TRt/. ,. ,
/
/--\
\ ' I I Ytl ., Tb.'--t'
iorrrN/ /qi g$ yw
CL+ 5i q.*,"' ' - '. lli).,./ l i ' . r 1 . . . r - 'r r ' , , , t 1
I t')*', - l';'"-, I,nbl
[V "''''.x' I/
1
- - " ,- ; \ u'
' l ,^.! whercrtr,is thc irrrtert'ingrotittiottill:pc'ctl.tu,*is thc rollLlfilngtl-
\_/_*0,
------=--.---.<-vtr .r
$i'o' "*o> - lar spcetlabouti{sowtt ;.lxisXr. ut,.is thc clg,ettlgtrlittspcr':t'|. atrd
t'
c(xl t{tw^Y dr dr ., raatn'ag
". .
y- is dctinecli15;-.' ,f',1'"-ars(i)
(a)
-rt- (b)
Thc rollcr-ritccw.ty corltitctlrclr is divitledittlo it nttnrbertt of
sliccs,On each slicc. tltu tclirtivcvclocitytlistritrutionis arssttntetl
unilbnn.
Flg.3-Contactingsurtacevelocityandretativerotationalspeeds.
contacts
(a)roller-raceway Concerning the rollcrcnd - llangccontuct,theresuhingcontact
llangecontact
(b)rollerend-guiding point detbmrsuntlerloittl to lbrm a narrowcllipsc witlr a scrni-
nrajor axis along thc direction of nrotiott.A combinationof
rolling. slidingand spinning()ccttt's ilt lhis contlct. As shown in
rotlcr cnd-f'langedue to telativcly high roughnessfound thcre. Fig. 3(b) thc spin movctllL'rltcottsislsol' an angularspcedto-n
Metal to nretalinteractionstnry alsooccllr ilt the rollcr-ruceway aboutthc X,.axiscontribtrtingttl hoth colnpon!'nts ol'sliding vt:c-
contactat low rotating spec(lor nt ltigh operatingtcmperilturc(or tor AVr., and AVr.,.llong lhc Y, and 2,. -ttxis,tcsl'lcrctivcly. Firr lt
with low viscositylubricarrts) despitcthe bcttcrtluulityol'the j
givcn rollcr ol intlcx thr'scirrlgulalancl lincitrspcctls ltrc dclirlctl
compo$itcsurf'accroughness. lty;
Frictionlbrcesanctmoulelllsdepcrrdon the relativevelocities
throughoutthecontactarca.LocalslidingresultsI'nrma conrbina-
tion ol'slidingalongthe rollingdirectit'rn andspinning.The lbrmer : (u; --a,.)uts| - u,,,..iuts(1- 0)
(.,ror,.j li3al
may be due to cageskidding (i.e. the cagespeedis lowcr thanthe
expectedone duc to the chuming torque) or to inertiaeffectswhen
the roller is entering the loaded zone. Continuous spinningoccurs LVu.t: (,.r;-,.;,.)r7'*.,,.y/i. sia(i - 0l - w",,:1 l33bl
at the roller end-t'langecontactwhilc altemativespinningmay
appearat the rnller-raceway contact when the loller skews. The
mathernaticalprocedureusedto calculatethe friction forccs ttncl L,V.,i : de "!ll l3.lcI
momentsshouldbe last enoughsinceit is perfbrmcdfor eachcon-
tact and at each iteration during the convcrgenceof tlre set of where (yr, zr) rcprcsantslhe curtent point of calculationwith
equationsgoverningthe rollingbcaringbalance. As a complomise respectto the(Xr. Yr. Zr) - tnrnrcantlr' thc tlistanceliom the bear-
betweenaccuracyand efliciency of the computirrgcode the fol- ing axisof thecontactpointbetwcentltc rollcr endandthe flange:
aremade:
lowing assumptions
't' : rrn-
I R'[co's)'sirl1 - s'irt?]
(a) Thc Hertz theory and EHL formulaeare usedto describethe
'Ihe
contactdinrensionsand lubricanttilm thickness. cageangularvelocityof eachrow is updatedal'tereach
(b) The contactpressltredistributionuse<lin the quasi-dynanr- iterationby usingthe rclationprc$cntcdin AppendixC.
ic analysisis assumcclthe sanreas the one resultingliom
the quflsi-stalicequilibrium. Roller Dynamics
(c) Thc lubricationlcgines are assurned to bc EHD (clastohy- Thc tarrgcntiallirtccs itntl tllolllcllls lctittgi ott lt rtlllcr lre
drodynamic)ul the roller - racewaycontacts,PVR (piez-o' lirrccsal tltc rollct'-ruccway'I'ollcr
shownirt Fig.4. 1'hcl'r'iction
viscousrigid) at theguidingllangc- rollerendcontactsand end-tlangeandrollercage colrlilctsincludcthc cll'cctsol'sliding'
IVR (iso-viscous rigid) at thc roller - cagecontacts. rolling andusperityilltcritctions:
(d) In a first step, thc roller skewing Inotion is ignorcd.
Ii.j = Flr,i'.; -l li',.x.j + /1,,,fr..i l34al
Howcvcr, this rcstrictive assumptionhas linle cf'l'ectbotlt
on the tatigue lil'e and on the total heat generation.The FI.j - f,.I.j -l- Ii,,.l..t t34bl
stuclyof roller skew is a complcxtaskand wiil be investi-
I'i,i = F"., ,j 'l l;',,.,'.i 'l' I'\'."j l34cl
gatedseparatelyin the future,

