Index

ABC Air Cargo Guide 163 eneral aviation 19-20, Table 1-3
g air cargo 264-65, 319-39
ABC World Airways Guide 163 government market 10-12, Table 2004 statistics Table 6-1
ACARS (ARINC communications 1-2 advantages 330
addressing and reporting impact on other industries 5 aircraft 326, 328-29
system) 102 industry suppliers 9-10 air freight market 329-31
accidents related products and services 20 air freight rate types 331-33
Army planes 36 research and development (R & costs 330-31
general aviation 139 D) 5, 7-8, factors affecting rates 337-39
history 38, 40, 41, 42 11, 13 future 328-29
investigation 94-95, 98-100, 190 sales by customer Table 1-2 history 321-25
accrual 430 sales by product group Table 1-1 pallet and container 264-65
A-check 229, 230, Table 12-1 trade balance 5, 8, 20 regional/commuter services 158,
acquisition costs 391 Aerospatiale 117 Table 5-4b
Adam Aircraft Table 4-5 African American travel market special services 333, 335-37
administration, defined 202-3 273-74 statistics Table 11-1
Advanced General Aviation Trans- agricultural aircraft 112, 122 today 325, Table 11-11
portation Experiment Airborne Express 324, 325 web sites 340
(AGATE) 128 Airbus A300 series 14, 42, 383, 391 Air Cargo Guide 337
advance purchase requirements Airbus A310 391 Air Cargo, Inc. 101-2, 336
301 Airbus A320 265 air carrier, defined 21
advertising 123, 266, 267, 280, 302 and Braniff shutdown 445 air carrier airports 125
advertising department 234 cockpit 386 air commerce 21, 48-49, 52
Advisory Circulars 92 competition 383 Air Commerce Act (1926) 33, 48-
aerial advertising 123 financing for Northwest Air- 50, 67, 87
aerial application 112, 122-23, lines 380 Air Corps, U.S. Army 36, 39, 48,
Table 4-3 fleet commonality 378 50, 68, 321
aerial observation 123, Table 4-3 fly-by-wire systems 65 aircraft
“aerial other” category 123, Table operating costs 391 design and development 382-87
4-3 technical aspects 376 evaluation 389-92
Aeritalia 66 Airbus A321 378 insurance costs 305
Aero Design and Engineering 69 Airbus A330/340 65, 375, 378, 383, landing facilities 125, Table 4-4
aeromedical research 93, 94 385-86 manufacturing associations 103-
Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC) Airbus A350 15, 66, 91, 378 4
102-3, 163 Airbus A380 14, 66, 91, 329 on order Table 13-1
Aeronautics Branch, Department Airbus Industrie regional air carriers 158, Table
of Commerce 49 aircraft on order Table 13-1 5-4a, Table 5-4b
Aerospace Industries Association business jets 117 Aircraft Owners and Pilots As-
(AIA) 4, 103-4, 112 business turbine airplane ship- sociation (AOPA) 105, 122
aerospace industry 4-20 ments Table 4-6 “GA Team 2000” 128
characteristics 5-6 commercial transport products as lobby group 70
civilian aviation market 12-15, 14, 15 optimism of members 117
Table 1-3 competition 13, 66 purpose 68
commercial transport sales fac- design and development 383, aircraft uses 119-25
tors 15-19 385-86 business aviation 119, 121, Table
consolidation 11, 13 financing for airlines 380 4-3
defined 4 and new-generation airliners 63 commercial and industrial avia-
economic profile 7-9 Air Cal 182 tion 122-24
employment 5, 7-8, 10-11 Air California 61
551
55 2 a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

external load and medical 124, flight attendants 237-39 usage figures Table 2-4
Table 4-3 flight operations 223-27, Fig. air route traffic control centers
instructional flying 122, Table 7-11 (ARTCCs) 127
4-3 marketing and services 234-37, Air Safety Board 51, 52
other flying 124-25 Fig. 7-13 air taxi 124, 154-55, Table 4-3
personal flying 121-22, Table 4-3 management 202-6 see also regional air carriers
air express 321, 322 new corporate structure 206-9 air tours 124, Table 4-3
Air Florida 62, 177, 412 organization 213-16 air traffic control (ATC)
airframe overhaul 231-33 organizational chart 216-17, Fig. automation 93-94
Air France 42, 325, 326 7-4 hub-and-spoke system 368
air freight 323-24 staff departments 218-22 introduction 38, 42
defined 321 organizational charts Figs. 7-4 military 40
interline agreements 164 to 7-11 role 225, 226
rate factors 337-39 web sites 241 and scheduling 350
rate types 331-33 Air Line Pilots Association Air Traffic Control Center 225
scheduling 345 (ALPA) 401, 402, 415, 417, 421 “air traffic liability” 452
air freight forwarders 323 airlines air traffic and safety, vice-presi-
Air Freight Procedures Agreement accounting and guidance 162 dent of 223
164 associations 100-101 AirTran Table 5-2
air/ground domestic service certification 158, 160-61 air transport, civilian aviation
(ARINC) 102 costs 304-9 market 13-15, Table 1-3
air/ground international service globalization 483 Air Transport Association of
(ARINC) 102 pyramid of authority 202, 208, America(ATA) 100
Airline Clearing House 101 Fig. 7-1 air freight market data 329
Airline Deregulation Act (1978) safety 47, 168 annual reports 158, 437, 440, 441
58-60 statistics 158 capital requirements forecast
and CAB 150-51 wages and fringe benefits 409, 186
competition 177 Table 14-3, Table 14-4 causal model forecasts 247
dormant authority 366 Airlines Reporting Corporation identification codes 163
international counterpart 476 268 interline agreements 164
and labor productivity 406 Airline Tariff Publishing Company nationalization opposed 39
mergers and acquisitions 182 (ATPCO) 101, 298, 301 air transportation
mutual aid agreements 408 air mail defined 21
passage 43, 56, 57, 168 compensation 54, 285, 407 future trends 18-19
pricing 185 history 321-22 air transportation industry 21-26,
wage formula and hour rules legislation 35, 36, 37, 50, 51, 407 46-47, Table 1-4
407 Post Office Department 31-32, and business 25
see also deregulation; regula- 48, 321-22 and economy 22-25
tion of airlines Air Mail Act (1930) 35, 50 and pleasure travel 25-26
airline designators 163 Air Mail Act (1934) 36, 37, 50, 51, Air Transportation Safety and Sys-
airline industry 147-72 407 tem Stabilization Act (2001) 171
airline certification 158, 160-61 Airport and Airway Improvement Air Transport Command 47
airline statistics 158 Act(1982) 186 Air Transport International 325
data collection by DOT 162 Airport and Airways Develop- Air Transport and Its Regulators
industry agreements 163-64 ment Act(1970) 70, 92, 114, 186 (Caves) 55
major and national carriers 151- Airport Development Aid Air Transport World 158
54 Program(ADAP) 92 Airways Modernization Board 54
regional air carriers 154-58, airports Air Wisconsin 62
Table 5-3 air cargo 327 airworthiness certificate 91
statistics Table 6-1 alliances 483-84 Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
structure 148-51, 153-54, Fig. 5-1 alternative 178 229, 231
traffic and financial statistics charges 304-5 Alaska Airlines Table 5-2
165-72, Table 5-5 fleet planning 390 all cargo aircraft, regional air
web sites 173 operating certificates 92 services Table 5-4b
airline management and organiza- operating costs 92 all-cargo airline 325, 327, 337
tion 201-39 private-use 125, Table 4-4 all-cargo certificate 161
functions of management 210- public-use privately owned all-cargo deregulation 57
13 Table 4-4 Allegheny Airlines
line departments 223-39 public-use publicly owned 125 commuter network 155
engineering and maintenance schedule salability 356, Fig. 12- early history 40, 149
227-33, Fig. 7-12 8, Fig. 12-9
index 55 3

