CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM
GEOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Tourism is the travel for recreational, leisure, family or business purposes, usually of a limited
duration. Tourism is commonly associated with trans-national travel, but may also refer to travel to
another location within the same country. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as
people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes". Tourism has become a popular global
leisure activity. Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both
incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments. Today, tourism is a major
source of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host
countries, in some cases it is of vital importance. A fact from that, there are a few elements to be
considered by the traveler before they travel. This element included the International Time Zone,
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the Latitude and Longitude and the climatic zone in the world.

1.1 GREENWICH MEAN TIME (GMT)

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) originally referred to the mean solar

time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, which later
became adopted as a global time standard. It is for the most part
the same as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and when this is
viewed as a time zone, the name Greenwich Mean Time is
especially used by bodies connected with the United Kingdom,
such as the BBC World Service, the Royal Navy, the Met Office and
others particularly in Arab countries, such as the Middle East
Broadcasting Center and OSN. It is the term in common use in the United Kingdom and countries
of the Commonwealth, including Australia, South Africa, India, Pakistan and Malaysia, and many
other countries in the Eastern Hemisphere. From north to south, these are the eight countries that
lie on the prime meridian, zero degrees’ longitude, United Kingdom, France, Spain, Algeria, Mali,
Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Togo.

Why is Greenwich important?

In 1675 King Charles II appointed John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal
to provide astronomical data for use by the Royal Navy. The Kings astronomer
needed an observatory and so one was built at Greenwich. When away from
land, Sailors find their position by taking the baring of a star, but the stars move
across the sky during the night (actually the earth turns beneath them). To get
their position they need to know the exact position of the star, at the time they

1
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

took the baring. This information is given in books called navigational tables. So it is very important
that sailors know what the time is, but the mechanical clocks they had did not keep time, because
of the motion of the ship. In 1761 a man called John Harrison won a competition by making a
clock which was accurate to 1/5th of a second a day, even at sea. From now on sailors could
reliably find their exact position while out at sea.

As time went by, travelling long distances became less dangerous, so people traveled more and
trade routes developed. New inventions like the steam train (1815) and the telegraph (1831)
improved communications and the fact that different places were using different times started to
become a real problem. So in 1884 twenty-five different nations held a conference in Washington
DC, to discuss what to do. They split the world up into time zones and twenty-two nations voted to
use the local time at Greenwich as the base time for the rest of the world.

1.2 TIME ZONES AND INTERNATIONAL DATE LINES

A time zone is one of 24 regions of Earth where the same standard time is used. On this map, each
time zone is a different colour. Time zones and longitude are connected. As Earth spins, at every
moment a line of longitude faces the Sun. At each spot along that line it is noon. After 24 hours,
Earth will have done a complete rotation (360°). Then that same meridian will face the Sun again.
Earth turns 15°—or 15 lines of longitude—per hour.

The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth that runs from the
north to the South Pole and demarcates one calendar day from the next. It passes through the
middle of the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180° longitude but it deviates to pass around
some territories and island groups.

2
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

The importance of International Date Line to traveller

The International Date Line is the time zone line that separates one day from another. So when
people travel, if they cross this date line then they are in a totally different time zone, and
sometimes (depending on the direction traveled) are actually in the day before or the day after
than the one they came from. Example: the international date line is 12 hours away from the GMT-
0-time zone, if you were on the east of it and you crossed it you would go ahead one day and if
you were on the west of it and went across it you would go back one day. this does not mean
you would go back in time, just to an earlier timezone.

Minus
-1 day

Add
+1 day

The Importance of Greenwich Meridian, Time Zones and International Date Line to Travelers
International Date Line
Greenwich Meridian Time Zones

 Also known as Prime  Time zones are based on  It’s a boundary that extends
Meridian/Greenwich Greenwich Mean Time from the North to the South
Meridian or (GMT), the mean solar time Pole across the Pacific Ocean.
Greenwich Mean at longitude 0° (the Prime  International Date Line create
Time (GMT). Meridian). a connected circle around the
 Is the meridian (line of  It is 15 degrees wide with the world, from pole to pole.
longitude) at which prime meridian running  It designates a date change;
the longitude is through the center of it was when the air traveler crosses it,
defined to be 0°. established. the date changes to either the
 It serves as a basis of  The purpose of this was to day before the day ahead.
all the world’s time measure the time at any
zones. place on earth and
compares it to Greenwich
Meridian.
3
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