wherc the index a, r ancls relbr to aspcrity.rolling and sliding

Surface Velocities Thc inclext (= i, o) | lnd c
componentof friction, rcspectively.
The roller-raceway contactis dividedinto a nurnberof n slices. refer to ouler,
inner, llunge andcagc, rcspcclively'
A cross-scctionof a roller conespondingto the t-th slice is shown Fach line contactis sliccdinto n elementaryclisks'Thc' axial
in Fig. 3(a). coonlinatcol'caclteletnenraryli'ictionl'olccis givcrtlry:
Sliding velocitiesalong the Y* - axis, AVij and AV.,r' are
det'inedpositive when the tangentialvelocity of the racewayis
l - .l lJ l' li \'.,'/ ,.' \( r )/ 'l . r t l r
greaterthan that of the rollcr: 'E.r
* Jll l?s|
l-'.'I

I/,i.;I
236 l. [Jetct:'r,D. Net.trsn*tr S. Cnt;t'ti

Thc rollcr cr;uilibriurnclesclibcdthrurrghEqs. [374[-l37cl

Yl tll<lwsthe detcrrninationol' the lollowin€lpllamclers:
iffir&

.: . nornlrl lbrcc Q" betweentlre roller anclthe cagcpocket.Eq,

-l'i
:
r?f-:_ 137a1
kr- -;"
I . axial stxrrclinatc tlre pressurecenterof tlre fl'ic-
c""clescribirrg
_ 1,"* ll Ll'l' -,
Xw

,;\:-'ii,;_'i tion lbrce belweenthc rollor and thc cagc pockct F., Eq.
1 [37b],
. roller rotationalspeedor*, Eq. [37c]

fz*
of FrictionForcesand Moments
Description
(b)
Thc forccs and nlonrentsof friction that act on each bearing
componenlarc prcscntcdbelow.
Sliding traction forces and spinning Inoment: the sliding
tractiorl tbrces cluc t.o lubricnnt shcaring are calculatcd by inte-
grating the shearslresswithin the contact.Figure 5 shows lhe
lubricantthrougha roller-tlangeidealizetlcontact.To calculatethe
Xw
tractionforceF*.,.,and spinningmomentM.,r.*,the contactareais
discretizcdin rcctangularelements,as shownin Pig. 5-

F",r,u: |3 8 1
.[ Io,""uo,
(c)
t l
A ' 1- " J , " .I: I ( r p . l t f - r r y ' 2 1 ) < l A 7 i39l
Fig.4-lsnn"nttal torcesandmomentsactingon a loadedroller. .t .t;t,
(a)plane(Yw,Zw)
(b) plane(Xw,Zw) A f'astcornputersolulion asdevelopedand appliedto ball bear-
(c) plane(xw,Yw) ings by Houpe* (2 I ) and then usedby Cretu, et al. (3) to tapered
roller bearingsis also appliedto determinethe distributionsof the
shearstresscomponentsin DRTRB.
where f.,,., is the friction force per length unit that actson the t-th The rheological behavior of the lubricant is describedusing
sliceof the conjunctionk. Johnson and Tevaarwerk's non-linear viscoelastic model (26)
The roller diarnerercorrespondingto the axial coonlinatec" is: which relatesthe strain rate and shearstressby the equation:
DxJ=D,,-2ci,;tan(e) t36l
. ltlr
From Fig. 4, the quasidynamicequilibriumof roller relieson '- + k sinh(L) t+ol
Gdt ,l to

the lollowing vectorequations:

. Sutrrot'F'orccsalong tlre Y* - Roller A.ris where11is the lubricantviscosity,G is the lubricantshearmodu-

lus andt,, is the Eyring characteristicshearstress.
4,",' I'i.j + /j1,.,+ /'),.i..i* I'\,.,,.i+ |j'i * Q,'.i The cennal film thicknessthat appearsin the shearstrain rates
= 0 "y = AVr/rr is calculatcd with the fomrula given by Hanrrockand
sino,..jr:ns€ * fl.r:o.srr,..i+ fi [37a]
Dowson (16) for the piezoviscousrigid (PVR) - lubrication
where the index h and d refer to the effect of hydrodynamicpres- regime. The methodologymentionedabove is also applied to
sureand lubricantdrag,respectively. roller-racewaycontacts:sliding and Iubricantf'low occur alongthe
Y*-rolling direction and the lubrication regirne is assumedto be
. Sum of Momcilts ahout the Zro- Rollar Aris piezoviscouselastic (PVE or EHD). At theseconjunctionsthe
central fihn thicknessh,.ois given by Dowson's formula (8).
lA4"*: fi..ici,,+ L:".it:i,.t
* I'1,.i.ictj.i.i* Rolling resistance forces: the rolling resistanceforce comes
F'nr,,iei1,o.5
* I'at:i t Q sbttt,,iei; from (i) the offset of the cenuoid of the EHL pressuredistribution
"t:ose
from the geometric contact center, (ii) the resultantof the EHL
*Fr..icoscrr';c|,y*F",y;[cos('y-d)-cos,\]:0 [37b1 pressuredistribution along the tangentialaxis, and (iii) the lubri-
cant shearingin the inlet zone. At the contact betweenthe roller
. Suntof Montentsahout the X* - Roller ,Lris end and the flange the rolling resistanceforce may be neglected
since it is lightly loaded.Concemingthe roller-racewaycontacts,
! A'l,.,: l(Fi,,iDi,i + Fn.jDo.j+ 4,.iD";)+ the expressionof thc rolling resistanceforce is due to Zhou and
- 0)+ tr!,1= t".d* t
F*.1.iR"sil\1- 0) * r1,l-.y,ico.s(f t37cl Hoeprich (42):
 lirpeled Rollul llcarings:Plrt l--"Modcl
Anllysis rrl'L)txrbk-Rorr'

h) thc prcscntstudy thc ltrbricationrtginrc tor this lightly

lxt loitdcdr:otttitctis itssrurttrclto hc isoviscottsrigid (lVR). The film
ayrt
r I l L7u
I tlrickncssis given by thc lclltiort cstlhlishctlby Mrrrtin('it?).The
vnrF Il u' as
sliding antl rtrllittglcsistltttccltrtcr,lsll.. itnd lir.. r'"-spcctivcly,
t -..*-=--! - :]--z
Yr
.
br' M.;,
I rr, rwry
tr-...-
usctlin tit1.ll.lcl urc dclcrntirtctlitcconlirtgto lhe rttotlclpt4rosed
ttt
corllltcls
lotcc tlLtcto as;:rct'ily
,.i-,jlr- l ,
'-.
' , '

