Ijtlls Vol Issue II

E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa

gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF
TAMIL LANGUAGE
AND
LITERARY STUDIES
(Ijtlls)
A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal

VOL – I: ISSUE – II, JANUARY 2019
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

EDITORIAL BOARD
Editor-in-Chief
Ms. D. Maheswari, M.A., M.Phil., SET., B.Litt., D.G.T., (Ph.D).

IJTLLS,
Virudhunagar,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E.Mail: maheswari@ijtlls.com, ijtllsetamiljournal@gmail.com
Co-Editors’
Dr. N. Sulochana, M.A., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., NET.

Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics,
International Institute of Tamil Studies,
Taramani, Chennai-113,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: suloraja64@gmail.com
Ms. V.Vimal, M.A. M.Phil., (Ph.D).

Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: vimal.vanji2015in@gmail.com
Advisory Editorial Board
Dr. Mohana Dass A/l Ramasamy, M.A., Ph.D.

Head of the Department, Indian Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,
University of Malaya, Malaysia.
Tel: +603-79675629, Fax: +603-79675460.
Email: rmohana-dass@um.edu.my, rmdassa@gmail.com
Dr. Sascha Ebeling, M.A., Ph.D.

Associate Professor, College Senior Adviser in the Humanities, Chair, Readings in World
Literature Collegiate Core Sequence,
Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations,
Department of Comparative Literature,
The University of Chicago,
1130 East 59th Street, Foster 203, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
E-mail: ebeling@uchicago.edu

R. Venkatesh, (PLM Leader in FORD, Michigan)
President and Secretary,
Tamil Academy, Canton, Michigan – 48187,
America.
E-mail: vradhak1@ford.com
Dr. Sasi Kumar, M.A. Ling., M.A. Tamil., M.A. Philosophy., M.Ed., Ph.D.
Teaching Fellow, Asian Languages & Cultures Academic Group,
National Institute of Education,
Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Walk,
Singapore- 637616.
E-mail: sasikumar.p@nie.edu.sg
Dr. J.B.Prashant More, M.A., Ph.D.

Professor of Social Sciences,
Institute of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities,
Inseec, Paris,
France.
E-mail: morejbplee@aol.com
Ms. Punitha Subramaniam, B.Sc., M.Ed.

P.G. Assistant in Tamil,
SJKT Ladang Temerloh,
34800 Trong, Perak, Malaysia.
E-mail: kashnitha@gmail.com, punitha.su@moe.edu.my
Mr. K. Raguparan, CTHE (Peradeniya)., B.A., M.Phil.

Senior Lecturer Gr.II in Tamil,
Department of Languages,
Faculty of Arts and Culture,
South Eastern University, Sri Lanka,
E-mail: kanagasabai.raguparan1@gmail.com
Dr. A. Boologarambai, M.A. Tam., M.A. Ling., NET., B.Ed., Ph.D., P.G. Dip. Hindi., P.G. Dip. Lexicography.
Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Language and Translation Studies,
(Sangam Literature & Traditional Grammar, Telugu, Hindi & Japanese, Tamil, English)
Dravidian University, Kuppam- 517425,
Andra Pradesh, India.
E-mail: arpudharambai@gmail.com
Dr. V. Raman, M.A., Ph.D. Tam., M.A., Ph.D. Jmc., DFTech., DLL., DACP., Dip.in.Rus., CCP., CMM., CFA.
Dean- Department of Visual Communication,
Rathinam Arts and Science College,
Eachanari, Coimbatore,

Tamilnadu- 641021, India.
E-mail: dean.viscom@rathinamcollege.com
Dr. S. Manimaran, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., Ph.D.

Associate Professor, Department of Tamil,
N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar College, Madurai-19.
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: manimaransvn@gmail.com
Dr. T. K. Vedaraja, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of English,
Alagappa Govt. Arts College,
Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: tkvraja@gmail.com
Associate Editor
Mr. M.Vinoth Kumar, M.A. Eng., M.A. Ling., M.A. Trans. Studies., M.Phil., SET., (Ph.D).
Assistant Professor, Department of English,
N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar College, Madurai-19,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: vinothkumar@ijtlls.com , vinoth5082@gmail.com
Assistant Editors’
Dr. P. Swathi, M.A., M.A., M.Phil., NET., Ph.D.

Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: pvswathi87@gmail.com
Mr. J. B. Sam Selva Kumar, M.A., M.Phil., NET., (Ph.D).

Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: sammeera9487@gmail.com
Mr. G. Antony Suresh, M.A., M.Phil., NET., C.G.T., (Ph.D).

Sadakathullah Appa College,
Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: surtamil6@gmail.com

Mr. S. Ayyanar, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil., NET., (Ph.D).
Assistant Professor of Tamil,
Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: ayyanarbhc@gmail.com
Mr. S. Kulandhaivel, M.A., M.Phil.

Ganesar Arts and Science College, Melasivapuri-622403,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: english.kulandhai@gmail.com
Mr. B. Senthil Kumar, M.A., M.Phil., (Ph.D).

Alagappa Govt. Arts College, Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E.Mail: skbosesk@gmail.com
Ms. A.Angayarkanni, M.A., M.Phil.

St Antony’s College of Arts and Science for Women, Dindigul-624005,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: aangayarkanni@yahoo.com
Mr. R. Ganesh Kumar, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed.

Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: rgkumar321@gmail.com
PUBLISHER: D. Maheswari,
3/350, Veterinary Hospital Back side,
Virudhunagar – 626001.
Mobile: 8526769556
Mail: maheswari@ijtlls.com
dmakesh88@gmail.com, ijtllsetamiljournal@gmail.com
Copyright © 2018 – D.MAHESWARI

All rights reserved. The Journal holds open access policy and the Pdf copy can be
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trees and environment

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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 1

E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Vol. 1: Issue II, January-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
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njhd;ikahdJk; Kjd;ikahdJkhfj; jpfOk; rpwg;Gg; ngw;witr; rpy nkhopfNs.
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,yf;fz tsKk; epiwe;jJ. jkpo;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzkhd njhy;fhg;gpak; ekf;Ff;
fpilj;jpUf;Fk; Kjy; ,yf;fz E}yhFk;. nkhopf;fhd gyf; nfhs;iffis
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mJ kpifapy;iy. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ctktpay;> nra;Aspay; (ahg;gpy;) gapYk;
ctkq;fspd; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fSf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jspj;Js;sJ. tlthpd;
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,f;nfhs;ifapid kWj;J njhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay; ,yf;fz mikg;gpidAk; >
mtw;wpy; mlq;Fk; mzpapyf;fzf; nfhs;iffisAk; Muha;tjhf ,f;fl;Liu
mikfpwJ.
ctktpay; Nfhl;ghL nghUs; tpsf;fk;:
ctkk; vd;gJ xU nghUNshL xU nghUis xg;Gikg;gLj;jpf; $WtjhFk;.
NkYk; ctkk;, njhpahj xd;iwj; njhpe;j xd;wpd; %yk; tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tJkhk;.
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Nghuhrphpah; “,dkhfpa nghUisNa njhFg;gJ Xj;J ” vd tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;.
Nfhl;ghL, nfhs;if, nfhs;Sjy; vd;gd xU nghUl; nrhw;fs;. ghL, if, jy;
vd;gd njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfs;. Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ nfhs;+ghL vdg; gphpf;fg;gbDk;
nfhs; vd;gJ Nfhs; vd ePz;L xypf;Fk;. Kjy; epiy ePz;l njhopw;ngah; tpFjp.
“Nfl;lnkhop xopj;Jf; Nfshf; fpstpnahL
$l;bAiu nfhSj;jy; Nfhl;ghld;Nw”


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwpQhplk; (m) Mrhdplk; (m) cyNfhhplk; Nfl;L mwpe;j nra;jpfis (m)
nra;jpapidf; Nfshnkhop fw;gid fyg;gpd;wp, Nfl;ltw;wpd; cz;ik epiyapid
vLj;Jiug;gNj Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ ahg;gUq;fyk; ciuf;Fk; nra;jp.
Nfhl;ghL – nfhz;bUf;Fk; jd;ik, epiyik
nfhs;if – mwpT, Fzk;, Nfhl;ghL, rpNdfk; nra;if
vd;gJ jkpo;nkhop mfuhjp $Wk; nghUs;.2
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtd ntspaPlhfpa ‘jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp’apd;
nghUshtd: nfhs;if-mwpT, xOf;fk;, Fzk;, jd;ik, Nfhl;ghL nfhs;if3 vd;W
Nkw;nrhd;dtw;wpidNa $Wfpd;wJ. tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak;, fiyf;fsQ;rpak; Kjyhd
njhFg;Gfspy; nfhs;if, Nfhl;ghL vd;w nrhw;fNs ,lk; ngwtpy;iy.
nfhs;if my;yJ Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ ‘Mo;e;j mwpe;j rpe;jidapd; ntspg;ghL’
vdf; nfhs;syhk;. ,r;rpe;jid ntspg;ghL my;yJ tiuaiw ,yf;fpak; rhh;e;jjhf
mikapd; ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghL vdTk;, ,yf;fzk; rhh;e;jjhf mikapd; ,yf;fzf;
Nfhl;ghL vdTk;, rKjhag;gpur;ridapd; rpe;jid ntspg;ghlhf mikapd; r%ftpay;
Nfhl;ghL vdTk; ngah; ngWfpwJ. ,JNt Mf;fpNahd; ngahpYk; khh;f;rpak;
(khh;f;rpaf;Nfhl;ghL) nydpdpak;, nghpahhpak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mt;tifapy;
miktNj ‘njhy;fhg;gpa Nfhl;ghL’. ,J vOj;J, nrhy;, nghUs; vd;gdtw;wpy;
gy;NtW gphpTfisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;Js;sJ. Mf;fpNahh; ngah; E}Yf;Fg; ngauhfp
E}y; ngah; Nfhl;ghl;bd; ngauhfpwJ.
vOj;jpyf;fzf; Nfhl;ghL, nrhy;ypf;fzf; Nfhl;ghL, njhy;fhg;gpa
ciutsj;njhFg;Gfs;, njhy;fhg;gpaf; fly;, njhy;fhg;gpaf; fUj;juq;ff; fl;Liufs;
Kjyhd Ma;T E}y;fSk; njhy;fhg;gpahpd; Gzhpay; Nfhl;ghL, njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;
$w;Wf; Nfhl;ghL, njhy;fhg;gpar; nra;Aspay; Nfhl;ghLk; FWe;njhifAk;,
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; mfuhjp $Wfs;, njhy;fhg;gpa nka;g;ghl;bay;, njhy;fhg;gpa
cj;jpfs;, njhy;fhg;gpa fstpay;, njhy;fhg;gpaf; fw;gpay;, njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk;
Ntw;Wikfs;, njhy;fhg;gpa kugpay;, njhy;fhg;gpaKk; ciufSk; fhl;Lk;
njhlh;nkhop mikg;G, njhy;fhg;gpar; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; Kjyhd
GJitg;gy;fiyf;fof Ma;NtLfSk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLj; jd;ikapid
tpsf;Fifapy; Nehf;fj;jf;fd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay;:
ctkk; nghUs; tpsf;fj;jpw;fhd xd;W. mt;Ttkq;fs; nra;Aspy; gapYk;NghJ
vt;thnwy;yhk; ntspg;gLk; vd;gij tiuaiw nra;Js;sJ njhy;fhg;gpak;.
“Mrphpah; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; Ie;jpyf;fg; ghFghL ,y;iy. vOj;J , nrhy;,
nghUs; Mfpa %d;W ghFghNl ,Ue;jJ. nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s nra;Aspayhy;
ahg;Gk; ctk,ayhy; mzpapyf;fzKk; mlq;Fk;vd;gh; xU rhuhh;. gpwpnjhU rhuhh;
ctik nghUis tpsf;Fk; fUtpNaad;wp mzpahfhnjd;gh;. ,t;tpuz;lDs;
Nrdhtiuah; Kd;ida fUj;jpdh;. Nguhrphpah; gpd;ida fUj;jpdh;. Nguhrphpah;
ctk,aiy mzpapay; vdf; fUJk; fUj;Jg; nghUj;jkw;wJ vd;gNjhL
mzpapyf;fzk; vdg; ghFgLj;JtNj nghUj;jkw;wnjd;gh;. Mdhy;, Nrdhtiuah;
ctk ,aiy mzpapay; vd;Wk; mzpapyf;fzk; vdg; ghFgLj;JtJ
nghUj;jKilaJ vd;Wk; fUJth;.” (njhy;.nghU.Nrdh.gf;-29)
mzpapyf;fzk; gw;wpa Nguhrphpah; fUj;J :
1. ctktpaypy; cs;s ctkq;fs; rpytw;iwAk;(,t;thW Nguhrphpah;
$wf;fhuzk; ctktpaypy; mfg;nghUs; ctkkhd cs;SiwAk; ,iwr;rpAk; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd. nghJtpyf;fz ctkq;fisr; Rl;lNt rpytw;iwAk; vdf; Fwpj;jhh;)
nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpDs;Sk;, nra;AspaYs;Sk; nrhy;Yfpd;w rpy nghUs;fis thq;fpf;
nfhz;L kw;wit nra;Al;fz;Nz mzpahk; vd ,f;fhyj;jhrphpah; E}y; nra;jhUk;
csh; vd;gJ mzpayf;fzk; gw;wpa Nguhrphpah; fUj;J. (njhy;.nghU.Nguh.gf-108)
,f;fUj;ijnahl;bNa ,yf;fz tpsf;f Mrphpah; itj;jpaehj Njrpfhpd;
fUj;J tUkhW: njhy;fhg;gpak; Fw;g;gpLk; nra;jpfisAk; tlnkhop mzpapyf;fz
E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; nra;jpfisAk; cl;nfhz;L ,t;tzpapay; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.(,.
tp.ngh.mzp.gf;. 74)
2. Nguhrphpah; fhyj;jpy; jhd; ctkk; vd;gJ mzp vdg;ngah; nfhz;L
jkpOf;F tuj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ vd;gJ mthpd; ciuapd; top mwpag;gLk; nra;jp.
(ciuahrpaHfspd; ciuapd; top rKjha, murpay;, rka, nghUshjhu Ma;Tfs;
epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd.)
3. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; nghUsjpfhug; gFjpfs; vy;yhk; nra;Al;F mzpnra;td.
Mifahy;, mit ghlYl; gapd;wit vdg;gl;ld. mitnay;yhk; njhFj;J
mzpnadf; $whJ, NtWrpytw;iw tiue;J mzpnadf; $Wjy; gakpy; $w;whk;.
(njhy;.nghU.ct. NguhrpHpaUiu. gf;.109).
4;. ,uz;L nghUis vz;zp xUq;F vd;Dk; nrhw;NrHj;J mjdhy; xUq;fzp
vdg;ngah; nfhLg;gH mzp E}yhH. mg;gbahapd; fypj;jhopirf;Fk; Rhpjfj;Jf;Fk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,ilNa ‘vdthq;F’ vd;gJ tUjypd; mijAk; ‘vdthq;fzp’ vdg; ngaHf;nfhLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;; ,g;gbNa nrhw;fisf; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;lhy; tiuaiwg; glhky;
mzpnry;Yk;.
5;. nra;Al;Fhpa moFjUk; nghUs;fisnay;yhk; jdpj;jdp mzpfshff;
$whky; rpy nghUs;fis kl;Lk; mzpnady; nghUe;jhJ: Fd;wf;$wyhfptpLk;.
(njhy;.nghU. ct. NguhrpHpaUiu. gf;.109).
NkYk;, nra;Al;F ,it mzpnad;gJ}ck; ,it Fw;wnkd;gJ}ck;
%d;wjpfhuj;Js;Sk; ,t;thrphpah;ahz;Lq; $whNuhntdpd; ,r;nra;Aspaypy; Kg;gj;J
ehd;F cWg;Gf; $wp mt;tw;wjpiaG ey;ypirg;Gyth; nra;ASWg;ngdTk; mit
njhlh;e;j njhlh;epiy vz;tifahw; njhlh;epiyr; nra;Al;F tdg;ngdTk;
gFj;Njhjpa ,yf;fzj;jpw; gpwo;e;jit vy;yhq; Fw;wnkd;gJ}k;
nfhs;sitj;jhndd;gJ. (njhy;.nghU.ct. NguhrpHpaUiu. gf;.111).
njhy;fhg;gpa ctkf;Nfhl;ghL:
njhy;fhg;gpak; tiuaWj;j ctkf;Nfhl;ghL kpf Ez;zpaJk; gue;Jgl;lJkhFk;;.
,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; mstpwe;jd. njhy;fhg;gpa ctkk; vd;gJ, ctkj;Njhw;wk;,
Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd epiyf;fsd;fs;, ctkk; vt;thnwy;yhk; tUk; vd;gjd; nghJtpjp,
,g;nghJtpjpapypUe;J khWgLk; tpfw;gq;fs; vdg;gy Nehf;fpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
njhy;fhg;gpa ctkf;Nfhl;ghl;bid mbnahw;wpa mzpapyf;fz E}y;fshd
jz;bayq;fhuk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fz tpsf;f mzpapaYs;s nghUszpapaypy; gapd;W
tUk; mzpfs; vt;thW ctkf;Nfhl;ghl;bidr; rhHe;J te;Js;sd vd;gij Muha; tNj
,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,f;fl;Liu,
1. ctkj; Njhw;wj;jpd; epiyf;fsd;fs;.

