INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON BUILDING

By

NIAZ ALI

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

Of the CECOS UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering CECOS University of IT & Emerging

Sciences, Hayatabad Peshawar

August, 2017
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, this report of the industrial training is a benefited report of the work
done by NIAZ ALI, in partial fulfillment of requirement for award of degree in Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering from CECOS University Peshawar.

FYP COORDINATOR ACADEMIC COORDINATOR

________________________
ENGR. SHAMS UL ISLAM
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
CECOS University Peshawar
__________________________
ENGR. SULAIMAN
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
CECOS University Peshawar

2
Experience Certificate

3
 Author's Declaration

I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis,
including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners.

I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.

4
 Abstract

The aim of my research work is to know the practical site work which involves local method. My
internship work is based on building site1.

For that particular purpose I performed almost different site work and tests that related to site.

I performed so many practical works with my honorable engineer.

The inspection of steel work and how to find the estimate of form work. The form work is measure
in ft2 and m2.

5
 Acknowledgement

First of all, thanks to Almighty Allah who enabled me to complete my research work.
The author would like to express his utmost gratitude to Chief Executive of Muslim Enterprises
for providing opportunity to author to pursue the engineering training as a partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering. I am thankful to Engr. Suliaman
Khan and Engr Shams Ul Islam, who guided me and helped me in each and every aspect to
compile my internship work successfully. I am obliged of Masood Ahmad (Director of Muslim
Enterprisses) for his support throughout my research. I am appreciative to Muhammad Rahim
(fianance Director of Muslim Eterprisses) and Qazi Abdul Munib (Construction Incharge of
Muslim Enterprisses) who assisted me in accomplishing my research

6
 Dedication

I dedicate my work to my Beloved Parents,

family members

And

To all my teachers

7
 Table of Contents

CERTIFICATE ......................................................................................................................... 2

Experience Certificate ............................................................................................................... 3

Author's Declaration ................................................................................................................. 4

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................... 6

Dedication ................................................................................................................................. 7

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... 8

List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 13

List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... 13

Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................................. 14

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 14

1.1 Objectives of Practical Training.................................................................................... 14

Improve practical Engineering Works ................................................................................ 15

Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................. 16

Company/ Firm Back ground.................................................................................................. 16

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 16

2.2 History ........................................................................................................................... 17

2.3 COMPLETED PROJECT ............................................................................................. 18

2.4 RUNNING PROJECT................................................................................................... 18

2.5 Muslim Enterprises Head Office , ................................................................................. 19

8
Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................................. 20

Tasks Assigned ....................................................................................................................... 20

Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 20

3.1 Structure ........................................................................................................................ 20

3.1.1 Estimated Cost ........................................................................................................ 20

3.1.2 Plinth Area Rate...................................................................................................... 20

3.1.3 Selection of Plot and Study .................................................................................... 20

3.1.4 Survey of the Site for Proposed Building ............................................................... 21

3.2 Classification of Buildings Based on Occupancy ......................................................... 22

3.2.1 Residential Buildings .............................................................................................. 22

3.2.2 Educational Buildings............................................................................................. 22

3.2.3 Institutional Buildings ............................................................................................ 23

3.2.4 Assembly Buildings ................................................................................................ 23

3.2.5 Business Buildings ................................................................................................. 23

3.2.6 Mercantile Buildings .............................................................................................. 23

3.2.7 Industrial Buildings ................................................................................................ 23

3.2.8 Storage Buildings ................................................................................................... 23

3.2.9 Hazardous Buildings............................................................................................... 24

3.3 Building material Details .............................................................................................. 24

3.3.1 Cement ( Portland Cement) .................................................................................... 24

3.3.2 Aggregates .............................................................................................................. 25

Figure 3.2 Aggregates...................................................................................................... 26

3.3.3 Coarse Aggregates .................................................................................................. 26

9
 Figure3.3 Coarse Aggregates .......................................................................................... 27

3.3.4 Water ...................................................................................................................... 28

3.3.5 Steel (60,000 psi Grades steel bars used in our project) ...................................... 28

3.3.6 Bricks ...................................................................................................................... 29