1.3 LATITUDE
When looking at a map, latitude lines run horizontally. Latitude lines are also known as parallels
since they are parallel and are an equal distant from each other. Each degree of latitude is
approximately 69 miles (111 km) apart; there is a variation due to the fact that the earth is not a
perfect sphere but an oblate ellipsoid (slightly egg-shaped). To remember latitude, imagine them
as the horizontal rungs of a ladder ("ladder-tude"). Degrees latitude are numbered from 0° to 90°
north and south. Zero degrees is the equator, the imaginary line

1.4 LONGITUDE
The vertical longitude lines are also known as meridians. They converge at the poles and are
widest at the equator (about 69 miles or 111 km apart). Zero degrees’ longitude is located at
Greenwich, England (0°). The degrees continue 180° easts and 180° wests where they meet and
form the International Date Line in the Pacific Ocean. Greenwich, the site of the British Royal
Greenwich Observatory, was established as the site of the prime meridian by an international
conference in 1884.

•North Pole

Latitude •Arctic Circle

* Are known as parallels.--
* shadow line in earth drawn horizontally •Tropic of Cancer
above globe and atlas.
•Equator
* shaped in circle
* do not meet between one another •Tropic of
given by value 0' to 90'N/S Capricorn

Position Antarctic Circle

Longitude South Pole

* Are known as meridians
* shadow line in earth drawn from * International * Local Time
North Pole to South Pole Date Line
*given value 0' to 180'E/W
* Measure distance east or west of * Prime Meridian
the prime meridian * Standard Time

Latitude
Longitude

4
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

How Latitude and Longitude Work Together

To precisely locate points on the earth's surface, degrees longitude and latitude have been
divided into minutes (') and seconds ("). There are 60 minutes in each degree. Each minute is
divided into 60 seconds. Seconds can be further divided into tenths, hundredths, or even
thousandths. For example, the U.S. Capitol is located at 38°53'23"N, 77°00'27"W (38 degrees, 53
minutes, and 23 seconds north of the equator and 77 degrees, no minutes and 27 seconds west
of the meridian passing through Greenwich, England).

5
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

1.5 WORLD CLIMATIC ZONE

What's the difference between weather and climate?

Weather is what the forecasters on the TV news predict each day. They tell people about the
temperature, cloudiness, humidity, and whether a storm is likely in the next few days. That’s
weather! It is the mix of events that happens each day in our atmosphere. Weather is not the
same everywhere. It may be hot and sunny in one part of the world, but freezing and snowy in
another.

Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. While the weather can change in
just a few hours, climate takes hundreds, thousands, even millions of years to change.

6
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

The Koppen Climate Classification System determines the World Climatic Regions entirely based
on the annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation. There are several factors
which manipulate the World Climatic Regions which are listed below:

 Altitude.
 Pattern of prevailing winds.
 Distribution of land and sea.
 Distribution of mountain barriers.
 Position of high and low pressure zones.
 Heat exchange from ocean currents.
 Air mass influences.
 Latitude and its influence on solar radiation
received.

The patterns of natural vegetation and the types of soil types completely depend on the
climatic condition which is entirely a geographic feature.

With an average temperatures exceeding more than 18º Celsius, Tropical moist climate moves
towards northward and southward from the equator. Dry climate is usually about evaporation
and which tends to be near to 20º - 35º north and south of the equator. Dry climate is more
frequent in large continental regions of the mid-latitudes where most of the regions are engulfed
by mountains.
There are five worlds climatic zone to be focus on which is
i. Tropical climate
ii. Dry climate
iii. Moderate climate
iv. Continental climate and
v. Polar climate

1.5.1 Tropical Climate

Tropical climate which is a non-arid climate having an average temperature above 18ºC.
Rainforests, Savanna and Semi-arid are some of the example of tropical climates. It divides
into two type of tropical climate which are tropical wet and tropical wet and dry.