2. ctkk; vt;thnwy;yhk; tUk; vd;gjd; njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpfs;.
3. njhy;fhg;gpa ctkf;Nfhl;ghl;bid mbnahw;wpa mzpapyf;fzfs;.
vd;Dk; %d;W gphpTfspy; mikfpd;wJ.
njhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay; Fwpg;gpLk; xt;nthU E}w;ghtpid xt;nthU tpjpahff;
nfhz;L mt;ntht;nthU tpjpf;Fs;Sk; mlq;Fk; mzpfis tphpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.
ctkj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; mjw;fhd epiyf;fsd;fSk; gw;wpa njhy;fhg;gpaf; Nfhl;ghLk;
,jid mbnahw;wpa gpw;fhy mzpapyf;fz E}y;fSk;;:
njhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay; ctkk; ehd;F tifahy; Njhw;wk; ngWk; vd;fpwJ.
mitahtd
“tpidgad; nka;AU vd;w ehd;Nf
tifngw te;j ctkj; Njhw;wk;” (njhy;.ct.272)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;Wk;
“tputpAk; tUck; kugpd vd;g” (njhy;.ct.273)
vd;Wk; NkYk; xU tpjp $WfpwJ. tpid gad; nka; cU vd;w ,e;ehd;fpd;
fhuzkhfTk; ,e;ehd;fpd; njhl;ghditfis tpsf;Fkplj;Jk; ctkk; Njhw;wk; ngWk;.
ehd;F tif ctkq;fSk; xU nghUSf;F xU nghUNsad;wp xd;wpw;F
Nkw;gl;litfisAk; xg;Gikahff; nfhs;Sk;.
Nkw;fz;l tiffspy; ctkk; Njhd;Wtjw;F epiyfsd;fshf miktd rpwg;G
eyd; fhjy; typikahk;. ,e;ehd;F tif epiyfsd;fspy; VNjDk; xd;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ctkk; Njhw;wk; ngWk; vd;gij,
“rpwg;Ng eyNd fhjy; typnahL
me;ehw; gz;Gk; epiyf;fs nkd;g” (njhy;.ct.279)
vd;Dk; ,e;E}w;ghthy; mwpayhk;.
“rpwg;ngd;gJ cyfj;Js; ,ay;G tifahdd;wp tpfhu tifahy; ngWk;
rpwg;G. eyndd;wJ moF fhjnyd;g J ,e;eyDk; typAk; ,y;top
cz;lhf;fpAiug;gJ. typnad;gJ jd; jd;ikahNd cs;sNjhh;
typikahk;”. (njhy;.ct.gf;.mz;.gy;.gjp)
vd njhy;fhg;gpak; ctkj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
ctkj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa gpw;fhy mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;:
jz;bayq;fhuk; mzpapyf;fzq;fisg; nghJtpay; nghUszpapy; kw;Wk;
nrhy;yzpapay; vd gFj;Js;sJ. nghUszpapaypy; Kg;gj;ije;J mzptiffisAk;
nrhy;yzpapaypy; klf;F mtw;wpd; tiffs; rpj;jpuftp mtw;wpd; tiffs; tOf;fs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tiffs; Mfpatw;iwAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; nghUszpapay;
tpsf;Fk; Kg;gj;ije;J mzp tiffs; kl;Lk; njhy;fhg;gpactktpay; Nfhl;ghl;bDs;
mlq;FfpwJ.
jz;bayq;fhuk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; Fwpg;gpLk; nghUszpapaypy;
tiffshd jd;ik ctik Kjyhditfspd; Njhw;wk;, nghUs,; Fzk,; rhjp njhopy;
vd;w ehd;F tifahy; mike;Js;sJ.
Kg;gj;ije;J mzpfspy; KjyhtJ jd;ikazp. jd;ik vd;gJ xU nghUspd;
xj;j ,ay;G. mt;tpay;gpid cs;sthNw Fwpg;gJ ,t;tzp. ,J nghUs; Fzk; rhjp
vd;Dk; %tifahy; Njhw;wk; ngWtJ. cU nghUspidNah mg;nghUspd;
Fzj;ijNah rhjpiaNah (xU jd;ikahd gy nghUl;fs; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngWtJ.
ctikazp:
gz;G njhopy; gad; Mfpatw;wpd; fhuzkhf nghUNshL nghUis xd;Wk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gyTkhf nghUe;j itj;J mt;tpU nghUSf;Fk; xg;Gikj; Njhd;WkhW
nrhy;yg;gLtJ ctikazp MFk;.
“gz;Ge; njhopYk; gaDnkd; wptw;wpd;
xd;Wk; gyTk; nghUnshL nghUs; Gzh;e;J
xg;Gik Njhd;wr; nrg;Gt Jtik” (jz;b-31)
vd;Dk; jz;bayq;fhu E}w;ghtpidNa ,yf;fz tpsf;fKk; gpd;gw;WfpwJ.
njhopy; gad;; gz;G ,l;%d;wpd; fhuzkhf Njhw;wk; ngWk; ctik xU
nghUNshL xU nghUs; xU nghUNshL gy nghUs; gy nghUNshL gy nghUs; gy
nghUNshL xU nghUs; vd;W xg;Gik Njhd;w tUk; vd;gjhk;. ,j;Njhw;wk;
njhy;fhg;gpa ctkj; Njhw;wj;ijNa rhh;e;Js;sJ.
ctkk; ,ay;gha; tUjiyAk; NtWgLjiyAk; njhy;fhg;gpa ctltpay;
Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy jz;bayq;fhuKk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fKk; ctktphpahf ,Ugj;J
ehd;iff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. mitahkhW
“tphpNa njhifNa apju tpjuk;
....khiy nad;Dk; ght jhFk;”
vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpd; top jz;bayq;fhuKk;
“cw;wgz;G Mjpapd; ctkk; nra;Top
...tpsf;fpa ctikapd; tphpvdg; gLNk”
vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpd; top ,yf;fz tpsf;fKk;> ctik ,ay;ghf tUjiyAk; NtWgl
tUjiyAk; ,Ugj;J ehd;F tifapy; $wp NkYk; NtW ctik tiffSk; Nrh;e;J
tUk; vd;gjid,
“mw;GjQ; rpNyil ajprak; tpNuhjk;
xg;Gikf; $l;le; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;
tpyf;Nf NaJntd Ntz;lTk; gLNk” (jz;b-33)
vd;W jz;bayq;fhuKk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,e;E}Yk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fKk; ctkj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nfhz;L 32 ctktphpfisAk; gpw ctktiffshd mw;Gjk;,
rpNyil, mjprak,; tpNuhjk,; xg;Gikf;$l;lk,; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk,; tpyf;F, VJ
MfpaitAk; “ctkk;” vd;w xd;iwNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tphpe;Js;sd.
jz;bia xj;Nj tPuNrhopaKk; khwdyq;fhuKk; Kj;JtPhpak; njhd;D}y; tpsf;fKk;
mike;Js;sd vd;fpwJ ,yf;fztpsf;fk;.
Nkw;fz;l jz;bayq;fhuk; Kjyhd mzpapyf;fz E}y;fs; $Wk; tphp ctkk;
Kjy; khiy ctkk; tiuAs;s mzpfs; njhy;fhg;gpa ctkj; Njhw;wkhff;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Fwpg;gpLk; tpid, gad,; nka;, cU vd;w ehd;fpYk; ‘tputpAk; tUk; kugpd vd;g’
vd;Dk; #j;jpuj;jpYk; mlq;Fk;.
‘NtWglj; Njhd;Wk; ctkj; Njhw;wk;’ vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay;
#j;jpuj;Js; ctkk; tpfw;gpj;J Njhd;Wtdthf mzpE}y;fs; $Wk; mw;Gjk; , rpNyil,
mjprak;, tpNuhjk,; xg;Gikf;$l;lk,; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk,; tpyf;F, VJ Mfpa mzpfs;
mlq;Fnkd nghJthfNt $wyhk;. Mdhy; mJ Vw;GilajhfhJ.
ctkk; vt;thnwy;yhk; tUk; vd;gjd; njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpAk; ,t;tpjpapd;
,ay;gpYs;s khw;wq;fSk; mk;khw;wj;jpd; gb mike;Js;s gpd;dhisa mzpfSk;
gw;wp kl;Lk; fhz;Nghk;.
ctkk; vt;thnwy;yhk; tUk; vd;gjd; njhy;fhg;gpa nghJtpjpfs; mt;tpjpfis
mbnahw;wpa gpd;dhisa mzpapyf;fzq;fs;:
njhy;fhg;gpa ctltpay; ctkj;jpd; ehd;D tifj; Njhw;wk; epiyf;fsd;fs;
$wp gpd;dh; ehd;F tif ctkj; Njhw;wKk; xU nghUSf;F xU nghUNsad;wp
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;litfisAk; xg;Gikahff; nfhz;L Njhd;Wk; vd;gij “tputpAk;
t&xck; kugpd vd;g” (njhy;.ct.273) vd tpsf;fp mt;thW Njhd;Wk; nghuSk;
ctkKk; cah;e;jjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL jho;e;j nghUspYk; ctkKk;
nghUSk; Njhd;k; vd;fpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;
“cah;e;jjd; Nkw;Nw xs;Sq; fhiy”(njhy;.ct.274)
“fpof;fpLk; nghUNsh ilelJ khFk;”(njhy;. ct.276)
vd;W $WfpwJ.
NkYk;, jho;e;j nghUis ,lk; fUjp Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nghUSf; F
ctkk; $Wk; NghJ Kjw;nghUSf;FKjw;nghUSk; rpidg;nghUSf;F
rpidg;nghUSk; ,ay;ghf miktNjad;wp Kjw;nghUSf;F rpidg;nghUSk;
rpidg;nghUSf;F Kjw;nghUSk; khwpAk; tUk; vd;gij,
“KjYQ; rpidAnkd; whapU nghUl;F
Ejypa kugp Dhpait chpa” (njhy;. ct.271)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh tpsf;fpAs;sJ.
ctkKk; nghUSk; xj;J ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nghUSf;Nfw;w ctkk;
kuGtopg;gl;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ul;ilr; nrhy;ypw;F ,ul;ilr; nrhy;yhNy
ctkk; $Wjy; Ntz;L;k; vd;gij
“ctkKk; nghUsk; xj;jy; Ntz;Lk;”(njhy;.ct.279)
“ctkg; nghUis czUq; fhiy
kUtpa kugpd; tof;nfhL tUNk” (njhy;. ct.292)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“,ul;ilf; fpstpAk; ,ul;il topj;Nj” (njhy;.ct.293)
vd;Dk; ,e;E}w;ghf;fspd; top tpsf;FfpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;.
Nkw;$wpaitfspy; fpof;fpLk; nghUNshile;J khFk; vd;wjpy; “Ie;JkhFk;”
vd;wJ rpwg;G, eyd,; fhjy;, typ vd;Dk; ehd;F cah;Tg; nghUNshL jho;e;j
nghUisAk; Nrh;j;J Ie;jhk;. Kjw;nghUs; vd;gJ Kfk; Kjyhdit. rpidg;nghUs;
vd;wJ new;wp fz; Kjyhdit. “kUtpa kugpd; tof;nfhL tUNk” vd;wjpy; ‘kUtpa
kugpd; tof;nfhL’ vd;wJ ,d;dtw;wpw;F ,d;dijNa $w Ntz;Lk; vdf; fhye;NjhWk;
kf;fshy; njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;fg;gLtjhFk;. “,ul;ilf; fpstpf;F ,ul;ilr;
nrhy;yhNy ctik toq;fg;gLtJ fyfy gsgs klkl vd;Dk; nrhw;fNshL
ghnthL-Njd,; tpyq;nfhL-kf;fs; vd ,uz;L nrhy; ,ize;J tUtJ vd;W
tpsf;Ffpwhh; rptypq;fdhh;. (ciutsk;.gf;.67-68) NkYk; mth; tpsf;fkhtJ,
“tpyq;nfhL kf;fs; midah; ,yq;FE}y;
fw;whNuh Nlid ath” (Fws;-410)
,jpy; “fw;whNuhL Vidath; vd;gJ ,ul;ilf;fpstp. tpyq;nfhL Nehf;f kf;fs;
vt;tsT cah;e;jtNuh mt;tsT jho;e;jth; fw;whNuhL fy;yhjth; vd;gJ fUj;J.
,jpy; tpyq;nfhL kf;fSf;Fs;s NtWghl;il ctikahf;fpdhh;. ctikapy;
‘tpyq;nfhL kf;fs;’ vd;gJ ,ul;ilf;fpstp. ,jpy; ,ul;ilf;fpstpr; nrhy;Yf;F
,ul;ilf;fpstpNa ctikahf te;Js;sJ” vd;gJ rptypq;fdhhpd; $w;whFk;.
Nkw;fz;l njhy;fhg;gpa nghJtpjpapid “,yf;fz tpsf;fk;-mzpapay;”
“gz;Gk; njhopYk; gaDk; vd;W ,tw;wpd; vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpw;F xj;j E}w;ghthf
,izj;J $wpAs;sJ. Nkw;fz;l njhy;fhg;gpa ctk nghJ Nfhl;ghl;bid xj;J
gpw;fhy mzpEPy;fs; Nfhl;ghL tFf;ftpy;iy.
njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpapy; mlq;Fk; mzpfshtd:
1. ctikapd; gz;G Kypad ntspg;gl mikAk; thp ctik
2. gz;G Kjypad njhf;fp mikAk; njhif ctik
3. khl;Nlw;Wr; nrhy;yhfpa ‘Mfpa’ Kjyhdit kiwe;J tUk; njhif cUtfk;
4. khl;Nlw;Wr; nrhy; tphpe;J tUk; tphp cUtfk;
5. rpytw;iwj; njhFj;Jk; rpytw;iw tphpj;Jk; cUtfk; nra;Ak; njhiftphp cUtfk;
Mfpad Nky; njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpapy; mlq;Fk;.
“ngUikAQ; rpWikA nka;g;gh nll;ld;
topkUq; fwpaj; Njhd;W nkd;g” (njhy;.ct. 290)
vd;Wk; E}w;gh nghUspw;F Vw;w ctkj;jpidg; ngUikahfTk; rpWikahfTk;
Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ mJ nka;g;ghLfspd; top mikAk;. nka;g;ghLfshtd