\i/
l r t
-
r )
Yr
lry Iltruperttl.l). lrinlllv llto lt'itctirrrt
vmlkrd Xt
(F.,.)is cirlculirtcdwith 14. [4]1.
l,ubricanl clrag force irnd monlenl: tlulirrgbelrillg l'()lilli()n.
(a) (b)
drlrg lirrcctluc to tltc transla-
cachnlllcr is sulrjcctt'rllo it visc'otts
tion o[ thc rollcr throughil gilscousrrlixlurc.Thc uxprcssion ol'this,
lirrce wttsploposcdhy Hlrris lntl Mindlrl {lOJ and theu trscdby
Fig.$-Typical lubrlcantllow throughthe rollerend'tlengeconiunctlon'
(a)plane(X' Yr) et al. (.i(r):
Rurrrhargcr.
(b) plane(Yr,Zr)
fl, : /),,,I (./),,,c,',.)?C,1 l44l
irr,,,
whcK:p,,,is thc lubriclnt-gusntixttttctlcnsity{6t,,, = p,,.,x Oil vol-
umcflbtll voluntr). D,,,is tltc rrllcr ttlclttttliitntcterlrndC,ris thc
?o9 | -" ,"t ll,^.
: rtlag cocliicient(connecle(lwilh lulrricurttl)ropcrtiesirnd rollel
- ( Y"'"r (t
F-r^. l r; ! - or,u1c-u^*)()'(i481.1r*tt l4l I
dinrcnsions).
'Ihc
valueol'thc dlitg cocl'licit'ntC,,.tatrulltctlits it lttnt:tiortol'
whcrc t is the sliceindex:G.. U* atrdW* ilre thc non-dimcnsional thc Reynolclsttutttbcr(/3,),cirnlrc cxprcsscdas:
pal'ameters ol' materiill. speedand load. respectively:R is tlte
equivalentradiusof curvlture in thc rolling direction,crnis the f i t 7 l ) l ( i 1 ? r ' ' 1 . 3 : 1 8 8 4 . i r ll 3
pressure-viscosity coeffrcicntancl<D.,.
is the thennal reductionfac- (-,1: Ll(i42- -}:::+ ' -+=-- t45l
ttr"rrr(,llc') JN' Ilr
tor proposed by Murch ancl Witson(J/)'
Traction forces due to asperity contacts: when the bcaring I'loweverit shouldbc notcdth.rl at r()liltiollalspcctlsusctlirt
operatesat low value of A (lambdaparameter,A = h,,r/o).the trac- this stutly (lessthan ?.500rpm) the lubricantdrag lirrce is snlall
conrparedto othgrresistance lorcesin the hcaring.
tion force due to asperity-to-asperitycontactscan be a significant
part of the total forces Fu {k = i,o,f). According to Zhou and Evcntuallythe rollertlragrltomentM. thatactson a plitnctrot-
et al. t1973).
mal to the rollet axis is given by Rtrrnbargcr.
Hoeprich (42) the ratio of asperity contact load to total load
appliedis an exponentialfunctionof A:
HEAT GENERATION
The contributionofcach frictionlorce(rollerdrag,tractioncluc
: enp(-CrA(*) t42l to lubricant shcaringand to asperity-to-il\peritycontacts)arld
W resistancemoment(torquedue to fclling rcsislanceantl the tan-
genlialpressureforce) to thc toral heat dissipatetlis straighttbr'-
wherethe consrants C, andC" canbe determincdby intcrpolating warclknowingthc intclnalkinetttuticsof the bearing.
lhe correspondingcurve of the surfaceprotiles usingEq. [421.The
tiiction coefficientp., due to thc contacrbetweenasperitiesis Heat Generation at the RacewaYs
expresscd from adhesionthcoryof tnetalsasa fultclionof'theclit- At tlrc inrtcr'-(tr'outcr-rilccwlty lo tltc
colrtilcllltc uorrlritrtrtion
ical shearstrcssat thc interlirccS,,,theyield stressofthc steclbulk totalhcat tlissipatcd is givcn hY:
P,,(for rnoststeelsS/P.'= 0'2) and the surfhcctilm corrstant<D.'
k = i. o itntlrn = 1.2l4(rl
", otr.,;i"i.,;ltl';,',lr'1.1v),,,lt,itlti'
I[(i1,.,,,
that dependson the lubricantadditives(undernormal opcrating
conditions,@c- 1.0).with thesespecifications the tractiontbrce -
whercAV*,,is thc slitlingveltrcityat the rollcr indttxj rollerracc-
Foobecomes way contact(indcx k=i for innerand k=o lor outer-r'ilcewily coll-
tact),correspon(lingto the t-th rollcr slicc'
t b (
Fup = popQon: =f - Ctlt"'1 t43l
Qre,t:|t( Heat Generation at the Flanges
The total heattluc to liiclion hetwecnthc guidingflarrgclace
Equation[43] is appliedboth to roller cnd-flangecontactand as:
anclthe t'ollercntl is clel'ined
to eachslice of the roller-Iacewaycontacts.
Roller-cagepocket friction force: in many works, the friction . duc to lutrricantshc'aring
cocfficient ol the roller-cage pocket assembly is not conelated
with theoperatingconditionsin termsof load,speedand lubricant r/4'l
l l ( J"1,,,= t; .l',1'l .l' J',r,.,
1(rrr i L'v'vu.1r r1.lA V1".;.)r1"1,1,;
1,,,
properties.Thus, Rurnbarger, et al' {.16)assumcdvaluesequalor
less tlran 0.10 while Gupta (14), (.f.ii useclvaluesin the range
| ,I .l',i:'
\!t,r,nt.,),,,,t, I47l
(0.05-0.30)for thc Couklmb'stypeliiction coefficient.
238 rNr: S. CnE'ru
I. Bnncr.n,D. Ntit".tirs