Tropical wet climates are hot and muggy year around. Dense tropical rain forests grow in
regions with this climate. Heavy rainfall occurs in frequent showers and thunderstorms
throughout the year, averaging from about 70 to 100 inches per year. Tropical wet climates
experience hight temperatures that vary little during the year. Temperatures do not fall below
7
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

64 degrees F (18 degrees C), even during the coolest part of the year. There is a greater
temperature difference between day and night between summer and winter. Frost and
freezing temperatures never occur, allowing plants to grow all year. These climates are usually
found within 5-10 degrees nort or south latitude of the equator. Some countries that
experience this climate is such as Malaysia, Singapore, parts of Brazil, part of South and Central
America-Peru and easts coasts of Costa Rica and Equador.

While tropical wet and dry climate are also known as the tropical savanna, is known for its
mostly warm to hot temperatures. Temperatures fluctuate moderately during the day and
throughtout the year. Areas with this climate receive moderate rainfall during the year, with
clear-cut wet (summer) and dry (winter) seasons. These climates are generally located on the
edges of Tropical wet climates, throughout the tropics between 25 degrees north and south
latitude. Example of the countries experience this climate are Acapulco, parts of central
Africa, part of Central and South America, southern Asia and northern Australia.

1.5.2 Dry Climate

Dry Climate is characterized by less precipitation almost all year round. The Koppen Climate
Classification System has accepted dry climate as a part of the World Climatic Regions. Dry
Climate is witnessed by regular evaporation and transpiration that surpasses the level of
precipitation. Dry climate is spread along the areas from 20 - 35º North and South of the
equator and the continental regions of the mid-latitudes. Divides into two categories which
are arid and semi arid.

Arid climates are charaterised by hot to very hot summers and mild or cold winters, depending
on if the area is located in subtropical or midlatitude region. Subtropical deserts are found on
the western sides of continents about 25-30 degrees’ latitude. These areas have very hot
summers and mild winters, with very litlle cloud cover and scarce rainfall throughout the year.
Midlatitude deserts are found at the interior of continents and also have hot summers and
scarce precipitation, sometimes in the form of light snow. Such as countries Phoenix, part of
Mexico, most of (inner) Australia, large portions of northern Africa, central Asia.

Semiarid or known as steppe climates are similar to arid climates but are more moderate,
experiencing less of the extreme hight or low temperatures. These areas typically surround the
desert areas, separating them from the more humid climates beyond. Rainfall totals are slightly
higher that in the arid climates. While precipitation totals are still relatively low, there may be

8
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

a slight increase in precipitation during the summer months. Examples countries like Denver,
part of Australia and Africa dna parts of Rusia.

1.5.3 Moderate Climate

A moderate climate is a climate that is neither too hot nor too cold. It is not violent nor is it
subject to extreme weather condition but is mostly mild or calm. Its divided into three
categories of climate which are Mediterranean, Humid subtropical and Marine west coast.

Mediterranean or subtropical dry summer climates have warm to hot, dry summers and mild,
rainy winters. These climates are typically found on the west side of continents roughly
between 30 degrees and 45 degrees’ latitude. The closer to the coast the areas are the more
moderate the temperatures, making for less contrast between summer and winter
temperatures. Examples countries like San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattles, large parts of Italy,
Athes (Greece) and Madrid (Spain).

Humid subtropical climates are charaterized by warm to hot summers and cool winters.
Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year. Winter rainfall (or snowfall) is associated with
large storm systems moving from west to east under the influence of the westerly winds. Most
summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms or during a tropical storm or hurricane. Humid
subtropical climates are found in the interiors of continents, or on the southeast coasts of
continents, between 25 degrees abd 40 degrees’ latitude. Examples countries like Atlanta,
Houston, most of Florida, parts of China, Sydney (Australia).

Lastly Marine West Coast, also known as humid oceanic climates, are found only on the
western sides of continents where the prevailing wind directon is from sea to land. The ocean
influences the climate of these areas, reducing seasonal temperature variations. Winter are
cool to mild and summers are warm with moderate precipitation occuring throughout the
year. Low clounds, fog and drizzle are common while thunderstorms, extreme hot or cold
temperatures and droughts are rare. Countries that experience this climate such as England,
New Zealand, parts of Alaska, most of France.

1.5.4 Continental Climate

Continental climates are usually witnessed along the east coasts and north western coasts of
Northern Hemisphere. Continental climate divided into two categories which are Humid
continental and Subarctic.