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“eifNa mOif ,sptuy; kUl;if
mr;rk; ngUkpjk; ntFsp ctifnad;W
mg;ghy; vl;Nl nka;g;ghnld;g” (njhy;.nka;g;. 251)
vd nka;ghLfs; vl;L tiffshFk;. ,t;ntl;L nka;g;ghLfs; xt;nthd;Wk; ed;ehd;F
gphpTfshf 32 tifahk;. ,k;Kg;gj;jpuz;L nka;g;ghLfspd; top ctik Njhd;Wk;
vd;fpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;. ,t;tpjpapy; mlq;Fk; mzpfshtd.
1. nghUisg; nghpJk; Gfo;e;J ctkpf;Fk; GfOthik
2. ctikiaf; Fiw $wp ctkpf;Fk; epe;ij ctik
3. xU nghUsplj;Jf; nfhz;Nl tpUg;gj;jhd; xg;Gikg; nghUsplj;J kaq;fp
ciuj;jitf; $Wk; Nkhf ctik
4. cyfpy; ,y;yhj nghUis ctikahff; $Wk; mg+j ctik
5. epfohj xd;iw epfo;tJ Nghyf; $wp ctikahf;Fk; $lh ctik
kw;Wk; mw;Gj ctik, mjpra ctik, tpNuhj ctik, jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w ctik,
rpwg;GUtfk; MfpadTk; ,jd; ghw;gLk;. ,itNaad;wp nka;g;ghLfs; topj;
Njhd;Wtjhf jz;bayq;fhuk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; $WtjhtJ
“cs; epfo; jd;ik Gwj;Jj; Njhd;w
vz;tif nka;ghl;b dpay;tJ RitNa” (jz;b. 69.,.tp.655)
“mitjhk;
tPu kr;r kpopg;nghL tpag;Ng
fhk kty KUj;jpu eifNa” (jz;b-170-,.tp. 665)
vdf; $WfpwJ. NkYk,; ,jw;F xU Gwdilahf cs;sj;Jf; Fwpg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jk;
nka;g;ghLfs; Njhd;wTk; mtw;wpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F NtnwhU ngha;f;fhuzj;ijf; $wp
cz;ikf; Fwpg;ig kiwj;Jf; $Wk; mzp ,Nyr mzp MFk;.
“nghUNs ctkQ; nra;jdh; nkhopapDk;
kUsW rpwg;gpd/ Jtk khFk;” (njhy;.ctk. 280)
,e;E}w;ghtpd; tpjpahtJ nghUs; ctkhfTk; ctkk; nghUshfTk; khwp te;jhYk;
mJTk; ctk ,yf;fzj;jpd; ghw;ghLk;. ,t;tpjpg;gb mikAk; mzpfshtd
1. nghUis ctkkhfTk; ctkj;ij nghUshfTk; $WtJ ,jutpju ctik.
2. nghUSk; ctkKk; Ntwha; ,Uf;Fk; jd;ikia ePf;fp ,iz;bidAk;
xd;whf;fp $WtJ cUtf mzp
3. nghUisNa ctkkhf;fpf; $WtJ tpghPj ctik. NkYk; ,t;tpjpapy; mlq;Fk;
Vida mzpfshtd ctik cUtfk;, Ntw;Wik cUtfk;, tpyf;FUtfk;,
mtEjp cUtfk;, cz;ik cUtfk; MfpadthFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“mLf;fpa Njhw;wk; tpLj;jy; gz;Ng
epudpWj; jikj;jy; epudpiw Rz;zk;
tud;Kiw te;j %d;wyq;filNa” (njhy;-ct. 309)
vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpapd; tpsf;fkhtJ xU nra;AspDs;Ns ctikAk;
nghUSk; gy mLf;fpj; Njhd;wpdhYk;, ctkKk; nghUSk; fye;jpUf;Fk; top
ctkhdj;jpw;Nfw;w ctNkaj;ij NeNu epWj;jp nghUj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;
epudpWj;jikj;jYk;, nghUs; njhlh;r;rpiaAk; ctkj; njhlh;r;rpiaAk; Jzpe;J
,jw;F ,Jntd nghUs; nfhs;SjYk; ctikapd; ghw;gl;lNjahk;. ‘mLf;fpj;
Njhw;wk; tpLj;jy; gz;Ng’(njhy;;.nrhy;.gf;. 305 ciutsk; c.j.ep)
vd;wJ epuy;epiw Rz;zk; nkhopkhw;W mbkwp Mfpa ehd;fpidAk; jtph;j;J
kw;iwatw;wpy; nghUSk; ctikAk; mLf;fp tUjy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glhJ vd;gjhk;.
“tud;Kiw te;j %d;wyq;filNa” vd;wJ Rz;zk;, mbkwp, nkhopkhw;W vd;w
%d;Wk; my;yhjtplj;J epuy;epiwapy; kl;Lk; ctkj;jpidAk; nghUspidAk; mLf;fpf;
$Wjy; epfOk;.
,e;E}w;gh Rl;Lk; ehd;F nghUs;Nfhs;fs; njhy;fhg;gpa nrhy;yjpfhu vr;rtpay;
E}w;ghf;fs; 405, 406, 407, 409 top mwpayhk;. ,t;tpjpapd; gb mikAk; mzpfshtd.
1. ctkq;fs; gytw;Ws;xt;nthd;wNdhLk; ctik cUigg; Gzh;j;Jf; $WtJ
gytapw; Nghyp ctik
2. ctikfs; gytw;Ws; xd;wDlNdNa ctikAUigg; Gzh;e;Jf; $WtJ
xU tapw;Nghyp kw;Wk; ,t;tpjpapy; mlq;Fk; gpw mzpfshtd xg;Gikf;
$l;lk; ctik, ,iaG cUtfk;, ,iagpyp cUtfk;, tpaepiy
cUtfk;;, khiy ctik MfpadthFk;.
“Rl;bf; $wh ctk khapd;
nghUndjph; Gzh;j;Jg; Gzh;j;jjd; nfhsNy” (njhy;.ct. 278)
,g;nghUSf;F ,J ctiknad Rl;bf;$whJ ,Uf;Fkplj;Jf; nfhz;L $l;b nghUs;
nfhs;SjYk;
“ctkg; nghUspd; cw;wJ zUe;
njspkUq; FsNt jpwj;jpa yhd” (njhy;.ct. 291)
ctkKk; nghUSk; Neuhf ,y;yhJ ctkpf;fg;gl;ljw;F ,JNt nghUnsd;W
JzpAkplKk;
“xhP,f; $wYk; khP,a gz;Ng” (njhy;.ct. 306)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,g;nghUSf;F ,g;nghUs; xg;Gik MFk; vd;W $whJ nghUspd; jd;ikAk;
ctkj;jpd; jd;ikAk; xg;Gf;$wp ,jw;F ,J Vw;w xg;GikahfhJ vd;gJk; ctkj;jpd;
ghw;gLkhk;.
“ctkKk; nghUSk; xj;jy; Ntz;Lk;”
nghUSk; ctKk; xj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gditfshf mike;j tpjpfspd; gb mike;j
mzpfs;.
njhFg;Giu
Nkw;fz;l Ma;tpd; top ngwyhFk; epiyg;ghL ctkk; vd;gNj jkpo; ,yf;fz
nfhs;if ‘mzp’ vd;gJ tl ,yf;fz nfhs;if. mzp ,yf;fzk; jkpo;nkhopf;F tl
,yf;fzk; je;j nfhs;if vd;gJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; top kWf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpd;dhisa
mzpapyf;fzk; ‘nfhz;bUf;Fk; mj;jid jd;ikfisAk;’ fpwp];J rfhg;j Mz;L
njhlq;Fk; Kd;Ng jkpopd; ,yf;fzkhk; njhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu Kd; nkhopfpwJ.
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. njhy;fhg;gpak;- nghUsjpfhuk;gpd; ehd;fpay;fs;; NguhrpupaUiu. fof ntspaPL. 1986.
2. njhy;fhg;gpak;- nghUsjpfhuk; - ciutsk;. M.rptypq;fdhH. cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp
epWtd ntspaPL - 1981.
3. jz;bayq;fhuk; - fof ntspaPL. 1991.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f; - xg;gpay; ciu Nehf;F
Kidth; r.fz;zjhrd;>
kd;dh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp>
gRkiy> kJiu- 625004.
Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;
 ghlYk; ciufSk;
 Kjy; ciufhuhpd; fUj;J
 c.Nt.rhkpehijah;
 ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh;
 uh.,uhfitaq;fhh;
 jkpoz;zYk; r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpaDk;
 cB,? cB,f;?
 KbGfs;
goe;jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisr; Nrfhpj;Jg; ghJfhj;J ,r;r%fj;jpw;F
toq;fpath;fs; gjpg;ghrphpah;fs; vd;why;> me;E}y;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fisf; fw;Nghh;
midtUf;Fk; nfhz;L Nrh;j;jth;fs; ciuahrphpah;fs; vdyhk;. gjpg;ghrphpah;fNs
ciuahrphpah;fshfTk;; ,Ug;gJz;L. jq;fspd; Gyikia %yjdkhff; nfhz;L xU
E}Yf;F ciu vOjp ntspapLk; nghOJ mt;Tiu midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;
jf;ftifapy; ,Ug;gNj rpwg;G. jw;rhw;gpd;ik> nghJnewp Mfpait E}yhrphpah;>
gjpg;ghrphpah;> ciuahrphpah; Mfpa midtUf;Fk; chpj;jhdit. Fwpg;gpl;l xU
E}Yf;Fg; gyh; ciu vOJtJ jkpopy; njhd;Wnjhl;L ,Ue;J tUk; kuG. mt;thW
ciu vOJk; nghOJ ciu vOJk; xt;nthUtUk; %yE}yhrphpahpd; fUj;jpw;F
Kuz;glhh; vd;gJ nghJik newp. Mdhy; mNj E}Yf;F ciu vOjpa gpw
ciufhuh;fNshL khWgLtJ ,aw;if. jpiz; Jiw $wy;> $w;W tpsf;fk;>
nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;> itg;GKiw> jiyg;gpLjy;> cs;Siw; ,iwr;rp $wy; vdg;
gy jsq;fspy; mt;NtWghLfs; mikAk;. ciufhuh;fs; xUtUf;nfhUth;
khWgl;lhYk; cz;ikawpjy; vd;gJ jpwdha;thshpd; flik. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;
FWe;njhifapy; $lY}h; fpohuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l “Kspjaph; gpire;j fhe;js; nky;tpuy;”
vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghlYf;F mike;j ciufis Muha;e;J> mit %yE}NyhL
vq;qdk; nghUe;jpr; nry;fpd;wd vd;gij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tifapy; ,f;fl;Liu
mikfpd;wJ.
ghlYk; ciufSk;
“Kspjaph; gpire;j fhe;js; nky;tpuy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;
Ftis cz;fz; Fa;g;Gif fkoj;
jhd;Joe;j ml;l jPk;Gspg; ghfh;
,dpnjdf; fztd; cz;lypd;
Ez;zpjpd; kfpo;e;jd;W xz;Zjy; KfNd” (FWe;njhif>gh.167)
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;whfpa FWe;njhifapy; $lY}h; fpohuhy;
,aw;wg;gl;l ,g;ghly; “fbefh; nrd;w nrtpypj;jha; ew;wha;f;F ciuj;jJ” vDk;
Jiwapy; mike;jJ. fw;Gf; fhyj;jpy; jiytp jiytDld; ,y;ywk; elj;jp te;j
nghOJ mijg; ghh;j;Jtpl;L te;j nrtpypj;jha; ew;whaplk;> jiytp FLk;gk; elj;Jk;
ghq;fpid xU rpW epfo;tpd; %yk; vLj;Jiug;gjhfg; ghly; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,g;ghlypy; mike;Js;s “fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;..” vDk; ,uz;lhk;
mbf;F ciu$Wtjpy; kl;Lk; FWe;njhif ciuahrphpah;fspilNa fUj;J NtWghL
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. FWe;njhiff;F ciu vOjpAs;s Kjy; ciufhuuhd
nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;> c.Nt.rhkpehijah;> ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;juhdhh;>
K.rz;Kfk;gps;is> uh.,uhfitaq;fhh; Mfpa Kw;fhy ciuahrphpah;fspd;
ciufSk;> gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j jkpoz;zy;> r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> tp.ehfuhrd;
(vd;.rp.gp.n`r;. gjpg;ghf te;jJ)> GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd; MfpNahhpd; ciufSk; ,q;F
Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
tpisahl;Lg;gps;isaha; mts; tPl;by; ,Ue;j jiytp> fztd; tPl;by;
vt;tsT nghWg;Gld; ele;J nfhs;fpwhs; vDk; ghq;if vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ghlypd;
fUj;J gpd;tUkhW mikfpd;wJ.
“Kjph;e;j japiug; gpire;j nrq;fhe;js; kyhpd; ,jo; Nghd;w nky;ypa
tpuy;fis ePuhNy fOthkNy Njha;j;Jj; J}a;ikAw;w Milia cLj;Jf;nfhz;L>
Ftis kyh; Nghd;w fz;fspNy jhspg;ghy; cz;lha Gif fJth epw;g (Gif
epiwa) jhNd Johtpr; rikj;j ,dpa Gspg;ig cila Fok;ig ,J kpf
,dpjhapUg;gnjhd;W vd;W $wpj; jiytd; cz;ZjyhNd xs;spa new;wpia cila
ek; kfspuJ Kfk; Ez;zpjhf kfpo;e;jd;W” vd;W ,g;ghlYf;F njspTiu
vOjpAs;shh; ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh;. ,t;tpsf;fj;jpy; Ma;Tg;gFjpahd “fOTW
fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;..” vd;gjw;Fg; ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh; cl;gl gpw
ciuahrphpah;fs; vOjpa ciufSk; ,q;Nf thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 “fl;bj;japiug; gpire;j tpuiyf; fOthJ Njha;j;j Milia cLj;Jf;
fz;zpy; jhspg;Gif kzf;f” - nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
 “nky;ypa tpuiyj; Jilj;Jf; nfhz;l Miliaj; Jitahky; cLj;Jf;
nfhz;L” - c.Nt.rhkpehijah;
 “nky;ypa tpuy;fis ePuhNy fOthkNy Njha;j;Jj; J}a;ikAw;w Milia
cLj;Jf;nfhz;L” - ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh;
 “nky;ypa tpuy;fisj; Jilj;Jf; nfhz;l Miliaj; Jitj;J mOf;if
khw;whNj cLj;Jf;nfhz;L” - K.rz;Kfk;gps;is
 “fOtw;F cw;w cilia mOf;Fw;w cilia clk;G fOthky; cLj;jp” -
uh.,uhfitaq;fhh;
 “nrq;fhe;js; kyh; NghYk; iftpuy;fisj; jd; gl;lhilapy; fOtpf;
nfhz;lhs;. Jilj;Jf;nfhz;lhs;. mt;thW Jilj;Jf;nfhz;l fypq;fj;Jg;
gl;lhilapy; gl;l mOf;iff; fOthJ mjid cLj;jpapUe;j gbNa tpiue;J
rikj;jhs;. - jkpoz;zy;
 fhe;jy; kyiug; Nghd;w jd; nky;ypa tpuy;fisj; Jilj;jy; ngw;w
Milapid mt;tOf;if ePf;FkhW JitahNj cLj;jpf; nfhz;lhs;” -
GypA+h;f; Nfrpfd;
 “nrq;fhe;js; Nghd;w tpuy;fisf; fOtpj;; jd; Gjpa Milapy; Jilj;Jf;
nfhz;lhs;; mjidf; fow;whky; mjidNa cLj;jpf; nfhz;lthNw” -
r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;.
 “mOf;Fw;w mt;tpuy;fisj; jhd; cLj;jpapUe;j J}a Milapy; Jilj;jds;.
mjdhy; mOf;Nfwpa mt;Til Jitahky; cLj;jpf; nfhz;lhs; - tP.ehfuhrd;
,t;thW xt;nthU ciuahrphpaUk; jq;fspd; eilapy; jhq;fs; czh; e;j
fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. Mdhy; ,t;Tiuahrphpah;fs; vOjpAs;s
tpsf;fq;fs; %yE}yhrphpahpd; fUj;NjhL xj;jpire;J nry;fpd;wdth vd;gij ,dpf;
fhzyhk;.
“fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;..” vd;gjpy; ‘fypq;fk;’> ‘cB,f;’
Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; nghUs; $wpajpy; Nkw;$wpa ciuahrpah;fSs; jkpoz;ziyj;
jtph;j;j ahUk; khWgltpy;iy. Mdhy; ,t;tbf;Fhpa nkhj;jf;fUj;ijf; $Wk;
nghONj xUtUf;nfhUth; Kuz;gLfpd;wdh;.
‘fOTW’ vDk; thh;j;ij fOtg;gl;l> J}a;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;l vDk;
nghUz;ikapy; mike;Js;sJ.
“fhb nfhz;l fOTW fypq;fk;” (neLey;thil>134)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vDk; mbapy; cs;s ‘fOTW fypq;fk;’ vd;gjw;Ff; “fQ;rpapl;Lf; fOtg;gl;l Jfpy;
vd;W nghUs; vOjpAs;shh; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;” (2017>g.540) ,ijg;Nghy;
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpYk; ,g;gjk; gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
“fOTW fypq;fq; fLg;gr; #b” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J>76;13)
vDk; mbf;Fg; nghUs; vOjpAs;s gioa ciufhuh; “ntSf;fg;gl;l nts;shiliaj;
jiyapy; #bf;nfhz;L” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J> 2007> g. 365) vd;W nghUs; vOjpAs;shh;.
,t;tpU fUj;Jf;fis itj;Jg;; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ ‘fOTW’ vd;gjw;Ff; ‘fOtg;gl;l>
ed;F ntSf;fg;gl;l> Jitf;fgl;l’ vDk; nghUs;fSs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;bUg;gijg; ghh;f;f KbfpwJ.
mLj;jjhf ‘fohmJ’ vDk; nrhy;. ,J ‘fOthJ’ vd;gjd; k&c. msngLj;J
te;Js;sJ.
“fohmf;fhy; gs;spAs; itj;jw;why;” (jpUf;Fws;> 84; 1) vdj; njhlq;Fk;
Fwspy; cs;s Kjy;thh;j;ijf;Ff; ‘fOthj fhy;’ vd;W nghUs;. vdNt fohJ
vd;gJ nra;Aspy; msngLg;gJk; cWjpahfpAs;sJ.
,f;fUj;Jf;fis vy;yhk; itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ> “fOTW - fOtg;gl;l>
fypq;fk; - Mil> fohmJ - fOthJ> cB, - cLj;jp” vd ,j;njhliug; gjk;
gphpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; nra;Aisg; nghWj;jkl;by; ngUk;ghd;ik nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy;
nghUs; nfhz;L njspitf; fhz Kw;gl Kl;Lg;ghL Vw;gLk;. nrhy;;iy ,lk;khw;wy;>
nfhz;L $l;ly; Kjyhd cj;jpfspd; thapyhfg; nghUs; fhZk; #Oy; ngUk;ghd;ik
epfo;tJz;L.
Kjy; ciufhuhpd; fUj;J
FWe;njhifapd; Kjy; gjpg;ghrphpaUk; ciuiahrphpaUkhd nrshpg;ngUkhs;
muq;fd; Kd;$wpa tpsf;fj;NjhL> tpsf;fTiuapy;> “tpuy; fohmJ fypq;fk; cB,”
vd;W khWf. tpuy; fOTk; fhy msTs; ghfpd;; gje;jtWkhjy; fUjp tpuy;
fOthshapdhs;” vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
jiytp Fok;G nra;a japiug; gpire;J nfhs;sg;NghFk; Kd;Ng mLg;gpy;
ghj;jpuj;ij itj;J mjpy; Kd;Nd ,lNtz;ba nea; Kjyhd nghUs;fis
,l;bUf;fpwhs;. japiug; gpwF gpirfpwhs;. vy;yhk; Nrh;e;J $btUk; NghJ japiu
Cw;w Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; rw;W jhkjhfptpl;lJ. ,jdhy; tpiuthfj; japiug; gpire;j
ifia Milapy; Jilj;Jtpl;L Fok;G nra;fpwhs;. ,ijj;jhd; “ghfpd;
gje;jtWkhjy; fUjp tpuy; fOthshapdhs; vd;fpwhh;. mLg;gpy; Gif tUtjhYk;
ifiaf; fOthky; njhlh;e;J rikay; Ntiyapy; <LgLfpwhs;. ,JNt mthpd;
fUj;jhf ,Uf;f KbAk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
c.Nt.rhkpehijah;
c.Nt.rhkpehijaUk; jiytp tpiuthfr; nra;Ak; nghUl;Lf; ifia Milapy;
Jilj;jhs; vd;W vOjpAs;shh;. “tpiutpy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
tpUg;gpdhshjypd; japh; gpire;j ifiaj; Jilj;j Milia” vd;W vOjpaJ tiu
nrshpg;ngUkhNshL xj;Jg;Nghfpd;whh;. njhle;J “Jilj;j Miliaj; Jitj;jiy
kwe;jhs;” vd;W nghUs; vOJk; NghNj Kuz;gLfpwhh;. nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;
‘fohmJ cB,’ vd;gjw;Ff; ifiaf;; fOthky; vd;W nghUs; nfhz;ljw;F khwhf
c.Nt.rh. Miliaf; fOthky; vd;W khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhz;Ls;shh;.
rikj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ifia Milapy; Jilf;fpwhs;. gpd; me;j Milia
khw;whky; ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;W nghUs; vOjpapUg;gJ> ghlypd; xl;Lnkhj;j fUj;ijAk;
itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ Vw;Gilajhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk;> KOtJkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
,ilA+W Vw;gLfpwJ. rikj;J Kbj;jTld; Milia khw;whky;> fztDf;Fg; ghpkhw
Ntz;Lk; vd;w mthtpy;> ifiaj; Jilj;j Milia mts; khw;wtpy;iy vd;W
nghUs; nfhz;lhy; c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;J Vw;Gilj;jhfpd;wJ. “jd;id kwe;J
jiytid kfpo;tpf;Fk; rhy;gpds; jiytp” vd;W GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd; $wpapUg;gJ
epidtpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
ifg;gpbj; Jzpapy; Jilf;fhky;> Kw;wpa japh; gpire;j ifia Milapy;
Jilj;jjhy; Milia khw;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; md;gpd; kpFjpahy;> fztdpd;
tiuit vjph;ghh;j;J (fztd; mUfpYk; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;)> mtDf;Fg; ghpkhWk;
MtNyhL ,Ug;gjhy; khw;wtpy;iy vDk; fUj;J c.Nt.rh.tpd; ciutopg;
Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. ifg;gpbj; Jzp mUfpy; ,y;yhj nghOJ Milapy; Jilj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ ,d;Wk; mt;tNghJ eilngWk; tof;fNk. Mdhy; ,jw;F khwhf
“Jilj;Jf;nfhz;l ifiaj; JitahNj cLj;Jf;nfhz;L; ,jdhy; ml;by; Mf;Fk;
nghOJ ,g;gbf; ifiaj; Jilg;gJk;> fztw;F czT gwpkhWk; Kd; mt;Tilia
khw;wpf;nfhs;tJk; mf;fhy kfspuJ ,ay;ghjy; ngwg;gLk;. ,ts; khw;Wjw;Fk;
epidahJ fztid cz;gpj;jypNyNa ftdQ; nrYj;Jths;” vd;W ,r;nraiy
mf;fhy kfsphpd; ,ay;G vd;W GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd; $WtJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f
tifapy; ,y;iy. fhuzk; mthpd; ciuapd; ,WjpNyNa $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jiytd;
kPJ nfhz;l md;gpd; kpFjpiaf; fhz;gpf;fNt> mtspd; cilia mOf;fhf;fp
cs;sj;ij J}a;ikahff; fhl;Lfpwhh; $lY}h;fpohh;.
c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;ij mbnahw;wpNa K.rz;Kfk; gps;is> tp.ehfuhrd;>
GypA+h;f; Nfrpfd;> jkpoz;zy; MfpNahhpd; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,th;fSs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd; Kd;dpUtiutpl ,f;fUj;J Fwpj;J rw;W tphpthd gjpitj;
je;Js;sJ Fwpj;J Nkw;Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh;
ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh; nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fdpd; fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL>
c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;jpw;F kWg;GiuAk; $wpAs;shh;. “nky;tpuy; fohJ> fOTW fypq;fk;
cB,” vd;W $wp> Kjy; ciufhuh; fUj;NjhL mth; xj;Jg;NghtJ Nghy; ,Ue;jhYk;>
mthpd; fUj;J khWl;l Nfhzj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. jd; fUj;ij Mokhfr; rpe;jpj;Jj;
njspTgLj;jpAs;shh;.
“jhspjw;fpl;l nea; KWf nte;jikapd; japh; gpire;jts;
jhspj;jw;nfOe;jhshf. mg;NghJ cLj;jpa Mil nefpo;e;jJ. nefpo;e;j Milia
cLj;jw;F tpuiy ePuhy; fOtr; nry;ypd; nea; KWfpg; gjdopAk;. Mjypd; tpuiyf;
fOthkNy nefpo;e;j Milia cLj;jpf; nfhz;L jhspg;ghshapdhs;. fOTW fypq;fk;
vd;wJ mts; mg;NghJ cLj;jpapUe;j Mil ed;F Njha;j;Jj; J}a;ik
nra;ag;gl;bUe;j Mil vd;wthW. J}a;jhf cs;s Miliaj; japh; Njha;j;j
tpuyhNy cLf;f ,irahh; MfTk;> mbrpypd; gjd; nflhikg; nghUl;L mjidr;
rpe;jpahJ cLj;jhs; vd;wthW. ,q;qdk; $wtwpahh;> japh; gpire;j ifiaj; Jilj;j
Miliaj; JitahJ cLj;J vd;W ciutphpg;ghapdh;. tpuy; fohmJ fOTW
fypq;fj;ij cLj;njd;f” vd;W jd;fUj;ijAk; khw;Wf;fUj;jhf cs;s fUj;ijAk;
gfh;e;Js;shh;.
Milia cLj;jp vd;gjw;F khwhf cLj;jpapUe;j Miliar; rhpnra;J
nfhz;L vd;W vOjpAs;shh;. Mdhy; nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd; Nghy; ‘fohmJ’
vd;gij tpuy;fSf;F milahf;fpNa $wpAs;shh;.
uh.,uhfitaq;fhh;
Nkw;$wpa ciufhuh;fs; ‘fohmJ’ vd;gij cilf;Fk;> tpuYf;Fk; chpa
nrhy;yhf;fpf; $wpAs;s epiyapy;> mg;gjj;ijj; jiytpapd; clYf;Ff; nfhz;L
Nrh;f;fpwhh; ,uhfitaq;fhh;. ,Jtiu ghh;j;j fUj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l
ghh;itapy; jdJ ciuia mikj;Js;shh; mth;. mjhtJ mOf;Fw;w Milia
clk;G fOthky; cLj;jpr; rikj;jhs;. “clk;G FspahjJ> cil fOthjJ” vd;W
tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;. ntspapy; nrd;w fztd; tUtjw;F Kd;G mtDf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd
Fok;igr; rikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; mOf;fhd MilNahL Fspf;fhky; $l
rikay; nra;fpwhs;. czT rikg;gjpy;jhd; mts; ftdk; KOJk; ,Ue;Js;sJ
vd;gJ mthpd; fUj;J.
,th; $WtJ eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; gof;fNk. Mdhy; ‘fOTW’ vd;gjw;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
‘fOtw;F cw;w Mil’ mjhtJ Jitf;fhky; mOf;fhf cs;s Mil vd;W nghUs;
nfhz;Ls;sJ Vw;Gilj;jhf ,y;iy. Kd;dh; ‘fOTW’ vDk; nrhy; ‘J}a;ikahd>
ntSf;fg;gl;l> fOtg;gl;l’ vDk; nghUz;ikfspNyNa te;Js;sijAk;> Kd;dhy;
vOjg;gl;l ciufisAk; itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ ,tUila ciu
nghUj;jKilajhf mikatpy;iy. ‘gpire;j nky;tpuy; fohmJ cB,’ vd;gJkhk;
vd;W mtNu gpd; gFjpapy; $wpapUg;gJ> ‘tpuy;fisf; fOthky; cLj;jp’ vDk;
fUj;jpYk; mth; cld;gLfpd;whh; vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
jkpoz;zYk; r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpaDk;
jkpoz;zypd; fUj;J c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;ij mbnahw;wpNa mike;Js;sJ vd
Kd;dh; $wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Miliaj; JitahJ cLj;Jf; nfhz;lhs; vd;W
VidNah; nrhd;dijg; Nghy; nrhy;yhky; ‘Milapy; gl;l mOf;iff; fOthJ’ vd;W
rpW tpsf;fj;ijf; $Ljyhfj; je;Js;shh;. ,J c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;ij rw;W
tphpj;Jiuf;Fk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. NkYk; fypq;fk; vd;gjw;Fg; gpw ciufspy;
nrhy;yg;glhj GjpanjhU tpsf;fj;ijj; jkpoz;zy; nfhz;bUg;gJ ,d;DnkhU
GJikahf mikfpwJ. gpw ciufhuh;fs; vy;yhk; ‘fypq;fk;’ vd;gij Mil vd;Nw
vLj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sdh;. Mdhy; jkpoz;zy; kl;Lk; “fypq;fk; - fypq;f ehl;by; ,Ue;J
te;j gl;Lr;Nriy” vd;W ciu fz;Ls;shh;.
“ifia Milapw; Jilj;jJ nry;t kpFjpahy; te;j ,ay;G” vd;w
c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;ij mbnahw;wp jiytp cLj;jpapUf;Fk; Miliag; gl;lhil vd;W
nfhz;lhh; NghYk;. gl;lhil vd;W nfhz;lhYk; mJ jiytpapd; md;ig kpFj;Jf;
fhl;Lk; fUtpahf mikAk; vdyhk;. Mdhy; fypq;f ehl;by; ,Ue;J te;j
gl;Lr;Nriy vd;W ciu nfhz;L ‘fypq;fk;’ vDk; nrhy;iy ,q;F MFngauhff;
nfhs;fpwhh;. ‘fhQ;rpGuk; cLj;jpdhs;> Muzp cLj;jpdhs;’ vd;gtw;iwg; Nghd;W. ,J
nghUj;jg;ghLilajh vd;gij MuhaNtz;Lk;.
fypq;fk; vd;gjw;Ff; fofj; jkpo; mfuhjp “Nghh;it> Ch;f;FUtp> fz;kUe;J>
Fjpiu> rPiy> ehLfs; Ik;gj;jhwpy; xd;W> kpsF…” (2004> g. 294) Kjyhd gy
nghUs;fisj; jUfpwJ.
nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; NgufuKjyp>
“fypq;fk; - Mil (fypq;fk; gfh;eUk;> kJiu.513)>
xU fhyj;jpy; fypq;fk; Mil nerTf;Fg; ngah; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mjdhy;
MFngauha;f; fypq;fk; vd;gJ Miliaf; Fwpj;jJ vd;W $wp> mLj;jjhff; fypq;fk;
- gl;lhil (kzpKb fypq;f khiy… NkUke;.123)” vd;W tpsf;fk; je;Js;sJ. (g.553)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mNj rkaj;jpy; rq;f,yf;fpar; nrhy;yilT ‘fypq;fk;’ vDk; gjk; ghl;bYk;
njhifapYk; gapd;W tUk; ,lq;fis vy;yhk; gl;baypl;Ls;sJ. (g.465) mtw;iwg;
Gul;bg;ghh;j;jtw;Ws; rpy>
“eyk;ngW fypq;fj;Jf; Fuq;fpd; kpir air,a xUif”
(jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil>109)
“,iokUq; fwpah EioE}w; fypq;fk;” (kiygLflhk;>561)
“fypq;fk; gfh;eUk;..” (kJiuf;fhQ;rp> 513)
“xz;G+q; fypq;f KB, Ez;G+d;” (GwehD}W>383;11)
,t;tbfSs; ‘fypq;fk;’ vDk; nrhy; Mil> Ez;zhil> nky;ypa Mil> Glit
vDk; nghUz;ikapYk;>
“E}yhf; fypq;fk; thyiuf; nfhsP,” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J>12;21)
vDk; gjpw;Wg;gj;J mb kl;Lk; ‘gl;lhil’ vDk; nghUisj; jUfpwJ vd;gij
“E}yhf;fypq;fk; - E}w;fg;glhj E}yhfpa gl;lhypad;w fypq;fk;” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J> 2007>
g. 15) vd;w xsit Jiurhkpg;gps;isapd; ciutop mwpaKbfpwJ. vdNt ‘fypq;fk;’
vd;gjw;Fg; ‘gl;lhil’ vd;W nghUs;nfhs;tJ rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; mUfpNa te;Js;sJ.
,jdhy;jhd; Nky; nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; NgufuKjypapy; NkU ke;jpu
Guhzj;jpypUe;J rhd;Wjug;gl;Ls;sJ NghYk;. vt;thwhapDk; ‘fypq;fk;’ vDk;
fpstpf;Ff; ‘fypq;fehl;bype;J te;j Mil’ vd;W Fwe;njhif ciufhuh;fs;
kl;Lkpd;wp> gpw E}y; ciufhuh;fSk; nghUs; nfhs;stpy;iy. vdNt jkpoz;zy;
‘gl;lhil’ vd;W nfhs;tjpy; neUly; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; ‘fypq;f ehl;bypUe;J
nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mil’ vd;W nghUs; tUtpj;Js;sJ Vw;Gilj;jhf mikatpy;iy.
,Jtiu ghh;j;j ciufs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; jiytp tpuy;fisf; fOthky;
Milapy; Jilj;Jf; nfhz;lhs; vd;Nw vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpadpd;
ciu ,jw;F khwhf mike;Js;sJ. jiytp tpuy;fisj; jz;zPhpy; fOtp Milapy;
Jilj;Jf;nfhz;L> mjdhy; cz;lhd <uj;ijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; mNj Milia
cLj;jpf;nfhz;lhs; vd;gJ ,thpd; fUj;jhf cs;sJ. jz;zPhpy; ifiaf; fOtpa
gpd;G ifia Milapy; Jilj;jy; vd;gJ ,ay;ghd xd;Wjhd;. iffisf;
fOtptpl;L Milapy; Jilf;Fk; NghJ Mil <ukhFk;. Mdhy; mOf;fhfJ. <uKk;
tpiutpy; fha;e;J tpLk;. ifiaj; Jilf;Fk; ngz;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Ke;jhidapy;
Jilg;gNj tof;fk;. mjw;fhf cilia khw;wNtz;ba mtrpak; Vw;glhJ. vdNt
ghlypd; fUj;NjhL r.Nt.R.tpd; fUj;J ,ioNahbr; nry;ytpy;iy. “ifiaf;
fOTtjw;Fs; ghfpd; gjk; jphpAk; vd;gjhy; ifiaf; fOthky; vOe;jhs; ” vd;w
Ke;ija ciuahrphpah;fspd; fUj;Nj nghUj;jkhf mike;Js;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
‘cB,’ ? ‘cB,f;’ ?
‘cB,’> ‘cB,f;’ vDk; ,uz;L nrhw;fisAk; ciuahrphpah;fs; ghlkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sdh;. nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;> c.Nt.rh.> ,uhfitaq;fhh;> K.rz;Kfk;
gps;is> jkpoz;zy;> GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd; MfpNahh; ‘cB,f;’ vd;gijg; ghlkhf
mikj;Js;sdh;.
ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;judhh;> tP.ehfuhR> r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; MfpNahh; ‘cB,’
vd;gijg; ghlkhf Vw;Ws;sdh;.
‘cB,’ - epiu Neh;> ‘cB,f;’ - epiu Neh; vd ,uz;LNk Gspkhthf
miktjhy; ,tw;iwg; ghlkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; neUly; Vw;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;
tUnkhop (Ftis) ty;ypdj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhy; ‘cB,f;’ vd;W nfhs;tNj cw;w
ghlkhFk;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whff; fPo;f;fhZk; rhd;Wfs; mikfpd;wd.
 “Kuz;nfh SUtp dpuz;L cB,r;
nre;E}y; ahj;J” (jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> 230-231)
 “,Uk;Ng nuhf;fnyh nlhUq;Fl DB,f;
nfhLths;….” (ngUk;ghdhw;Wg;gil> 470-471)
 “Jhpit Nkfiy AB,g; ghpnthL” ( rpyg;gjpfhuk;>12;30)
 “FbjoP,f; NfhNyhr;Rk; khepy kd;dd;” (jpUf;Fws;> 544;1)
 “tpy;iyf; fit,f; fizj;jhq;F khh;gpd;” (kJiuf;fhQ;rp> 728)
 “nkd;Nwhl; gy;gpiz joP,j; jiyj;je;J ” (jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> 296)
,t;tbfis itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ ‘cB,f;’ vDk; ghlNk nghUj;jkhdJ
vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ.
mLj;jjhf> ‘cB,f;’ vd;gjw;F ‘chP,’ vd;gij c.Nt.rhkpehijaUk;>
uh.,uhfitaq;fhUk; ghlNgjkhff; fhl;bs;sdh;. Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
midj;J ciuahrphpah;fSk; ‘cB,f;’ my;yJ ‘cB,’ vDk; ,tw;Ws; VNjDk;
xd;iw kl;Lk; ghlkhff; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ‘chP,’ vd;gJ nghUe;jhg; ghlkhfpd;wJ.
,r;nrhy; “jPw;wp> topj;J> thhp> cUtp” (rq;f ,yf;fpa mfuhjp> ghl;Lk; njhifAk;>
cfu thpir) vDk; nghUs;fisj; jUtJk; ‘chP,’ Vw;fj;jf;fg; ghlk; ,y;iy
vd;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ.
KbGfs;
“cs;sjd; EZf;fk; Ma;T” vDk; $w;wpw;Nfw;g ‘fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;”
vDk; mbia kl;Lk; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jp ngwg;gl;l Ma;tpd; KbGfs; gpd;tUkhW
mikfpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
 Kjy; ciufhuuhd nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;> “jiytp ifiaf; fOthky;
Milia cLj;jpdhs;” vd;Dk; nghUz;ikapy; nghUs;nfhz;Ls;shh;.
 nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd; NghyNt> ‘fohmJ’ vd;gij Milf;Fg; nghUj;jpg;
ghh;f;Fk; ngh.Nt.NrhkRe;juhdh;> ‘Mil nefpOk;NghJ mijf; ifahy;
rhpnra;fpwhs;’ vd;W rpwpJ khWgl;L El;gkhf tpsf;fpAs;sJ ghlypd; #oiy
njs;spjpd; tpsf;FfpwJ.
 c.Nt.rhkpehijah; ‘fohmJ cB,f;’ vd;gjw;F Miliaj; Jitf;fhky; vdg;
nghUs; nfhz;Ls;shh;. K.rz;Kfk;gps;is> GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd;> tP.ehfuhR>
jkpoz;zy; MfpNahUk; ,t;tifapdNu. ,th;fSs; jkpoz;zy; ‘Milapy;
gl;l mOf;iff; fOthJ’ vd rpW khw;wj;Jld;tpsf;fk; je;Js;sJ
c.Nt.rh.tpd; fUj;jpy; ,Ue;j neUliyg; Nghf;Fk; tz;zk; mike;Js;sJ.
 ‘nky;tpuy; fohmJ’> ‘fypq;fk; fohJ’> ‘cly;fohmJ’ vd;W %d;W
fUj;Jf;fs; mike;jhYk; ‘Milapy; jiytpapd; tpuy;fs; gl;ld’ vd;gJ
ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd; fUj;jhf cs;sJ.
 vy;Nyhh; ciufspypUe;J Kw;wpYk; khWgl;L mOf;fhd cilNahL>
Fspf;fhky; rikj;jhs; vd;w uh.,uhfitaq;fhUk; ‘nky;tpuy; fohmJ’ vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sij mtUila ciutop mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
 gpw ciuahrphpah;fs; ‘fypq;fk;’ vDk; nrhy;ypw;Ff; nfhs;shj ‘gl;lhil’
vDk; nghUisj; jkpoz;zy; nfhz;Ls;sJ GJikahdjhFk;. mNj rkak;
‘fypq;f ehl;bypUe;J te;j gl;lhil’ vd;W tpsf;fpAs;sJ
nghUj;jg;ghLilajd;W.
 jiytp ePhpy; ifiaf; fOtp> gpd; Milapy; Jilj;Jf;nfhz;lhs; vd ciu
$wpAs;s r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpadpd; fUj;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ,y;iy.
 ciufhuh;fSs; rpyh; ‘cB,f;’ vd;Wk;> rpyh; ‘cB,’ vd;Wk; ghlk;
nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ‘cB,> cB,f;’ ,uz;LNk ahg;gstpy; xd;Wgl;lhYk;>
‘cB,f;’ vd;gNj nghUj;jkhd ghlkhFk;. ‘chP,’ vDk; ghlNgjj;ij
ciuahrphpah;fs; vtUk; ghlkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;shjjhy; mJ gpioahd ghlk;
vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
Jizepd;w E}y;fs;
1. ,uhfitaq;fhh;>uh.>(c.M) - FWe;njhif tpsf;fk;
mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
Kjw;gjpg;G - 1993.
2. rz;Kfk; gps;is>K.>(g.M) - FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpo;g;gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rhT+h;>
kWgjpg;G - 1994.
3. rhkpehijah;> c.Nt.>(c.M) - FWe;njhif
mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
(jpUg;gde;jhs; fhrpkl epjpa ntspaPL)>
Kjw;gjpg;G - 1983.
4. rhkpehijah;> c.Nt.>(g.M) - gj;Jg;ghl;L %yKk; er;rpdhf;fpdpah;
ciuAk;
lhf;lh; c.Nt.rh. E}y;epiyak>;
2> mUz;Nly; flw;fiur; rhiy>
ngrd;l;efh;> nrd;id-600090>
vl;lhk; gjpg;G> 2017.
5. rhkpehijah;> c.Nt.>(g.M) - GwehD}W %yKk; ciuAk;
fgPh; mr;Rf;$lk>;
jpahfuhr tpyhr ntspaPL>
Ie;jhk; gjpg;G> 1956.
6 .rhkpehijah;> c.Nt.>(g.M) - rpyg;gjpfhuk; %yKk; mUk;gj ciuAk; -
mbah;f;F ey;yhh; ciuAld;
lhf;lh; c.Nt.rh. E}y;epiyak;>
2> mUz;Nly; flw;fiur; rhiy> ngrd;l;efh;>
nrd;id-600090> vl;lhk; gjpg;G> 2008.
7. Rg;gpukzpad;>r.Nt.> - rq;f ,yf;fpak; - vl;Lj;njhif