mergers and acquisitions 61, f are structure 185 BAE Systems PLC 385
182 financial condition 447, 448 baggage 238, 265, 368
revenue passenger miles Table labor relations 421, 422 balance sheet 437, 446
5-1 mergers and acquisitions 171 Bangor Punta Corporation 71, 72,
Allegheny Commuter 155 revenue passenger miles Table 116
Allegis Corporation 418 5-2 Bankruptcy Code 417
Allied Pilots Association (APA) amortization 305-6, 379, Table 15-5 banks, commercial 431-32, 449
422 analysis, and forecasting 245 barnstormers 67
Allison GMA 3007C engine 72 Anti-Hijacking Act (1974) 93 barriers to entry 176, 178-79
allowable time, for maintenance antitrust immunity 59, 182, 482 basic fares 297
346 AOPA Air Safety Foundation 105 B-check 229, 230, Table 12-1
alternative minimum tax 379 AOPA Foundation, Inc. 105 Beech, Walter 67
Amadeus reservation system 274 Apache Airlines 155 Beech Aircraft Corporation 71
amateur-built aircraft 113 Approach Control 226 history 67, 69, 72
American Airlines Arab oil embargo 56, 150, 167-68 mergers and acquisitions 19,
air express 322 arbitration, voluntary 404 116
air freighters 323 ARC (company) 69 product liability 114
air taxi replacement agreement Argyrus, Chris 202 Beech aircraft
155 Army Air Corps 36, 39, 48, 50, 68, Baron 70, 72
Boeing 707 service between 321 Beechjet-400A 72
coasts 42 ASMs see available seat-miles Beechjet 73
and Boeing 380 assembly service 333, 335, Fig. 11-4 Bonanza 19, 67, 69, 72, 121
certificated domestic route asset-based financing 431 D-18 73
miles Table 2-1 assets 437, Table 15-2 E-18 73
collective bargaining 422 associations 100-108 King Air 90 114
Douglas DC-1 and DC-3 37 aircraft-manufacturing 103-4 King Air 70, 72, 73
early history 36 airline-related 100-101 Model 17 67
fares 150, 185, 300 general aviation 104-6 Model 18 Twin 67
financial condition 309, 447, 448 international aviation 106-8 Queen Air 70
fleet planning 396-99 other airline associations 101-3 Sierra 114
flight attendants’ strike 405 ATA see Air Transport Association Sundowner 114
frequent-flier program 276 of America Super-18 69
labor costs 414, 416, 420 athletic travel market 273 Travel Air 70
labor relations 421 Atlantic Southeast 61 Twin-Bonanza 69
leasing 435 Atlas Air 325 Belgium 476, 478
lift capacity 375 Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings 325 Bellanca Aircraft 69, 70, 72, Table
maintenance costs 374 ATR (company) 63 4-5
mergers and acquisitions 61, Autoland system 390 Bell Helicopter 20, 71
149, 182, 419 available seat-miles (ASMs) Bell Telephone Laboratories 41
ordering agreement with Boe- 2004 statistics Table 6-1 Bendix (company) 69
ing 18 and costs 308, 310, Table 10-4, Bendix Transcontinental Speed
postderegulation 206 Fig. 10-10 Dash 67
predecessors 33, 35 early 1960s 165 Benoist flying boat 31
pricing 299 late 1960s 167 Bermuda Agreement (1946) 471-
profits 445 statistics Table 5-5 72, 475
revenue passenger miles Table Avco (Aviation Corporation) 35, Bermuda II Agreement 475-76
5-1, Table 5-2 36 best fit, line of 252, Fig. 8-3
September 11, 2001 hijackings Avcraft Table 4-6 bilateral agreements 467, 470
66 average, moving 251, 252 Bingham-Parker Act (1926) 33,
two-tier wage scales 416, 420 average revenue 309 48-50, 67, 87
viability 418, 419 averaging down wages 422 Black, Hugo 36
American Champion 72, Table 4-5 Aviat Aircraft Table 4-5 black boxes 99
American Eagle 63, 157, 420, 422 Aviation Distributors and Manu- Black-McKellar Act (1934) 36, 37,
American Express Sky Guide 163 facturers Association (ADMA) 104 50, 51, 407
American General Tiger 72 aviation service industry 129-36 block speed 304, Fig. 13-1
American Red Cross 124 see also fixed-base operators BOAC 40
American Trans Air 422, Table 5-2 Aviation and Transportation Secu- board of directors 203
America West 182 rity Act (2001) 95 Boeing
bankruptcy 62, 170, 419, 445, aircraft on order Table 13-1
448, 449 B-29 Superfortress 40 and American Airlines 380
employee concessions 420 BAC One Eleven 385
554
business turbine airplane ship-
ments Table 4-6
commercial transport products
13-14, 15
competition 66
and Delta Airlines 380
design and development 382-83
mergers and acquisitions 11, 13,
66
ordering agreements 18
parts tracking and handling 18
as supplier 9
and United airlines 380
Boeing aircraft
Boeing 247 36-37
Boeing 307 41
Boeing 377 Stratocruiser 40, 41
Boeing 707
air freight 324
design and development 41
maintenance costs 374
Pan American 61
performance 42
Boeing 720 186
Boeing 727
air freight 324
American Airlines 397
design and development 43
fuel efficiency 391
maintenance and operating
costs 380
number built 65
operating costs 391
performance 42
refinancing cycle 186
replacement 381
transfer to FedEx 381
Boeing 727-100 413
Boeing 737
American Airlines 397
business transportation 137
design and development 43,
65
fleet commonality 378
fuselage peeling incident 380
lift capacity 375
Boeing 737-200 413
Boeing 747
air cargo 324
business-class service 277
design and development 42
environmental aspects 93
fuel efficiency 19
management system 390
Pan American 61
parts 229
performance 43
Boeing 747-100 386
Boeing 747-200 386, 390
Boeing 747-300 65, 386, 389-90
Boeing 747-400 65, 380, 386
oeing 747-800 386
B built-in test equipment (BITE) 230
Boeing 757
business transportation 137
design and development 63,
65, 382-83
fleet commonality 378
fuel efficiency 382, 391
maintenance routing 348, Fig.
12-3
operating costs 391
as replacement for 727 381
Boeing 767
American Airlines 397
design and development 63,
65
fleet commonality 378
hub-and-spoke system 375
operating costs 391
Boeing 767-200 65
Boeing 777
certification 91
design and development 11,
15, 65, 66
orders 378, 380, 385
Boeing 787 Dreamliner 15, 66,
91, 378, 385
Boeing B-40 33
Boeing B-47 jet bomber 41
number built 65
Boeing Airplane Company 33, 36
Boeing Air Transport Company
33, 322
Boeing Business Jets 117
Bombardier 72, Table 4-6
Bombardier Canadair CRJ series
378
Bombardier Flexjet 117
Bonanza Air Lines 40, 149, 182
bonds 433
Boyd, Alan S. 81
Braniff, Paul 37
Braniff, Tom 37
Braniff Airlines
bankruptcy 151, 153, 182, 206,
415
demise 60-61, 445, 477
founding 37
mergers and acquisitions 182
revenue passenger miles Table
5-1
union concessions 415
Branson, Sir Richard 423
Breech, Ernest P. 38
Brenner, Melvin 189
Brequet-Sud 42
Britain see United Kingdom
British Aerospace 11, 63, 385
Britt Airways 61
Britten-Norman aircraft Table 4-5
Brown, Walter Folger 35, 36
B scales see two-tier wage scales
a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n
Bureau of Air Commerce 38, 49,
51, 87
Bureau of Air Mall 50, 51
Bureau of Standards, Department
of Commerce 49
Bureau of Transportation Statistics
(BTS)106 162
Burlington Air Express 324, 325,
327
Bush, George H. W. 405
Bush, George W. 95
business aircraft Table 4-3
advantages 119, 121
benefits 139-40
reasons for use 137-39
types 137
business aircraft use, defined 119
business aviation 21, 73, 119, 121,
136-40, Table 4-3
business-class service 264, 277
business-fare sales 300
business travelers 272-73
C-47 airplane 39, 73, 149
C-54 airplane 39, 149
C-82 airplane 39
CAB see Civil Aeronautics Board
cabotage 478, 480, 481, Fig. 16-1
CAM (contract air mail) routes 33,
Fig. 2-1
Campbell-Hill Aviation Group 23
Canada 480
“canned” flight plans 126
capacity 17
Capital Airlines 41, 182, 412
capital appreciation 430
captain 225, 226, 227
Caravelle 385
cargo see air cargo
Carlyle Group 11
Carter, Jimmy 56, 475
CASA (company) 66
cash budget 452-53
cash flow 431, 451-52
Cathay Pacific Airways 325
causal (model) forecasts 246-48,
Fig. 8-1
accuracy 253
Caves, Richard E. 55
C-check 230, Table 12-1
centralized reservations office 267
certificated (common) air carriers
21, 43, 148, Table 2-1, Table 5-5
certification
airlines 158, 160-61
by FAA 91-92
management requirements 207
Cessna, Clyde 67, 68
Cessna Aircraft Company 11, 19,
69, 71, 72
index 555

acquired by General Dynamics and Civil Aeronautics Authority civilian aviation market 12-15,
116 39, 87 Table 1-4
acquired by Textron 116 interstate airline industry 148 Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) 44,
aircraft shipments Table 4-5 national defense 44 47-48
business turbine airplane ship- wage formula 407 Class 1 stations 228
ments Table 4-6 Civil Aeronautics Administration Class 2 stations 228
General Aviation Revitalization 52, 87 Class 3 stations 228
Act(1994) 117 Civil Aeronautics Authority classes of service 271
judgmental forecasts 253 conference on jet age 41 classes of stations 227-28
product liability 114 establishment 39, 51, 87 Clayton Antitrust Act test 182
Cessna aircraft flight personnel certification Clinton, Bill 170, 405, 420, 479
120/140 series 68 40-41 coach fares 286
150 model 114 redesignation as Civil Aeronau- Coast Guard Auxiliary 86
152 model 71, 114 tics Board 52 cockpit voice recorders (CVRs) 99
170 model 69 Civil Aeronautics Board code sharing
172 model 69, 70, 71, 114, 121 criticized 150 changes in 177
180 model 69 regulation of airlines 150 international 481-82, 483
182 model 70, 71 Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) as marketing strategy 277-78
190/195 series 68, 69 air freight 323, 324 regional air carriers 62-63, 157
206H Stationair 118 air transportation certificates 21 collateral 431-32
207 model 19 bilevel industry vision 149 collective bargaining 412
310 model 69 Bureau of Safety 98 criticized 405-6
Ag Husky 122 carrier reporting requirements future strategies 421-23
Ag Truck 122 162 process 403-5
Bravo 118 certification 53 Collins (company) 69
C-34 68 charters 473-74 collision avoidance systems 94
Caravan 71 creation 52, 87 Colonial Airlines 33, 182, 322, Fig.
Citation 71-72, 117 criticism of 55-56 2-1
Excel 118 demise 60, 151, 169 Columbia Aircraft Table 4-5
T-50 68 and deregulation 55-56, 57, 58, Columbia route 33
T206H Turbo Stationair 118 59-60, 150-51, 475 Columbia (space shuttle) 12
CFM 56-5C-1 engine 385 early 1970s 167 Comair 61, 157, 421
CFM International engine 385 economic functions 52-54, 80 combination carrier 325, 327, 337
chain reaction effect 361-62, Fig. “failing carrier” doctrine 374 combined airline ticket offices
12-13 fares 53, 185, 285, 286-87, 413, (CATOs) 267
Challenger (space shuttle) 12 472 Comité International Technique
change of gauge 472 Federal Aviation Act (1958) 54- d’Experts Juridiques Aeriens
change in quantity demanded 55 (CITEJA) 463
291-92 feeder lines 40 Commander 114 B 72
changes in demand 289-92, Fig. international aviation 467 Commander Aircraft Table 4-5
10-2 interstate airline industry 148 Commerce Department see De-
charter airlines 263 and investment risks 446 partment of Commerce
charters 473-74 joint capacity-restraint agree- commercial banks 431-32, 449
Chase Econometrics 247 ments 474 commercial and industrial avia-
Chennault, Claire Lee 324 labor productivity 406 tion 21, 122-24
Chicago Conference (1944) 464-70, load factor 191 commercial transport sales factors
479 management skills needed by 15-19
Chicago and Southern Air Lines carriers 206 commission overrides 275-76
182 mergers and acquisitions 181, Commission to Ensure a Strong,
Chicago standard form 467, 470, 182 Competitive Airline Industry 479
471 mutual aid agreements 408 committee system, scheduling 346
Cirrus Design 117, Table 4-5 and national defense 44 common fares 297, Fig. 10-7
Cirrus Design SR 20 118 regional air carriers 154-55 common shareholders 433
Citicorp Venture Capital 436 response to deteriorating finan- common stock 433
Citizen and Immigration Service cial conditions 150 communication 215
190 route regulation 53, 366 commuter air carrier fitness deter-
city ticket offices (CTOs) 267 study on regulatory reform 56 minations 161
Civil Aeromedical Institute 93 Civil Air Patrol 39 Commuter Airline Association of
Civil Aeronautics Act (1938) 51-52 Civil Aviation Security Program America 100-101
aviation classifications 21 93 competition
and air freight rates 339
556 a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