9
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

Humid continental climates are characterized by mild to warm summers and cold winters. The
further inland, the greater the difference between temperatures during the warmest and
coldest time of the year. Temperature differences for this climate can be as great as 45 to 63
fahrenheit degrees (25 to 35 celcius degrees) throuhout the year. Inland locations may aksi
have more precipitation during the summer months, however precipitation is generally
distributed evenly throughout the year. Winter temperature are so low that snowfall can be
substantial and snow cover persistent. Continuous snow cover lowers daytime temperature
even more. Examples countries such as New York, Chicago and parts of China.

Subarctic climates have short, cool summers and long, bitterly cold winters. Freezes are
common in these areas, even in midsummer. This climate receives most of its precipitation in
the summer. Snow arrives early in the fall and lasts on the ground through the early summer.
Subartic climates are found mostly in the 50s nort latitude, although it might occur as far nort
as 70 degrees’ latitude. Examples like countries British Columbia, Quebec and most of
Canada, Anchorage, Siberia part of Norway and Russia.

1.5.5 Polar Climate

Polar climates are areas of the planet that are covered with glaciers or a permanent or semi-
permanent layer of ice and where there is an absence of trees. Polar climates do not include
parts of the world where these cold conditions exist due to the high elevation of particular
mountains ranges. Divided into three types of climate which are tundra, ice cap and
highlands.

Tundra climates are dry, with a brief, chilly summer and bitterly cold winter. Continuous
permafrost (permanently frozen ground) lies under much of the treeless tundra regions. These
climates occur on the northern edges of the Nort American and Eurasian landmasses and on
nearby islands. They also exist along outer fringes of Antarctica. Examples like at parts of Russia,
Antarctica and Canada.

While Icecap climates are the coldest on Earth. Even in summer, temperatures rarely rise
above the freezing point. Winter temperatures are extremely low and winters are long and
dark. Precipitation is rare, but almost always in the form of now. This climate happens in
Greenland and most of Antarctica.

And lastly highland climate. Highland climates are not defined in the same sense as other
climate types. These climates occur in mountainous regions where elevation plays a role in the

10
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

weather and climate. Air temperature decreases with increasing elevation in the mountains,
so each range of altitude has slightly different climate characteristics. For example, the
climate at the base of a mountain might be humid subtropical, and the climate at the summit
might be tundra. Vertical zonation also depends on the exposure of a slope or peak. Winkward
and leeward sides of may have drastically different conditions due to the amount of
precipitation received. Example like in west coast of South America, parts of Mexico, US and
Canada.

1.6 FACTORS THAT MANIPULATE CLIMATE REGIONS

 Altitude
Temperatures decrease with height. The air is less dense and cannot hold heat as easily.
 Winds
If winds are warm - they have been blown from a hot area - they will raise temperatures.
If winds have been blown from cold areas, they will lower temperatures.
 Aspect
Slopes facing the sun are warmer than those that are not. Thus south facing slopes in
the northern hemisphere are usually warm. However, slopes facing north in the
southern hemisphere are warmest.
 Continentality (Distance from the sea)
Land heats and cools faster than the sea. Therefore, coastal areas have a lower
temperature range than those areas inland. On the coast winters are mild and
summers are cool. In inland areas temperatures are high in the summer and cold in
the winter.
 Latitude
Temperature range increases with distance from the equator. Also, temperatures
decrease as you move away from the equator. This is because the sun’s rays are
dispersed over a larger area of land as you move away from the equator. This is due
to the curved surface of the earth. In addition, Polar Regions are colder because the
sun’s rays have further to travel compared to place on the equator.

11
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

1.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATE AND WEATHER FOR TOURISM

 First, climatic conditions influence destination choice and as a result national and
global tourist flows.
 Secondly, they also are important factors in tourists’ satisfaction and activity
participation, as well as safety.
 Finally, the role of weather/climate information for tourism is discussed briefly.

Climate has been identified as a key driver for tourism and an important destination attribute.
Climate is either the main tourism resource, for example in the case of beach destinations
(Kozak et al., 2008), or it acts as a facilitator that makes tourism activities possible and
enjoyable (Gómez Martin, 2005). The importance of climatic attributes for tourist destinations
is reflected in advertising materials (Gómez Martín, 2005) as well as destination image
construction (Pike, 2002).