3.3.7 Reinforcement Cement Concrete (RCC1:2:4) ........................................................ 31

3.4 Curing of concrete ......................................................................................................... 31

3.5 Types of Mixes .............................................................................................................. 32

3.5.1 Nominal Mixes ....................................................................................................... 32

3.5.2 Standard mixes ....................................................................................................... 32

3.5.3 Designed Mixes ...................................................................................................... 33

3.6 Factors Affecting the Choice of Mix Proportions ......................................................... 33

3.6.1 Compressive strength ............................................................................................. 33

3.6.2 Workability ............................................................................................................. 33

3.6.3 Durability ................................................................................................................ 34

3.6.4 Maximum Nominal Size of Aggregate ................................................................... 34

3.6.5 Grading and Type of Aggregate ............................................................................. 34

3.6.6 Quality Control ....................................................................................................... 34

3.7 Formwork ...................................................................................................................... 35

3.7.1 Timber Formwork................................................................................................... 35

3.7.2 Plywood Formwork ................................................................................................ 36

3.7.3 Steel Formwork ...................................................................................................... 36

3.8 Construction of formwork: ............................................................................................ 36

3.9 Order and method of removing formwork .................................................................... 37

10
3.10 Concrete Test............................................................................................................... 37

3.10.1 Slump Test ............................................................................................................ 37

EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS ......................................................................................... 37

Figure 3.9 Slump Test ..................................................................................................... 38

3.10.2 Procedure to determine workability of fresh concrete by slump test ................... 38

3.10.3 Calculation ............................................................................................................ 39

3.10.4 Report ................................................................................................................... 39

3.10.5 Notes to Remember .............................................................................................. 39

3.11 Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes ................................................................... 40

3.12 Compressive strength of concrete ............................................................................... 40

3.13 Following are the Procedure for Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cubes ....... 40

3.13.1 Apparatus .............................................................................................................. 40

3.13.2 Preparation of Cube Specimens ............................................................................ 40

3.13.3 Specimen .............................................................................................................. 41

3.13.4 Mixing .................................................................................................................. 41

3.13.5 Hand Mixing ......................................................................................................... 41

3.13.6 Sampling ............................................................................................................... 41

3.13.7 Curing ................................................................................................................... 41

3.13.8 Precautions............................................................................................................ 42

3.13.9 Procedure .............................................................................................................. 42

3.13.10 Note .................................................................................................................... 42

3.13.11 Calculations ........................................................................................................ 43

3.13.12 Report ................................................................................................................. 43

11
 3.13.13 Result .................................................................................................................. 43

3.14 Percentage Strength of Concrete at Various Ages ...................................................... 44

3.15 Foundation ................................................................................................................... 44

Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................. 46

Comments, Issus and Recommendations ................................................................................ 46

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 46

Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................................. 47

Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 47

5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 47

References ............................................................................................................................... 48

12
 List of Figures

Figure 3.1 Portland Cement .................................................................................................... 25

Figure 3.2 Aggregates ............................................................................................................. 26
Figure3.3 Coarse Aggregates .................................................................................................. 27
Figure 3.4 ................................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 3.5 Steel ....................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 3.6 Bricks ..................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 3.7 Bricks ..................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 3.8 Reinforcement Cement Concrete .......................................................................... 31
Figure 3.9 Slump Test ............................................................................................................. 38
Figure 3.10 Types of Slump.................................................................................................... 39
Figure 3.11 Raft Foundation ................................................................................................... 45

List of Tables

Table 3.1 Compressive strength of different grades of concrete at 7 and 28 days ................. 44
Table 3.2 Minimum compressive strength.............................................................................. 44

13
 Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction
Practical training or Industrial training is a mandatory course for all degree students of CECOS
University Peshawar. It is a requirement to fulfil the course in order to complete the degree as
well as graduate from the university. The training refers to work experience that is relevant to
professional development prior to graduation. For CECOS University students; a 12 Credit
hour’s period is allocated for training at locations chosen by students themselves. No restriction
is imposed on them whether they want to work in government agencies or private
organizations.
For this semester, the trainee, NIAZ ALI (CU-990-2013), has started working in the
MUSLIM ENTERPRISES PVT LTD Peshawar from the Nov 2016 until the 25th of April
2017.