a nd airline alliances 483 Coolidge, Calvin 33 f are structure 185

and elasticity 295 corporate aircraft use, defined 119 financial condition 447, 448
maintaining 183-84 corporate aviation 74-75, Table 4-3 hub-and-spoke system 279
major and national carriers 151 corporate clients, of travel agents image 290
manufacturers 66 275 labor costs 414
in oligopolistic industry 176 corporate communications depart- labor relations 419, 420, 421, 422
post deregulation 177 ment 220, Fig. 7-9 mergers and acquisitions 61-62,
scheduling frequency 188 corporate objectives, and fleet 151, 182, 374
see also deregulation planning 388 ordering agreement with Boe-
computerized reservation systems correlation 246 ing 18, 380
code sharing 277-78, 482 cost-cutting trends 309 postderegulation 206
economies of scale 180 costs, short run 310, Table 10-4 profits 445, 447
hub-and-spoke system 279 Council of Defense and Space In- revenue passenger miles Table
importance of 418 dustry Associations (CODSIA) 104 5-1, Table 5-2
as marketing strategy 274-75 craft unions 400 travel agent commissions 268
purposes 151-52 Crandall, Robert 405, 420 viability 418, 419
travel agents 275 Crane, Carl J. 38 Delta Connection 157
Concorde 385 credit, line of 431 Delta Shuttle 62
congestion delay 368 credit cards, airline industry 164, demand 266
connect market sales 300 285 defined 288
Conrad, Max 121 cross-connections (hub and spoke) determinants 289, 290
consolidation 60-62, 116, 181-84, 365, Fig. 12-14 law of 288, Fig. 10-1
376-78, 418-21 CRS see computerized reservation and pricing 288-95, Fig. 10-1
constrained operating plan 389 systems demographic segmentation 273
consumables 230 current ratio 446, 451 denied boardings 304
consumer-oriented marketing current resources, and fleet plan- Denver Mile-High Air Race 67
concept 269-74 ning 387, Table 13-2 department, defined 203
consumer-oriented period 259 Curtis JN-4 (“Jenny”) 67 departmentalization 214
container rate 332-33, Fig. 11-2, Curtiss, Glenn 321 Department of Agriculture 32, 49
Fig. 11-3 Curtiss Condor 36 Department of Commerce
Continental Airline Holdings 61 Curtiss-Wright Corporation 67 administrator of aviation 52
Continental Airlines Customs Service 190 Aeronautics Branch 87
bankruptcy 170, 417, 419, 445, Cutting, Bronson 38 Air Commerce Act (1926) 48, 49-
448, 449 cyclical variations 17-18, 46, 249, 50
competition 418 250-51, Fig. 8-2 airline regulation 190
fare structure 185 Bureau of Air Commerce 38, 49,
financial condition 447, 448 Dassault Table 4-6 51, 87
labor costs 414 Dassault Falcon jet 118 Bureau of Standards 49
labor relations 421, 422 Dassault Model-20 Falcon 73 Department of Defense (DOD) 7,
mergers and acquisitions 60, 61, Data Resources, Inc. 247 10, 11, 47-48, Table 1-2
149, 153, 182 D-check 230, 231, Table 12-1 Department of Homeland Security
online ticket sales 181 debenture 440-41 95
ordering agreement with Boe- debt financing 430 Department of Justice 60, 190, 409
ing 18 Decision 83,National Labor Rela- Department of State 94, 389, 467,
postderegulation 206 tions Board 406 470
reduced labor costs 416 decision making 205-6 Department of Transportation Act
revenue passenger miles Table defense contractors 10-12 (1966) 55, 95
5-1, Table 5-2 see also Department of Defense Department of Transportation
strikes against 153 deferred taxes 429 (DOT)
Continental Express 63, 157 defined service life 398 airline certification 158, 160-61
Contract Air Mail Act (1925) 33, 48 deHavilland 42 airline regulation 190
contract air mail (CAM) routes 33, deHavilland Comet 40 antitrust immunity 482
Fig. 2-1 deHavilland DH-125 73 Bureau of Transportation Statis-
contract mail service 33-35, Fig. 2-1 dehubbing 280 tics (BTS) 87, 162
contract maintenance 233 delegation of authority 214 creation 55, 80
control, and forecasting 245-46 Delta Air Lines data collection 162
controlling 212-13 bankruptcy 171, 309, 449 deregulation 60, 150-51
Convair twin-engine planes 40 certificated domestic route divisions 81-87
Convention on International Civil miles Table 2-1 Documentary Services Division
Aviation 107 delegation of authority 214 (DSD) 160-61
convertible debentures 441 early history 38 essential air service 59
index 557

hazardous material specifica- disposable personal income (DI) web sites 197
tions 337 247, 248 economic planning department
international aviation 470 distance, and elasticity 295 220, Fig. 7-10
maintenance cost reporting 305 distribution service 335 economies of scale 176, 179-81,
mergers and acquisitions 183 dividend income 430 274, 375
on-time performance reporting division, defined 203 economies of scope 274, 375
275 Doolittle, James H. 35 economy-class service 264
organization 81, Fig. 3-1 dormant authority 366 educational travel 270
policy 479-80 Dornier 63 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 42, 54, 84
Research and Special Programs DOT see Department of Transpor- elastic demand 292-94, Fig. 10-3,
Administration (RSPA) 86- tation Fig. 10-4
87 Douglas, A. Stone 72 elasticity of demand 292-96
scheduling tools 369 Douglas, Donald 37 elasticity determinants 295
Transportation Security Admin- Douglas DC-1 36, 37 electronic components 10
istration 95 Douglas DC-2 37 electronic flight instrumentation
Departure Control 225 Douglas DC-3 (EFIS) 65
dependant variables 247 business aviation 73 Embraer (company) 63, 66, Table
depreciation 305-6, 379, 429, 451, design and development 37, 43 4-6
Table 15-5 impact 322 Embraer EMB-135 378
deregulation 55-57 military conversion 39 Embraer EMB-145 378
airline financing 428 as nonscheduled air carriers 149 emergency board 404
airline management 206 popularity 42 Emery Worldwide 324, 325, 327
all-cargo 57 transcontinental travel time 356 Empire Airlines 61
Civil Aeronautics Board 55-56, Douglas DC-4 39, 149 employee ownership 420, 423
57, 58, 59-60, 150-51, 475 Douglas DC-4E 39 employee stock ownership plans
Department of Transportation Douglas DC-6 40, 150 (ESOPs) 417, 420, 423
60, 150-51 Douglas DC-7 40, 41, 232 employment
financial impact 446, 449, 450 DRI-WEFA Incorporated 23 aerospace industry 5, 7-8, 10-11
fleet planning 375 duty free service 265 airline 400, Table 14-1
general aviation 73 air transport industry 43
labor relations 412-23 Eastern Airlines employment contracts 350-51
marketing strategies 274-80 air express 322 “end-to-end” mergers 182-83
mergers 60-62 bankruptcy 151, 170 engineering and maintenance
new-generation airliners 63-66 Boeing 727 42 control (EMAC) system 232
passenger marketing 274-80 certificated domestic route engineering and maintenance
regional/commuter airlines 62- miles Table 2-1 department 227-33
63 collective bargaining 418 classes of stations 227-28
routing and scheduling 366 demise 61, 177, 182, 287, 419, contract maintenance 233
structure of airline industry 445, 448, 449, 450 nonroutine maintenance 231
150-51 early history 36, 38 organization Fig. 7-12
see also Airline Deregulation financial condition 447 overhaul of airframes 231-33
Act (1978); regulation of losses 165, 445 overhaul of engines and other
airlines mechanics’ strike 405 components 233
design characteristics 389-90 mergers and acquisitions 61, routine airframe maintenance
Detroit News Trophy Race 68 182 229-31
DHL Airways 325, 328 postderegulation 206 types of maintenance 228-29
Diamond Aircraft 117, Table 4-5 revenue passenger miles Table engines
dilution 302 5-1 Allison GMA 3007C 72
dimensional weight 331 strike against 169, 445 CFM 56-5C-1 385
diminishing returns, law of 310, travel agents 268 CFM International 385
Table 10-4 union concessions 415, 419 General Electric CF6-80C2 65,
direct impacts 23, Table 1-4 venture capital 436 385, 386
directing 212 Eastern Air Transport 36 General Electric fan-jet 66
directionality, and air freight rates Eastern Shuttle 62 Lycoming 71
338 easyJet 181, 278 maintenance 230-31
directional pricing 301 economic characteristics 175-96 overhauling 232, 233
direct operating costs 304-6 airline passenger load factors Pratt & Whitney 382
direct selling methods 180-81, 268 191-95 Pratt & Whitney fan-jet 66
discrete address beacon system airlines as oligopolists 177-86 Pratt & Whitney Hornet 37
(DABS) 94 other unique characteristics 186- Pratt & Whitney J57 41
diseconomy of scale 180 90
558 a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4C2 usiness 300