Tourists’ weather experience, by tourists at the destination are important for many reasons.
Foremost, weather allows for an activity to be undertaken, or likewise may act as an inhibitor
to participation. Weather will also influence how enjoyable an experience is and therefore
tourists’ satisfaction is likely to be at least partly weather dependent.
Finally, tourists’ safety can depend on the weather for example in relation to heat waves,
extreme wind events or avalanches.

There has been a long interest in the relationship between weather, climate and recreational
activities, in particular outdoor activities such as skiing, swimming, and golfing and the
visitation of parks.

Research at the Great Barrier Reef in Australia indicates that poor weather has a more
pronounced effect on satisfaction than good weather: seasickness, cold or wet conditions,
reduced visibility and difficult snorkelling conditions all led to reduced satisfaction levels
(Coghlan & Prideaux., 2009). Poor weather as an important source of dissatisfaction was also
identified in a survey of visitors to Scotland (Smith, 1993). Tourists’ safety can be linked to
unfavourable weather conditions. Weather conditions can be linked to transportation delays,
cancellations and accidents.

12
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

1.8 IMPACT OF CLIMATE TO TOURISM INDUSTRY

The impacts of climate change on tourism are likely to manifest themselves in a number of different
ways according to local conditions. Many of these impacts will develop indirectly through
increased stresses placed on environmental systems. The most serious impacts will result from the
effects of sea level rise on small island states. Climate change is expected to increase the risk of
illness in several parts of the world and consequently discourage tourism. Below are several impact
of climate towards tourism industry.

i. Warmer temperatures can cause altered seasonality, heat stress for tourists, cooling costs,
changes in plant-wildlife-insect populations and distribution, infectious disease.
ii. Sea surface temperatures rise can increase coral bleaching and marine resource and
aesthetics.
iii. Degradation in dive and snorkel destinations can cause Sea level rise Coastal erosion, loss
of beach area, higher costs to protect and maintain waterfronts.
iv. Reduced precipitation and increased evaporation in some regions can cause Water
shortages, competition over water between tourism and other sectors, desertification,
increased wildfires threatening infrastructure and affecting demand.
v. Decreasing snow cover and shrinking glaciers can cause Lack of snow in winter sport
destinations, increased snow-making costs, shorter winter sports seasons, aesthetics of
landscape reduced.
vi. Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme storms can cause Risk for tourism facilities,
increased insurance costs/loss of insurability, business interruption costs.
vii. Increased frequency of heavy precipitation in some regions can cause Flooding damage
to historic architectural and cultural assets, damage to tourism infrastructure, altered
seasonality.
viii. More frequent and larger forest fires can cause Loss of natural attractions; increase of
flooding risk; damage to tourism infrastructure.
ix. Changes in terrestrial and marine Biodiversity can cause Loss of natural attractions and
species from destinations, higher risk of diseases in tropical-subtropical countries.
x. Soil changes (e.g., moisture levels, erosion and acidity) can cause Loss of archaeological
assets and other natural resources, with impacts on destination attractions.

13
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

SUMMARY

Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. Tourism can be domestic or international,
and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of
payments. Today, tourism is a major source of income for many countries, and affects the
economy of both the source and host countries, in some cases it is of vital importance. Climate
and weather are important factors in tourists’ decision making and also influence the successful
operation of tourism businesses. More specifically, climate is defined as the prevailing condition
observed as a long term average in a location. In contrast, weather is the manifestation of climate
at a specific point in time and place.

So, while tourists might expect certain climatic conditions when they travel to a place, they will
experience the actual weather, which might deviate quite substantially from the average
conditions. Hence, in the first place tourists and tourism businesses are likely to be affected by
weather conditions, although in the long term these will follow systematic changes as projected
under different climate change scenarios. For example, surface and sea temperatures are
generally forecast to increase, rain patterns will change with some areas becoming wetter and
others driers, and the occurrence of extreme events is likely to increase. For this reason, tourist
destinations will benefit from understanding potential climatic changes in their area and how they
might impact on their operations.

14
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

GLOSSARY

Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area.

Equator A line of latitude that crosses the globe exactly halfway between the north
and south poles.

Weather the daily conditions of the atmosphere in terms of temperature,

atmospheric pressure, wind, and moisture.