1.1 Objectives of Practical Training

The objectives of industrial training are as follow:

i. To fulfill the award of the degree of CECOS UNIVERSITY PESHAWAR

ii. Apply theories learnt in classroom in working environments

iii. Solidifies students’ confidence after graduation

iv. Improve both soft and hard skills

v. Improve communication and management skills

vi. Opportunities for real life work and apprenticeship

vii. Contact with professional realities that complement, enhance, confirm, and reshape
knowledge

14
viii. Chance for career choice through exposure to different work environments and
technologies

ix. Shortened access to productivity due to practical experience gained during mentored
training

x. Increased chances of finding work short time after graduation: employers are ready to hire
those who have acquired the practical flair during their Industrial internships.

Improve practical Engineering Works

1. During my practical works experience I have face

2. Building layout by using Total Station and tape.

3. Road centre line layout by using total station.

4. Regular / irregular Plots area calculated by using different formula like triangles etc.

5. Layout of sewerage and sever line in townships and Housing schemes

6. Layout of Electric poll line townships by using wapda drawing details.

7. Boundary line excavation by using contractor labours and the some purpose using excavator.

8. Building foundation layout L section and X-section.

15
 Chapter 2

Company/ Firm Back ground

2.1 Introduction

Fig 2.1 Muslim enterprises

MUSLIM ENTERPRISES is the branch
of MUSLM EDUCATION SYSTEM
which is the well known construction
company in Khyber pakhatunkhwa
established in 2005 for the purpose to
develop the township program.

16
2.2 History
Muslim Enterprises company started their first project in 2005 which is known as Muslim
Town Phase 1 located opposite to city university, dalazak road Peshawar. This town consists
of 95 kanal area and this project is completed fully in one year.
Beside this project this company launch the second project in 2007 with the name of Muslim
City located on tarnab farm main g.t road Peshawar, about 400 kanal area which is completed
within 2 years.
In 2008 this company lauch the huge project which is known as Muslim Education City
Azakhel Nowshera.

This area consists of 2500 kanals area. This project also lauch the Muslim university and this
project is still in running.

After a big achievement they launch the Officer Housing Society Phase I located in durran
pur norther bypass,which consists of 500 kanal area and this project completed in two years.

After that this company take another step for Muslim Town Phase II located opposite to
Peshawar institute of technology dalazak road Peshawar.
This project cover the area of 70 kanal area. This project completed in 18 months.

After a great success they launch the Officer Housing Society Phase II located in Mulazai
warsak road Peshawar. This project cover the area of 400 kanals. This project is still in running.

And similarly they lauch the other project with the name of Muslim Villas located on Rehman
Abad, Dalazak road Peshawar. This area consists of 80 kanal area.

17
2.3 COMPLETED PROJECT

I.Muslim Town Phase. I opposite to City University dalazak road peshawer

II. Muslim City Tarnab Form Main G.T.Road Peshawer

III Muslim Town Phase. II Opposite to Peshawar institute of Technology dalazak road
Peshawar.

IV Officer Housing Society Phase. I Doran Poor Near Narthern bypass Dalazak Road
Peshawar

2.4 RUNNING PROJECT

I Officer Housing Society Phase II Near Police Choki Mulazai Warsak Road Peshawar

2 Muslim Villas Near Shah Poor Police Choki Rehman Abad Dalazak Road Peshawar

3 Muslim Education City Azakhel Main G.T Road Nowshera.

4 Muslim University Azakhel Main G.T.Road Nowshera. 5 Muslim College Of Khyber

Campus Near Muslim Education Complex Dalazak Road Peshawar

18
2.5 Muslim Enterprises Head Office ,

Alkarim Plaza Near MCB Bank Dalazak Road Peshawar

Contacts,

Tel.- - -- ---------- ----------------------- -------------------------091-2583757-8,

Fax; ----- ------------------------------ ---------- ------- ------- 091-2049414

, Cell; -- ----- ------------------------------------------- --- - - 0345-9151127
Email ;----- ------------------------------------ --------------muslimeducity@gmail.com

19
 Chapter 3

Tasks Assigned

Introduction

This consist s of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by small
steel angles. The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts
and nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular shape or size.
Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large number reuses of the
shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for circular curved
structures.

