Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Objectives:
The purpose of this lecture is to review the following topics as a
preparatory for further chapters in this module.
•Signal manipulations
•Classification of systems
•Solving second order linear differential equation with constant
coefficients
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Content:
• Signal manipulation
• Product of 2 signals
• Signal operation
• Classification of system
• Solution of differential equations
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1. Signal Manipulation
Example 1.1:
Given the following function x(t),
Sketch:
a) x(t + 1) x(t)
b) x(t – 2)
c) x(-t + 2)
t
d) x(-t - 2) -1 0 1 2
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Solution
a) x(t+1) b) x(t-2)
x(t - 2)
x(t + 1)
t
t -1 0 1 2
-1 0 1 2
c) x(-t+2) d) x(-t-2)
x(-(t - 2)) x(-(t + 2))
t t
-1 0 1 2 3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
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Example 2.1: 2
Solution:
x1(t)x2(t) = 8u(t)u(-t + 2)
4u(-t + 2) = 4u(-(t - 2))
Graphically:
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2
t
8u(t)u(-t + 2) -2 0 2
t
0 2
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3. Signal Operations
a) Time reflection
b) Time scaling
c) Time shifting
d) Combination of the above operations
In the form of , x ( at b)
a) b b
b) x ( at b) x ( a (t ))
x (at b) x (a (t ))
a a
b b
c) x ( at b) x ( a (t )) d) x ( at b) x ( a (t ))
a a
Example 3.1:
Given the following function x(t).
x(t)
t
-1 0 1 2
a) Sketch x(3t + 2)
b) Sketch x(3t – 2)
c) Sketch x(-3t+2)
d) Sketch x(-3t – 2)
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4. Classification Of System
A system where the input and output signals are continuous is a continuous
system. This signal is defined over a continuous range of time
System where the input and output signals are discrete is a discrete system.
Signals at discrete instant of time such as t1 , t2 , t3 , t4 …………
A causal system is one that is nonanticipative; that is, the output may
depend on current and past inputs, but not future inputs. All "realtime"
systems must be causal, since they can not have future inputs available to
them. The output cannot start before the input is applied.
One may think the idea of future inputs does not seem to make much
physical sense; however, we have only been dealing with time as our
dependent variable so far, which is not always the case. Imagine rather that
we wanted to do image processing. Then the dependent variable might
represent pixels to the left and right (the "future") of the current position on
the image, and we would have a noncausal system.
H(kf(t)) =kH(f(t))
A time invariant system is one that does not depend on when it occurs: the
shape of the output does not change with a delay of the input. That is to say that
for a system H where H(f(t)) =y(t), H is time invariant if for all T
H(f(t−T)) =y(t−T)
Figure 5: This block diagram shows what the condition for time invariance. The
output is the same whether the delay is put on the input or the output.
When this property does not hold for a system, then it is said to be time variant,
or time-varying.
X(t) y(t) y(t-T)
S Delay T
y(t) y(t)
t t
T
How to identify time-invariant and time varying systems?
Time-invariant systems:
A system with and input-output relationship described by a linear differential
equation with constant coefficients is time-invariant. Examples:
d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
10 2
6 15 y ( t ) x (t ) x '
(t )
dt dt
dy 2
t y (2t 3) x
dt
Methods:
▫ Classical method
▫ Laplace transform
▫ Impulse response and convolution
▫ State space
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r2 + ar + b = 0
Solve y y 2 y 0
Solution:
Solution:
Characteristic equation;
r 3 8r 2 37 r 50 0
The roots;
r = -2, -4j3
yh (t ) Ae 2 t e 4 t ( B cos 3t C sin 3t )
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Solution:
x(t) yp(t)
Constant Constant
Solution:
yp(t) = C
yp’ (t) = 0
yp’’ (t)= 0
Solution:
y h (t ) Ae 4t Be 6t
y p ( t ) e 2 t ( C cos 3 t D sin 3 t )
Hence,
4t 6t 2t25 225
y (t ) Ae Be e ( cos 3t sin 3t )
82 82
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Solution
Solution
PRACTICE:
a) 10e-3t
b) 5
c) 2e-3t +10 cos 3t
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• Reference:
B.P. Lathi (2005), Linear Systems & Signals, Oxford University Press
(pg. 68-164)