Surface is the top layer of something

Altitude the height of anything above a given planetary reference plane, especially
above sea level on earth

Latitude the measurement, in degrees, of a place's distance north or south of the

equator. (Compare longitude.) Lines that cross the globe from east to west

Longitude lines that cross the globe from north to south

Prevailing winds A wind that blows predominantly from a single general direction. The
trade winds of the tropics, which blow from the east throughout the year,
are prevailing winds

Wildfires The definition of a wildfire is a rapidly spreading forest or brush fire. When
someone drops a match in the forest and the trees start to flame and the
fire spreads

Wet season The rainy season, or monsoon season, is the time of year when most of a
region's average annual rainfall occurs. It usually lasts one or more months

Degradation Degradation is the act of lowering something or someone to a less

respected state. A president resigning from office is degradation. It's also a
downcast state. Once the president has resigned, he might
feel degradation

Erosion A type of weathering in which surface soil and rock are worn away through
the action of glaciers, water, and wind.

Prime Meridian A line of longitude that passes through Greenwich, England

15
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS BELOW:

1. Greenwhich meridian is at _____________________________ longitude.

a. 0 degree
b. 5 degree
c. 15 degree
d. 24 degree

2. Which of the following countries does not run through the Greenwich Meridian Line?
i. France
ii. Russia
iii. Saudi Arabia
iv. South Africa

a. I and ii
b. I and iii
c. Ii, iii and iv
d. All of the above

II

3. Label the above picture

I II
a Latitude Longitude
b Longitude Latitude
c Latitude International Date Line
d International Date Line Longitude

4. What are latitude and longitude lines?

a. imaginary lines that divide the Earth
b. visible lines that divide the Earth
c. long and short lines that divide the Earth
d. None of the above

16
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

5. What are latitude and longitude lines also called?

a. latitudinal lines
b. meridian lines
c. long lines of latitude
d. None of the above

6. _______________ lines run from east to west. They measure distances north and south of
the equator.
a. Longitude
b. Latitude
c. Primary
d. None of the above

7. Weather DOES NOT include which factor:

a. Temperature
b. Wind speed
c. Amount of sunlight
d. All are factors of weather

8. Climate is ____________________________
a. Pattern of weather over a long period of time
b. The weather report for the day
c. The changing of weather throughout the day
d. None of the above

9. Climate determines
a. The plants that are able to grow
b. The animals that live in the area
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

10. Which of the following is NOT a World Climate zone?

a. Polar
b. Continental
c. Australian
d. Meridian

11. Which of these is NOT a factor in determining climate type?

a. Altitude
b. Winds
c. Latitude
d. All are factors in determining climates.

12. Factors that effect climate include:

17
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

TRUE @ FALSE STATEMENT

QUESTIONS TRUE FALSE

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) originally referred to the mean solar time at True
the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London.
A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for True
legal, commercial, and social purposes.
Greenwich is important to measure the different time of the countries in True
the world.
The time zone is very convenient for areas in close commercial or other True
communication to keep the same time, so time zones tend to follow the
boundaries of countries and their subdivisions
The International Date Line is the time zone line that separates one day True
from another.
When people travel, if they cross the date line then they are in a totally True
different time zone.
Latitude lines run vertically. False
The vertical longitude lines are also known as meridians. True
Latitude lines are also known as parallels. True
The British Royal Greenwich Observatory, was established as the site of True
the prime meridian by an international conference in 1884.

i) Label the following picture

18
 INTRODUCTION OF TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

TRUE @ FALSE STATEMENT

QUESTIONS TRUE FALSE

There are seven climatic zones in the world. False
Weather is the day to day condition of the atmosphere. This includes True
temperature, rainfall and wind.
Climate is the average weather conditions of a place, usually measured True
over one year. This includes temperature and rainfall.
Rainforests, Savanna and Semi-arid are some of the example of tropical True
climates.
Dry Climate is characterized by less precipitation almost all year round. True
A moderate climate is a climate that is neither too hot nor too cold. True
A Mediterranean climate is the climate typical of the lands in the True
Mediterranean Basin, and is a particular variety of subtropical climate.
Polar climate areas of the world are very cold with lots of snow and strong True
winds
The North Pole is called the Arctic Region. True
The South Pole is called the Antarctic Region. True
The Tundra is on top of a thin layer of ice called permafrost, which will never True
melt.
There are two types of polar climates. True
Climate and weather are different words that describe the same thing False
Weather can change drastically day to day? True

19