3.1 Structure
The complete structure is of RCC frame structure in M-15 concrete.
Other Specifications
(a) Expansion &Contraction joint are provided.
(b) Bitumen treatment are provided at the roof.
(c) Water proofing is done by using chemical water proofing materials e.g. Penybar etc.

3.1.1 Estimated Cost

The estimate cost of above Building comes to42 cores of basements& 10th floors

3.1.2 Plinth Area Rate

9630 per Sq. Ft

3.1.3 Selection of Plot and Study

Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site should be in good place where
there community but service is convenient but not so closed that becomes a source of
inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only because of
present need but for retention of property value in future closely related to are
20
 transportation, shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition
whether there is indication of future development or not in case of un developed area.

The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-

Access to park & play ground.

Agriculture polytonality of the land.
Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal.
Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land .
Distance from places of work.
Ease of drainage.
Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.
Nature of use of adjacent area.
Transport facilities.
Wind velocity and direction.

3.1.4 Survey of the Site for Proposed Building

Reconnaissance survey: the following has been observed during reconnaissance survey of the
site.
Site is located nearly
The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other throne plats over the entire
area.
No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level
The ground is soft.
Labor available nearby the site.
Houses are located near by the site.
Detailed survey: the detailed survey has been done to determine the boundaries of the
required areas of the site with the help of Total station and G.P.S

21
 3.2 Classification of Buildings Based on Occupancy

Group-A Residential Buildings

Group-B Educational Buildings

Group-C Institutional Buildings

Group-D Assembly Buildings

Group-E Business Buildings

Group-F Mercantile Buildings

Group-G Industrial Buildings

Group-H Storage Buildings

Group-I Hazardous Buildings

3.2.1 Residential Buildings

These building include any building in which sleeping accommodation provide for normal
residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It includes single or multi-
family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants, hostels,
dormitories and residential hostels

3.2.2 Educational Buildings

These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving assembly
for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings.

22
3.2.3 Institutional Buildings
These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of
persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of infants,
convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in which the liberty of the inmates is
restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the
occupants.

3.2.4 Assembly Buildings

These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for amusement, recreation,
social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums, places
of work ship, etc.

3.2.5 Business Buildings

These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and records and
for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, courts houses, libraries. The
principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and keeping of books
and records.

3.2.6 Mercantile Buildings

These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display an sale of merchandise either
wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service facilities incidental to the sale of
merchandise and located in the same building.

3.2.7 Industrial Buildings

These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabrication,
assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry cleaning plants,
power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.

3.2.8 Storage Buildings

These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or
merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.

23
3.2.9 Hazardous Buildings
These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly
combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly
and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or other liquids or
chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases
processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division
of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.

3.3 Building material Details

Cement

Aggregates

Water

Steel

Bricks

Tiles

Admixtures

3.3.1 Cement ( Portland Cement)

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world, used
as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most non-speciality grout. It was
developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the mid 19th century and usually
originates from limestone. It is a fine powder produced by heating materials in a kiln to form
what is called clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding small amounts of other materials.

24
Several types of Portland cement are available with the most common being called ordinary
Portland cement (OPC) which is grey in color, but a white Portland cement is also available.
We also used Portland cement in our project because of many good quality and also
availability everywhere. Also cheaply.

Figure 3.1 Portland Cement

3.3.2 Aggregates

Aggregates is a types of materialused in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed Stone

etc.
Types of Aggregates
a) Fine Aggregates
b) Coarse Aggregate

Fine Aggregates :- “ Fine aggregates is defined as material that will passed sieve No 4
And will most part retained on sieve no 200.
Types of fine Aggregates

Sand :- The first types of fine aggregate is sand . sand is little particle of silica.

