BIO DIESEL EXTRACTION PLANT

ABSTRACT
As an alternative fuel bio diesel is becoming increasingly important due to
diminishing petroleum reserves and adverse environmental consequence of
exhaust gases from petroleum fueled engines. Bio diesel is non toxic fuel is
mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feed stock
like vegetable oils, animal fats and residual oils.

The highest cost of this process is associated with the raw material employed.
Making it a less competitive and more expensive fuel. Therefore, research is
being done inorder to use low price raw material, such as acid oils, frying oils or
soap stocks. A bio diesel production plant was developed using super critical
methonol and acid oils as raw material. In this seminar includes raw material,
production plant, application.
 INTRODUCTION
Every year the demand of energy is increasing. If the demand
continues at this rate in future we end up with the depletion of conventional
energy resources.

We are very much dependent on the petroleum fuels like petrol,

Diesel, etc,. So there should be an effort has been to develop the alternative
sources to the petroleum diesel.

Our seminar involves with regard to the manufacturing of Bio Diesel

from various vegetable oil including Jatropha. A research has been carried out
on the manufacturing of Bio Diesel and comparison made with respect to the
petroleum diesel in respect of cost benefits & advantages.
 BIODIESEL
Bio Diesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acids made from
virgin or used vegetable oils (both edible & non-edible) and animal
fats. The main commodity sources for Bio Diesel in India can be non-
edible oils obtained from plant species such as jatropha curcas
(Ratanjyot), Pongamia Pinnata (Karanj), Calophyllum inophyllum
(Nagachampa), Hevaka brasiliensis (Rubber) etc.
Bio Diesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level
with petroleum diesel to create a BioDiesel blend or can be used in its
pure form. Just like petroleum diesel, bio-diesel operates in
compression ignition (Diesel) engine, which essentially require very
little or no engine modifications because bio diesel has properties
similar to petroleum diesel fuels.
 PRINCIPLE AND DETAILED OPERATION OF BIODIESEL
PRODUCTION
Reaction on raw materials:

1. Jatropha oil

2. Methanol (CH3OH)99%+Pure

3. Potassium hydroxide(must be dry)

Materials for Titration:

1. Isopropyl alcohol 99% + pure

2. Distilled water

3. Phenolphthalein solution (not more than a year old, kept protected from
strong light)

Chemical Reaction

(CnHn+2)COOH + CH3OH= H3C-OOC(CnHn+2) + H2O

 RAW MATERIALS OF BIO DIESEL
The raw materials for biodiesel production now mainly include biological
sources such as vegetable seed oil, soybean oil and some recovered animal
fats. Biodiesel is a biodegradable, nontoxic, and clean renewable fuel with
properties similar to conventional diesel.

Biodiesel is produced using the conventional alcohol transesterification process,

which lasts two hours or more and requires the use of an acid, a base or an
enzyme catalyst. Certain drawbacks do increase the capital and operating costs
of conventional transesterification when inexpensive, low-quality raw materials
are used. These include a slow reaction time, the formation of soap and the need
for additional processing steps
 PROPERTIES OF BIO DIESEL

Biodiesel has promising lubricating properties and cetane ratings compared to

low sulfur diesel fuels. Fuels with higher lubricity may increase the usable life
of high-pressure fuel injection equipment that relies on the fuel for its
lubrication. Depending on the engine, this might include high pressure injection
pumps, pump injectors (also called unit injector) and fuel injectors.

The calorific value of biodiesel is about 37.27 MJ/kg. This is 9% lower than
regular Number 2 petro diesel. Variations in biodiesel energy density are more
dependent on the feedstock used than the production process. Still, these
variations are less than for petro diesel. It has been claimed biodiesel gives
better lubricity and more complete combustion thus increasing the engine
energy output and partially compensating for the higher energy density of petro
diesel.
 STEPS INVOVLED IN EXTRCTION

 Filter the oil to remove solid particles. You may have to warm it up a bit
first to get it to run freely, 35 deg C should be enough.
 Removing the water:

Heat the oil first to remove any water content. Waste oil will
probably contain water, which can slow down the reaction & cause
saponification( soap formation). The less water in the oil is better. Raise the
temperature to 100 deg C, hold it there & allow any water to boil off. Run the
agitator to avoid steam pockets forming below the oil & exploding, splashing
hot oil.when boiling slow, raise the temperature

 Basic titration:

Dissolve 1 gram of KOH in 1 liter of distilled or de-

ionized water (0.1% KOH solution). You can use phenolphthalein solution to
get end point, in a smaller beaker, dissolve 1 ml of dewatered oil in 10 ml of
pure isopropyl alcohol. Warm the beaker gently by standing it in some hot
water, stir until all the oil dissolves in the alcohol and the mixture turns clear.
Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein solution. Using a burette, add 0.1% KOH
solution drop by drop to the oil alcohol phenolphthalein solution, stirring all the
time, until the solution stays pink for 10 seconds. This is the number of grams
of KOH you will need per liter of oil.