b deputy administrator for gen-
390 Civil Aeronautics Board 185, eral aviation 70
Pratt & Whitney JTSD-200 series 285, 286-87, 472 engineering and development
435 coach 286 93-94
Pratt & Whitney PW4000 65, common 297, Fig. 10-7 environmental protection 93
385, 386 competition 184-85 extended twin-engine opera-
Pratt & Whitney R985 radial 73 Continental Airlines 185 tions (ETOPS) 65
Pratt & Whitney R-2000 39 decreasing 302-3 flight service stations 90
Pratt & Whitney Wasp 33, 37 Delta Air Lines 185 maintenance regulations 231,
Rolls-Royce 382 deregulation 59 232, 432
Rolls-Royce fan-jet 66 domestic airlines average Table organization Fig. 3-2
Rolls-Royce RB 211-524D4D 65 10-1 other activities 94-95
Rolls-Royce RB 211-524134a 386 excursion 300 pilot statistics 140
Warner Super-Scarab 68 flight-time-specific 300 responsibilities 81, 83, 87, 90-94
en route charges 304-5 fuel prices 287 rules 95
en route service Table 12-2 increasing 303 safety regulations 129
equipment trust financing 432 International Air Transport Federal Aviation Agency (FAA)
equipment turnaround time Association 53-54, 470, 472, 42, 52, 54, 55, 87
360-61 474, 475 Federal Aviation Regulations
Equitable Life Assurance Society introductory 299 (FAR)
of the United States 440 joint 297 FAR 121 207
equity financing 430 no-frills 296-97 FAR 135 207
ESS (electronic switching normal 297 flight crew scheduling 350
system)(ARINC) 103 penalties 301 management requirements 207
essential air service, defined 59 promotional 271, 298 Part 91 124, 137
Essential Air Service (EAS) pro- Trans World Airlines (TWA) 185 Part 133 124
gram 155, 162 trend 285-87, Table 10-1 Part 135 123, 124, 137, 155
Euralair 72, 116 types 297 see also regulation of airlines
Eurocopter 20 United Airlines 185 Federal Control of entry into Air
European Aeronautics Defense Y fare 184 Transportation (Keyes) 55
and Space (EADS) 385 see also pricing Federal Express Corporation 325
Evans Economics, Inc. 247 Farley, James 36 acquires Flying Tiger 321, 324
exception rate 332 FBOs see fixed-base operators Airbus A380 329
excess capacity 188, 189 Federal Aid Airport Program 92 airports 327
excess pound rate 333 Federal Airport Act (1946) 92 Boeing 727 381
excursion-fare sales 300 Federal Aviation Act (1958) 54-55 Cessna Caravan 71
Executive Jets’ Netjets 117 amendments 476 international services 328
executive vice-president and gen- creation of FAA 52, 87 labor relations 422
eral manager, role of 203 criticism 55 overnight air express 323
expendables 230 growth of airline industry 437 profitability 62
expert opinion method 254 Section 401 160-61 venture capital 436
express carriers 324-25, 327 Section 418 161 viability 419
extended twin-engine operations Section 419 161 Federal Highway Administration
(ETOPS) 65 Federal Aviation Administration (FHA) 83
external load 124, Table 4-3 (FAA) 87-95 federal legislation 46-60
extra section 364 advisory circulars 92 additional air mail acts 50
aircraft and aviator certification Air Commerce Act (1926) 33, 48-
FAA see Federal Aviation Admin- 91-92 50, 67, 87
istration aircraft standards 139 Airline Deregulation Act (1978)
FAA Aviation Forecasts 158, 253 airline regulation 190 43, 56, 57, 58-60
FAA Statistical Handbook of aviation airline statistics 158 Civil Aeronautics Act (1938) 21,
158 airport aid and certification 92 39, 44, 51-52
“failing carrier” doctrine 374 air taxi certificate 124 deregulation movement 55-57
Fairchild business jets 117 air traffic control 90-91, 415 early federal legislation 48
Fansler, R E. 31 Airworthiness Directives (ADs) Federal Aviation Act (1958) 52,
FAR see Federal Aviation Regula- 229, 231 54-55
tions aviation forecasts 246, 247, 253 reasons for regulation 46-48
fares capacity control 192 Federal Maritime Commission 80
actions 299-301 Civil Aeromedical Institute 93 Federal Railroad Administration
American Airlines 150, 185, 300 Civil Aviation Security Program (FRA) 86
America West 185 93
index 559

Federal Transit Administration pgrading vs. replacing 392-93

u third-freedom rights 470, 480,
(FTA) 85 web sites 395 481, Fig. 16-1
FedEx see Federal Express Corpo- flight attendants 237-39 fourth-freedom rights 470, 480,
ration flight crew expenses 304 481, Fig. 16-1
feedback 211 flight-crew scheduling, director fifth-freedom rights 470, 480,
feeder routes 33, 149 of 223 Fig. 16-1
field ticket offices (FTOs) 267 flight cycle 308 Five Freedoms Agreement 466-
fifth-freedom rights 470, 480, Fig. flight data recorders (FDRs) 99 67, Fig. 16-1
16-1 flight dispatch, director of 223 nine freedoms of the air Fig. 16-
final report 100 flight dispatch manager 223-24 1
finance companies 432 flight engineer 225 freehand lines 251, 252
finance and property department flight manager 225 frequent-flier programs 151, 178,
218, Fig. 7-5 flight operations, regional man- 276
financial (capital) lease 379, 434 ager of 224-25 fringe benefits 409, Table 14-3, Table
financial data, and fleet planning flight operations costs 304-5 14-4
386 flight operations department 223- Frontier Airlines
financial and statistical reporting 27, Fig. 7-11 collective bargaining 418
162 Flight Options 117 early history 40, 149
financial statistics 165-72, Table 5-5 flight plans, filing 126 mergers and acquisitions 61,
financing 427-53 flight procedures and standards, 182
cash management and financial director of 227 union concessions 415
planning 450-53 flight procedures and training, Frye, Jack 37, 38
external sources 430-37 vice-president of 223, 227 fuel efficiency
fixed-base operators 135-36 flight service station (FSS) 126 Boeing 727 391
funding sources 437-50, Table flight-time-specific fares 300 Boeing 757 382, 391
15-4 flight training, director of 227 generally 19, 186, 188
industry balance sheet 437, 439, Florida Airways Corp. Fig. 2-1 fuel expenses 187-88, 304
Table 15-2, Table 15-3 flying, vice-president of 223, 224 fuel prices
internal sources 428-30 Flying Tiger 321, 323-24 and airline costs and fares 287
web sites 455 food/bar services 264 and fleet planning 375
fire-fighting 122-23 food service department 237, Fig. history 167-68, 169-70
first-class service 264 7-15 functions of management 210-13
first officer 225 Ford, Gerald 56, 475 funds
Fish and Wildlife Service 123 Ford, Henry 34 1960 to present 437-50, Table 15-
fitness determination 160, 161 Ford Air Transport Fig. 2-1 4
Five Freedoms Agreement 466-67, Ford Reliability Tour 67 1990s to present 446-48
Fig. 16-1 Ford Trimotor 34-35, 36 industry balance sheet 437, Table
fixed-base operators (FBOs) forecasting 243-55 15-2, Table 15-3
definition 50, 67 causal methods 246-48, 253, Fig. summary 448-50
functions 129, 133 8-1 funeral travel 270
instructional flying 122 defined 244
profitability 135-36 judgmental methods 253-55 Galaxy Aerospace 117
size and scope 134-35 and market research 234 Galileo reservation system 274
and Small Aircraft Transporta- purpose 244-46 “GA Team 2000” 128
tion System (SATS) 75 time-series or trend analysis GE Aerospace 11
fixed costs 308 methods 249-53, Fig. 8-2 Gemini Air Cargo 325
fleet capacity 18 web sites 256 general and administrative costs
fleet planning 373-98 foreign investment 445, 481 307
American Airlines 396-99 Forest Service 83 General Air Express 322
commonality 378 Forstmann Little 72, 116 general aviation 67-75
defined 382 401 carriers 148, 160-61 aircraft shipments Table 1-3
design and development 382-87 fourth-freedom rights 470, 480, associations 104-6
hub-and-spoke system 375 481, Fig. 16-1 business aviation 73, 136-40
leasing trend 379-80 fractional ownership 117-18, 121 defined 19, 21-22, 68, 112
long-range aircraft 378 France 463, 478, 481 deregulation 73
model 388 Frankfurt International Airport factors affecting 114, 116-18
noise restrictions 381-82 483-84 future 74-75
prederegulation era 374-75 freedoms of the air helicopters 20, Table 1-3
process 387-92 Two Freedoms Agreement 466- home of 67-68
rationalization 376-78 67, Fig. 16-1 maturation 70-72
technical aspects 376 overview 19-20
56 0 a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