25
  Surkhi
 Dust Stone
 Cinder

Figure 3.2 Aggregates

3.3.3 Coarse Aggregates

Coarse Aggregates is a basic material of concrete. Crushed stone or gravel are used in concrete
are called Coarse Aggregates.

Types of Coarse Aggregates

Stone Ballast

Clinker
26
Brick Ballast

Gravel

Figure3.3 Coarse Aggregates

27
 Figure 3.4

3.3.4 Water
Portable water used in mixing of concrete. And also used for curing, but free from alkaline,
acidity, fat, and other injurious substances
The PH value shall not be less than 6.

3.3.5 Steel (60,000 psi Grades steel bars used in our project)
Reinforced concrete was designed on the principle that steel and concrete act together in
resisting force. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The tensile strength is
generally rated about 10 percent of the compression strength. For this reason, concrete works
well for columns and posts that are compression members in a structure. But, when it is used
for tension members, such as beams, girders, foundation walls, or floors, concrete must be
reinforced to attain the necessary tension strength.
Steel is the best material for reinforcing concrete because the properties of expansion for both
steel and concrete are considered to be approximate] y the same; that is, under
normal conditions, they will expand and contract at an almost equal rate.
NOTE: At very high temperatures, steel expands more rapidly than concrete and the two
materials will separate.

28
 Figure 3.5 Steel

3.3.6 Bricks
A brick is a block or a single unit of a kneaded clay-bearing soil, sand and lime, or concrete
material, fire-hardened or air-dried, used in masonry construction. Light weight bricks (also
called "lightweight blocks") are made from expanded clay aggregate.

Brick (disambiguation) - Fire brick - Brickwork - Fly ash brick

29
Figure 3.6 Bricks

Figure 3.7 Bricks

30
3.3.7 Reinforcement Cement Concrete (RCC1:2:4)
Reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used modern building materials. Concrete is an
“artificial stone” obtained by mixing cement, sand, and aggregates with water. Fresh concrete
can be molded into almost any shape, giving it an inherent advantage over other materials. It
became very popular after the invention of Portland cement in the 19th century; however, its
limited tension resistance initially prevented its wide use in building construction. To
overcome poor tensile strength, steel bars are embedded in concrete to form a composite
material called reinforced concrete (RCC).

Figure 3.8 Reinforcement Cement Concrete

3.4 Curing of concrete

Curing is one of the most important steps in concrete construction, because proper curing
greatly increase concrete strength and durability. Concrete hardened as a result of hydration
the chemical reaction between cement and water. However, hydration occurs only if water is
available and if the concrete temperature stays within a suitable range. During the curing
period from five to seven days after placement for conventional concrete the concrete surface
31
e needs to be kept moist to permit the hydration process. New concrete can be wet with
soaking hoses, sprinklers or covered with wet burlap, or can be coated with commerce all
available curing compounds, which seal in moisture. After concrete is placed, a satisfactory
moisture contents and temperature (between 50º F and75º F) must be maintained, process
called curing. Adequate curing is vital to quality concrete. Curing has a strong influence
on the properties of hardened concrete such as durability, strength, water tightness, abrasion
resistance, volume, stability and resistance to freezing and thawing and deicer salts. Exposed
slab surfaces are especially sensitive to curing. Surface strength development can be reduced
significantly when curing is defective. Curing the concrete aids the chemical reaction called
hydration. Most freshly mixed concrete contains considerably more water than is required
for complete hydration of the cement; however, any appreciable loss of water by evaporation
or by otherwise will delay or prevent the hydration. If temperature are favorable, hydration is
relatively rapid the first few days after concrete I s placed; retaining water during this period
is important. Good curing means evaporation should be prevented or reduced.

3.5 Types of Mixes

3.5.1 Nominal Mixes

In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and
coarse aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio which ensures adequate
strength are termed nominal mixes. These offer simplicity and under normal circumstances,
have a margin of strength above that specified. However, due to the variability of mix
ingredients the nominal concrete for a given workability varies widely in strength.

3.5.2 Standard mixes

The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in strength and
may result in under- or over-rich mixes. For this reason, the minimum compressive strength
has been included in many specifications. These mixes are termed standard mixes.
IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10, M15, M20,
M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number to

32
the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2. The mixes of grades M10, M15, M20 and
M25 correspond approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2)
respectively.