 Preparing the potassium methoxide:

Generally the amount of methanol needed is 20% of the

jatropha oil by mass. The densities of these liquids are fairly close, so 20% of
methanol by volume should be about right. To be completely sure, measure out
a half-liter of both fluids, weigh, & calculate exactly what 20% by mass is.
Different oils can have different densities depending on what type of oil is
originally was. The methanol is mixed in to a solution with the KOH, creating
potassium methoxide in an exothermic reaction. Keep all utensils the KOH
comes in contact with as dry as possible.
  Heating & Mixing:
Pre heat jatropha oil at 48-54 deg C & use a high speed
propeller coupled to an electric motor to work as a mixer. Adjust the speed of
stirrer to get the write effect of mixing & add the potassium methoxide to oil
while stirring the mixture. Stir the mixture for 50min-1 hr though the reaction
will complete in 30 min. The reaction will be better if we take longer duration
Methyl esters will be separated from the glycerin.
 Settling & Separation:
Allow the solute to settle down for at least 8 hrs the Bio
Diesel (Methyl esters) will be floating on top while the denser glycerin will
settle down at the bottom of the container forming a hard gelatinous mass then
carefully decant the Bio Diesel. Alternatively you can drain by using transparent
holes from bottom of the container when glycerin gets solidified. If any Bio
Diesel is left out the same can be taken out easily. When once the glycerin is
solidified.

 Glycerin :
It is a Bi product during a process of manufacturing Bio
Diesel which gets solidified below 38 deg C. Glycerin from fresh oil
often remains liquid at lower temperatures. Reclaim glycerin is
composted by allowing methanol can be removed for reuse by
condensing the vapors through a condensers. Glycerin is a bi-product
can be used for preparation of Medicines, Tinctures, Hand lotions,
Wax e.t.c.
 Soap residue:
The soapy residue suspended in a Bio Diesel due to the
presence of K positive ions from the KOH can be removed by
ensuring the dry contact surface for potassium hydroxide.
 Washing & Drying:
After the soap residue is removed the Bio Diesel can be
stored for about 2 days to remove the left out soap residues to settle
down before running the Bio Diesel through a filtration system in to
the vehicle fuel tank. Another method is washing the Bio Diesel with
any soap residue by using water for 2-3 times. Care must be taken to
have a small amount of dilute acetic acid before adding the water
which brings the PH value closer to the neutralization & drops out
any suspended KOH.
 APPLICATION

Biodiesel can be used in pure form (B100) or may be blended with petroleum
diesel at any concentration in most injection pump diesel engines. New extreme
high-pressure (29,000 psi) common rail engines have strict factory limits of B5
or B20, depending on manufacturer. Biodiesel has different solvent properties
from petro diesel, and will degrade natural rubber gaskets and hoses in vehicles
(mostly vehicles manufactured before 1992), although these tend to wear out
naturally and most likely will have already been replaced with FKM, which is
nonreactive to biodiesel. Biodiesel has been known to break down deposits of
residue in the fuel lines where petro diesel has been used. As a result, fuel
filters may become clogged with particulates if a quick transition to pure
biodiesel is made. Therefore, it is recommended to change the fuel filters on
engines and heaters shortly after first switching to a biodiesel blend.
 ADVANTAGES

 Higher lubricity.
 Biodegradable- 95% degradation in 28 days, where as diesel fuel degrades 40%
in 28 days.
 Non-toxicity.
 Decreased Global warming.
 Positive impact on agriculture
 Diesel substitute from renewable sources
 Bio diesel almost similar in properties to diesel fuel
 Eco friendly fuel
 Less sulphur content
 Used in diesel engine without major engine modifications
Reduction in exhaust gas emissions as compared to diesel fuel