%yKk; njspTiuAk; - njhFjp-I
(ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> Iq;FWE}W)
kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;> 1> rpq;fh; njU>
ghhpKid> nrd;id - 600018>
Kjw;gjpg;G> [_d;> 2010.
8. NrhkRe;judhu;> ngh.Nt.> (c.M.)- FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk;>
jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk; ypkpnll;>
522> b.b.Nf. rhiy> nrd;id.
kWgjpg;G> 2007.
9. nrshpg;ngUkhs; muq;fd;>(c.M)>- FWe;njhif tpsf;fk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
re;jpuNrfud;> eh.> (g.M) Ky;iyepiyak;>
9> ghujpefh; Kjy;njU>
jp.efh;> nrd;id-600017> kWgjpg;G> 2008.
10. jkpoz;zy; (c.M) - FWe;njhif (kf;fs; gjpg;G)
NfhtpY}h; klhyak;> NfhtpY}h; - 630307.
Kjw;gjpg;G> Vg;gpuy;> 2002.
11. Jiurhkpg;gps;is> - gjpw;Wg;gj;J %yKk; ciuAk;
xsit R.> (c.M.) jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk; ypkpnll;>
522> b.b.Nf. rhiy>nrd;id.
kWgjpg;G> 2007.
12. ehfuhrd;> tp.>(c.M)> - FWe;njhif tpsf;fk;
epA+nrQ;Rhp Gf;`T]; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;>
41gp>rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpa]; v];Nll;>
mk;gj;J}h;> nrd;id - 600098.
%d;whk; gjpg;G - gpg;uthp> 2007.
13. ghpNkyofh; (c.M) - jpUf;Fws; %yKk; ciuAk;
rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600018.
Vohk; gjpg;G> gpg;uthp> 2006.
14. GypA+h;f;Nfrpfd; - FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk;
rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014
%d;whk; gjpg;G> Mf];L> 2012.
15. fofg;Gyth; FOtpdh; - fofj; jkpo; mfuhjp
jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf; fof ypkpnll;>
522> b.b.Nf.rhiy> nrd;id-18.
17 Mk; gjpg;G> 2002.
16. ,izajsk; - tamilvu.org (rq;f ,yf;fpar; nrhy;yilT>
nre;jkpo;r;nrhw;gpwg;gpay; NgufuKjyp>
rq;f ,yf;fpa mfuhjp Mfpatw;wpd;
ghh;itf;F kl;Lk;)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gonkhopfs; $Wk; kUj;Jtk;
g.fiymUzh
mjpakhd; kfsph; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp>
rPdpthrh efh;> Cj;jq;fiu>
fpU\;zfpup-635207.
njspTiu
mDgt mwpitf; fdpe;j nkhopapy; $WtNj gonkhop. ‘goikAk; vspikAk;
,dpikAk; epiwe;j gonkhopfisf; nfhz;L kf;fspd; gz;ghl;ilAk; ehfhpfj;ijAk;
mwpayhk;1 vd;W gonkhopapd; rpwg;gpidj; jpUkjp fpU\;zh rQ;rPtp mth;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. rpe;jid fsQ;rpakhfTk;> mDgtg; ngl;lfkhfTk; tpsq;Fk;
gonkhopfs; ghkuh; neQ;rpy; fsq;nfhz;L gbj;jth; Ma;tpy; ghuhl;Lg; ngw;witahFk;.
“rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; mDgt Kj;jpiuAk; rpwe;j nrhw;nrl;Lk; ciladtha; tpsq;f
Ntz;Lk;” vd;ghh; mwpQh; ,uhjhfpUl;bzd; ,j;jifa ,yf;fzk; gonkhopf;F kpfTk;
nghUj;jkhf mikfpd;wJ. tho;f;ifapd; ,ay;ghd Nghf;FfisAk; ePz;l
neLq;fhykhfg; ghkuhpilNa tpsq;Fk; mDgt mwpitAk; tha;nkhop thapyhfr;
RUq;fpa nrhw;fshy; toq;FtNj gonkhopapd; Nehf;fKk; nraYk; MFk;.
gonkhopfspy; fw;gidapd; gq;F FiwT. mdgtj;jpw;Nf mjpf ,lk;. vdNt>
cz;ik mDgtq;fspd; ciwtplkhfg; gonkhopfisf; fUjyhk;.
mt;tifapy; gz;ila kUj;Jth;fs; jk; kUj;Jt mDgt mwpitg;
ghJfhf;Fk; ngl;lfkhfg; gonkhopfisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. jkpo;ehl;Lg; gonkhopfs;
njhFg;gpy; Vuhskhd ‘kUj;Jtg; gonkhopfs;’ ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gonkhopfis tif – njhif nra;J Ma;T Nehf;Fld;
mZfpdhy; mhpa gy kUj;Jt cz;ikfis cyFf;F mwptpf;f KbAk;.
jkpo; kUj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfisf; Fwpf;Fk; gonkhopfs;
,e;jpa kUj;Jt Kiwfs; (India Medicines) vd;git MAh;Ntjk;> rpj;j> Adhdp
kUj;Jt Kiwfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,tw;Ws; rpj;j kUj;Jtk;> fp.gp. 5 Mk;
E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd;dh;r; rpj;jh;fshy; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; mf;fiwAld;
tsh;f;fg;gl;ljhy; mg;ngah; ngw;wJ. jkpofj;jpy; kl;LNk tsh;e;J tho;e;J tUtjhy;
,J ‘jkpo; kUj;Jtk;’ vdWk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo; kUj;Jtj;jpy; gy Nfhl;ghLfisr; rpj;jh; E}y;fs; tpsf;fkhff;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. E}ypy; cs;s mf;fUj;Jfs; gonkhopfspy; gjpe;jpUg;gJ
tpaf;fj;jf;fNj! ngUk;ghYk; rpj;jh;fs; ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; tho;e;jjhy;> mth;fs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; tho;e;jjhy;> mth;fs; ghkuh;f;Fg; GhpAk; tifapy; kUj;Jtf;
Nfhl;ghLfis vspikg;gLj;jpf; $wpapUg;ghh;fs; NghYk;. tha;nkhop thapyhf mit
gug;gg;gl;Lg; gonkhopahfp ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. mt;tifapy; gy gonkhopfs; jkpo; kUj;jt
E}Nyhh; fUj;Jf;fspy; RUq;fpa tbtkhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. ‘mz;lj;jpYs;sJ
gpz;lj;jpw;Fk; cz;L’ ,g;gonkhop> rl;lKdp Qhdk; vDk; rpj;jh; E}ypy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s fPo;f;fz;l ghliy mg;gbNa vjpnuhypf;fpwJ.
mz;lj;jpYs;sNj gpz;lk;
gpz;lj;jpYs;sNj mz;lk;
mz;lKk; gpz;lKk; xd;Nw
mwpe;J jhd; ghh;f;ifapNy....
cyfk; vd;gJ jhd; mz;lk; (Macrocosom) mjpy; kdpjd; rpwpa gpz;lk;.
(Microcosom) ,t;Tyfk; Ik;ngUk; %yq;fspd; $l;Lwthy; MdJ. kz;> tpz;> tsp.
jP> ePh; Mfpa Ik;ngUk; %yq;fspd; Nrh;f;ifahy; tpsq;Fk; ,t;Tyfj;ijg; NghyNt>
kdpj clypYk; ,t;itk;ngUk; rf;jpfs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. mz;lj;jpy; ,aq;Fk;
,t;ite;Jk; gpz;lj;jpy; thjk;. gpj;jk;> I vd;Dk; %d;W cah;r; rf;jpfshf
,aq;Ffpd;wd. ‘tpz;Zk; fhw;Wk’; ,ize;J thjkhfTk;> ‘jP’ gpj;jkhfTk;> ‘kz;Zk;
ePUk;’ ,ize;J ‘I’ MfTk; gpz;lkhfpa ,t;Tlypy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
mz;lj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; ,r;rf;jpfs; mjdjd; mstpy; ,aq;Fk; tiu cyfpy;
Jd;gk; VJk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. mtw;wpdstpy; khWgLk; NghJ G+fk;gk;> Gay;> twl;rp>
ngUkio Mfpa nfhLk; Jawq;fs; vOfpd;wd. mJNghy; gpz;lkhfpa clypy; thjh>
gpj;j> Mfpad mjdjd; mstpy; ,aq;Fk; tiu cly; Jd;gkw;W Nehapd;wp
tsh;fpwJ. ,k;%d;Wk; gy;NtW mfg;Gw fhuzq;fshy; khWgLk;NghJ> clypepiy
khwp Neha; tag;gLfpwJ. ,f;fUj;jpid cs;slf;fpaJ jhd;> ‘mz;lj;jpy; cs;s
gpz;lj;jpw;Fk; cz;L’ vd;gJ gonkhop. Neha; tUtjw;Fk; jPh;g;gjw;Fk; chpa
fhuzq;fspy; czT Kjyplk; tpfpf;fd;wJ. msthd czT tskhd tho;itj;
jUfpd;wJ. kpifahd czT clypy; Nehiaj; jUfpd;wJ. rpytif Neha;fs;
czitf; fl;Lg;ghl;bNyNa Fzkhfp tpLfpd;wd. ,ul;ilg; gzp Mw;Wk; czT
gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;bid ,g;gonkhop tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
Nehapy;yh newpiaf; $Wk; gonkhopfs;
cliy Neha; tUKd; fhj;jNy Nehapy;yh newpahFk;. ‘Prevention is better than
cure’ vd;Dk; Mq;fpy kUj;Jt gonkhop Nehapy;yh newpapid typAWj;Jk;. clYk;
cs;sKk; thOk; #oYk; J}a;ikahf ,Ug;gpd; vt;tpj NehAk; kdpjidg; gpbf;fhJ.
Neha;;j; jLg;G vd;gJ jw;fhy kUj;Jtj;jpy; xU gphpthff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghkuhpilNa epyTk; jkpo;ehl;Lg; gonkhopfs; gy Nehapy;yh newpia
czh;j;Jgitahf cs;sd.
ehk; cl;nfhs;Sk; cztpypUe;J tUk; fopTfis mt;tNghJ mfw;whtpby;
kyr;rpf;fy; cz;lhfp euk;Gfs; typik ,of;Fk;. vdNt> fopTfis cs;slf;ff;
$lhJ. ,d;W cynfq;Fk; gutyhfg; gutp tUk; euk;Gj;jsh;r;rp Neha;f
; ;F kyr;rpf;fNy
%y fhuzk; mnkhpf;fhtpYk; Nrhtpaj; ehl;bYk; cs;s kUj;Jth;fs; kyr;rpf;fiy
ePf;fpajd; %yNk euk;Gj; jsh;r;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspy; 100f;F 80 Ngh;
Fzkile;jjhfj; njhpfpd;wJ. vdNt ,g;gonkhop $WtJNghy;> ehs;NjhWk;
,UKiwahfpYk; kyf;Fliyj; J}a;ik nra;tjd; %yk; gy Neha;fs; tuhky;
jLf;fyhk;.
‘msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mkph;jKk; tp\khFk;’; vd;gJ mkph;jkhd gonkhop
MFk;. eiu> jpiuia xopj;J ePba ey;tho;it ey;Fk; mkph;jj;jpw;Nf fl;lg;ghl;bid
tpjpf;Fk; ,g;gonkhop> fhjy; ,d;gj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. tpe;J vdg;gLk; rf;jp mjpf
Nghfj;jhy; mjpfkhf ntspNaWk;NghJ> euk;Gj; jsh;r;rp Nghd;w Neha;fs; Vw;gLk;.
mjdhy; jhd; ‘tpe;J tpl;ltd; nehe;J nfl;lhd;’ vd;Dk; gonkhopAk; Njhd;wpaJ
NghYk;. tpe;Jr; rf;jpia vt;tsTf; nft;tsT fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;NwhNkh mt;tsTf;Fg;
gy jPtpu Neha;fs; tuhky; jLf;fyhk;. vdNtjhd; fhjy; ,d;gj;jpw;F tiuaiw
tFf;f ‘khjk; ,uz;L’ vd;w FLk;geyj;jpl;lk; tFj;jth; ghku kf;fs;. mJNt
gonkhopahfptpl;lJ. eilKiwapy; ,jidg; gpd;gw;WtJ nghpJk; ,ayhJ vdpDk;>
Neha; thuhJ ey;tho;T tho tpUk;Gth;f;F topfhl;Lk; gonkhopahf ,J
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ vdyhk;. ,f;fhy mwptpayhUk; mjpfkhd Nghfj;jhy; clYf;Fg;
gw;gy Neha;fs; tUfpd;wd vd;W vr;rhpg;gJ <z;L xg;G Nehf;fj; jf;fJ.
kUe;J Kiwfisf; $Wk; gonkhopfs;
ghku kf;fs; gpd;gw;wpa kUe;J Kiwfs; gytw;iwg; gonkhopfspy; fhzyhk;.
,f;fhy kUj;Jth; ,d;d Neha;f;F ,d;d kUe;Jfs; vd;W> kUe;JfisAk;
Neha;fisAk; ,izj;J ml;ltizg;gLj;jp vspjpy; kUj;Jtk; nra;thh;fs;.
kUj;Jtf; Fwpg;G ml;ltiz (Therapeutic Index) vd miof;fg;gLk; ,t;tl;ltiz
Nghy kUj;Jtg; gonkhopfs; ghkuh;f;Fg; gad;gl;ld.
‘rspj; njhy;iyah? tpf;]; ghh;Kyh rhg;gpLq;fs;’ vd;W ,f;fhyj;jth; $WtJ
Nghy;> ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs;> ‘,Q;rpurk; rsp Nghf;Fk;’ vd;W $wp ,Q;rpr; Rurk; nra;J
rhg;gpLthh;fs;. ,uz;L Jz;L ,Q;rpiaj; Njhy; ePf;fpj; J}a;ik nra;J eRf;fpr; rhW
vLj;J mjDld; mr;rhW msT ePh; fye;J nfhjpf;f itj;J tbfl;b mNj msT
Njd; fye;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jidNa ‘,Q;rpr; Rurk;’ vd;gh;. vdNt


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,tw;iwnay;yhk; njhFj;J ml;ltiz nra;jhy;> jw;fhy kUj;Jtf; Fwpg;G
ml;ltiz Nghy mJ mikAk;. mt;tsT mhpa kUe;J Kiwfisj; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;L jd;dpfuw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wd jkpofj;J kUj;Jtg; gonkhopfs;. “fOijg;
ghiyf; Fbj;jjhk;; gps;is rphpj;jjhk;” Foe;ijfs; gpwf;Fk; NghNj rpy Neha;fspd;
mwpFwpAld; gpwf;Fk;. cs;sq;if> cs;sq;fhy; gFjpfs; ePy epwkhf ,Ug;gpd;
Foe;ij ‘nrt;thg;G’ vd;Dk; Nehahy; gPbf;fg;gl;Ls;snjdf; fz;Lg;gpbg;gh;. ,e;Neha;
Ntfkhf tsuf; $bajhifahy; Foe;ij> Fuy; fk;ky;> ,Og;G> rspj;njhy;iy
Nghd;wtw;why; JaUw;W mOk;. vdNt> nrt;thg;Gg; gw;wpa mwpFwpfs; Njhd;wpa
clNd ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; Foe;ijf;Ff; fOijg; ghiyg; Gfl;Lthh;fs;. fOijg; ghy;
nrt;thg;ig ePf;Fk; Mw;wYilajhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fOijg; ghypdhy; ,e;Neha;
ePq;fg;ngw;Wf; Foe;ij eyk;ngWk;. ,jidf; Fwpf;f vOe;jNj Nkw;fz;l
gonkhopahFk;. nrt;thg;G Nehahy; gPbf;fg;gl;L mOk; Foe;ij> fOijg;ghiyf;
Fbj;J Neha;j; Jd;gk; ePq;fpr; rphpj;jJ vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;.
Mw;WePH thjk; Nghf;Fk;> mUtp ePh; gpj;jk; Nghf;Fk;;> Nrhw;WePh; ,uz;ilAk;
Nghf;Fk;. ,g;gonkhop %yk; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fspd; ,aw;if kUj;Jt mwpT
Gydhfpd;wJ. Mw;W ePhpYk; mUtp ePhpYk; cah;e;j jhJg; nghUl;fSk; %ypifr;
rj;Jf;fSk; epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. jhkputUzp> itif> fhtphp. Fq;if ejpfspy;
ePuhbdhy; rpytif Neha;fs; jPUk; vd;gJ rka ek;gpf;if kl;Lk; epiwNtWtJ
,y;iy: rpwe;j kUj;Jtg; gaDk; mjdhy; tpisfpd;wJ vd;gJ ,g;gonkhop %yk;
njspthfpd;wJ. euk;Gf; NfhshWfs;> thjNeha; fhuzkhf tuf;$bait. ,tw;Wf;F
Mw;W ePhpy; Fwpg;gJ ed;ik jUk;. gpj;jk; njhlh;ghf tUgit %isf; NfhshW
Kjypad. gpj;jk; njhlh;ghf tUk; Neha;fisg; Nghf;f mUtp ePhpYk; Fspg;gJ
ey;yJ. MYk;> NtYk; jpUf;FwSk; ehybahUk; Nghy; ,izg;gphpahJ ed;ik
mspf;fpd;wd vdgjid ,g;gonkhop cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
Ntg;ngz;nza; mhpa kUj;jt gDilajhFk;. ‘Ntg;ngz;nza;
Mgj;Jf;FjTk;’ kNyhpah Nghd;w fha;r;ry; te;J cw;wNghJ tUk; Fsph; [d;dp
Nghd;wtw;iw jPh;f;Fk; Mw;wy; cilaJ. ghujj; jiyikaikr;rh; jpUkjp.
,e;jpuhfhe;jp mth;fs; ,g;gonkhopia Nkw;Nfhshff; fhl;b> “gpw kUe;Jfisr;
rhh;e;jpUf;fhky; ek; ehl;by; vspjpYk; Njitahd mstpYk; iftrk; fpilf;ff; $ba
nry;tq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd; %yNk cz;ikahd Kd;Ndw;wk; fhz
,aYk;. vd;W $wpapUg;gJ> kf;fspilNa gr;rpiy kUj;Jtk; gw;wpa Gjpa kWkyh;r;rp
vz;zj;jpidg; GFj;Jk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Neha;fisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; gonkhopfs;
gonkhopfs; Neha;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW kUe;Jfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy;>
gy;NtW Neha;fisg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; mwpFwpfisAk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk; RUq;fpf;
$wp tpsq;f itf;fpd;wJ. rpy gonkhopfs; Nehapd; %y fhuzj;ijf; $lf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ‘khjh gpjh nra;jit kf;fSf;F’ ,g;gonkhopia NkNyhl;lkhfg;
ghh;f;ifapy; ePjpf; fUj;jpidg; Gyg;gLj;JtJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy; kUj;Jtf; fz;
nfhz;L ghh;f;ifapy; jtwhd topapy; ghYzh;r;rpf;Fg; gypahdth;fs; mjd;
fhuzkhf tuf;$ba Nkf Nehapidj; jhk; mDgtpg;gJld;> jk; re;jjpapdh;f;Fk;
gutf; $ba mghaj;jpid mspf;fpd;whh;fs;. ngw;Nwhh;fspd; jtwhd nray;fspd;
tpisNt> Foe;ijfs; gy gpwf;Fk; NghNj Nkf NehAld; gpwg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;.
Fbg;gof;fk; rpfnul; gof;fk; fhuzkhff; Foe;ijfs; gpwtpf; Fiwghl;Lld;
gpwf;fpd;wd.
‘ePh;f;Nfhit’ vd;Dk; Nehapidr; ‘rsp gpbj;Jtpl;lJ’ vd;W ehl;Lg; Gwj;jpy;
$Wth;. rspNeha; EiuaPuy; Nfhshw;wpdhy; tUtjhFk;. rsp gpbj;jNjh! rdp
gpbj;jNjh! ,e;Neha;f;F ,Jtiu ve;j kUj;Jt KiwapYk; kUe;J fz;Lgpbf;fNt
,y;iy. ,e;Neha; te;jhy; %d;W ehs; fl;lhakhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W mfj;jpah; Kjy;
Mq;fpy kUj;Jth; tiu cWjpahff; $Wfpd;wdh; ,Uf;Fk; %d;W ehl;fspYk; ,e;Neha;
cz;lhf;Fk; njhy;iy nghwj;Jf; nfhs;s ,ayhjjhFk;. Xahj Jk;ky;> %f;fpy; ePh;
xOfy;> ,Uky;> kz;il typ> fha;r;ry; Nghd;w njhy;iyfs; rspj; njhy;iyahy;
rq;fpypj; njhlh; Nghy; tUtdthFk;.
vdNtjhd;> ,jd; njhy;iyiar; ‘rdp’ vd;Dk; fpufj;jpd; Nfhshw;Wf;F
xg;gpLth;. xd;gJ fpufq;fspy; rdpf; fpufk; gpbj;J tpl;lhy; Xahj njhy;iyfs;
mLf;fLf;fhf te;J my;yy; gLj;Jk;. ‘Voiu Mz;Lfs; ,jd; njhy;iy ePbf;Fk;.
vdNtjhd; Voiu ehl;Lr; rdpad; gpbj;Jtpl;ljh?’ vd;W Nfl;ghh;fs;. mJ Nghy;>
%d;W ehl;fs; ,Ue;jhYk;> rspnjhy;iy te;Jtpl;lhy; Voiuehl;Lr; rdpad; gpbj;jJ
Nghy; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjid Nkw;fz;l gonkhopahf tbj;Jtpl;ldh; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs;.
Nrhif vd;gJ ,uj;;jf; FiwT fhuzkhf tUk; Neha;. ‘jpd;w kz;Zf;Fj;
jf;f Nrhif’ vd;gJ gonkhop. ,uj;jk; Fiwtjw;Ff; fhuzk; <uy; NfhshW MFk;.
tsUk; Foe;ijfspy; gy> guhkhpg;Gf; FiwT fhuzkhfr; Rthpy; cs;s Rz;zhk;G>
kz;> rhk;gy; Mfpatw;iwj; jpd;Dk;. ,it <uypy; Nrh;e;J fl;b> tPf;fk; Mfpait
cz;lhf;fpg; grpia mlf;fp czT cl;nfhs;s Kbahj epiyikia cz;lhf;Fk;.
czT FiwTtjhy; ,uj;jk; Fiwfpd;wJ; ,uj;jk; Fiwar; Nrhif cz;lhfpd;wJ.
vdNt Nrhiff;F Neubahd fhuzk; kz;> rhk;gy; Nghd;witNa. ,tw;iw vt;tsTf;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nft;tsT mjpfkhff; Foe;ij rhg;gpLfpd;wNjh mt;tsTf;Fr; Nrhif cz;lhFk;.
jpd;w kz;Zf;Fj; jf;f Nrhif vd;W $Wk; ,g;gonkhop> Nrhif Neha;f;Ff; fhuzk;
kz;jhd; vd;W $wpapUg;gJ ghku kf;fspilNa epytp tUk; cz;ikahd kUj;Jt
mwpitg; Gyg;gLj;Jk;.
‘rhg;gpzp kUe;Njw;fhJ’. kuz mwpFwpfisf; nfhz;Ltpl;l gpzp> vj;jifa
kUe;Jfis nfhLj;jhYk; Vw;fhJ vd;gNj ,g;gonkhopapd; fUj;jhFk; jkpo;
kUj;Jtj;jpy; ve;j xU gpzpf;Fk; jPUk; epiy> jPuh epiyfis tFj;Jf; $wpAs;sdh;.
jPuhj mwpFwpfisf; nfhz;Ls;s Neha;fisr; rhg;gpzp vd;gh;. mjw;F kUe;J
nfhLf;ff; $lhJ vd;W $Wth;.
KbTiu
ghku kf;fspd; thapyhf tho;e;J tUk; gonkhopfspy; nfhba Neha;fisj;
jPh;f;Fk; kUj;Jt Kiwfs; cs;sd. Kiwahd mwptpay; Ma;Tf;F mtw;iw
cl;gLj;jpdhy; cyf kUj;Jt Ma;thsh;fs; jkpofj;ijj;Njb tUk; ehs; njhiytpy;
,y;iy.
 Foe;ijg; gpzpfl;Ff; ‘fOijg; ghiyAk;’
 gpj;jk; jzpa ‘Ntyk; gl;iliaAk;’
 Nkfg; gpzpfs; tpyf ‘Myk;gl;iliaAk;’
gad;gLj;JkhW $Wk; gonkhopfs; Nghd;W jkpopy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gonkhopfs;
,d;Wk; kjpf;fg;ngw;w tha;nkhop thapyhf tho;e;J kf;fSf;F ey;tho;T mspj;J
tUfpd;wd. Ma;T Nehf;fpy; mitfis mZfpdhy; mhpa kUe;Jfis ,f;fhy
kUj;Jt cyFf;F mspf;fyhk;.
ghh;it E}y;fs;:
1. uhkypq;fk;. Nf.Nf. - gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F $Wk; ey;Yiufs;
2. ,uhkrhkp.ngh.,uh. - kUe;jhFk; ,yf;fpa jhtuq;fs;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rkfhy tuyhWk; gilg;ghsh;fspd; fUj;jpay; rhh;Gk;
Kidth; tp.fhaj;hp gphpajh;\pdp>
cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>
[p.b.vd;. fiyf; fy;Y}hp>
jpz;Lf;fy;.
Kd;Diu
ehty; vd;w tifik fhykhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g gy tbt khWjy;fisAk; gy
nghUz;ik khWjy;fisAk; nfhz;L ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. mtw;wpy; tuyhw;W
ehty;fSf;F jdp ,lKz;L. tuyhWk; GidTk; fye;j gilg;ghf thrfh;fspd;
kdijf; ftUk; tpjj;jpy; mike;jpUg;gJ mjd; jdpr; rpwg;G. mjpy; Fwpg;ghfr;
rkfhy tuyhw;iwj; jd; ehtypd; mbg;ilf; fUthf nfhz;l gilg;ghsh;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gLk; gilg;Gfspy; cz;ik tuyhW vd;gJ jtph;f;f ,ayhj mk;rkhf
khwptpLfpd;wJ. rkfhy tuyhw;W ehty;fisg; nghWj;jtiu thOk; rhl;rpaq;fSk;
Mtzj;juTfSk; me;ehty;fs; gilf;f cWJizahf mike;JtpLfpd;wd.
,t;tif ehty;fspy; gilg;ghsh;fs; tuyhw;NwhL jk; fUj;jpaiy ntspg;gLj;jTk;
,aYk; vd;gij mth;fs; gilg;Gfs; thapyhfNt mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk.;
mt;tifapy; Rje;jpujhfk;> gazk; vd;w ,U ehty;fspd; gilg;ghsHfSk; rkfhy
tuyhw;;iw ehty; tbtpy; ju Kd;te;Js;sdh;. mjpy; mth;fs; jhq;fs; ikag;gLj;Jk;
tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fNshL jhq;fs; rhHe;j ,af;fq;fspd; fUj;jpaiyNa
Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. rp.R.nry;yg;gh ,e;jpaj; Njrpaj;ijAk; Nts; ek;gp jpuhtpl
Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk; Kd;itf;Fk; Mhpa vjph;g;G rhh;e;j tuyhw;iwAk; vt;thW
Kd;itf;fpd;wdh; vd;gij Muha;tNj ,t; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s M\; nfhiy
,e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;l Kd;ndLg;gpy;> Fwpg;ghf 1918,y;
fhe;jpabfspd; murpay; gpuNtrj;jpw;F Kd;G> jPtputhjr; nray;ghl;bd; topr; Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; mjpfk; eilngw;wd. ,e;jpah KOtJk; jPtputhjr; nray;fs; gy
eilngw;wd. mtw;wpy; jkpofj;jpy; eilngw;w jPtputhjr; nray;ghLfspy;
Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLtJ M\; vd;w Mq;fpNyaiu thQ;rpehjd; kzpahr;rpapy;
itj;Jr; Rl;lJ. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd jpahfr; nrayhf ,J
Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.
1911Mk; Mz;L [_d; 17Mk; ehs; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lf; fnyf;lh; uhgh;l;
tpy;ypak; b v];fh;l; M\; jd; kidtp Nkhp ypy;ypak; Ngl;lh;rNdhL
nfhilf;fhdYf;Fr; nry;yj; jpUney;Ntyp uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J 10.35 kzpf;F
kzpahr;rpia te;jile;jhh;. ‘rpNyhd; Nghl;’ vd;Dk; uapYf;fhf kzpahr;rpapy;
fhj;jpUe;jdh;. mg;NghJ jpUney;Ntypapy; ,Ue;J kzpahr;rp uapypy; te;j gr;ir