. due to asperity contacts REFEHENCES

. . ( 1 9 7 1 ) , " l . o n d I ) i s t r i h u t i o ni n a f l l : r
/ / ) A n < l r t a s o nS Rollct llcarittg
r\rrlngcnrcntCrnridering Misalignnrclrt"'Tiih - 6. ll. pp li4-92'
I l'zn /2) Crccclius.W. J. ( 1978)."Rt:scarchl{c1xn liscr's Mlnual lbr SK[; Conrputcr
HGoI,n: F6iLV1',i(o)l,,rl'tit t48l PrograrrSllAlllil{ftl krr lhc Stcady-Statc itlrdTrilnsicnlTltt'nnalAnalystsol'
; J, Sluft flcaring System hlcluding Brll Cl'lindrical and Trprcd Rollcr
For row of index m, the contributionof the guiding Bcarings."SKF Rcpon No' Al,??P015.dcvclopcdunrlcrU.S. Anny CoDtrrct
DAAI)05.
endcontacts
flange/roller is:
to thetotalheatdissipated (.1) Crctu. S., Bcrcca.l. and Mitu. N. (1995), "A l)yrranricAnall'sisof Tapcrcd
Rollcr tlcaring Llnrlcr liully Floodcd Conditions: P.lrt l- Thcorclical
Fomulali<1t,"Waa. lt8. l-2. Pp l-10.

HG^. - IIG"fnr I HCu|n, l49l

(4t Dal]milr.C.,'Icssicr.J. l'. and Dudnrgru'(i. (l9ltl), "Friction lmproverllentin
Cycloidal Molion (lonllcts: Rib-Rollcf End Contact in Titpcrud Roller
'i
Bcarings," it Pttx'. of rhc /lt l.cecl*L,'on.l'vtrrP. dil Trilt, I'tctls' F'ngland'
Heat Generation at the Cage Pockets l9ta0.Dowson.D, et al.. e(1..Bulleruorths.pp 17.5-18-5.
l,t) De Mul..1. M., Vrcc, J. M. and Mass. D' A. (1989a)."Equilibriurn and
Theheatgenerated bctwccncageandrollersis cal-
at contacts Associalcd Loatl Distribution in Ball antl Rollcr llcarings Loadcd in Five
culatedfrornft. [50]: Dcgrccs cf Frcedonr While Ncglcctirtg Friction-Part l: Ccncrul Thcory nnd
Appficariurl(l tlall lterrings,"A,iME,lour.ofT'rih..lll. l. pp 142-148'
(/r) l)c Mul, J. M., Vrtc. J. M. and Mnss, D. A. (l9tl9b)"'Equilibrium and
I fzT 1l Associatcd Losd Distribution irt Bull and Rollcr Bcatings Loadcd in Five
HG-.: +
2tr
I I' I (F,,11LV,,i)dnl,sltlt I50l Degrcesof FrcedonrWhile NcglectingFriction-Panll: APPlicilliorrlo Rollcr
Bearingsln<lExpcrimentllVcrilication."A'SMl').lour.oJTtib'lll. l.ppt49-
Jo .ltt
| 55.
(7) Debognie.J. F. ( l9lt2), "Calcul cl choix du serragcd'une pairc dc roulentcntsir
were AV",. is the sliding velocitybetwccnthe roller and,thecage contact oblique," R evre M iuniqu c. 2a. 3' pp I 7 l - I 82.
(8) Dowson, D. arul'foyoda, S. (1979). "A Central Film ThicknessFormula lbr
pocket co'nespondingto the t-th roller slice (AV'r'r : ryJ). EfnstohydrodynamicLine Conracts"' in Prot' of tha Sthlteds-L.ton S.trnp on
T'ih.. L(cls, Engktnl. |978, Dowson, D. el al.. ed., Butterwonhs, Pp 60-6'5'
(9) FA(i Srandnnl Pntgnuuna Cutalogue (l98li), WL 42510/2EA' FAC
BearingHeatGeneration
Kugell'ischerCcorg SchaefcrKGaA. Schwcinl'un' Cennany.
The totat heat dissipatedwithin the whole double-row tapered (/0) Gadrllah, N. an<lDahnaz, C. (1984)' "Hydrodynamic Luhrication of lhe Rih-
Rollcr End Conlact of a Taprcd Roller Belring," ^.!'.Mli Jour. o! Ii'ib ' 106,2'
roller bearing is obtained by summing all contribution above-
p1t265-274.
mentioned. /,f,f) Gassel,S. S. and Pirvics. J. (1980), "Loud Support Systm Andysis-Fligh SPed
lnpul Pinion Configuration," zlSMf Jour. of Lubr.'l'ct'h.' 102. pp 97-106'
(/2) Gupra, P, K. ( 1984),ndrarul Dllnamit: of Rttlling EleilEnts, SPringer-Verlag'
?
New York.
HG nnt'np= | * HG1,, + IIC,,,,)
tltcr,,, + hLG,,,,, t5l] (/J) Gupra.P K. (19S9),"On the Dynarnicsof a Tapred Rollcr Bcuring"'ASMI
,!=l
Jour. ofTi'ib., lll,2. pp 2'ltl-2t17.
Roller
CONCLUSION l,f4) Ciupta, P. K. (1990), "On tbe Frictionnl lnslabililies in a Cylindrical
Bearing."fiib. n?ls., 33. 3. Pp 39.5-401.
An analyticalmodel describingthe dynamic behaviorof a (/5) Gupta, P K. ( I 99 | ), "Cagc Unbalanccand Wear in Roller Bcarings," Wrur, 147'