ersonal market 140

p grandfather rights 45, 148, 149 and regional/commuter airlines
post-World War 11 years 68-69 gross national product (GNP) 73
users 136-41 cyclical variations 250, 251 scheduling 188
web sites 143 forecasts 248, 253 Hubbard, Edward 33
general aviation aircraft and general aviation aircraft Hughes Aircraft 11
active 113, Table 4-1 247, Fig. 8-1 Hughes Airwest 60, 149, 182
by type and primary use Table trends 249 Husky (company) 72
4-3 Ground Control 225, 226
shipments Table 1-3, Table 4-2, ground servicing, schedule impli- IATA see International Air Trans-
Table 4-6 cations 351-53 port Association
general aviation airport 125 group travel 270 Icahn, Carl 417, 418
General Aviation Manufacturers Grumman AA-58 72 ICAO see International Civil Avia-
Association (GAMA) 104 Grumman Aircraft Corporation 73 tion Organization
causal model forecasts 247 Grumman Gulfstream 70, 73 identification codes 163
establishment 70, 112 Guatemala City Protocol 464 IFF (“identification, friend or foe”)
“GA Team 2000” 128 Gulfstream Aerospace Table 4-6 38
general aviation industry inclusive tour charters 473
reports 128 The Hague Protocol to the War- Independent Union of Flight At-
“No Plane, No Gain” program saw Convention 464 tendants 416
128 Hamilton, Alexander 85 independent variables 247
Piston-Engine Aircraft Revitali- Hamilton Standard 35 indirect impacts 23, Table 1-4
zation Committee (PEARC) Hanshue, Harris “Pop, “ 35 indirect operating costs 306-7
128 Havana Convention (1928) 462-63 induced impacts 23, Table 1-4
purpose 4 Hawker BH-125 72 industry, defined 148
General Aviation Revitalization Hawker-Siddeley 42 industry balance sheet 437, 439,
Act (1994) 7, 19, 72, 117, 127 helicopters 20, 40, 137, Table 1-3 Table 15-2, Table 15-3
general aviation statistics 112-27 medical use 124 industrywide bargaining 406, 412
aircraft uses 119-25, Table 4-3 shipments Table 1-3 inelastic demand 292, 294-95, Fig.
airports 125-26, Table 4-4 Henson Airlines 61 10-5, Fig. 10-6
FAA services 126-27 Hereford’s Air Cargo Guide 163 inflation 16
factors affecting general avia- high-yield revenue spill 303 in-flight entertainment 264
tion 114, 116-18 hijacking 93 information services department
general aviation support industry see also September 11, 2001 218, Fig. 7-6
127-36 history 29-75 Inland Airlines 182
aviation service industry 129-36 air cargo 321-25 insect control 123
manufacturers 127-28, Table 4-6 economics prior to deregulation in-service use 364
pilots and aircraft manufactur- 43-46 instructional flying 122, Table 4-3
ing 129 federal legislation 46-60 instrument flight rules (IFR) 90,
general commodity rate 331, Fig. formative period (1918-1938) 127
11-1 31-38 insurance 37, 71, 305
General Dynamics 11, 19, 71, 116 general aviation 67-75 insurance companies 432, 449
General Electric 65, 66, 117, 385, growth years (1938-1958) 39-41 Insurance Exchange Building
386 international aviation 472-77 (Chicago) 267
General Motors 36 labor relations 406-12 intangibles, in fleet planning 398
“Generation Y”, as employees maturity (1958-1978) 41-43 integrated carriers 324-25, 327
214, 423 postderegulation evolution 60- intensive growth strategies 271-74
Germany 476, 478, 481, 483 67 interactive marketing agreements
GE/Snecma 65 web sites 76 278-79
G.I. Bill 136 Hoover, Herbert 33, 35 Inter-Allied Aviation Committee
Gippsland Aeronautics Table 4-5 hub-and-spoke system 460
globalization 480-84 advantages 366-68, Fig. 12-15 Inter-American Commercial Avia-
goals 210 as barrier to entry 178, 179 tion Commission 462
go-team 98-99 complaints about 169 interline agreements 157, 164, 265
government market 10-12, 124-25, cross-connections 365 interline sales 267
Table 1-2 disadvantages 368 Interline Settlement of Agent-Is-
government regulation 190 effect of deregulation 62 sued Documents Agreements 164
design and development 387 fleet planning 375, 397 Interline Traffic Agreement-Pas-
government subsidies 44-45, 47, growth 445 senger 163-64
59, 149, 186 major and national carriers 151 intermediate layover (IL) checks
GPA Group 380 as marketing strategy 279-80 230
Graf Zeppelin 35 overnight air express 323
index 56 1

Intermodal Surface Transportation International Convention for Air eb sites 426

w
Efficiency Act (1991) 85, 87 Navigation 462 see also strikes
international air law 463-70 International Coordinating Coun- Laird, Matty 67
International Air Navigation Code cil of Aerospace Industry Associa- Laird Swallow 67
461 tions (ICCAIA) 104 Lake Central 149
International Air Services Transit International Council of Aircraft Lake (company) 72
Agreement 466-67, Fig. 16-1 Owner and Pilot Associations Laker Airways 475
International Air Transport Agree- (IAOPA) 105 Lancair Columbia 3000 118
ment 466-67, Fig. 16-1 International Lease Finance Cor- Lancair International 117
International Air Transport As- poration (ILFC) 380 see also Columbia Aircraft
sociation (IATA) 107-8 International Organization for law of demand 288, Fig. 10-1
fares 53-54, 470, 472, 474, 475 Standardization (ISO) 104 law of diminishing returns 310,
forecasts 246 Internet ticket sales 180-81, 268 Table 10-4
formation 470-71 interstate air commerce 21 Lear, William “Bill, “ 68, 69, 70,
identification codes 163 interstate air transportation 21 254
interline agreements 164 Interstate Commerce Commission Lear (company) 69
routes 475 (ICC) 36, 39, 50, 51, 80 Learjets 68, 70, 72
scheduling data 369 introductory fares 299 Model 23 114
traffic rules 472 inventory management 303 Model 45 118
travel agents 268 investment banks 432-33, 437 Model 55 72
International Air Transportation investment tax credit (ITC) 71, Model 60 72
Competition Act (1979) 476-77 116, 379, 430, 445 Lear-Siegler 71, 72, 116
International Association of Ma- irregular variations 249, 251, 252, leasing 379-80, 430, 433-35, 449,
chinists 167 Fig. 8-2 452
International Association of Ma- Israel 476 legal department 218, 220, Fig. 7-8
chinists and Aerospace Workers legislation see federal legislation
401, 403, 419 Janus, Tony 31 leisure class 271
international aviation 459-84 Japan 478, 481 levels of management 202-5,
associations 106-8 Japan Airlines 326 214-15
Bermuda Agreement (1946) 471- jet airliner, first 40 Lewis, Fulton, Jr. 35
72, 475 Jet America 412 liabilities 437, 439, Table 15-3
business-class service 277 JetBlue 62, 278, Table 5-2 Liberty Aerospace Table 4-5
civilian aviation market 12, 15 Jetstream International 61 life insurance companies 432, 449
future challenges 484 Johnson, Lyndon Baines 80, 114 life-limited parts 230
globalization 480-84 joint airline/military ticket offices Lindbergh, Charles 35, 87, 121
history 472-77 (JAMTOs) 267 line of credit 431
international air law 463-70 joint capacity-restraint agreements line departments 223-39
International Air Transport As- 474 engineering and maintenance
sociation (IATA) 470-71 joint fares 297 227-33, Fig. 7-12
sovereignty of airspace 460-63 joint rate 332 flight attendants 237-39
web sites 486 judgmental forecasts 253-55 flight operations 223-27, Fig.
International Chamber of Com- just-in-time production 22 7-11
merce 463 marketing and services 234-37,
International Civil Aviation Or- Kahn, Alfred E. 56, 150 Fig. 7-13
ganization (ICAO) 106-7 KC-135 jet tanker 41 line personnel 216
data for scheduling 369 Kelly, Clyde 33 line reserves 364
disputes 471 Kelly Act (1925) 33, 35, 48 load factor
forecasts 246 Kennedy, Edward 56, 150 and airline scheduling 362-63
formation 466 Kennedy, John F. 80 average annual 150, 189, 191,
headquarters 471 Keyes, Lucille 55 Table 6-2
and IATA 471 KLM 478 capacity vs. demand 192-95, Fig.
registration of agreements 470 Korea 476 6-1, Fig. 6-2
safety and security 94 Korean Air 325 and commercial transport sales
International Commission for Air 17
Navigation 461 labor costs 187, 188 fluctuations 192
International Committee of Tech- labor relations 399-424 and pricing 195, 312-13, Table
nical Experts on Air Jurisprudence future 423-24 10-5
463 history 406-12 local-area VHF air/ground com-
International Conference on Civil Railway Labor Act (1926) 54, munications service (ARINC) 103
Aviation 464-70, 479 401-6, 409, 412 local-service carriers 149, 365
since deregulation 412-23 Lockheed aircraft
56 2 a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