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nfhl; mzpe;j xUtUk; (thQ;rp ma;ah;) kiyahspiag; Nghy; ,Ue;j xUtUk; (rq;fu
fpU\;za;ah;) mth;fis vjph;nfhz;ldh;. mg;NghJ gr;irf; Nfhl; mzpe;jpUe;j thQ;rp
ma;ah; jd; ifj;Jg;ghf;fpahy; Mi\r; Rl;lhh;. mf;Fz;L M\pd; khh;gpy; gha;e;jJ.
Mi\f; fhg;ghw;wj; jpUney;Ntyp uapypy; Vw;wpr; nrd;wdh;. kUj;Jtkid nry;Yk;
topapy; fq;ifnfhz;lhd; mUNf M\; ,we;jhh;. Mi\r; Rl;l thQ;rp ma;ah; mq;Nf
,Ue;j fopg;giwapy; jd; thapy; Jg;ghf;fpia Eioj;Jr; Rl;Lf;nfhz;L ,we;jhh;.
mth; rl;ilg;igapy; xU fbjk; ,Ue;jJ:
“Mq;fpy rj;Uf;fs; ekJ Njrj;ijg; gpbq;fpf; nfhz;L mopahj
]dhjd jh;kj;ij fhyhy; kpjpj;J Jkrk; nra;J tUfpwhh;fs;.
xt;nthU ,e;jpaDk; jw;fhyj;jpy; Njr rj;JUthfpa Mq;fpNyaid
Juj;jp jh;kj;ijAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk; epiyehl;l Kaw;rp nra;J
tUfpwhd;. vq;fs; uhkd;> rpth[p> fpU\;zd;> FUNfhtpe;jh;> mh;[_dd;
Kjypath; ,Ue;J jh;kk; nropf;f murhl;rp nra;J te;j Njrj;jpy;
Nfty nfhkhk;rk; jpd;df;$ba xU kpNyr;rdhfpa [hh;[; gQ;rkid
(Geroge V) Kb#l;l cj;Njrk; nra;J nfhz;L ngUKaw;rp ele;J
tUfpd;wJ. mtd; vq;fs; Njrj;jpy; fhiy itj;j clNdNa mtidf;
nfhy;Yk; nghUl;L 3000 kjuhrpfs; gpujpf;fpid nra;J
nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. mijj; njhptpf;Fk; nghUl;L mth;fspy;
filNadhfpa ehd; ,d;W ,r;nra;if nra;Njd; ,Jjhd;
,e;J];jhdj;jpy; xt;nthUtDk; nra;a Ntz;ba flik”
(rptRg;ukzpad; 2006: 82)
thQ;rp ma;ahpd; ,e;jr; nray; ,d;W tiu ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; gf;fq;fspy;
nfhLq;Nfhydhd Mi\f; nfhd;W jhDk; ,we;j ngUk; jpahfr; nrayhfg; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; M\; gw;wpAk; thQ;rp ma;ah; gw;wpAk; rpy khWgl;l
fz;Nzhl;lq;fSk;; ,Ug;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ. njh.K.rpjk;gu uFehjd;>
M.rptRg;ukzpad; Nghd;Nwhh; ,r;nraiy ,e;Jj; Njrpaj;jpd; ntspg;ghL vdf;
fUJfpd;wdh;. jho;j;jg;gl;l> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; eyidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L
cioj;j Mi\ Mhpa kNdhghtk; nfhz;l ghh;g;gddhd thQ;rp nfhd;whd; vdj;
jpuhtplr; rhh;ghsuhd vd;.nry;Nte;jpud; $Wfpwhh;. M\; nfhiy ,e;Jr; rhjpak; vd;w
Mjpf;f kNdhghtj;jpd; ntspg;ghNl@ ,J gQ;rkNuhL Mi\ ,izj;Jf; fhZk;
kNdhghtk; vdj; jypj;jpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; md;Gr;nry;tk; vOJfpwhh;.
mz;ikapy; “M\; mbr;Rtl;by;” vd;W M\; FLk;gj;NjhL ciuahw;wpaij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,J gw;wp vOjpAs;shh; M.,uh.Ntq;flhrygjp.16 ,tw;wpw;F
khwhfg; ng.R.kzp ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;> thQ;rpehj ma;aUila


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fbjj;jpd; thh;j;ijfisNa khw;wp ahUf;Fk; tpNuhjk; Vw;gLj;jhj tz;zk; xU
tuyhw;W ,Ul;lbg;igr; nra;a Kay;fpwhh;. ,q;Nf Rje;jpujhfk; ehtYk;> gazk;
ehtYk; M\; nfhiyia vt;tifapy; rpj;jphpf;fpd;wd vd;W fhz;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
M\; nfhiy: khWgl;l fz;Nzhl;lq;fs;
,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; thQ;rpehjd;
,e;jpaj; Njrpathjpfs; ,e;jpaj; Njrpar; rpe;jidf; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhNlNa
fhydpa Ml;rpapy; M\; nfhiyia mZfpdh;. tuyhw;wpd; gf;fq;fspy; xU tPujPur;
nrayhfNt ,ij mZfpdh;. ,q;F M.rptRg;ukzpad; njh.K.rp.uFehjd; MfpNahh;
M\; nfhiyiag; gw;wp vOjpAs;sJ Fwpg;gpljf;fJ. M\; nfhiy> mjd; gpd;dhy;
,aq;fpa ,e;Jj; jPtputhj mikg;G> thQ;rpehjNdhL njhlh;Gilath;fs;> M\;
nfhiy njhlh;ghf ele;j tof;F> mjpYs;s rhl;rpaq;fs; vd tphpthd xU
tuyhw;Wj; NjLjiy mth;fs; epfo;j;jp cs;sdh;.
thQ;rp rhh;e;jpUe;j ‘mgpet ghuj; rkpjp’> mtUf;Fj; Jg;ghf;fpiar; Rlg; gapw;rp
mspj;j t.Nt.R.ma;ah;> thQ;rpapd; ‘MhpaUf;F xU Mg;;j thf;fpak;’ vd;w gpuRuk;>
mJ M\; nfhiyf;Fg; gpd; NghyP]hhpd; ifapy; fpilf;fg; ngw;wik>
mjdbg;gilapy; mgpet ghuj; rkpjpiar; rhh;e;j gyh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lik
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp> rq;fu fpU\;za;ah;> `hp`u
ma;ah; vdg; gyUk; Kjd;ikf; Fw;wthspfshfr; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fspy;
jh;kuh[a;ah;> ntq;fNl];tu ma;ah; vd;w ,UtUk; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;ldh;.
NkYk;> 1911 [{iy 11 md;W te;Nj khjuk; ,jio elj;jp te;j Nklk; fhkh jd;
,jopy; gpd;tUkhW vOjpdhh;:
“,e;J];jhdj;jpypUe;J te;j kzpKb jhpj;j mbikfs; yz;ld;
njUf;fspy; mzptFj;J te;J> uhay; rh;f;f]pd; Nfhkhspfshfg;
gypahLfisg;Nghy; ,q;fpyhe;J kd;dhpd; fhybapy; tpOe;J tzq;fpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;nghOJ ekJ ehl;bd; jPukpf;f ,U ,isQh;fs;
kzpahr;rpapYk;> ikkd;rpq;fpYk; jq;fs; jPur; nray;fisf;fhl;b
,e;J];jhdk; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;W ep&gpj;Js;shh;fs;. ”
(rptRg;ukzpad; 2009: 70)
thQ;rpehjdpd; ,e;jr; nray;ghL ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fz;Nzhl;lk; nfhz;lth;fs; gyuJ
tuNtw;igAk; ngw;wJ vd;gJ ,jdhy; GydhfpwJ.
jpuhtpl ,af;fg; ghh;itapy; thQ;rpehjd;
,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fz;Nzhl;lk; nfhz;lth;fspd; ghh;itapy; thQ;rpehjd; Gul;rp
tPudhf ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ jpuhtpl ,af;fj;jtuhd nry;Nte;jpud;; ghh;itapy;
thQ;rpehjdpd; nraypy; ntspg;gl;lJ ghh;g;gd Mjpf;fNk.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“M\pd; kidtp Njh;tz;bapy; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;jnghOJ topapy;
jPz;lg;glhj rhjpiar; rhh;e;j ngz; xUj;jp gpurt typ jhq;fhky;
Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gijg; ghh;j;jhh;. rhjp ntwp gpbj;j r%fj;jpy;
Nky;rhjpapdh; ahUk; mtSf;F cjtp nra;a Kd;tuhjjhy; M\pd;
kditp mg;ngz;izj; jk; tz;bapy; Vw;wp> Nky;rhjpapdh;
njUitf; fle;J kUj;Jtkidf;Ff; nfhz;L Nghdhh;”
(nry;Nte;jpud; 2009: 9)
M\; kw;Wk; mtuJ kidtp Nkhp jpUney;Ntypg;gFjpapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs;
gyhpd; ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;wth;fs; vdTk;> gs;spfs;> rpWth; ,y;yq;fSf;Fg; gy
cjtpfs; nra;jth;fs; vdTk; $Wfpw nry;Nte;jpud;>; thQ;rpehjdpd; nraiy xU
ghhh;g;gd ntwpadpd; nrayhff; $Wfpwhh;. jpUney;Ntypg; gFjpapy; tof;fpypUe;j
tha;nkhopf; fijia mbg;gilahf itj;J thQ;rpapd; nraiyj; jpuhtpl Nehf;fpy;
fhz;fpwhh;.
jypj;jpag; ghh;itapy; thQ;rpehjd;
md;Gr;nry;tk; M\; gLnfhiy: kPSk; jypj; tprhuiz vd;w E}ypy;
thQ;rpehjd; vOjpa fbjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhs;fpwhh;. ‘[hh;[; gQ;rkd;’
vd;gjpy; cs;s ~gQ;rkd;| vd;w nrhy; Neubahfj; jypj;Jfis Rl;LfpwJ. ~gQ;rkd|;
vd;gNjhL ~nfhkhk;rk; jpd;df;$ba| vd;W tUk; fbj thrfj;jpd; thapyhfj;
jypj;Jfs; Nky; ghh;g;gdh;fs; nfhz;l tpNuhjg; Nghf;ifr; Rl;Lfpwhh;. fhyq;fhykhfj;
jpUney;Ntypg; gFjpapy; epytpa rhjpa mlf;FKiwfspd; njhlh;r;rpahf ,ijf;
fhz;fpwhh;.
“rhjp xOf;fj;ijAk; nfhLikfisAk; vjph;j;J kjk; khwpa fPo;r;
rhjpapdh; rkj;Jtj;ijf; Nfl;ldh;. Nky;rhjp epyf;fpohh;fSk;
Mz;ilfSk; xLf;fg;gl;l mbikr;rhjpapdh; kPJ mJtiu
nfhz;bUe;j nfhLk;gpbg;Gk; Nkyhz;ikAk; nefpoj;njhlq;fpd.
,j;jifa Gjpa epiy cUthdjw;Ff; fhuzkhdth;fs; fpwpj;jt
kp\ndhpfNs vd;W Nky;rhjp epyf;fpohh;fs; Mj;jpuk; nfhz;ldh;”
(md;Gr;nry;tk; 2009: 60)
thQ;rpehjd; njhlh;ghd tuyhw;W Mtzj;ij khw;wy;
ng.R.kzp kw;Wk; njh.K.rp. uFehjd; ,UtUk; M\pd; fbj thrfq;fspy; rpy
khw;wq;fisr; nra;Js;sdh;. ,th;fspy; njh.K.rp.uFehjd; jd; ghujp: fhyKk;
fUj;Jk; vd;w E}ypy; Nkw;Nfhshff; fhl;ba fbjj;jpy; gpiojpUj;jq;fs; kl;LNk
nra;Js;shh;. xw;Wg;gpio> vOj;Jg;gpio ,itfis kl;LNk khw;wp cs;shh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpbq;fpf; nfhz;L - gpLq;fpf; nfhz;L> Jkrk; - Jtk;rk;> nfhkhk;rk; - Nfhkhkprk;
,itNghy; rpy jpUj;jq;fis kl;LNk Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;.
Mdhy;> ,e;jpaj; Njrpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; vd;w E}ypy; ng.R.kzp
thQ;rpehjd; fbjj;jpy; nghpa khw;wj;ijNa nra;Js;shh;. mJ “Nftyk; Nfhkhkprk;
jpd;df;$ba kpNyr;rdhfpa [hh;[; gQ;rkid (George V)” vd;gJ fbjj;jpd; mry;
thrfk;. Mdhy; ng.R.kzp>
“vUJ khkprk; jpd;df;$ba xU kpNyr;rdhfpa [hh;[; gQ;raid
George V” vd khw;wp cs;shh;. ~nfhkhk;rk|; vd;gij ~vUJkhkprk|;
vdTk;> ~gQ;rkd|; vd;gij ~gQ;rad|; vdTk;... (rptRg;ukzpad; 2006: 84)
khw;wp cs;shh;. gQ;rkh; vd;gjd; nghUs; ehw;rhjpf;Fk; fPohf Ie;jhk; epiyapy;
cs;s jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; vd;gjhFk;. gQ;rkh; vd;gth;fs; khl;biwr;rp
jpd;df;$bath;fs;> vd;gjhNyNa rhjpapy; fPohdth;fs; vd;gJ fhyq;fhykhf toq;fp
tUk; xU ek;gpf;ifAk;> eilKiwAk; MFk;. ,e;jr; nrhw;fis thQ;rpehja;ah;
gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpg;gpl;lhy; Njrpar; rpe;jid nfhz;lth; rdhjd czh;T
nfhz;lth;fs; vd;w vz;zj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; vd;gjhy; mij khw;wNt gQ;rad;
vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh; ng.R.kzp. gQ;rad; vd;gtd; Ie;jhktd;. mjhtJ
,J Ie;jhtJ [hh;i[f; Fwpf;Fk; vd Mtzj;ijNa khw;Wfpwhh;. murpaNy
nfhiyf;fhdf; fhuzkhff; $Wfpwhh;. mJ fPo;tUk; rhd;W tpsf;Fk;.
ehty;fspy; M\; gLnfhiy
rp.R.nry;yg;gh vOjpa Rje;jpujhfk; ehty; rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w
ehtyhFk;. ,e;ehty; 1927 Kjy; 1934 tiuapyhd fhyf;fl;lj;ij jd; ehtypd;
fhykhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhe;jpabfs; gq;fspg;G mjpfkhf
,Ue;jJ ,f;fhyf;fl;lk; fhe;jpabfs; xU ntF[dj; jiytuhf cUntLj;j
fhyf;fl;lKk; MFk;. NkYk; ehtyhrphpah; xU Rje;jpug; Nghul;lj; jpahfp vd;gJk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mfpk;ir topapyhd Nghuhl;lj;ij ikag;gLj;Jk; ,e;ehty; md;iwa
,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]pd; nray;ghl;il tpsf;fTk; nra;fpwJ. fhe;jpabfspd;
nfhs;ifisj; jd; fUj;jpayhff; nfhz;Ls;s ehtyhrphpah; M\; gLnfhiy vt;thW
fhz;fpwhh; vd;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ,e;jpaj; Njrpa
,af;fj;jpdh; thQ;rpehjd; tuyhw;iw vt;thW mZfpdhh;fNsh mNj Nehf;fpNyNa
thQ;rpehjidj; Njrpa tPudhf ,e;ehtYk; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ. thQ;rpapd; nray;ghl;il
vLj;Jf;fhl;b jkpofj;jpy; cs;s Gul;rpahsh;fs; gyUk; nray;gl;l tpjj;ijAk;>
Mi\f; nfhLq;Nfhydhfr; rpj;jphpf;Fk; kNdhghtKk; ,thplk; njhdpf;fpwJ.
murpaNy nfhiyf;fhdf; fhuzkhff; $Wfpwhh;. ,e;epfo;T Fwpj;J fijj;
jiytdhd rptuhkd; %yk; ,t;tuyhw;W epfo;it ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mrphpah;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
M\;Jiuiaf; nfhd;w nray; epahakhdJ vd;W mth; vz;Ztjhfr; rpj;jphpf;fpwhh;.
mNj Ntisapy; fhe;jpabfs; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;Wgth; kdj;jpy; jPtputhj vz;zk;
ntspg;gLtNj jtW vd;W mth; njsptiltjhfTk; fhl;Lfpwhh;:
“thQ;rp mtd; neQ;rpy; mOj;jkhf ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jhd;. thQ;rp epidT
,g;NghJk; mtidg; guguf;fr;nra;jJ. ,e;j M\;fSf;F thQ;rpehjd;
Njit vd;W xU fzk; vz;zptpl;lhd;. mLj;j fzk; mtd;
rkhspj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. thQ;rp nra;jJ jpyfh; fhyj;jpy;> jhd; ,d;W
,Ug;gJ fhe;jp fhyj;jpy; vd;W jdf;Fr; nrhy;ypf;nfhz;lhd; ”
(nry;yg;gh 1997: 59)
,q;Nf mfpk;ir topapid Kd;itj;jhYk; thQ;rpehjd; kpfg;nghpa Nghuhsp vd;gij
Mrphpah; kWf;ftpy;iy. Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;l topKiwfspy; ,JTk; xd;W vd;w
fUj;Jk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kWf;f ,ayhj jpahfr;nrayhfTk; gilg;ghsp
fhz;fpwhh;.
gazk; ehtypy; gLnfhiy gw;wpa tuyhW
Nts;ek;gp ,aw;wpa gazk; ehty; 1949 Kjy; 1969 tiuapyhd
fhyf;fl;lj;ijj; jd; ehtypd; fhyf;fl;lkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ. jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf;
fofk; njhlq;fpa fhyf;fl;lj;jpypUe;J mz;zhj;Jiu Ml;rpapy; mku;e;jJ
tiuapyhd tuyhw;iw ,e;ehty; Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. jpuhtpl ,af;fj;jpdhpd;
nfhs;ifis jd; fUj;jpayhff; nfhz;Ls;s ehtyhrphpah; M\; gLnfhiyiaj;
jpuhtpl ,af;ff; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpNyNa ,t;tuyhw;iw mZFfpd;wJ. ,e;ehty; jpuhtpl
,af;ff; fUj;jpay; tpsf;fkhf mike;jpUg;gNjhL md;iwa jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf;
fofj;jpd; vjph; epiyapdpd;W nray;gl;l fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;ij tpkh;rdk; nra;a
,t;tuyhw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. md;iwa fhq;fpu]; jPtputhj mikg;igr; rhh;e;j
thQ;rpehjdpd; nray;ghl;il kWthrpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;Jfpwhh;. thQ;rpehjd; ghh;g;gdpar;
rpe;jid mjpfk; nfhz;ltuhfTk; M\; ey;ytuhfTk; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
“jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nrh;e;j ngz; gpurt typapy; Jbj;j NghJ
mg;gf;fkhf te;j MRk; mth; kidtpAk; mth;fs; tz;bapy; Vw;wpr;
nrd;W kUj;Jt kidapy; mDkjpj;jdh;. gpuhkzh;fs; trpf;Fk;
gFjpapy; gpurtj;jpw;fhf mioj;Jr; nrd;wjhy; Nfhgq;nfhz;l
thQ;rpehjd; Mi\r; Rl;lhh;. jd; Fyj;jhh; trpf;Fk; gFjpapy;
jho;j;g;gl;l ngz;iz mioj;Jr; nry;tJ jq;fs; FyKiwf;F ,Of;F
vd;W fUjpdhh;” (gazk; 2007:1367)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Jtiu tPur;nrayhf tuyhw;wpy; $wg;gl;l jftiy Mrphpah; gpuhkzh;fspd; Mjpf;f
ntwpahfr; Rl;Lfpwhh;. ,t;tuyhw;iw ghz;bad; vd;w Kjd;ikf; fijkhe;jh;
thapyhf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
nfhiyia mZfpatuhd nry;Nte;jpud;; fUj;ij xl;bNa ,e;epfo;itr; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.
thQ;rpehjd; nray;ghl;il Mhpa ntwpr;nrayhfNt Mrphpah; fhz;fpwhh;.
njhFg;Giu
tuyhW jw;fhyj;jpy; kPs;thrpg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL mtw;wpy; GidTfs;
kw;Wk; cz;ikj;jd;ik $Wfs; vt;thW mike;Js;sd vdg; gy Ma;thsh;fshy;
Muhag;gl;L ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;tifapy; M\; nfhiyAk; thQ;rpehjd;
Fwpj;J tuyhw;wpy; gjpTnra;ag;gl;Ls;s jfty;fSk; Fwpj;j tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfNshL
Ma;thsh;fs; ntspapl;Ls;s jfty;fSk; ,d;W ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mij
jk; ehty;fspy; ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mrphpah;fs; jk; ,af;fr; rhh;G kw;Wk; fUj;jpaiy
tpsf;f mijg; gad;gLj;jp cs;sdh;. Njrpar; rpe;jid nfhz;lth;fs; ghh;;itapy;
thQ;rpehjd; nray; gphpl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf nra;jp kpfg;nghpa tPur;nrayhfg;
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNtisapy; jpuhtpl ,af;fr; rhh;G nfhz;l gilghsh;fs;
ghh;itapy; thQ;rpehjd; nray; ghh;g;gd ntwpr;nrayhfr; rpj;jhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Jiz E}w;gl;bay;
1. md;Gr; nry;tk;. 2005. M\; gLnfhiy kPSk; jypj; tprhuiz. nrd;id: Gyk;
ntspaPL.
2. rptRg;gpukzpad;. 2006. gQ;rkdh gQ;radh. nrd;id.ghpry; ntspaPL.
3. rptRg;gpukzpad;. 2009. M\; nfhiyAk; ,e;jpag; Gul;rp ,af;fKk;. ehfh;Nfhtpy;:
fhyr;RtL gjpg;gfk.;
4. nry;yg;gh> rp.R. 1997. Rje;jpujhfk;. nrd;id. vOj;J - ntsp ntspaPL.
5. kzp> ng.R. 2003. ,e;jpaj; Njrpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;. nrd;id:
kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;.
6. uFehjd;> njh.K.rp. 2008.ghujp fhyKk; fUj;Jk;. nrd;id: epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf;
`T];.
7. Ntq;flhrygjp> M. ,uh. 2012. M\; mbr;Rtl;by;. ehfh;Nfhtpy;: fhyr;RtL
gjpg;gfk;.
8. Nts;ek;gp. 2007. gazk;. nrd;id: rPij gjpg;gfk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpupfLfKk; mwnewpAk;
KidtH Nfh. rNuh[h>
flY}h;.
Kd;Diu
,Uz;lfhyj; jkpo; kf;fs; jk; gz;il mwnthOf;fq;fisg; Nghw;wp mtw;wpd;
topNa ey;tho;f;if elj;jr; rpW rpW ePjp E}y;fis> vspa ntz;ghf;fspy; vOjp
ntspaplyhapdu;. mt;thW Njhd;wpa ePjpE}y;fNs gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fshFk;.
,e;E}y;fs; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; vd;Dk; Kg;nghUisAk; nfhz;L mikfpwJ. ePjp
E}y;fspy; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJk;> nghUl;rpwg;ghy; cau;e;jJkhfj; jpfo;tJ jpupfLfk;.
fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; cUthff; fhuzk;
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; Njhd;wp tsuj; njhlq;fpa gpwF
rq;fk; kUtpaf; fhyj;jpy; jkpou;fs; my;yhj fsg;gpuu;fs; Ml;rp Gupe;jikahy;
jkpofj;jpd; ehfuPfKk; rpijaj;njhlq;fpd. mjdhy; jkpou;fspilNa mwk; vd;gJk;
rpije;jJ. me;j mwj;jpid epiy ehl;l vOe;jitNa gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F
E}y;fshFk;. ,j;jifa mwk; rhu;e;j fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W jpupfLfk; MFk;.
mwk; tpsf;fk;
mwq;$Wk; jkpo; E}y;fs; kpfg; gythf cs;sd. vdpDk; mwk; vd;Dk; nrhy;
nghUsstpy; kpfTk; nefpo;r;rpAilaJ. mijg; gFj;Jg; nghUs; fhZjy; vspjd;W.
gpwtpNjhWk; kdpjidg; gw;wpf;nfhz;L tUk; jptpidapd; gadhfpa mwpahikia
mWj;njwptNj mwk; vd;W tpsf;fk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
flikiaf; Fwpf;fTk; mwk; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ey;tpid ,aw;wNy mwkhFk;. ey;tpidAk; kdk;> nkhop> nka;>
Mfpa %d;whYk; J}a;ikahf ,aw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. cz;ik .tha;ik. nka;ik
,;;k;%d;Wk; mwj;jpd; mbg;gilfshFk;. ,jid.
“cs;sj;jhy; ngha;ah njhOfpd; cyfj;jhu;
cs;sj;J vy;yhk; Cd;” (Fws;-294)
vd;ghu; ts;Stu; cs;sj;jpy; vz;Zk; vz; zj; J}a;ikNa cz;ik. cs;sj;jpy;
J}a;ik ,Ue;jhy; jhd; nrhy;Yk; nrhy;ypy; J}a;ik ,Uf;Fk;. nrhy;Yk; nrhy;ypd;
J}a;ikNa tha;ik vdg;ngWtJ. cs;sj;jpYk;. nrhy;ypYk; cs;s J}a;ikNa
elj;ij> xOf;fk; vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,t;nthOf;fNk mwkhfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwj;ij typAWj;jpajd; mtrpak;
mwj;jpid typAWj;jpLk; xu; tho;f;if E}yhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ fhjy;> tPuk;>
nfhil Kjypa rpwe;j czu;r;rpfspYk; ,aw;ifapd;gj;jpYk; <Lgl;bUe;j Gytu;fspd;
cs;sk; mLj;j rpy jiyKiwfspy; ePjpfisg; ghLk; epiyf;F khwpaJ.
tho;f;ifNa xU rpf;fyhf khwptpl;likahy; rKjhaj;jpy; vg;gb vg;gb tho
Ntz;Lk;> vd;ndd;d ePjpfisg; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;ba flik
Gytu;fSf;F Vw;gl;lJ.
jpupfLfk; nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;
fLfk; vd;gJ ciwg;G .fhu;g;G vd;W nghUs;gLk;. fLf;Fk; nghUshfpa Rf;F.
kpsF. jpg;gpypfspy; xd;iwNah my;yJ ,k;%d;iwANkh fLfk; vd;w nrhy;
czu;j;JfpwJ. Rf;F> kpsF. jpg;gpypahfpa %d;iwAk; xUq;Nf Fwpf;Fk; NghJ ,J
jpupfLfk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,jid>
“cyfpy; fLfk; clypd; Neha; khw;Wk;
myF,y; mfNeha; mfw;Wk;. epiynfhs;
jpupfLfk; vd;Dk; jpfo; jkpo;r;rq;fk;
kUT ey;yhjd; kUe;J”
vd;w jpupfLfj;jpd; rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; czu;j;JfpwJ. vdNt jpupfLfk; vd;gJ Rf;F
kpsF jpg;gpyp Mfpait vt;thW cly; Nehia Fzg;gLj;Jk; kUe;jhfpwNjh
mJNghy; jpupfLfKk; kdpjdpd; kdj;jpidg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp mjpy; tUk; %d;W %d;W
mwf;fUj;Jf;fs; kdpjid newpg;gLj;Jk; Xu; kUe;J E}yhfj;jpfo;fpwJ.
E}ypd; rpwg;G
,e;E}ypy; cs;s xt;nthU ntz;ghtpYk; %d;W %d;w meq;fs;
nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. ,k; %d;W ePjpfisAk; gpd;gw;wp elg;Nghh; cs;sj;jpNy xU
NshAk; ,d;wp ctifAld; tho KbAk;. tho;tpNy Fw;wk; tsuhky; khrw;w tho;T
elj;j KbAk;. ,e;j cz;ikiaf; fUjpj;jhd; ,e;E}Yf;Fj; jphpfLfk; vd;w ngah;
itj;jdh;.
,e;E}ypy; $wg;gLk; mwq;fs; gy; mit xt;nthU kf;fSk; gpd;gw;wf;$ba
tifapNy mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. kf;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F top fhl;Ltdthf
,Uf;fpd;wd. mDgtj;jpNy fz;lwpe;j cz;ikfshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ed;ik juhjit
“fzf;fhah; ,y;yhj CUk;> gpzf;F mWf;Fk;”
“%j;Njhh; ,y;yh mitf;fsDk;”
“ghj;J cz;Zk;”