lubricateddouble-row taperedroller bearing has bccn presented. | , p p 1 0 5 - l1 8 .

The model includesthe contributionsof the various interactions
within the bearing such as cage pocket-roller contact or
loller-lubricantdrag. The knowledgeof the internalkinematics
and normal and tangentialtbrces distribution allows tlne to fore-
cast cither the bearinglife or the power loss for this type of bear-
the
116) Hamruck, B. J. and Dowson, D ll98l), Ball Beariils Lilhrintion
Elaskrlrydtrx|ln(nir of Eltiptical Conroct.r.John Wiley & Sons' Ncw York'
(/7) Hnris.T. A. (1966),"An AnalyticalMcthod to PrcdictSkiddingin High Sped
Cylindrictf Rolfer tlearings," 11SLt Tiuns . 9, pp 229-241.
(/8) Harris,'t'. A. (19?l). "An Andlytical Mclhrxl to l'rcdict Skidding in Thrusl-
LoarfcdAngular Contacl llall ttearings." A.!M,l! Jttu. of l,ti>r' Tr<'/t' 9'j' | , pp
.12-2[i.

ing, dependingstronglyon thechoiceof the initial axial compres- f /9) HariN. T. A. (?ff)l ), Ro//i[.q Bcarrlt.qrlnalt'sru.4th Erj . Jolrn Wilcy & Sons,Ncw
Yorli.
sion (or preload).Such a model could be useful for advanced (?0) Hiris, T. A. {n(l Mindel. M H. ( 1973)."Rolling Elcmert BcaringDynamics"'
applicationsinvolving DRTRB (helicopterand automotivegear' 2J. pp 3l l-3.37.
!'lzc<rr.

boxes,machinetools, . . .). The modelmay bc usedfor exampleto
optimize the bearing internal geometry.The model presentedfor
single and double-row tapered roller bearings can be easily
extendcdto multi-row taperedroller bearings(nr > 2), or to other
typesof bearing(DGBB, ACBB, SRB, etc.).
For clarity in the presentationan example of applicationwith
some typical and significant resultsis given in the secondpart of
the paper(N6liaset al', 2003).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authorswould to thank Dr' W J' Crecelius for making
constructive colnments and uselul observations that greatly
improve the formulation presentedin this work.
f2ll Houpert,L. (1985,) "filst Nunrcricrl Calculationsof EHD Sliding'Iruction
Forces;Appficatiorr to Rolling Bcarings"' ASME Jour. of Trih ' lf7, pp 234-
24!J.
{22) Houpcrt.L. (l9tl7). "Piczovisous-RigidRolling and Sliding
Trrclion Forces'
Applicirtion: The Rolling Elcment'CagePockel Contuct," A SMEJour' ofTrih"
109. 2, pp 3(13-371.
{2.1} Houpert. L. (1997), "A Unifomr Analylical Approac} lbr Ball
and Roller
BeuringsCrlculations," ASMEJour. of TrrD., 119,4' pp 8'5l
-851i'
(24) Jones,A. B. ( 1959)."Btll Motion and Sliding Friction in Ball Beuings"' zlSMl
lonr. of Basit Engineering,Sl,pp l-12.
(?5) Jones,A. B. (1960), "A Generd Theory for Elastically ConstrainedBall and
Radial Roller Bearings Un<terArbitrary tnad and SP€edCondilions"'ASME
Jour. of lJasit Engineelir3, 82. pp 309'320.
(26.1Jotuison, K. L. and Tevaarwerk, J. L. (19??), "Shcar Behaviour of EHD Oil
Fif n:s," in Proc. /to; Sot:. (I.ontlon)., Su i es A. 356' pp 2 | 5-236'
(27)Lirt.J.Y. (1976)."AnalysisofTapercdRoller BcaringConsidcringHigh Speed
and ConrbinedLoading," ASMC Jour' of ltilr.Teth.,98' 4' pp 564-574'
 'fitpe
Analysisol'[)oublc-Rorv ltrl llollcr f+Lrilrings:
Purtl-Model 239