onstellation 39, 40, 150

C control of regional air services middle management 202, 203-4,
Electra 41 163 205, 208
JetStar 70, 73 major dispute 403 mid-range airlines 263
L-1011 42, 65, 93, 385 major stations 227 Midway Airlines
Lodestar 73 management 202-6 demise 170, 171, 182, 445, 448,
Sirius 121 decision making 205-6 449
Super Constellation 41 defined 202 as new-entrant carrier 412
Vega 35, 121 functions 210-13 and Northwest Airlines 62
Ventura 73 levels 202-5, 214-15 Mike Monroney Aeronautical
Lockheed (company) 11, 254 management by objectives (MBO) Center 94
long-range aircraft 378 211, Fig. 7-3 mileage-based pricing 300
long-term cash forecast 453 management team 206-8 military travel 270
long-term debt/equity ratio 447 mandatory mediation 402-3, 407 Millar, M. Stuart 72, 116
long-term forecast 244 Manufacturers’ Service Bulletins minimum stays 301
long-term loan 431 229 minor dispute 403
Loral 11 marginal costs 189-9 Mitchell (company) 69
Lorenzo, Frank 61, 153, 416 marginal revenue 309, Table 10-3 Mitsubishi 66
Los Angeles Airways 40 Maritime Administration (MA- Mitsubishi Diamond 72
low-cost airlines 263, 264 RAD) 83-84 Mitsubishi MU-2 73
low-cost carriers 375 market development 273-74 Moellendick, Jake 67
relationships 278-79 marketing 258 Mohawk Airlines 37, 40, 149
low-yield revenue spin 303 passenger marketing 257-80 Mooney Aircraft 69, 70, 72, 116,
LTV 11 prederegulation 258 117, Table 4-5
Ludington Airlines 35-36 product research 262-65 Mooney Eagle 117
Lufthansa 37, 324, 325, 326, 478 see also passenger marketing Mooney Ovation 118
luxury airlines 263 marketing concept 259-60 Moraine-Saulnier MS-760 72
Lycoming engines 71 marketing costs 266 Morrow, Dwight 33
marketing mix 260-69 moving average 251, 252
McCarran, Pat 36 marketing and services depart- multiplier effect 366-67, Fig. 12-15
McDonnell-Douglas 13, 14, 66, 435 ment 234-37 Muse Air 61, 412
McDonnell-Douglas aircraft organization 234, Fig. 7-13 mutual aid pact (MAP) 408, 414
DC-8 41, 324 marketing strategy 261, 388 mutual dependence 176, 184-85
DC-9-30 392-93, 413 market penetration 271-72
DC-9-80 65 market research 234, 269 National Aeronautics and Space
DC-9 43, 380 market segmentation 269-71, Fig. Administration (NASA) 10, 12,
DC-10 42, 65, 93, 385, 390 9-1 128, Table 1-2
MD-11 65-66, 378, 383 Martin Marietta 11 national air carriers 153-54
MD-80 65, 375, 381, 383, 391, 435 Martin twin-engine planes 40 National Airline Commission 170
MD-81 65 mass selling 266 National Airlines
MD-82 65 Maule Aircraft 72, Table 4-5 mergers and acquisitions 60, 61,
MD-83 65 maximum stays 301 151, 182
MD-87 65 MAXJet Airways 278 revenue passenger miles Table
MD-88 65 Mead, George 39 5-1
MD-90 65, 383 “MEDEVAC” units 124 strikes against 414
McNary-Watres bill (1930) 35, 50 mediation, mandatory 402-3, 407 National Air Races 68
maintenance medical aircraft use 124, Table 4-3 National Airspace System 75
airline scheduling 344, 346-49, medical department 218, Fig. 7-8 National Air Transport 34, 322,
Table 12-1, Fig. 12-3 medium-term forecast 244 Fig. 2-1
costs 305 megacarriers 62, 151 National Association of State Avia-
jet aircraft example 347-48, Table mercantile travel 270 tion Officials (NASAO) 105-6
12-1, Fig. 12-2, Fig. 12-3 Mercure 385 National Business Aircraft As-
types 228-29 mergers 60-62, 116, 181-84, 376-78, sociation (NBAA) 104-5
maintenance base 227 418-21 business aviation categories 119
maintenance burden 305 purpose 176 causal model forecasts 247
maintenance efficiency goals Mesaba Airlines 61 growth 69, 70
346-47 meteorology, director of 226 “No Plane, No Gain” program
maintenance needs 390-91 Metropolitan Life Insurance Com- 128
maintenance programs, FAA pany 440 purpose 119
certification 91 MGM Grand Air 263 National Commission to Ensure
maintenance work reports 232 Micco Aircraft Table 4-5 a Strong Competitive Airline
major air carriers 153-54 Mid-Continent Airlines 182 Industry 170
index 56 3

National Defense Reserve Fleet 84 a t hub 368 f uture 428, 450

National Economic Impact of Civil as barrier to entry 179 growth through merger 181-84
Aviation 23 for environmental protection 93 mutual dependence 184-85
National Highway Traffic Safety and fleet planning 381, 390, 392 number of carriers and market
Administration 86 and replacement aircraft 17 share 177
National Labor Relations Act noncash expense 429 “on condition” monitoring 230
(1935) 402, 403, 405, 412 nonoperating costs and revenues one-way vs. round-trip purchase
National Labor Relations Board 307 requirements 301
406 nonroutine maintenance 231 on-line sales office 267
National Mediation Board (NMB) nonscheduled air carriers 148-49, on-time performance reporting
Air Line Pilots Association and 473 requirement 275
Texas International 415 nonscheduled services 263 open-sky agreement 478, 481
Allied Pilots Association and nonstop service 356, 365, 366 operating economics 391
American 422 “No Plane, No Gain” program 128 operating lease 379, 434-35
collective bargaining process normal fares 297 operating management 202, 204-5,
403-5 North American Aviation 36, 70, 208
Comair 421 73 optimization model 389
establishment 401 North American Sabreliner 70, 73 options, in fleet planning 392
mandatory mediation 402, 404, North Central Airlines 40, 60, 149, order-option-plan mix 392
407 182 orders, in fleet planning 392
self-help process 405 Northeast Airlines 182, 374 organization 202, 213-16
National Park Service 83 Northeast Rail Service Act (1981) organizational chart
National Recovery Act 406 86 company 216-17, Fig. 7-4
National Skyway Freight Corpora- Northrop, Jack 37 staff departments Figs.7-4 to
tion 323-24 Northrop (company) 11 7-11
National Transportation Safety Northwest Airlines organization manuals 215
Board (NTSB) 95-100 aircraft financing 380 organization structures
accident investigation 94-95, air freighters 324 alternative 208-9, Fig. 7-2
98-100, 190 bankruptcy 171-72, 309, 449 pyramid 202, 208, Fig. 7-1
aviation safety 98 certificated domestic route organizing 212
establishment 55, 80 miles Table 2-1 origin and destination (O & D)
final report 100 contract mail service 33 city-pairs 188, 298, 301, 367
organization Fig. 3-3 employee ownership 420, 423 out-of-service time 346
publications 98 financial condition 62, 419, 445, out-of-service use 364
Public Inquiries Section 98 447, 448 output determination 309-15, Table
safety recommendation 99 international flights 481 10-6
scope and responsibilities 97-98 labor relations 421 outsourcing 422
Navion 69, 70 mergers and acquisitions 61, overbooking 195
Navy Department 32 149, 182 overhauling
NBAA see National Business Air- profits 445 airframes 231-33
craft Association revenue passenger miles Table costs 305
net earnings 428 5-1, Table 5-2 engines and other components
Netherlands 476, 478, 480 strikes against 414 233
net worth 437, 439 union concessions 419 overnight air express 323
New Court Securities 436 use of Boeing 747-400 386 overnight maintenance 229, 230,
new-entrant/low-cost carriers 62, Northwest Airlink 63, 157 Table 12-1
412-13, 414 no-shows 194-95, 286 owner’s equity 437, 439
new-generation airliners 63, 65-66 NTSB see National Transportation Ozark Air Lines 40, 61, 149, 182
New Piper Aircraft Corporation Safety Board
19, 72, 117, Table 4-5 Pacific Aerospace Corporation
see also Piper Aircraft Corpora- OAC Air Cargo Guide 163 Table 4-5
tion objectives, corporate 388 Pacific Airlines 40, 182
New York Air 60, 153, 182, 412, Odom, Bill 121 Pacific Airmotive Corporation
415 Official Airline Guide (OAG) 163 Learstar 73
night flying 32-33 off-line sales office 267 Pacific Air Transport 34, Fig. 2-1
nine freedoms of the air Fig. 16-1 off-peak pricing 195, 302 Pacific Southwest Airlines 61, 177,
NMB see National Mediation oligopoly 177-86 182
Board barriers to entry 178-79 pallet and container system 264-65
no-frills airlines 263 characteristics 176 Pan American
noise standards defined 176 air freighters 324
and air cargo operations 327 economies of scale 179-81 business-class service 277
564 a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