3.5.3 Designed Mixes

In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but the mix
proportions are determined by the producer of concrete, except that the minimum cement
content can be laid down. This is most rational approach to the selection of mix proportions
with specific materials in mind possessing more or less unique characteristics. The approach
results in the production of concrete with the appropriate properties most economically.
However, the designed mix does not serve as a guide since this does not guarantee the correct
mix proportions for the prescribed performance.
For the concrete with undemanding performance nominal or standard mixes (prescribed in the
codes by quantities of dry ingredients per cubic meter and by slump) may be used only for very
small jobs, when the 28-day strength of concrete does not exceed 30 N/mm2. No control testing
is necessary reliance being placed on the masses of the ingredients.

3.6 Factors Affecting the Choice of Mix Proportions

The various factors affecting the mix design are:

3.6.1 Compressive strength

It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other describable
properties of the hardened concrete. The mean compressive strength required at a specific age,
usually 28 days, determines the nominal water-cement ratio of the mix. The other factor
affecting the strength of concrete at a given age and cured at a prescribed temperature is the
degree of compaction. According to Abraham’s law the strength of fully compacted concrete
is inversely proportional to the water-cement ratio.

3.6.2 Workability
The degree of workability required depends on three factors. These are the size of the section
to be concreted, the amount of reinforcement, and the method of compaction to be used. For
33
the narrow and complicated section with numerous corners or inaccessible parts, the concrete
must have a high workability so that full compaction can be achieved with a reasonable amount
of effort. This also applies to the embedded steel sections. The desired workability depends on
the compacting equipment available at the site.

3.6.3 Durability
The durability of concrete is its resistance to the aggressive environmental conditions. High
strength concrete is generally more durable than low strength concrete. In the situations when
the high strength is not necessary but the conditions of exposure are such that high durability
is vital, the durability requirement will determine the water-cement ratio to be used.

3.6.4 Maximum Nominal Size of Aggregate

In general, larger the maximum size of aggregate, smaller is the cement requirement for a
particular water-cement ratio, because the workability of concrete increases with increase in
maximum size of the aggregate. However, the compressive strength tends to increase with the
decrease in size of aggregate.
IS 456:2000 and IS 1343:1980 recommend that the nominal size of the aggregate should be as
large as possible.

3.6.5 Grading and Type of Aggregate

The grading of aggregate influences the mix proportions for a specified workability and water-
cement ratio. Coarser the grading leaner will be mix which can be used. Very lean mix is not
desirable since it does not contain enough finer material to make the concrete cohesive.
The type of aggregate influences strongly the aggregate-cement ratio for the desired
workability and stipulated water cement ratio. An important feature of a satisfactory aggregate
is the uniformity of the grading which can be achieved by mixing different size fractions.

3.6.6 Quality Control

The degree of control can be estimated statistically by the variations in test results. The
variation in strength results from the variations in the properties of the mix ingredients and
lack of control of accuracy in batching, mixing, placing, curing and testing. The lower the
34
difference between the mean and minimum strengths of the mix lower will be the cement-
content required. The factor controlling this difference is termed as quality control.

3.7 Formwork
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or
similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports
the shuttering moulds.
Types of Formwork

Timber Formwork

Plywood Formwork

Steel Formwork

3.7.1 Timber Formwork

Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement:

It should be

well seasoned

light in weight

easily workable with nails without splitting

free from loose knots

Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth and even surface
on all faces which come in contact with concrete.

35
3.7.2 Plywood Formwork
Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up panels of required
sizes. The cost of plywood formwork compares favourably with that of timber shuttering and
it may even prove cheaper in certain cases in view of the following considerations:

It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in surface finishing is there.

By use of large size panels it is possible to effect saving in the labour cost of fixing and
dismantling.

Number of re-uses are more as compared with timber shuttering. For estimation purpose,
number of reuses can be taken as 20 to 25.

3.7.3 Steel Formwork

This consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by small steel
angles. The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts and
nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular shape or size. Steel
forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large number reuses of the
shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for circular or curved
structures.