tJSi L,undhrs. G. and I'rlntgrcn. A, (lo.l7). "Dyrtultic ('ilpncil)' of l{ollins whcrc: Ai = sin t
Rcrrings." iltkt Ptll't<thni<'tt, Mc<'hctttit'<tllia.llnrtirri s(rirJ l. l{oyill
Bi = -c'os €
SrvcdishAcathmy ol'LnginceringScicnccs.StockltoltrlSucrltn). 3. p 7.
1.?9)l.untlherg.G. rnd Palnrgrcn. A. 119.52). "Dlnrnric Capacitl'ol Rollt'r[i'lrings"' C, = p," sin t: - x cos r:
ia,gScri('.r.1.Ro)'rl Sscrlislt Acirlcrny
,1rtu Pilttu hui<ct,lrl<t'hunicollin;.1itu'tT I);.u,= l),, co$ f + x sin [ - rr,rcos [3 - e.. sin [t
ol LnginecringScicttccs.Stochholnr(Srvctlcn)..1. p 9(r.
* lr+ir.u,(:os1lr+ f*,r.,,,sill qr I cos [t * r'*,.,,,,sirr
[l
r.10,Mnrtin. tl. M. ( l9l6). "]'hc l,ubricuionof (icar'll'cth." Lirgl&t'ritl.q(Lottdon)'
1 0 2 . r ) ol l 9 - 1 2 1 .
(-i/) Nlurch,1,. E. ilnd Wilstrr. W. R. l). (197.5)."AThcmul Ehstohyrirodynlmic . Roller-outerrrcewayc()ntacl:
Inlct ZoneAmlysis;' LSlvlE,lour. of Luhr.'l'cch..97. F. pp ltl5-l ltl.
'liltrcd
{.J?l Nilias. D.. Bcrccr, t. .lDd Mitu, N. (2{X.13)."Analysis ol' l)onblc-ltow
Roller llearings. Pun ll - Rcsults; Prcdiction ul'Fati.lue- l.ifc and Hcat dr(.r, q1'): .{..u4.,} rt"l},, * 9,,(i,, + [),, lAsl
Dissipation." 7ir[. ?'rrztr. in prr'ss.
{.i.1) NClins, D.. Seabm. J.. Iilanrund. l-. rnrl l)alnraz. (i. (lt)944), "I'owcr [r)ss where: Ao = sitt t
Pretliction in High-Spcri Rollcr Bcarings." ia Proc. o! thc 2dtt l-ectls'Lyxt
Svnp. on
'lrib.,
Lyon (France). 1991. l)owson. D. cl il|. e(i.. Elsevicr, B" = ct-lsI
Anrsterdilrn.'li'ibolo1i,"stin. 27. pp.165-471.|. Cn=-p,"sillt+xcost
(.14)Nilias. D.. S{iusot. P. md Flstnand.L. (1994b). " Porvt'l Loss ot Gcarbox Bnll
D,, = 0* cos t + x sin s + rrr cos G + e,v sin cI
Bcaring UnclcrAxial rud Rildiill l.ouds," 7]'iD. ?i'lrrr.. J7. I, pp tl3-90.
- [r*.,, cos rp + r*.," sin q, I cos c - r*,)*sirl cl
(-15) RuDbrrger.J. Il. and Poplawski.J. V. (199'l). "Concltting Compulcrizcd
Rolling Bcaring Analysir Tcchniquesto thc ISO Standlrrlson Load Rltirrg ;tnd
Lil'c.- fiilt. ?itars., 37. 4. pp 79il-80l.
F4uations[A4l and l45] cun hc rcwrittcnils it linciu'titnclion
(.16)Runrbargcr. J. tl., trilctti.U. (i. aml (iuhcutick.D. (1973)."(;ils'fnrbinc Enginc
Mainslraft Rollcr Beiuing-SystcntAnillysis." A.l?Ili Jour. <l'l.uhr.??c/r.. 95. 3. c,fthe rolleraxialco-oKlitriltex:
pp 401-416.
(.17)Sjovall.H. ( | 931),"t clilstiliilgsti)r{lclnirlgcn
intll Kul-ocltRulhgcr vkl Civtlt
rI;.,,(:r:.q,r)- .l';.,,I t:t1;.,, I A6l
Ynre Radial-ochAxixlbclastningar." ("Tltc Lond Distributkx wilhin B.tll nlld
Roller Bcaringsundcr Givcn Ertemill Rildiill and'l'hrusl L.url").Ii'Oti.t*
Til/r*rry', Mckanik, Sept.,9. . Rollerend-llangecontact:
(lt)) SKF Gcnerul Carrrld.qre( 1989)..10008.A. B. SKF, Cothenburg.Swodon.
(J9) Wang, W.. Wong, P. L. and 7,hang,Z. (1996), -Pilrliill EHL Amlysir of llib
Roller End Contflct in Tapcrcd Rollcr Bearings." Tlib. 1nt.,29. 4. pp 3 l.1-32l. 6y.",Ut): &*A1* u,"[]1 *,prCy't D1.,u lATl
(40) 7lr^r'9,2.. Qiu, X. ord Hong. Y. (1988), "EHL Analysis ol Rib'Roller End
Contilct in TnperedRoltcr Bearing," 71'ih.Tuu.31,4, pp 461-467.
where: Ar = cos(Y-$)
14l) Wang,S., Cusuoo,C. dnd Conry,T F, ( 1993),"A Dynanric Model ofthe Totquc
and Heal-CencriltionRatc in'fapced Roller-BearingsUrrdcrExccssivcSlitling Bi = -sin(T'O)
Conditions." liilr. Iivz.r.. 36, 4, pp 5 t3-524. Cr'= -r*r" sin(1-0)+ r*iz cos(Y-O)
(42)Zhov. R, S. and Htrprich. M. R. (1991),'Toquc of ThFred Roller-Bearings,"
Dr,' = -r*ri cos(Y-0)- rwrzsin(Y-O) + L' '\in(tl)-
ASMli .tour. ol'l't'ih.. ll-7.3. pp 590-597.
cwcos 0 - ff*rirn cosl.p+ r*tirr sill lrl sin (l + ri',,*.,,,
cos{)

APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
Formulation of the elastic deflection at the different roller-
for ContactForcesand Moments
Expressions
raceway contacts(i,e., 6,, Eo and 0,. at the roller-inner raceway,
rol ler--outerraceway,and roller end-guiding tlange,resPectively).
I(i.,,9,," r r l ) / ! ) r=r
The unit vectorsnk normalto thecontactingsurfaces(with k = Qi,,t :
-
* [ ( " l r : , "t x : ' 1 1 , . " , Jo
gi.o Li)
i,o for the roller-inner racewayand roller-{uter racewaycontacts,
and k=f for the roller end-guidingflangecontact)arc given by: Iii.,, I
. ' . ! . . - t ( ),. " r , r l t t / ! l _ . o. .. \ /
I9l1,.
't' t 't'
I tBtl
!;'u lqt
di,r,, : - ft)sp t;i,rul)t t:os{}uts (t} I lAtl
{*.sin,p,
',': {':;,i',,rli*t1,.,,
)/i,.,,,1... . r { . ',
r.r 'r,.,,)" 'r,r, r ,
1,,,,, rr,r./
1t,.,. n,.,,)"'''ll,l
,,
fru'o : - cosft $it txh uts( t) utsltl'l' tA2l
{*s'ino, 1
g!t'-(.i'':rE/e --i)',.tt'/t')lll2l
-- 'J8,J1,,''"' -,i.'t.tn/')-"lir:,''I'''tt:".:u/u
'
fi.1,,n: sirficon!, - si,n0sinlt}1' tA3l lsq;.,, "r'
{!cos7,
where the sign "+" refers to row | (m =l) and the sign "-" refers at small
where dl'], ana r{l representthe contilcl tlefbrmations
to row 2 (m = 2). and largerollerend,respectively.
Substinrting with [Al]-
Eqs.tl0l, tl ll, Il5l, and [6] together
[A3] into Eqs.[17a]and il7bl oneobtainsthe tbllowingrelations APPENDIXC
to expressthe elastic delbrmationsat the diff€rent Hefizian con-
Cage RotalionalSpeed
tacts:
equilibrirtm
of dynanric
Whileaniteration rowis
of a bearing
. Roller-innerraccwaycontact: performed,a ncw cagc angularvelocitya.r(.is obtainediN related
to the roller angularvelocitiesor,,1.
6;.-(t,lt) : u.tAi * u,"Bi t ?oCt * D1.n,, l44l ttnt.(e\..1 fzn
e ) , , r , r : (' l - : : : : i / ) ( - / u , , . . 1 , , , t 1 or r)t,= 1 , 2 t c l l
tut(1)'"2r .Jo

View publication stats