demise 61, 170, 177, 182, 287, as managers 207 JT8D-200 series 435
419, 445, 448, 449 Piper, William T. 68 JT9D-7R4G2 390
financial condition 447 Piper aircraft PW4000 65, 385, 386
founding 37 Apache 69 R985 radial 73
international service 43, 474, 479 Cherokee 70, 114 R-2000 39
jet orders 41 Comanche 70, 121 Wasp 33, 37
jumbo-jet service across Atlantic Cubs 68 preferred stock 433
42 Lance 19 Prescott, Bob 323
losses 165, 445 Meridian 117 president, role of 203
mergers and acquisitions 60, Pacer 121 presidential intervention 403, 405
151, 182 Super Cub 69 pricing
postderegulation 206 Tomahawk 114 analysis 302-3
revenue passenger miles Table Tri-Pacer 69, 70 and demand 288-95, Fig. 10-1
5-1 Twin Comanche 70 and marketing 234, 260, 265-66
union concessions 415, 416, 418 Piper Aircraft Corporation and output determination 309-
use of 747 aircraft 386 early history 68, 69 15, Table 10-6
venture capital 436 emergence from bankruptcy 19, process 298-304
Pan American Airways see Pan 72 strategies and objectives 299
American liability 114 tactics 299-302
Pan-American Conference 462, 463 ownership 71, 116 web sites 317
Pan American Shuttle 61 see also New Piper Aircraft see also fares; fuel prices
Pan American World Airways see Corporation primary-use categories 113, Table
Pan American Piston-Engine Aircraft Revitaliza- 4-3
Paris Convention (1919) 461-62, tion Committee (PEARC) 128 priority reserved air freight 332
463 place, in marketing mix 260, private debt placement 432
passenger fares see fares 267-69 privately owned airports Table 4-4
passenger load factor see load plan aircraft 392 private-use airports 125, Table 4-4
factor planning procedure, defined 211
passenger marketing 257-80 defined 244 product, in marketing mix 260,
consumer-oriented marketing for forecasting 245 261-62
concept 269-74 as management function 210-12 product development 272-73
marketing concept development principles 213-15 product differentiation 261
259-60 see also fleet planning product improvement 272
marketing mix 260-69 Planning Grant Program (PGP) 92 production certificate 91
strategies since deregulation PLIN (private-line intercity production costs 266
274-80 network)(ARINC) 103 production-oriented period 259,
web sites 281 point-to-point carriers, relation- 269
passengers, general aviation 22 ships 278-79 product liability 19, 71, 72, 114,
passenger service costs 306-7 point-to-point service 151, 378, 413 116, 117, 127
pattern bargaining 407, 412 point-to-point service (ARINC) professional airline manager 37-38
Patterson, William A. 37, 38 102 Professional Air Traffic Controllers
payload Fig. 13-1 Polar Air Cargo 325 Organization (PATCO) 415
payload-range diagrams 390 policy, defined 211 profitability 17, 46, Table 2-3, Table
Peach, Bob 37 policy and procedures manual 211 15-1
peak pricing 302 poll forecasts 255 profit maximization, short run
Pennsylvania Airlines 61 positioning flights 192 314-15, Table 10-6, Fig. 10-11
People Express 61, 153, 182, 412, Post, Wiley 121 profit-sharing 417, 420-21, 422,
436 Postal Service 155, 190, 345 423, 435
People University, Southwest Post Office Department progressive overhaul/maintenance
Airlines 214 air cargo beginnings 321 230, 231-32
Permanent Court of International air commerce 39 progress payments 391, 433
justice 466 air mail 31-32, 48, 321-22 projected industry environment
personal flying 121-22, 140, Table air mail compensation 54, 285 388
4-3 wages and hours of pilots 406-7 promotion, in marketing mix 260,
personal selling 266 Pratt & Whitney (company) 65, 266-67
personnel department 218, Fig. 7-7 435 promotional fares 271-72, 298
physical performance factors 390 Pratt & Whitney engines Provincetown-Boston Airways 61
pickup and delivery service 336 efficiency 382 Prudential Insurance Company of
Piedmont Airlines 40, 61, 149, 182, fan-jet 66 America 440
445 Hornet 37 psychographic segmentation 273
pilots 129, 140, Table 4-7 J57 41 public equity offering 433
index 565

publicly owned airports 125, Table regulations, of specific airlines routine scheduled maintenance
4-4 211-12 229
public-use airports 125 rejected demand by other airlines RPMs see revenue passenger miles
pushdown 397 303 rules 211-12
pyramid of authority 202, 208, related products and services 7, 20 “runaway airlines” 415
Fig. 7-1 religious travel 270 Ryan (company) 69
Renault 117
qualitative service 262 repairables 230 Sabena World Airways 324
quantitative service 262 repair stations, FAA certification Sabreliner 117
quotas 345 91 SABRE reservation system 274
replacement aircraft 17 safety
Railroad Revitalization and Regu- Republic Airlines airlines 47, 168
latory Reform Act (1976) 86 collective bargaining 418 Air Safety Board 51, 52
Railway Express Agency (REA) mergers and acquisitions 60, 61, air traffic and safety, vice-presi-
321, 322, 323 149, 182 dent of 223
Railway Labor Act (1926) 54, 401- union concessions 415 Air Transportation Safety and
6, 409, 412 research and development (R & D) System Stabilization Act
Raytheon 11, 19, 71, 116, Table 4-6 5, 7-8, 11, 13 (2001) 171
Raytheon Hawker 800 XP 118 reservations, sales, and promo- AOPA Air Safety Foundation
Raytheon Premier I 117 tional costs 307 105
Raytheon Travel Air 117 reservations systems see compu- Civil Aeronautics Board, Bu-
Reagan, Ronald 116, 415 terized reservation systems reau of Safety 98
recapture 397 restricted articles 337 FAA regulations 129
recession, impact on airline indus- return on investment (ROI) 448, International Civil Aviation
try 190 449, 450, Table 15-1, Fig. 13-1 Organization 94
refunds 302 revenue, total Table 10-3, Fig. 10-8 and maintenance 230
regional air carriers 20, 154-58, revenue passenger miles (RPMs) National Highway Traffic Safety
Table 5-3 2004 statistics Table 6-1 Administration 86
code sharing 157 average yield 44, Table 2-2 National Transportation Safety
fitness determination 161 early 1960s 165 Board 55, 80, 94, 95-100, 190,
ownership 163 early 1970s 167 Fig. 3-3
post deregulation 62-63 early 1980s 169 September 11, 2001 hijackings
see also air taxi late 1960s 167 66-67, 95, 214
Regional Airline Association late 1970s 168 Transportation Safety Act (1974)
(RAA) 100-101, 158 late 1980s 169 95-96, 97
regional flight dispatch manag- major and national carriers 151, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority 84
ers 223 Table 5-1, Table 5-2 St. Lawrence Seaway Develop-
regional jet (RJ) concept 368 mid-1990s to the 21st century ment Corporation 84-85
regional manager of flight opera- 170 sale and lease-back 430, 452
tions 224-25 and pricing 309, Table 10-3, Fig. sales, ticketing, and travel win-
regulation of airlines 10-9 dows 302
Civil Aeronautics Board 55-56 statistics Table 5-5 sales force opinion method 254-55
Department of Commerce 190 Rickenbacker, Eddie 38, 436 sales-oriented period 259
Department of Transportation Robertson Aircraft Corp. Fig. 2-1 sales planning department 236
(DOT) 190 Robson, John E. 56 sales and services department 236-
economic developments 43-46 Rockefeller, Laurence 436 37, Fig. 7-14
Federal Aviation Administra- Rocky Mountain Airways 61 schedule delay 368
tion (FAA) 129, 190, 231, Roeck, Thomas J. 420 scheduled services 263
232, 432 Rolls-Royce (company) 42, 65, 381 schedule plot 346
fleet planning 374-75 Rolls-Royce engines scheduling 343-69
government regulation 190 efficiency 382 aim of 344-46
labor relations 406-12, Table 14-2 fan-jet 66 data limitations 369
reasons for 46-48 RB 211-524D4D 65 defined 344
Transportation Security Regula- RB 211-524134a 386 development process Fig. 12-1
tions (TSR) 95 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 36, 39, 51 equipment assignment and
web sites 109 rotables 230 types of schedules 364-66
see also Airline Deregulation round-trip purchase requirements equipment maintenance 344,
Act (1978); deregulation; 301 346-49, Table 12-1, Fig. 12-13
Federal Aviation Regula- routine airframe maintenance flight operations and crew
tions 229-31 scheduling 344, 349-51
frequency 188
566 a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