3.8 Construction of formwork:

This normally involves the following operations:

Propping and centering

Shuttering

Provision of camber

Cleaning and surface treatment

36
 3.9 Order and method of removing formwork
The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork are as follows:

Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams and column sides should be removed
first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.

Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.

Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering should be
removed in the end.

Rapid hardening cement, warm weather and light loading conditions allow early removal of
formwork. The formwork should under no circumstances be allowed to be removed until all
the concrete reaches strength of at least twice the stresses to which the concrete may be
subjected at the time of removal of formwork. All formworks should be eased gradually and
carefully in order to prevent the load being suddenly transferred to concrete.

3.10 Concrete Test

Slump Test

Compression Test

3.10.1 Slump Test

Slump test is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. Slump test as per IS: 1199
– 1959 is followed .The apparatus used for doing slump test are Slump cone and Tamping
rod.

EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS

Slump cone (Height = 30 cm, Base dia = 20 cm, Top dia = 10 cm)
Tamping rod (Length = 60 cm, Dia = 16 mm)

37
 Figure 3.9 Slump Test

3.10.2 Procedure to determine workability of fresh concrete by slump test

1. The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and freed from superfluous
moisture before commencing the test. And if the cone is in completely dry condition
then dampen it using a damp cloth.
2. The mould is then placed on a smooth, horizontally leveled rigid and non-absorbent
surface such as a rigid plate. It is held firmly in place during filling by the operator by
standing on the two foot pieces provided in the slump cone.
3. The mould is filled by concrete in four layers, each approximately one-quarter of height
of the mould, and each layer is tamped down with 25 strokes of tamping rod with
pointed end in a uniform manner.
4. After tamping the top layer, the concrete is struck off level with a trowel and any mortar
leaked out between the mould and base plate is cleaned away.

38
 5. The mould is then removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and
carefully in a vertical direction.

3.10.3 Calculation
The slump is measured immediately by determining the difference between the height of the
mould and that of the highest point of specimen.

3.10.4 Report
Report the slump in terms of millimeters to the nearest 5 mm of subsidence of the specimen
during the test.

3.10.5 Notes to Remember

 If concrete consists of aggregates of size larger than 38 mm, then that concrete should be
first sieved on a 38 mm sieve. Concrete passing the 38 mm sieve is then tested for
workability using the slump cone apparatus of above mentioned dimension.
 If the slump test shows shearing of the concrete mass or become completely collapsed,
then the test results are invalid and the slump test is repeated.(see the figure below)

Figure 3.10 Types of Slump

 After completion of the slump test, to get an idea on cohesiveness of concrete, tap
slightly the outer perimeter of the slumped concrete. If it subsides further, then it is an
indication of good quality concrete having required cohesiveness. But if it gets collapsed
or shears away then the concrete lacks cohesiveness and this is an indication of poor
quality concrete.

39
 3.11 Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes

3.12 Compressive strength of concrete

Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives an idea
about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting
has been done properly or not. For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15 cm X
15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For
most of the works cubical moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids.
After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The
top surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting
cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days
curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the
Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive
strength of concrete.

3.13 Following are the Procedure for Compressive Strength Test of Concrete
Cubes

3.13.1 Apparatus
Compression testing machine

3.13.2 Preparation of Cube Specimens

The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same concrete used
in the field.

40
3.13.3 Specimen
6 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M15 or above

3.13.4 Mixing
Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer

3.13.5 Hand Mixing

(i)Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the
mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color

(ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse
aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch

(iii)Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired
consistency

3.13.6 Sampling
(i) Clean the mounds and apply oil

(ii) Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5cm thick

(iii) Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar
16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)

(iv) Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

3.13.7 Curing
The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after this period the specimens are
marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out
prior to test.

41
3.13.8 Precautions
The water for curing should be tested every 7days and the temperature of water must be at
27+-2oC.

3.13.9 Procedure
(I) Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water
from the surface.

(II) Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m

(III) Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine

(IV) Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the
opposite sides of the cube cast.

(V) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.

(VI) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.