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“jd;ik apyhsh; may; ,Ug;Gk; -
,k;%d;Wk; ed;ik gaj;Jy; ,y” (gh.10)
fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; Mrphpah; ,y;yhj Ch;> tof;ifj; jPh;j;J itf;fpd;w mwpT
Kjph;e;jth; ,y;yhj rig> jkf;F cs;sijg; gpwUf;Fk; gFj;Jf; nfhLj;J cz;Zk;
jd;ik ,y;yhjth;fspd; gf;fj;jpNy tho;tJ> ,k;%d;Wk; ed;ik jUtjpy;iy
vd;fpwJ.
nry;tj;ij rpijg;gd
“jd;id tpae;J jUf;fYk;jho;tpd;wpf;
nfhs;Ns ntFsp naUf;fYk; - Kd;dpa
gy; nghUs;> nt/Fk; rpWikAk; ,k;%d;Wk;
nry;tk; cilf;Fk; gil %d;Wk;” (gh. 38)
xUtd; jd; nry;tj;ijr; ,ijahky; ghJfhj;Jg; ngUf;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy;
NkNy $wpa %d;W Fzq;fisAk; tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk;. jw;ngUik $lhJ> Nfhgk;
$lhJ> fz;l nghUs;fs; Nknyy;yhk; Mirg;glf; $lhJ vd;w cz;ikiaf;
$WfpwJ.
ngz;zpd; flikfs;
“ey;tpUe;J Xk;gypd; el;lhshk;; itfYk;
,y;Gwk; nra;jypd; <d;wjha; - njhy;Fbapd;
kf;fs; ngwypd; kidf;fpoj;jp> ,k; %d;Wk;
fw;Gilahs; G+z;l fld;”– (gh.64)
,y;ywj;jpNy ,d;gk; jto NtzLkhapd; ,y;yhs; fw;GilatshapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;> jd; fhjyDf;Ff; $l;lhspahfTk;> jhahfTk;> kidtpahfTk; ,Ue;J cjtp
nra;tNj fw;Gs;s ngz;zpd; flik vd;W $WfpwJ.
ngz;zpd; rpwg;Gfs;
“nfhz;lhd; Fwpg;G mwpthd; ngz;lhl;b ” (gh. 96)
vd;w ,g;ghlypy; fztDila Fwpg;gwpe;J elg;gtNs kidtp. mts; nga; vdr;
nrhd;dhy; kio nga;Ak; vd;Wk;.
“ngz;ghy; nfhOed; topr;nryTk;”(gh. 98)
vd;w ,g;ghlypy; fztd; Fwpg;gpd; topapy; kidtp elj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW
elf;Fk; NghJ khje;NjhWk; nga;a Ntz;ba kio jtwhJ nga;Ak; vd;Wk;
$wg;gLfpwJ.
,ijNa ts;StUk;
“nja;tk; njhohms; nfhoed; njhOJ vOths;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nga;vdg; nga;Ak; kio”
vd;W jkJ Fwspy; $wpAs;shu;. NkYk;
“fw;Gilahs; G+g;gpd;fz; rhuj; jiykfDk;” (gh. 17)
vd;w ,g;ghlypy; fw;Gila kidtpiaf; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; Nruhj Mz;kfdpd; epiy
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L cs;sJ. ,q;F ngz;ik vd;gJ Mz;ikf;fhfNt gilf;fg;gl;lJ
vd;gij czuyhk;. NkYk;>
“tpUe;jpd;wp cz;l gfYk;. jpUe;jpioahu;
Gy;yg;Gil ngauhf; fq;FYk;” (gh. 44)
vd;w ,g;ghlypy; kidtpapy;yh ,uT Mz;kfDf;F Nehiaj; jUk;.
“khR,y; rPu;g; ngz;zpZs; fw;Gilahs; -- ngw;whDk;” (gh. 16)
fw;Gila kidtpia ngw;w Mz; kfd; rhth clk;ig milthd;. MfNt fw;Gila
kidtpiaj; Jwj;jy; Mz;kfDf;F ghtr; nray;. ,ijNa
“vQ;rhj el;gpDk; ngha; tof;Fk; neQ;R mku;e;j
fw;G cilahisj; Jwj;jYk;” (gh. 97)
vd;w ,g;ghly; czu;j;jpw;W.
mwKzh;Nthh; gz;G
twpNahh;f;F cjTk; nry;tk;> cyfg; nghUs;fs; epiyaw;wit vd;W mwpAk;
mwpT> vt;Taph;f;Fk; nfhLik nra;ahjpUj;jy;> ,k; %d;Wk; mwnewpia
mwpe;jth;fspd; gz;ghFk;.
murpay;
murd; ePjpAld; ele;jhy; jhd; ehL nropf;Fk;> Fbfs; ,d;GWth; vd;W
fUj;ij ,e;E}yhrphpah; tw;GWj;jpf; $Wfpd;whh;.
“jhd; thq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUSf;F Mirg; gl;Lf; Fbfisf;
nfhLikg;gLj;Jk; murd; cs;s ehl;bNy kionga;ahJ.” (gh.50)
“nfhLq;Nfhy; murd; ngUikaila khl;lhd;” (gh.66)
“nfhLikfis ePf;fpf; FbfSf;F ed;ik nra;fpd;wtNd murd;
Mthd;” (gh.96)
,t;thW murhl;rpiag; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ ,e;E}y;.
ghh;g;ghh;
ghh;g;ghiug; gw;wp ,e;E}ypNy gytplq;fpy; $wg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. Ntjk; Xjy;>
Nts;tp nra;jy;> mwnewp jtwhik ,itfs; me;jzh; flikahFk; vd;gij
mwptpf;fpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gof;ftof;fq;fs;
kidtpiaf; Nfhy;nfhz;L mbg;gJ mwpahikahFk;> khl;L ke;ijf;Fs;
ifapy; Nfhy; ,y;yhky; nry;yf; $lhJ> Fbfhud; FLk;gk; thohJ> tho;tJ Nghyf;
fhzg; gl;lhYk; tpiutpy; mope;J tpLk;. nfhLf;Fk; gzj;jpw;F tl;b thq;FNthd;
Nguhirf;fhud;> tpiy khjh;fspd; nrhw;fis ek;gf;$lhJ. mth;fspd; ,d;gj;ij
tpUk;Gtjhy; Jd;ge;jhd; cz;lhFk;.
‘gpwh; kidtpia tpUk;Gjy; Fw;wkhFk;’ ,it Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fSk; gy
ghly;fsPNy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ek;gpf;iffs;
mUe;jjpNa rpwe;j fw;Gilats;> fw;Gs;s kfsph;f;F mUe;jjpNa cjhuzk;>
ehd;F Ntjq;fis mwpe;j Ntjpah;fs; nrhy;Yk; mwq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp elg;gNj
ey;nyhOf;fkhFk;. Fbfisj; Jd;GWj;jp thp thq;Fk; murd;> ngha; NgRk; kf;fs;>
FLk;gj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Nl tpgrhuk; nra;Ak; ngz;> ,th;fs; cs;s ehl;by; kio
nga;ahJ. mwk; Ghpahjth;fs; eufj;ij milthh;fs;> caph;f;nfhiy nra;jhy;
ghtk;. ,it Nghd;w gy ek;gpf;iffs; jkpo;kf;fsplk; Fbnfhz;bUe;jd. ,itfisj;
jphpfLfg; ghly;fspNy fhzyhk;.
el;G
xUtUld; el;Gf;nfhs;Sk; nghOJ ed;F Muha;e;J mwpe;J el;Gf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vdj; jphpfLfk; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
“ngha;toq;fp thOk; nghwpaiwAk; ifjphpe;J
jho;;tplj;J NeHfUJk; jl;ilAk; - Copdhy;
xl;b tpideyk; ghHg;ghDk; ,k;%tH
el;fg;glhm jtH ” (gh.15)
vd;w jphpfLfr; nra;As; mjw;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpwJ. ,jid ngha; nrhy;yp thOk;
jd;ikAila jpUty;yhjtDk;> Kiwjphpe;J xUtd; jho;e;j tplj;J mtidj;
jdf;F Neuhf vd;W %q;fpy; Nghd;w Giug;gl;l kdj;ijAilatDk;> xUtidr;
NrUk; Kiwahy; NrHe;J mtd; nraypy; jdf;Fg; gaid vjpHghHg;gtDk; Mfpa
,e;j %tUk; vy;yhuhYk; el;Gf; nfhs;sg;glhjtH MtH. ,f;fUj;ij ts;StH
mwpTilNahH el;G tsh;gpiw Nghy; tsHe;J ed;ikjUk; Mdhy;> mwptpyhH el;G
Nja;gpiwNghy; Nja;e;J jPikAz;lhFk; vd;W $WfpwhH. vdNt> ,tw;;wpy;pUe;J
tho;f;ifapy; ngha; $Wjy;> jho;e;j rpe;jidAiladhapUj;jy;>
ve;jnghUtdplkpUe;Jk; mg;nghOJk;> gaid vjpHghHj;jy; vd;Dk; FzKila
xUtdplk; el;Gf;nfhs;tJ tho;f;iff;Fg; nghUe;jhJ vd;gJ tpsf;fk; ngWfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;tp
fy;tp midtUf;Fk; ;,d;;wpaikahj xd;whFk;. fy;tpapy;yhky; xU rKjhak;
Kd;Ndw ,ayhJ. ,f;fy;tp Fwpj;Jf; fhye;NjhWk; Ngrg;gl;L tUfpwJ. Fzpj
E}ypidAk; ,yf;fz E}iyAk; fy;yhky; ,fe;J js;shNj vd;W ePjpE}yhH
Fwpg;gpLthH. E}y;fspy; cs;s nrhw;fis Muha;e;J El;gkhd nghUs;fisf;
fhZjYk; E}y;fSf;Fj; jfhj gad; ,y;yhj nrhw;fis kw;wtH tpUk;gpdhYk;
$whikAk;> capHf;F cWjp gaf;Fk; nrhw;fisf; fPo;f;Fyk; my;yhjthplj;Jf;
$WjYk; vd;w ,k;%d;Wk; fw;wwpe;jtH Nkw;nfhs; Ntz;ba flikfshFk;. ,jid>
Ez;nkhop Nehf;fpg; nghUs; nfhsYk; E}w;Fuyh
ntz;nkhop Ntz;bDk; nrhy;yhik> ed;nkhopiar;
rpw;wpdk; my;yhHfz; nrhy;yYk; ,k;%d;Wk;
fw;wwpe;jhH G+z;l fld; (gh.32)
vd;w ghlypd; top vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ vdNt fw;wtd; cUtd; ve;j xU E}ypYk;
cs;s nrhw;fis Ma;e;J mjd; nghUs; El;gj;ijf; $Wifapy; ,yf;fpar; Rit
Nkk;gl tha;g;Gz;L vd;gij vLj;Jiug;gJ ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> jfhj my;yJ
gadw;w nrhw;fis tphpj;Jiuf;f KidtJ gpwhplk; mwpahikia kpFtpg;gJld;
,yf;fpa Mh;tj;jpidf; Fiwj;JtpLk; vd;gJTk; ;,e;E}ypd; topg; Gydhfpd;wJ.
KbTiu
jphpfLfj;jpy; cs;s ntz;ghf;fs; midj;Jk; rpwe;j fUj;jike;jit gbg;Nghh;
kdjpNy mg;gbNa gjpaf; $bait. jkpo; kf;fs; tho;f;ifr; rpwg;igf; fhz;gjw;F
,e;E}y; cjtp nra;fpd;wJ. mth;fSila xOf;fr; rpwg;ig tpsf;fp ciuf;fpd;wJ.
gbj;jwpa Ntz;ba ePjp E}y;fspNy ,e;E}y; xU rpwe;j E}y;.
JizE}w;gl;bay;:
1. jkpowpQH rhkp. rpjk;gudhH – ‘gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;Fk; jkpoH tho;Tk;’>
,yf;fpa epiyak;> nrd;id> 1962.
2. ,uh.fdfRg;Guj;jpdk; - ‘jpUf;Fws;’> mwpTepjp gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 1996.
3. fiykhkzp . Kidtu; tp. Kj;J. Nguh. ,uh. VOkiy.
“gd;Kf Nehf;fpy; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;” N`kg;gpupah gjpg;gfk;
jpz;btdk;. 2018.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpy; gFj;Jz;Zk; gz;G
Nfh.rtpjh>
rPdpthrh efh;> Cj;jq;fiu.
fpU\;zfpup-635207.
Kd;Diu
rq;fg; ghly;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W khwhd ,U NtWgl;l rKjha
tho;tpay;Gfisf; fhl;Ltdtha; cs;sd. Mjpg;nghJTilikr; r%fj;jpy; gq;fpl;L
cz;Zk; tof;fNk ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpd; milahsg;;
gz;Gfspy; nghJtpy; itj;J cz;Zjy; vd;gJ kughd xd;whFk;. mf;fhy
,df;FOj; jiytdepd; Kf;fpa nray; Mepiu ftu;jy;> kPl;ly; GupAk; tof;fk;. rPW}u;
kd;dd; jk; Rw;wj;jhUld; gf;fj;J Cu;fSf;F nrd;W Mepiufisf; ftu;e;J te;J
Rw;wj;jhu;fF
; gfpu;e;jspj;jy; tof;fk;. fhy;eilfisNa gz;ila kf;fs; ngupa
nry;tkhff; fUjpAs;sdu;. ,d;wstpYk; $l rt;thJ kiyfspy; thOk; ,df;FO
kf;fshd ,Usu;fs;> FWk;gu; Nghd;Nwhu; fhy;eilfisNa ngupa nry;tkhff;
fUJfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; jhq;fs; Nrkpj;J itj;j jhdpaf; fplq;Ffspy; ,Uf;Fk;
jhdpaq;fis tWikahd fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; jk; Rw;wj;jhUld; gfpu;e;Jf; nfhs;tij
tof;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sdu; ,r;nra;jpg; gz;ila ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpd; vr;rkhfNt
fhzg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;. ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpy; gFj;Jz;Zk; gz;G vt;tifapy;
,Ue;jJ vd;gij ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s juTfisf; nfhz;L Ma;e;J $Wk; tpjkhf
,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ.
gFj;Jz;Zjy;
FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy kw;Wk; ghiy Mfpa epyq;fspy; rpy tifj; jhdpaq;fs;
jtpu ngupa mstpy; NtnwJTk; tpistjpy;iy Mjyhy; ,e;epy kf;fspd; nry;tkhf
tpsq;fpait MepiufNs vd;W $wyhk;. fhLk; kiyAk; midtUf;Fk;
nghJthdit> Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Yk; kf;fSk; xU FOthfNt nrd;whu;fs;. mjdhy;
Ntl;ilapy; fpilj;j ,iwr;rpiaf; FOtpdu; midtUk; rkkhfg; gfpu;e;Jf;
nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gij>
“fhdtd; va;j KsTkhd; nfhOq;Fiw
Njk;fko; fJg;gpd; nfhLr;rp fpoq;nfhL
fhe;js; mk; rpWFbg; gFf;Fk;” (ew;: 85> 8-10)
vd;w ghlybapd; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. gz;ilj; jkpofj;jpy; tho;e;j ,df;FOr;
r%fk; ney;newpf;Fwpa xU r%fk; vd;gij epiyehl;Lk; NtWgy juTfSk; cs;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; (331) xd;W Ky;iy epyj;Jr; rpw;W}upy; fhzg;gl;l $l;L
tho;f;ifiaAk;> nghJTilikg; ghq;fpidAk; fhl;LfpwJ.
“...........cs;sJ
jtr;rpwpJ MapDk; kpfg;gyu; vd;dhs;
ePs;neLk; ge;ju; Cz;Kiw Cl;Lk;
,w;nghyp kf^” (Gwk;: 331>6-9)
,e;j Ky;iyr; r%fj;jpd; ,y;yj; jiytp tPl;by; ,Ue;j Fiwe;j msTila
jpidauprpiar; NrhW rikj;jhs; Mdhy; mij cz;gjw;Ff; fhj;jpUe;Njhu; kpfg;
gutyhf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. midtiuAk; tPl;L Kw;wj;jpy; ,Ue;j ge;jypd; fPo; tupirahf
cl;fhu itj;J rikj;j czit midtUf;Fk; Kiwahf je;J cz;zr; nra;jhs;.
mtsJ gFj;Jz;Zk; ,df;FOg; gz;ig tpae;J KJ$j;jdhu; mtis ‘,w;nghyp
kf^c’ vd;W Nghw;wpAs;shu;.
ghjPL
ftu;e;J te;j Mepiufis gq;fpl;lr; nra;jp ghjPL vd ,yf;fpaq;fs;
$Wfpd;wd. (gjpw;-30) ntl;rpj;jpiz Mepiu ftUk; Nghiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. kJiuj;
jkpo;Ngufuhjp ghjPL vd;w nrhy;Yf;F (fhj;jy;> nrwpj;jy;> gq;fpLjy; ntl;rpj;Jiw>
tPud; nfhz;l gRepiuia tPuu;fF
; gFj;J nfhLj;jy;.)vd $WfpwJ. nfhiyj;
njhopypy; typa tpy;ypidAila ntl;rp tPuu; <Lgl;ldu;. Mepiu ftu;e;J ntw;wpAld;
jpUk;Gk; nfhLtpy; vapdu; mtw;iwg; Cu; kd;wj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;J Nru;g;ghu;fs;.
gpd;du; mtw;iwg; Nghupy; <Lgl;ltu;fspd; nraYf;Nfw;g gq;f pl;Lf; nfhs;thu;fs;
vd;gijg; ghjPL vDk; Jiwahfj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ. Gwg;nghUs;
ntz;ghkhiyAk; ,jid>
“xs;thz; kiye;jhu;fF
; nkhw;wha;e; Jiwj;jhu;f;Fk;
Gw;tha;g;gr; nrhd;d Gytu;f;Fk; tps;thiu
khwl;l ntd;wp kwtu;f;Fk; - tps;thiu
khwl;l ntd;wp kwtu;jQ; rPW}upw;
$wpl;lhu; nfhz;l epiu.” (G.nt.1>14)
ghly; tupfs; $Wfpd;wJ. tPuu;fs; mtutu; Nghuhw;wYf;F Vw;gNt mtutu; gq;Fg;
ngw;wdu; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. nghUisr; Nru;j;J itf;Fk; tof;fk; ,df;FO
kf;fspilNa ,y;iy vd;gij> (ew;- 85) ghlYk; Njbf; nfhzu;e;j gz;lq;fisg;
gq;fpl;Lf; nfhLj;jiy>
“NrWfpisj; jpl;l fYo;fz;Z}wy;
Kiwap Dz;Z epiwah tho;f;if