ground operations and facility short-term period 310 Stage 3 noise standards 17, 179,
limitations 344, 351-53 show cause order 160, 161, 286 381, 392
hub-and-spoke scheduling 366- shuttle airlines 263 standalone cabotage Fig. 16-1
68, Fig. 12-15 shuttle services 271 Standard Agent’s Ticket and Area
planning and coordination 353- sightseeing 124, Table 4-3 Settlement Plan 164
64 Singapore 476 standard fares 297
departure time sensitivity 356, singles travel market 273 Standard and Poor’s 445
Fig. 12-6, Fig. 12-7 Skinner, Samuel K. 420 standards, performance 213
example 363-64 skip-stop 365 standby travel 271
load-factor leverage 362-63 Skymaster 39 State Department 94, 389, 467, 470
as marketing variable 234 Sleeper Transport see Douglas station and ground expenses 306
operational factors in schedule DC-3 station personnel, as scheduling
planning 349-51 Slick (carrier) 323 factor 359-60, Fig. 12-11
schedule adjustments 358-62, Small Aircraft Transportation station plotting chart 352, Fig. 12-4
Fig. 12-12 System (SATS) 74-75 Stearman, Lloyd 67
schedule salability 355-58, Fig. Small Package Shipment Agree- Stout Metal Aircraft Company 34
12-9 ment 164 strikes
traffic flow 354-55, Fig. 12-5 Smith, C. R. 37 against Continental 153
publishing schedules 163-64 Smith, Frederick W. 323 airline Table 14-2
web sites 371 smoothing 251, Fig. 8-3 air traffic controllers’ 192, 287
scheduling department 346 Snell, Bertrand H. 84 American Airlines 405
seasonal variations 249, 251, Fig. Socata Table 4-5 Eastern Airlines 169, 405, 445
8-2 Socony-Vacuum Oil Company 38 International Association of
seating configurations 263-64, 389 Southern Air Lines 60, 149 Machinists 153, 403
seat-mile 308 Southern Airways 182 National Airlines 414
Second International Conference Southwest Airlines 263 Northwest Airlines 414
of Private Air Law 463 corporate culture 424 pilots’ 153
Section 401 certificates 148, 160-61 early history 149, 153 United Airlines 396
self-help, in collective bargaining employee ownership 420 subsidies, government 44-45, 47,
403, 405 expansion 177, 375, 412 59, 149, 186
semi-averages 251, 252 financial condition 419, 447, 448 Suburban Airlines 61
Senate Committee on Interstate labor costs 414 SuperGuppies 385
Commerce 48 mergers and acquisitions 61 supplemental air carriers 149, 473
Senate Judiciary Committee, pricing 299 supplemental services (ARINC)
Subcommittee on Administrative profits 62, 447 103
Practice and Procedure 56 profit-sharing plan 421 supply factors 266
senior vice-president, role of 203, revenue passenger miles Table “survival bargaining” 415, 416
227, 234 5-2 Symphony Aircraft Table 4-5
September 11, 2001 training programs 214 system constraints, in fleet plan-
and airline industry 13, 66-67 Southwest Airways 182 ning 389
and airline profitability 17, 66- sovereignty of airspace 460-63 system operations control (SOC)
67, 287, 309 span of control 213, 215 223, 225-26, 227
and airline safety and security specialized freight services 336-37
66, 95, 214 specific commodity rate 331-32, TAG Aviation 117
and air transport 13 Fig. 11-1 Taiwan 476
and defense spending 7 speed package service 332 target segment pricing 300
effect on general aviation 128 spill 303, 396-97 Tax Reform Act (1986) 71, 116,
effect on travel patterns 264 Spirit 62 379, 430
and hub-and-spoke system 280, Spirit of St. Louis 121 Taylor Aircraft Company 68
378 split charters 473 Taylorcraft 72
impact on airlines 171 “spoiled” seats 303-4 TC 20 (organization) 104
services planning department Spoils Conference 35, 36 Teamsters Union 416
234, 236 stacking losses 338 technological turnover 186-87
service stations 227 staff departments 218-22 terminal control areas (TCAs)
Shaffer, Jack 70 organizational charts Figs. 7-4 to 70-71, 114
Sherman Antitrust Act test 182 7-11 terminal radar approach control
shift in demand 289-92, Fig. 10-2 staffing 212 (TRACON) 127
Shipping Board 83 staff personnel 216 terminal space 178-79
short-term cash forecast 452-53 Stage 2 aircraft 179, 446 Texaco Trophy Race 67
short-term forecast 244 Stage 3 aircraft 327 Texas Air Corporation
short-term loan 431, 432 collective bargaining 418
index
mergers and acquisitions 60, 61,
182, 415, 418
as new entrant 153
Texas Instruments 11
Texas International Airlines 60,
182, 415
Textron 11, 19, 71, 116
Thailand 476
third-freedom rights 470, 480, 481,
Fig. 16-1
Third Package 258
ticket counter space 353
Tiger Aircraft Table 4-5
time, and elasticity 295
time-series analysis 249-53, Fig. 8-2
accuracy 253
time zone effect 358-59, Fig. 12-10
“Tin Goose, “ 34-35, 36
TNT (carrier) 328
top management 202, 203, 205, 208
total costs, short run 310, Table
10-14
total revenue Table 10-3, Fig. 10-8
Tower Control 225, 226
tower-controlled airports 126-27
trade balance 5, 8, 20
traffic flow 354-55, Fig. 12-5
traffic statistics 165-72, Table 2-1,
Table 5-5
Transamerica 418
Transcontinental Air Transport
(TAT) 35
Transcontinental and Western Air
35, 38, 323
see also Trans World Airlines
Transcontinental and Western Air
Express see Transcontinental and
Western Air
Transportation, Department of see
Department of Transportation
Transportation Safety Act (1974)
95-96, 97
Transportation Security Adminis-
tration (TSA) 95
Transportation Security
Regulations(TSR) 95
Transportation Statistics Annual
Report 87
Transport Worker’s Union (TWU)
401
Trans Star 61
Trans World Airlines (TWA)
air express 322
air freighters 324
bankruptcy 170, 419, 445, 448,
449
certificated domestic route
miles Table 2-1
collective bargaining 417
collision 41
Douglas DC-1 purchase 37
567
e arly history 38 Transport Worker’s Union
employee ownership 423 (TWU) 401
extended twin-engine opera- United Aircraft and Transport
tions (ETOPS) 65 Company 33
fare structure 185 United Airlines
financial condition 448 aircraft orders 380
international charters 474 air freight 323, 324
international flights 474 bankruptcy 171, 449
leasing 435 bankruptcy possibility 309
losses 165, 445 Boeing 247 purchases 36-37
mergers and acquisitions 33, 36, Boeing 727 operations 171
61, 149, 182, 418, 419 certificated domestic route
revenue passenger miles Table miles Table 2-1
5-1 collective bargaining 418
union concessions 419 collision 41
travel agents 164, 168, 180, 267-68, Douglas airplane purchases 37
275-76 early history 34, 35, 36, 38
Travel Air Manufacturing Com- employee concessions 17, 420
pany 67 employee ownership 423
Travel Industry Association of fare structure 185
America 269 hub-and-spoke system 279, 365
trend analysis 249-53, Fig. 8-2, image 290
Fig. 8-3 international flights 479, 480-81
trend extension 249 labor costs 414
trends 249-50, Fig. 8-2 leveraged buyout collapse 445
Trident 385 lift capacity 375
Trippe, Juan 37, 42, 436 liquor served on flights 254
TriStar 42 losses 445
Truman, Harry S. 40 marketing 214
Trump Shuttle 62 mergers and acquisitions 61, 62,
trunk carriers, defined 148 151, 182, 322
Turbo Commander 73 pilot-management relations 415,
turboprops 41, 42, 73 418
turn time 361 postderegulation 206
TWA see Trans World Airlines pricing 299
twin-engine planes 65, 67, 69 revenue passenger miles Table
Two Freedoms Agreement 466-67, 5-1, Table 5-2
Fig. 16-1 September 11, 2001 hijackings
two-tier wage scales 66
Air Line Pilots Association 417 strike 396
American Airlines 416, 420 viability 418, 419
bargaining objectives 416-17, United Express 62, 63, 157
422 United Kingdom 40, 471-72, 475,
financially unhealthy airlines 477, 481
419 United Parcel Service (UPS) 325,
type certificate 91 327, 328, 381, 422
United States Coast Guard 85-86
unconstrained operating plan 388 unit elasticity 295
uncontrollable variables 260 unit operating cost Fig. 13-1
“Uniform System of Accounts and unity of objectives 213
Reports for Large Certificated Air Universal Air Travel Plan (UATP)
Carriers” 162 164, 285
unions 400-401 unrestricted Y fare 184
Independent Union of Flight UPS see United Parcel Service
Attendants 416 Urban Mass Transportation Ad-
International Association of ministration (UMTA) 85
Machinists 153, 167, 401, USAir
403, 419 financial difficulty 419, 445
membership 187, 412 labor relations 419
Teamsters Union 416 mergers and acquisitions 61, 62,
182
568 a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

profits 445 wages, averaging down 422 West Coast Airlines 149, 182
USAir Express 157 walk-around inspection 229, 239, Western Air Express 33, 35, 36,
U.S. Airlines 323 Table 12-2 322, Fig. 2-1
US Airways 182 Wallace, Dwane 68 Western Airlines
bankruptcy 17, 171, 309, 447 War Department 31, 32 mergers and acquisitions 61,
commuter network 155 Warner Super-Scarab engine 68 151, 182
employee ownership 420, 423 Warsaw Convention (1929) 464 revenue passenger miles Table
labor relations 421 Weather Bureau 226 5-1
lift capacity 375 Weather Bureau, Department of union concessions 415
mergers and acquisitions 37, Agriculture 32, 49 Wharton Econometrics Associates
149, 171 weather conditions 32, 349-50, 390 247
revenue passenger miles Table weather information 35, 94, 102, whipsaw bargaining 407, 417
5-2 126, 226-27 Whitney, J. H. 436
US Airways Express 157 weather modification 123 “wide-body” 42
“US Regional Airlines Industry to Weaver, Buck 67 Wilcox (company) 69
1996” 163 Weaver Aircraft Company wildlife conservation 123
Utility Airplane Council 112 (WACO) 67, 72 Williams Research 71
see also Aerospace Industries web sites Wolf, Stephen 420
Association air cargo 340 women’s travel market 273
airline financing 455 Woolman, C. E. 38
Valsan 381 airline industry 173 working capital balance 451-52
value-added pricing 301 airline labor relations 426 work rules 414, 417
variable costs 302-3, 308 airline management and organi- World Airways 412
Varney Speed Lines 34, Fig. 2-1 zation 241 World Aviation Directory 158
vendor financing 435 airline passenger marketing 281 WORLDSPAN reservation system
venture capital 435-37 airline pricing, demand, and 274
vice-presidents 223, 224, 227 output determination 317 Wright Aeronautical 39
Vickers Viscount 41 airline scheduling 371 Wright Company 321
Virgin Atlantic Airways 423 airline ticket sales 180-81, 268-69 Wright Cyclone 37
virtual carriers 62 aviation overview 27
visual flight rules (VFR) 90 economic characteristics 197 “yellow dog” contracts 402
volume-related personnel 216 fleet planning 395 Y fare 184
“Voluntary Accounting System for forecasting 256 yield 44, 309, Table 2-2, Table 10-3,
Small Air Carriers” 162 general aviation industry 143 Fig. 10-9
voluntary arbitration 404 historical perspective 75
international aviation 486 zone pricing 300
Waco Classic 72 regulators and associations 109