(VII) Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails

(VIII) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

3.13.10 Note
Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. If strength of any specimen
varies by more than 15 per cent of average strength, results of such specimen should be
rejected. Average of there specimens gives the crushing strength of concrete. The strength
requirements of concrete.

42
3.13.11 Calculations
Size of the cube =15cm x15cm x15cm

Area of the specimen (calculated from the mean size of the specimen )=225cm2

Characteristic compressive strength(f c)at 7 days =2100 Psi

Range to be selected is …………………..

Similar calculation should be done for 28 day compressive strength

Maximum load applied =…465…KN = 210 Kg/cm^2

Compressive strength = (Load in K N/ Area x 101.971)

=……………………….Kg/cm2

3.13.12 Report
a) Identification mark

b) Date of test

c) Age of specimen

d) Curing conditions, including date of manufacture of specimen

f) Appearance of fractured faces of concrete and the type of fracture if they are unusual

3.13.13 Result
Average compressive strength of the concrete cube = 2100 Psi (at 7 days)

Average compressive strength of the concrete cube = 3000 Psi (at 28 days)

43
 3.14 Percentage Strength of Concrete at Various Ages
The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at different
ages in comparison with the strength at 28 days after casting.

Table 3.1 Compressive strength of different grades of concrete at 7 and 28 days

Age Strength per cent

1 day 16%
3 days 40%
7 days 65%
14 days 90%
28 days 99%

Table 3.2 Minimum compressive strength

Grade of Minimum compressive Specified characteristic compressive
Concrete strength N/mm2 at 7 days strength (N/mm2) at 28 days
M15 10 15
M20 13.5 20
M25 17 25
M30 20 30
M35 23.5 35

3.15 Foundation
The Lowest artificially build part of structure which transmits load to the underneath ground
is called foundation.
There are many Types of Foundation.

Raft Foundation

44
Caisson foundation

Grillage Foundation

Pile Foundation

Footing.

Raft foundation:- Here is Raft Foundation is used in Al-Falah Tower, Kohat road Peshawar.
Depth up to : 38 inch.
Steel Bar No# 7 is used for Distribution & Main Bar and also top & Bottom Layer.

Figure 3.11 Raft Foundation

45
 Chapter 4

Comments, Issus and Recommendations

4.1 Introduction
Alhamdulillah I don’t faced any kind of issues during my internship but only one thing I noted
that all the equipments are old in site and some of them are useless therefore, I recommend that
the university should be upgrade the internship programs and make a link with government
department just like COMUNICATION AND WORKS DEPARTMENT, P.W.D, WAPDA,
PDA, MES etc.
That the student achieve there main goal in field work.
Concrete is not according to ACI stander.

Curing is not place properly.

Contractor always try to earn more profit which affect the quality of work.

Some of contractor do not have a site engineer.

Concrete mixer do not mix concrete properly.

Ratio of concrete and motor was not according to specifications.

Steel fixer do not provide shear strips hook at 135 degree.

Some reinforcement details and other architecture details are missing in drawing.

Sometime reinforcement is not provided according to drawing.

Soil is not compacted properly under floor.

Quality of bricks is not so good.

46
 Chapter 5

Conclusions

5.1 Conclusions
My internship conclusion is that, that the field site work is easy than theoretical. But theory
helps us to correct the practical work by easy way. Theory is the way that I know about
practical. I achieve coordination with people. I familiar with marketing strategy. How to buy
products?
My internship report is totally based on construction buildings especially on practical side.
These guidelines provide practical skill to know about site work

47
 References

1) The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete. Romanconcrete.com. Retrieved on 2013-

02-19.

2) Zongjin Li; Advanced concrete technology; 2011

3) Moore, David (1999). "The Pantheon". Romanconcrete.com. Retrieved 26 September

2011.

4)"concretus". Latin Lookup. Retrieved 1 October 2012.

5)"The History of Concrete". Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of

Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved 8 January 2013.

6) From The History of Concrete - InterNACHI http://www.nachi.org/history-of-

concrete.htm#ixzz31V47Zuuj

7) Brief history of concrete. Djc.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.

http://www.pnas.org/content/111/52/18484.full

48