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
KsTkhj; njhiyr;rpa KOr;nrhyhltu;
cLk;gpO jWj;j nthLq;fhy;g; gliyr;
rPwpd; Kd;wpw; $Wnra; jpLkhu;” (Gwk; - 325:48)
,g;ghlybfs; $WfpwJ. (mfk;:70> 1-9) czT gq;fpLk; nra;jpiaf; $WfpwJ.
fpilf;Fk; nghUs; vJthapDk; mtw;iwg; ghjPL nra;Jf; nfhs;gtu;fshf gz;ila
FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy epy kf;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. “gz;ila ,df;FOr; r%fj;jpy;
xUgbj;jhd ghq;Fk;> r%f rkTilikAk; kpFjpUe;jjhy; mtu;fsplk; $l;Lz;Zk;
Kiw ,ay;ghf ,Ue;jJ vdyhk;.” (gf;jtj;ry ghujp> ,yf;fpa khdpltpay;> g- 65)
Ntlu;fspd; ,df;fO tho;f;ifia ed;fwpe;j Gytu;fs; rpWFb kd;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk;
NghJ ‘$l;Lz;Zk; Gy;nyd; kd;wk; ’ (ew; - 33) vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J ,aw;iaia ek;gp tho;e;jtu;fs;.
mtu;fs; tho;Tf;F Mjhukhf ,Ue;j ,aw;ifiaj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wpdhu;fs;.
mju;Fwpa xu; mwj;ijAk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. mJg;gw;wpf; fypj;njhif $Wk; ghly;
tUkhW>
“rpWFbaPNu! rpWFbaPNu!
ts;sp fPo;tpoh tiukpirj; Njd;nfhlh
nfhy;iy Fuy; thq;fp <dh kiytho;eu;
my;y Gupe;J xOfyhd;” (fyp> 39:11-14)
jPikg; Gupe;J tho;e;jhy; kiyapy; thOk; ekf;Fj; NjDk; fpilf;fhky; NghFk; vDk;
mwk; rhu;e;j xU njhd;kj;ijf; fypj;njhiff; fhl;LfpwJ.
Mepiufisf; ftu;e;Jte;J gq;fpLjy; gz;ila ,df;FOr; r%fj;jpy; Mepiufisf;
ftu;tjpYk;> kPl;lypYk; jiytdpd; gq;F Kf;fpakhd xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
“jiuepiyr; rKjha mikg;gpy; midtUk; rk jFjpiag; ngw
,ayhj epiyapy; jiytNd cau;e;j jFjpiag; ngw;wpUg;ghd;. mtNd
kf;fs; midtiuAk; topelj;Jk; nghWf;igg; ngw;wtdhthd;. mjNdhL
ngUk;ghyhd rKjhafspy; czTg; nghUl;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhLf;Fk;
cupikiaf; nfhz;bUg;ghd;. Tpis nghUl;fs; Ntl;ilfspy;
fpilg;git ,d;Dk; gpw topfspy; fpilg;git Mfpatw;iw mtd;
kf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspg;ghd;. czTg; nghUl;fisj; jiytd; kWgq;fPL
nra;Ak; KiwahdJ nrhj;Jilik midtUf;Fk; nghJTilik vd;w
fUj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ.”
(gf;jtr;ryghujp> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> g. 553)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,f;fUj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy ghly;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rq;ffhy ,df;FOr; r%fj;jhUk; fhl;luz;fspy; cs;stu;fs;
myWkhW Meoiufisf; nfhd;W mtw;iwg; ngwpa fw;ghiwapd; KLf;fpy; jiria
mWj;Jz;ldu;. vd;gij>
“,uTf; FWk;G myw E}wp epiugFj;J
,Uq;fy; KLf;fu;j; jpw;wp nfhz;Lk;
Nfhiytpy; Mltu;” (mfk; - 97: 4-9)
vd;w ghlybfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. NkYk; mfehD}w;wpy; gy ghly;fs; Mepiufisf;
ftu;e;J te;J gq;fpl;l nra;jpia (mfk;> 70: 1-4> 10> 12> 89> 237> 280> 311> 393> 167>
284) GwehD}w;wpy; (46> 168> 319> 320> 326> 330> 331> 332> 334) Nghd;w ghly;fSk;
rPW}u; jiytd; Mepiu ftu;e;J te;J ghjPL nra;j epfo;tpid>
“Kl;fhw; fhiu KJgo Nda;g;gj;
njwpg;g tpise;j Njq;fe; jhuk;
epWj;j thae; jiyr;nrd; Wz;L
gr;#d; wpd;W ige;epzk; ngUj;j
vr;rp yPuq;if ypw;Gwe; jpapupg;
Gyk;Gf; fdNd Gy;yzw; fhis
xUKiw Az;zh thitg; ngUepiu
Cu;g;Gw epiwaj; jUFtd; ahu;f;Fk;
njhLj Nyhk;Gkjp KJfl; rhb
Mjuf; fOkpa Jfsd;
fha;jY Kz;lf; fs;nta; NahNd” (Gwk;: 258)
,g;ghly; %yk; ,df;FOj; jiytd; Mepiufisf; ftu;e;J te;J kf;fSf;F
nfhLg;gij ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpd; mwkhf fUjpAs;sdu; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
,df;FOr; r%fj;jpdu; ‘njhd;ikg; nghJTilik’ ia kpfr; rpwg;ghff;
fz;lwpe;Js;s KbthFk;. rq;ffhy ,df;FOr; r%fk; xU nghJTikr; r%fkhf
nghJTilikg; gz;Gfisg; ngupJk; nfhz;bUe;jjhf mwpaKbfpwJ.
KbTiu
,df;FOr; r%fj;jpy; cw;gj;jp NghyNt gfpu;Tk; Efu;Tk;$l cwTKiw
rhu;e;Nj ,Ue;jJ vd;W $wyhk;. gfpu;e;Jz;Zjy; ,jd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. ,df;FOg;
nghUshjhuk; ngupJk; FOr; rhu;e;j cwTKiw rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpahfNt
fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mepiufis ftu;e;J tUk; jiytd; jk; Rw;wj;jhu;fF
;
gfpu;e;jspj;jYk;> Ntl;il %yKk; Nte;JtpLj; njhopy; %yk; jiytd; nfhzu;e;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nghUs;fis jiytp Rw;wj;jhUld; grpj;jpUe;J gfpu;e;Jz;zr; nra;jpiaAk; ghu;fF
; k;
nghOJ ,J xU cwTKiwr; rhu;e;J ,Ue;jij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,d;Wq;$l kWgq;fPL
vd;gJ fpuhkj; jpUtpohf;fspy;> kahdf; nfhs;is Nghd;w tpohf;fspy; mjpfk;
tpisr;ry; ngw;Nwhu; Nfhapypd; Kd; thup ,iuf;f ,y;yhNjhu;; mtw;iw vLj;Jr;
nry;Yk; Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. rq;ffhyj;jpa ,df;FOr; r%fj;jpw;Fwpa
gFj;Jz;Zk; gz;G ,f;fhy Kbahl;rp mikg;gpYk; ,d;Wtiu njhlu;e;J te;Js;sJ.
njhy; jkpo;g; gz;ghL mope;JNghfhky; xU fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Kjd;ikf;$whf
ghu;ff
; g;gl;l xd;W mLj;j fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; vr;rf;$Wfshf njhlu;tij fhzKbfpwJ
vd;Nw $wyhk;.
Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa E}y;fs;
1. mfehD}W> e.rp.fe;ijah> jkpo;kz; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2008.
2. ,yf;fpa khdpltpay;> gf;jtj;ryghujp> milahsk; gjpg;gfk;> 2014.
3. fypj;njhif er;rpdhu;fpdpau; ciu> fof ntspaPL> 2007.
4. njhy;fhg;gpak;> nghUsjpfhu %yKk; ciuAk;> er;rpdhu;f;fpzpau; gjpg;gfk;>
2007.
5. ew;wpiz ehD}W> m.ehuhazrhkp Iau; ciu> fof ntspaPL>
6. gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> gf;jtj;ryghujp> kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;> 1999.
7. gjpw;Wg;gj;J %yKk; ciuAk;> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> 2008.
8. GwehD}W njhFjp 1> 2> xsit. Jiurhkpg;gps;is ciu> jkpo;kz; gjpg;gfk;>
2008.
9. kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp njhFjp-2> re;jpah gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2004.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghtz;zd; rpWfijfspy; fhyk;
K.rhjpf; myp>
cjtpg;NguhrphpaH> jkpo;j;Jiw>
rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}hp>
jpUney;Ntyp.
Kd;Diu
fhyk; nghd; Nghd;wJ. vjhHj;j tho;f;ifapy; kl;Lky;y. rpWfij
,yf;fpaj;jpYk; jhd;. mjd; tpisthfNt nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyfis chpa
fhyj;jpy; nra;ahky; fhyk; fle;j gpd;dH tUj;jg;gLk; kdpjHfis rpWfij
,yf;fpaj;jpYk;. ajhHj;j tho;tpYk; ehk; mjpfk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
rpWfijapd; jtpHf;f Kbahj $Wfspy; xd;W fhyk;> fhyk;> ,lk; ngwhky;
xU rpWfijiag; gilf;f KbahJ. rpWfijapDs; NeubahfNth my;yJ
kiwKfkhfNth fhyk; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. e.gpr;r%Hj;jp gilg;Gfs; XH Ma;T vd;w
E}ypy; lhf;lH kPdhNkhp mtHfs; “ve;j xU gilg;ghsDk; jhd; tho;fpd;w fhyj;ij
Koikahfg; Gwf;fzpj;J tpLtjpy;iy. Mtid mwpe;Njh mwpahkNyh $l thOk;
fhyj;jpd; rhay; mtd; gilg;gpy; gbe;jpl tha;g;Gz;L” vd;fpwhH. NkYk; rpWfijapd;
fhyk; gw;wp rp.R. nry;yg;gh $Wk; NghJ “fhyk; rpWfijia mDgt tpehbfshf>
czHT fzq;fshf kpd;tPr;R Nghy; vz;zq;fshfj; njhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpWfijapy;
ntspahd mDgtk;> ekf;F Vw;gl;l czHT> ,it ek;ik ghjpj;Jk;> Ie;J epkplk;
Mapw;wh> xU ehsh> xU kzpah vd;W mtDf;F epidf;fNt Njhd;whj gbahd
kdepiyia Vw;glr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;” vd;fpwhH. fij epfOk; fhyk;> fij epfo;e;j
fhyk; vd fhyk; ,U tifg;gLk;.fijapd; njhlf;fk; Kjy; KbT tiu cs;s
fhyk; fij epfOk; fhykhFk;. mJ xU rpy epkplq;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ
gy tUlq;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Kd;G vg;NghNjh ele;j epfo;Tfs; fijapYs;s
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; %yk; jw;NghJ epidf;fg;gLkhdhy; mJ fij epfo;e;j fhykhFk;.
rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; fhyk; fij epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk; fjhghj;jpuq;fSf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fij epfOk; fhyj;jpd; mstpw;F k; fijapd; gf;f
mstpw;Fk; njhlu;gpy;iy. xU rpy epkplq;fNs fij epfOk; fhynkd;whYk; mf;fij
Ik;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gf;fq;fis cilajhff; $l ,Uf;fyhk;.
ghtz;zDk; fhyk; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk;
vOj;jhsH ghtz;zd; mtHfs; gjpdhWf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpWfijf; njhFjpfs;
cl;gl Rkhu; E}w;W Ik;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gilg;Gfisg; gilj;jpUe;jhYk; mtUila
rpWfijfs; rpy kzp Neuq;fisAk;> rpy ehl;fisAk;> rpy thuq;fisAk;> rpy
khjq;fisAk;> rpy tUlq;fisAk; fij epfOk; fhy msthff; ;nfhz;Ls;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mtw;Ws; ntspr;rk;> nghk;ikf;fhup> flNyhu tPL> ghf;Fj;Njhl;lk;> ,uz;L kuq;fs;>
gr;irf;fpspfs;> mLf;F khspif> VOyl;rk; thpfs;> New;W tho;e;jtHfs;> tiy>
ney;ypj;Njhg;G Mfpa rpWfijj; njhFjpfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rpWfijfspy; rpy
khjq;fisAk;> rpy tUlq;fisAk; fhy msthff; nfhz;Ls;s rpWfijfisNa
,f;fl;Liu Muha;fpwJ.
Gjpjhf Fbte;jpUf;Fk; tPl;bd; fPo;jsj;jpy; trpf;Fk; tPl;bd; nrhe;jf;fhuH
tsHj;j eha; ([{yp) vd;dplk; kl;Lk; gofhkNyNa ,we;J tpl;lJ vd;gij epidj;J
thlif tPl;Lf;fhuu; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘capH’ vd;Dk;
rpWfijahFk;.
“xU khrk; Md gpwF $l [{yp mjd; Nghf;fpy; gpbthjkha; ,Ue;jJ” (g-31)
“mLj;j ehY khjj;jpy; thl;lrhl;lkha; G\;bNahL tsHe;jpUe;jJ [{yp” (g-32)
Xtpag; gapw;rp gs;spapNy gapw;rp vLf;Fk; ,UtH xUtiunahUtH fhjypf;fpd;wdH.
fhjypapd; tPl;bw;F tp\ak; njhpAk; NghJ vjpHg;G fpsk;gNt fhjyd; Nrhfkhf
,Uf;Fk; epfo;itr; nrhy;Yk; rpWfij ‘Kfk;’ vd;gjhFk;.
“%d;W khrg; gapw;rpf; fhyKk; ehd; ,Ue;j mzpf;Nf mtSk; khw;wpf;nfhz;L
te;jJk; gytpjq;fspy; ,jw;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;jJ” (g-65)
“mLj;j gy khjq;fSf;F miwia tpl;L ntspNa vq;Fk; efutpy;iy” (g-70)
rpWFoe;ijapd; koiyg;Ngr;ir ngw;NwhHfs; urpj;Jf; Nfl;gjhf mike;Js;s f; fij
‘Gwh’ vDk; rpWfijahFk;.
“Nfhgp Ngr Muk;gp;f;fpw tiuf;Fk; rhaq;fhyq;fspy; ntspNa jphptij
re;Njh\kha; vz;zpf;nfhz;bUe;Njd;” (g-103)
“Nfhgp Ngrj; njhlq;fpaJk; jhd; ,d;ndhU re;Njh\khd cyfj;ijf;
fz;Lgpbj;Njd;” (g-104)
ntspehl;by; ,Uf;Fk; jd; khkh kfdplk;> nla;yH Ntiy ghHf;Fk; jd;
fztUf;F fj;jhpNfhy; thq;fp tur; nrhy;yp fbjk; NghLfpwhs; Re;jhp. jukhd
fj;jhpNfhy; fpilf;ftpy;iynad thq;fhky; te;Jtpl;l khkd; kfid epidj;J Re;jhp
tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;sJ ‘top’ vd;Dk; rpWfij.
“jPghtsp ,y;ydh nghq;fy;> nghq;fy; ,y;ydh jPghtsp. mg;g rk;ghhpr;rp
thq;fpf;zh Nghr;rp. ,Jf;nfy;yhk; moyhkh Re;jhp” (g-19)
fHehlfhtpy; trpf;Fk; ehd;F jkpoHfs; NrHe;J xU jkpo; nra;jpj;jhis
jpdKk; thq;fp khw;wp khw;wp gbf;fpwhHfs;. ehsiltpy; mtHfspd; FLk;gj;jpw;Fs;Ns


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpur;ridfs; te;jTld; jkpo; nra;jpj;jhs; epWj;jg;gl;lJ. midtUf;Fk;
tUj;jkspg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ $l;lhspfs; vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“jpl;lkpl;lgbNa ehiye;J khjk; ele;jJ mjw;fg;Gwk; jhd; nky;y gpur;rid
Muk;gkhdJ” (g-68)
xU Fwpg;gpl;l Viof;F> jpdKk; fhRk;> czTk; nfhLj;J xUtd; cjtp te; j
epiyapy; mt;Ntioapd; kidtpapDila cly; eyk; rhpapy;yhky; Ngha; tpLfpwJ.
me;Neuj;jpy; cjtp nra;a Kbahjij epidj;J mtH tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s
fij “Kbatpy;iy” vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“,J ele;J %d;W khrkpUf;Fk; mYtyfj;jpy; xU rpd;d gpur;rid” (g-78)
“ep[khfNt vd;dplk; gzk; ,y;iy khrf;filrpapd; rpukk; Efj;jbaha;
mOj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ” (g-78)
ntspA+hpy; Ntiy nra;Ak; mYtyf CopaH mYtyfg;gzp fhuzkhfj; jd;
gf;fj;J CUf;F tUfpwhH. gzp Kbe;jJk; mYtyf thfdj;jpNyNa jd; tPl;bw;Fr;
nrd;W jpUk;Gk; NghJ thfdk; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfp mtd; kPJ Jiw uPjpahd xOq;F
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. mij epidj;J mtd; tUe;Jtjhf mike;Js;s fij
‘tof;F’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“xU khrk; Ntiyf;F tuiy mtd; nehWq;fpd tz;bia ];Nlrdpy; ,Ue;J
tpLtpj;J rPHgLj;j Kg;gjhapuk; nrythdJ” (g-97)
mt;tg;NghJ Ntiyf;fhf NtW NtW mYtyfj;jpw;F jhTk; ,isQd;
epue;jukhd Ntiy ,y;yhky; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘topfhl;bfs;’
vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“XH ,lj;jpy; ehYkhjNkh Ie;J khjNkh ,Ug;Ngd; mg;Gwk; ePf;fp tpLthHfs;
my;yJ ehdhf epd;W nfhs;Ntd;” (g-45)
jhd; Ntiy ghHf;Fk; Bf;filf;F jpdKk; Bf;Fbf;f tUgtid fhjypj;J
FLk;gk; elj;jptpl;L mtd; Vkhw;wp nrd;w gpd;G tUj;jg;gLk; ngz;izg;gw;wpa fij
‘top’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“Mirg;gl;L MNwO khrq;fsha; Fbj;jdk; elj;jpdhshk;. VNjh ,d;lHtpA+
vd;W nrhy;yp tpl;L CHgf;fk; Nghdtd; khrk; ,uz;lhfp tpl;ljhk;. jfty; vJTk;
,y;iyahk;” (g-102)
jd;Dld; gpwe;j jk;gpAld; jd; kidtp cwtpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ghHj;J tpl;l
fztH Ntiyia ntspA+Uf;F khw;wp te;jhYk; mtH kidtpapd; JNuhfj;ij kwf;f
Kbahky; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘rpd;dk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“mLj;j khjk; nrhe;jkha; xU kl;il thq;fpNdd; cWg;gpduha; gjpT nra;J
nfhz;Nld;” (g-168)
“ehiye;J khjq;fs; fle;jpUf;Fk; Jiurhkpia xw;iwf;F xw;iw Ml;lj;jpy;
re;jpf;Fk; mstpw;F EZf;fk; $b ,Ue;jJ” (g-171)
jd;Dld; ehlfj;jpy; ebf;Fk; ebfid ek;gp rpdpkhtpy; ebf;Fk; Mirapdhy;
mtdplk; gzKk;> eifAk; nfhLj;j ebifia mtd; Vkhw;wp tpLfpwhd;. mjid
mwpe;j ebif tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘Mir’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“xU ehsh nuz;L ehsh khjf; fzf;fpy; mg;b ele;jpUf;F ” (g-184)
“gpukhjkh te;jpUf;FJ> vt;Nsh fhykhf Gbr;rJ ,njy;yhk; ehyQ;rp khrk;
,Uf;Fk;” (g-194)
gs;spapd; tpisahl;L ikjhdj;jpw;F Ntyp Njit vd;gjhy; khztHfs;
fw;whio nrbia Ntypahf el;l epfo;itf; $WtJ ‘Ntyp’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“xU khjk; tiuapYk; ehs; jtwhky; ehq;fs; fw;whiofisf; nfhz;L nrd;W
Ntyp fl;bNdhk; ngUk;ghYk; gr;ir gpbf;fj; njhlq;fp tpl;ld. (g-90)
Nghyp rhd;wpjo;fisf; nfhLj;J fy;Y}hpapy; tphpTiuahsH Ntiyf;Fr;
NrHe;jtid vNjr;irahf fUj;juq;fj;jpy; ghHj;j mtd; ez;gd; Nghyp]_f;F jfty;
nrhy;fpwhd;. rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;l Nghyp tphpTiuahsH ez;gd; kPJ Nfhgkhf
,Ug;gjhf mike;Js;sJ ‘tiy’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“rpiwf;F te;J xU khjkhfp tpl;lJ kdrpd; nfhe;jspg;G mlq;ftpy;iy
xt;nthU euk;gpYk; ntwpgPwpl;NlhLfpwJ” (g-116)
fhw;wpy; <ug;gjk; mjpfk; ,Ug;gjhy; Gjpjhff; fl;ba flNyhu tPl;il
thliff;F nfhLj;J tpl;L rw;W njhiytpy; NtW tPl;by; FbapUf;fpd;wdH. flNyhu
tPl;by; thliff;F trpf;Fk; FLk;gj;jpy; mbf;fb epfOk; rz;ilapy; xU ehs;
fztd; midtiuAk; nfhiynra;J jhDk; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;fpwhd;.
mt;tPl;bd; cupikahsH kd mikjpapd;wp tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;sJ “flNyhu
tPL” vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“MNwO khjq;fspy; yypjh cly; eyk; Njwp vOe;jhs;” (g-4)
“MNwO khjq;fs; fle;jNj njhpatpy;iy” (g-9)
thu ,jopy; njhlH fl;Liufs; vOJk; ,U vOj;jhsHfs; jq;fs; el;G
tsHe;jijr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘fhyj;jpd; tpspk;gpy;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“Vwj;jho gj;J thuq;fshf mj;njhlH ntspte;J nfhz;bUe;jJ” (g-81)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“gjpNdhuhtJ thuj;Jf;fhd fl;Liuia vOjp Kbj;jJk; kpd;mQ;ry;
gf;fj;ijj; jpUg;gpaNghJ vdf;nfhU kly; te;jpUf;Fk; nra;jpia mwpe;Njd; ” (g-81)
jiytDf;fhfg; ghLgl;l njhz;lid kjpf;fhj jiytHfis epidj;J
njhz;ld; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij “khiy” vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“khjj;Jf;F xU ehs; njhFjp cWg;gpdH cs;spl;l Kf;fpa];jHfs;
Kd;dpiyapy; cz;bay; jpwf;fg;gl;L gzk; tifgLj;jg;gl;lJ. (g-126).
mdhij ,y;yj;jpy; tsUk; ghHitaw;w Foe;ijfis cw;rhfg;gLj;jp
mtHfSf;F Nghl;bfs; elj;jp ghpR toq;fpa epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; rpWfij
‘ghHit’ vd;gjhFk;.
“mYtyf fz;fhzpg;Gr; Nrhjidfs; khjf;fzf;fpy; ePz;L nfhz;Nl Nghapd”
(g-97)
fztdpd; nfhLikfs; jhq;f Kbahky; jd; mz;zd; tPl;Lf;F tUk;
jq;ifapd; kdij mts; mz;zpapd; thHj;ijfs; Gz;gLj;Jtjhy; mj;jq;if
ahUf;Fk; njhpahky; ntspA+H nrd;W tpLfpwhs;. vq;F NjbAk; fpilf;fhjjhy; FLk;g
cwTfs; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij “ifnaOj;J” vd;gjhFk;.
“xU khj fhyk; mg;gh> nghpag;gh> rpj;jg;gh %tUk; jpirf;nfhUtuhfj;
NjbdhHfs; rpd;dj; jfty; $l fpilf;ftpy;iy” (g-26)
jpUkzkhdg; ngz;Zld; fs;sf;fhjypy; <LgLk; thypgid mts; fztd;
mbj;J cijj;j epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘ml;il’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“mtd; cly;epiy KOtJk; Njhptu %d;W khjq;fs; gpbj;jd” (g-206)
jd; tPl;by; ele;j jP tpgj;jpy; fztidAk; Foe;ijfisAk; gwpnfhLj;jg;
ngz;Zk; kdNeha;f;F Mshfpwhs;. mtSld; gpwe;jtHfs;. mtisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;tJ ‘nghk;ik’ vd;Dk; rpWijahFk;.
“MW khjq;fSf;F Kd;Gtiu ehq;fs; ghHj;j mj;ij NtW” (g-238)
“ehd;F khjq;fSf;F gpd; jhd; mts; fz;fspy; xU njspT gluj;
njhlq;fpdijg; ghHj;Njd;. (g-242)
jd; njUtpw;F Gjpjhf Fb te;jtHfs; jd; tpahghuj;jpy; jdf;Fg; Nghl;bahf
te;JtpLthHfs; vd;w gaj;jpy; KWf;F Rl;L tpw;Fk; Bf;filf;fhuH fhtyHfspd;
%yk; mtHfis tpul;b Ciuf; fhyp nra;a itj;j epfo;Tfisf; $WtJ
‘gr;irf;fpspfs;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“,uz;L %d;W khjq;fspNyNa Kj;Jr;rhkpapd; KWf;Fg; ghf;nfl;LfSf;F
njUtpy; ,Ue;j vy;NyhUNk thbf;iff;fhuu;fshdhHfs;” (g-191)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngw;NwhH tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdjhy; Mrpupauhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtd; fdTk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjid vz;zp tUe;Jtjhf mike;Js;s fij “xU ehs; MrphpaH”
vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“ehyQ;rp khrk; fopr;rp xU ehs; Nghap ghHj;Jg; NgrpapUe;Jl;L rHbgpNfl;Lfs
Nfl;L thq;fpahe;Jl;Nld;” (g-56)
rpW tajpy; jhd; gbj;j gs;spf;$lk; jw;NghJ %lg;gl;L tpl;ljhy; mjid
vz;zp tUj;jkilAk; epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;tJ ‘gs;spf;$lk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“xU khjk; fzf;F Mrphpauhf gps;isfSf;F nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpNwd;”
(g-111)
nghUs; <l;Ltjw;fhf jha; nrhd;d Ntiyapy; Nruhky; jd; kdjpw;Fg; gpbj;j
Ntiyr; nra;J rk;ghjpf;Fk; ngz;zplk; mts; jha; mwpTiu $Wtjhf mike;Js;s
fij ‘,U topfs;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“,uz;L khjq;fs; fle;J tpl;ld. kjpa Neuj;jpy; mts; tPl;by; Ntiyapd;wp
Gj;jfk; gbj;j gb nghOij fopg;gij ghHf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; mts; mk;khtpd; Kfk;
neUg;G gpbj;jJ Nghy khwptpLk;” (g-156)
NeHikahf Ntiy nra;j mjpfhhp kPJ ngha; GfhH nfhLj;jJk; mtH ngha;
rhl;rp nrhy;yp> tpLjiyahdijr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘ngha;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“MWkhrj;Jf;F Kd;dhy yQ;r Nf];y ifAk; nka;Akh Gbr;rpl;lhd;” (g-31)
ghtz;zd; rpWfijfspy; 21 rpWfijfs; rpy tUlq;fisf; fhy msthff;
nfhz;Ls;sd. mit
1) fbjk; 2) jP 3) gl;lk; 4) ruz; 5) fhyk; 6) ikak; 7) jdpkuk; 8) jpir NjLk;
gwit 9) gop 10) fdy; 11) fd;W 12) mH[_dd; jtk; 13) gwitfs; 14)
My kuj;jpy; xU gwit 15) miog;G 16) Fg;G 17) G+idf;Fl;b 18) ghl;L 19)
jhj;jh 20) gpurhjk; 21) irf;fps;
rpy tUlq;fisf; fhy msthff; nfhz;lr; rpWfijfs;
efuhl;rpapy; Ntiy nra;j je;ij ,we;jJk; mtuJ Ntiy jdf;F Ntz;Lk;
vd kD nra;J Ntiyiag; ngw ehd;F tUlq;fshf NghuhLk; kfidg; gw;wpaf;
fij ‘fbjk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“,uz;L tUlq;fsha; ,e;j tof;F elf;fpwJ vd;Wk; fz;bg;gha; ,q;F jhd;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; nrhd;Ndd;” (g-156)
“%dhtJ tU\j;jpy; ehd; vOjpa tq;fpj; NjHT KbTfs; te;jpUe;jd”
(g-154)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpUkz tpLg;G Kbe;J kPz;Lk; gzpapy; NrHe;j CopaDf;F fsg;gzp vd;W
nrhy;yp ntt;NtW khepyq;fshf miyf;fopg;gJk; mtd; tUj;jg;gLtJkhd
epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;tJ ‘jP’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“%d;W tU\j;jpy; %d;W jPghtspfs; Kg;gJ ehs;fs; mJTk; gpuahz
ehs;fs; ePq;fshf kidtpNahL tho;e;jpUf;fpNwd;” (g-37)
ed;whf tpisahz;L gs;spf;F ntw;wpiaj; Njbj;je;j khztHfs; ghPl;irapy;
Njhy;tpaile;jJk; tUj;jg;gl;L xU khztd; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;l epfo;itr;
nrhy;Yk; fij ‘gl;lk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“%d;W khjk; fopj;J fhy; ge;jhl;lg; Nghl;b tpOg;Guk; ikjhdj;jpy; jhd;
Ml;lk;” (g-63) “KOg;ghPl;ir te;J tpl;lJ. ghPl;irf;Fhpa vz;fs;
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld” (g-64) kidtp jpl;bajw;fhf mts; kPJ
Nfhgg;gl;L te;j fztd; ntspA+hpYs;s xU Nfhtpypy; G+rhhpahfp tpLfpwhd;. mtd;
kidtp ,we;j gpwFk; mtisg; ghHf;fr; nry;yhky; NtW vq;Nfh nrd;Wtpl;l
epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘ruz;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“%Z tU\kh cd;d vq;nfy;yhk; Njlwk; njhpAkh” (g-20)
“,uz;L %d;W jhprdq;fSf;Fg; gpwF Rg;igah rhkpNa FUrhkpahf ,Ue;J
top elj;jpdhH” (g-19)
jd; ghl;b tPl;Lf;F nrd;w Ngj;jpf;F mts; je;ij fhyj;J tpisahl;L
nghUl;fisnay;yhk; nfhLj;J tpisahlr; ;nrhy;fpwhs; ghl;b. mg;nghUl;fis
Ntz;lhk; vd Ngj;jp nrhy;Yk; NghJ ghl;b tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij
‘fhyk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“Nghd tU\k; CUf;F te;j NghJ ,j;jid Nfs;tp ,y;iy ,j;jidg;
Ngr;Rkpy;iy xU nghk;ikiag; Nghy ,Ue;jhs;” (g-45)
jd;Dld; gbj;j ngz;zpd; kfSk; jd; kfSk; xNu tFg;gpy; gbg;gij
epidj;J ngUikg;gLk; je;ijiag; gw;wpa fij ‘ikak;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“Mz;Lfs; fopaf; fopa tPl;by; ehd; vjpHghuhj f\;lq;fs; mjpfhpj;jd”
(g-74)
“Ie;J tU\q;fshfNt khypdpAld; Ngr;R thHj;ij ,y;iy” (g-76)
jdf;nfd FLk;g cwTfs; ,y;yhjjhy; gzp epiwTf;Fg; gpd; ez;gdpd;
tPl;by; jq;FfpwhH uj;jd;. ez;gdpd; kfd; nfhLf;Fk; njhy;iyahy; mq;fpUe;J uj;jd;
Nrhfkhf ntspNaWk; epfo;itr; nrhy;tJ ‘jdpkuk;’ vd;Wk; rpWfijahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“,UgJ tU\k; jhd; ,Ue;j tPlh vd;W mtUf;Nf Mr;rhpakhf ,Ue;jJ”
(g-44)
gzp epiwTf;Fg; gpd; kd mikjp Ntz;b FLk;gj;jpypUe;J tpyfp Mrpukj;jpy;
NrHe;j jhj;jh rpy tUlq;fspy; ,we;J tpl;l epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij
‘jpirNjLk; gwit’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“xU tU\k; mk;khtpd; jk;gpf;Fj; jpUkzk; ,d;ndhU tU\k; Mgp]; gjtp
caHT NjHT” (g-112) Mofhfr; rhkpr; rpiyfs; tiue;J nfhLf;Fk; XtpaH nkhj;j
MHlH thq;fpa rkaj;jpy; mtH kidtp NtnwhUtDld; nrd;W tpLfpwhs;.
kidtpia epidj;J tUj;jg;gl;l XtpaH ahUf;Fk; nrhy;yhky; vq;Nfh nrd;W tpLk;
epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;tJ ‘gop’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“me;jg; gf;fk; nry;yNt gyUk; gae;jhHfs; Mz;Lfs; fopaf; fopa gak;
tpyfp elkhl;lk; njhlq;fpaJ” (g-50) jd;id khl;btpl;ltid gop thq;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nehf;fj;NjhL n[apypy; ,Ue;J ntspNa te;jtd; vjpupiaf; fz;lJk; kd;dpj;J
tpl;l epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘fdy;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“gj;J tU\ fhyk; me;jr; rpWkpia tsHj;Njd;” (g-149)
ntsp ehl;bypUe;J jd; fpuhkj;jpw;F tUgtH mq;F gbf;Fk; Foe;ijfSf;F
,ytrkhf bA+rd; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;Fk; epfo;Tfis tpsf;Fk; fij ‘fd;W’ vd;Dk;
rpWfijahFk;.
“ehl;fs; khjq;fshfTk; Mz;LfshfTk; cUs cUs jq;fr;rhkpapd;
jpz;izg; gs;spapd; ngUik mLj;jLj;j CHfSf;nfy;yhk; gutj; njhlq;fpaJ”
(g-88).
mH[{dd; Nt\k; Nghl;L rhkpahbatd; jpUtpohtpd; filrp ehspy; ,we;jJk;
mtDf;fhf CNu tUj;jg;gl;l epfo;Tfis tpsf;Fk; fij ‘mH[{dd; jtk;’ vd;Dk;
rpWfijahFk;. “fle;j tU\k; mH[{ddhf Mba Nfhghy; J}tpa G+it gpbj;j
jdnyl;Rkp xU ngz; Foe;ijiag; ngw;W cyfk; jdf;F #l;bapUe;j kybg;
gl;;lj;ijj; Jilj; njwpe;jhs;” (g-160)
gwitfs; fhg;gfj;jpy; mtw;iwg; guhkhpf;Fk; gzpahsH mitfSf;F czT
,y;yhj epiyia vz;zp tUe;jp tUe;jp kdeyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhH. mtH kfd; jd;
je;ijf;F rpfpr;iraspf;Fk; epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘gwitfs;’ vd;Dk;
rpWfijahFk;.
“,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhd fhyj;ij gwitfs; eLtpy; fopj;jjpy;
mtUf;F vy;yhNk mj;Jgbahfp ,Ue;jJ” (g-28) jd; je;ij ,we;J tpLfpwhH.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mtiug; gw;wp xU Gj;jfk; ntspapl tpUk;Gk; kfd; mjw;fhd Kaw;rpfisr; nra;Ak;
epfo;Tfisf; $Wk; fij ‘My kuj;jpy; xU gwit’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“Mz;L KOf;f mspf;fg;gl;l njhlHr;rpahd kUj;Jtj;Jf;Fg; gpwFk; mtH
,e;j kz;Zyif tpl;L kiwe;J NghdhH” (g-131) ve;j epWtdj;jpYk; jd;
gbg;gpw;Nfw;w Ntiy fpilf;fhjjhy; tUj;jg;gl;l Gjpjhf jpUkzkhd ngz;
ehsiltpy; kdNehahspahf khwp ,we;J tpLfpwhs;. mtis epidj;J mts; fztd;
tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘miog;G’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“%d;whz;L fhy ,y;yw tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; mf;fhl;rpfspd; Clhf xU
ejpiag; Nghy gha;e;J ngUFtjhf czHe;jhd;” (g-141)
jpUkzk; nra;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd ngha; nrhy;yp fHg;gkhf;fptpl;L mtSf;F
Foe;ijg; gpwe;jJk; NtnwhU ngz;izj; jpUkzk; nra;j Miz epidj;J ngz;
tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘Fg;G’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“NtfNtfkhf khjq;fs; fle;jNj njhpatpy;iy…. gpurtj;Jf;Fg;gpwF mts;
gjl;lk; mjpfkhdJ” (g-53) jd; ngz; Foe;ijf;F cly; eyk; rhpapy;yhky; Nghd
NghJ mij epidj;J ngw;NwhHfs; tUj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘G+idf;Fl;b’
vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“mLj;j Mz;Lk; mts; MW Nfhg;igfs; ngw;whs;…. mijj; njhlHe;j
Mz;bYk; mtNs Kd;dpiy tfpj;jhs;” (g-92> 93)
ghl;bd; kPJ MHtk; nfhz;l xUegiu mj;Jiwapy; gazpf;f mtUila
FLk;gj;jpdH mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. rpy fhyk; fopj;J mtUila Ngud; ,ay;ghfNt
kpf mofhfg; ghLtijg; ghHj;jTld; me;egH kpFe;j kfpo;r;rpaile;j epfo;Tfis
nrhy;Yk; rpWfij “ghl;L” vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“gj;J tU\fhy Nkhjy; mts; kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpwF jhd; xU KbTf;F
te;jJ” (g-84)
jpUkzkhd rpy ehl;fspNyNa jd; kidtp NtnwhU MZld; nrd;Wtpl;lijawpe;j
fztd; msTf;fjpfkhf kJ mUe;jp jd; capiu tpl;l epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk;
fij ‘jhj;jh’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw JNuhgij mk;kd; Nfhapy; jpUtpoh rkaj;jpy; nfhb
fl;b nfhb mtpo;f;Fk; tiu mijj; njhl khl;lhH” (g-127)
jpdKk; ,ytrkhf fpilj;j gpurhjj;ij cz;L gbj;J nghpatdhf
tsHe;jtd; kPz;Lk; jd; fpuhkj;jpw;F tUk; NghJ gioa Ml;fs; ahUk; ,y;yhjij
epidj;J tUe;Jtjhf mike;Js;s fij ‘gpurhjk;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“mtDila fbd ciog;Gf;fhd ghprhf xt;nthU Mz;L ,WjpapYk;
mtDf;F ey;y kjpg;ngz;fs; fpilj;jd” (g-163) fztd; kidtpf;fpilNaahd
rz;ilapy; Nfhgj;jpy; ntspapy; nrd;w fztd; gy tUlkhfpAk; tPl;bw;Fj;
jpUk;ghjjhy; fy;Y}hp gbg;gpw;F gzkpy;yhj kfd; mthpd; irf;fpis tpw;W
fy;Y}hpapy; gbf;Fk; epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘irf;fps;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijahFk;.
“mLj;j ehs; gs;spapy; khjphpj; NjHTfs; njhlq;fp tpl;ld” (g-19)
“mts; fy;Y}hpf;F ele;J nry;y Muk;gpj;jhs;” (g-24)
Gjpa njhopy; njhlq;fp rk;ghjpf;Fk; fztDf;F kidtp NkYk; NkYk;
njhy;iy nfhLj;jjhy; mtd; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J gphpe;J nrd;W kd Ntjidapy;
,we;J Nghd epfo;Tfisr; nrhy;Yk; fij ‘New;W tho;e;jtHfs;’ vd;Dk;
rpWfijahFk;.
KbTiu
ghtz;zdpd; gjpNdhU rpWfijj; njhFjpfspYs;s 48 rpWfijfis
,f;fl;Liuapy; Ma;Tf;Fs;shf;fpAs;Nsd;. mtw;Ws; ,Ugj;NjO (27) rpWfijfs; rpy
khjq;fisf; fij epfOk; fhykhfTk;> ,Ugj;jp xd;W (21) rpWfijfs; rpy
tUlq;fisf; fij epfOk; fhy msTfshfTk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
Kjd;ikr; rhd;Wfs;
1) ntspr;rk; - ghtz;zd;
2) nghk;ikf;fhhp - ghtz;zd;
3) flNyhu tPL - ghtz;zd;
4) ghf;Fj; Njhl;lk; - ghtz;zd;
5) ,uz;L kuq;fs; - ghtz;zd;
6) gr;irf; fpspfs; - ghtz;zd;
7) mLf;F khspif - ghtz;zd;
8) VO yl;rk; thpfs; - ghtz;zd;
9) New;W tho;e;jtHfs; - ghtz;zd;
10) tiy - ghtz;zd;
11) ney;ypj;Njhg;G - ghtz;zd;
Jizikr; rhd;Wfs;
1) e.gpr;r%Hj;jp gilg;Gfs; XH Ma;T
2) jkpo; rpWfij gpwf;fpwJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy; ePHNkyhz;ikr; rpe;jidfs;
r.N\hgdh>
fpU\;zrhkp kfspH mwptpay; fiy
flY}H.
Njhw;Wtha;
Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fSs; ek; rpe;ijia rpwg;Gwr; nra;Ak; fhg;gpak;
rpe;jhkzpahk;. mr;rpe;jhkzpapy; ePH Nkyhz;ikf; Fwpj;j tpijfs; ek;ik
tpag;gilar; nra;fpd;wd. ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;j tho;it kdpjd; vt;thnwy;yhk;
tho;e;jhd; vd;gij ,yf;fpag; gjpTfs; ekf;F rhd;wspf;fpd;wd. mj;jifa ,aw;ifg;
gjpTfs; #oypay; rhHe;j fUj;Jg; nghUz;ikfis ehk; ,d;iwa #oNyhL
nghUj;jpg; ghHg;gJ mtrpakhfpwJ. rpe;jhkzpapy; Kjyhtjhf tPw;wpUf; Fk; ehkfs;
,yk;gfk; #oypaiyAk; mit rhHe;j ePH Nkyhz;ikiaAk; xUq;Nf
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. #oypay; njhFjpapy;; mbg;gilahf miktJ ePuhjhuk; MFk;.
mj;jF ePuhdJ epyj;ijAk; caphpdj;ijAk; xUq;Nf fhg;gjhfpwJ mj;jF ePhpid
newpg;gLj;jy; Kiwfis ek; Kd;ndhHfs; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> fy;ntl;LfspYk;
gjpTnra;J itj;Js;sdH. ePH Nkyhz;ik vd;w nghUz;ikia ikakhff; nfhz;L
rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy; cs;s ehl;Ltsg; gFjpNahL nghUj;jpg; ghHg;gNj ,f;fl;Liuapd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
#oypaypy; Ie;jpizfs;
#oypay; kz;lyj;jpy; ePHr; #oypay; Kf;fpakhdjhfpwJ. Vnddpy;
,r;#oypay; vy;yh caphpdj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhfpwJ. gpd;tUgit ePHr;
#o;epiy kz;lyq;fshtd.
1. Fsq;fs;
2. ePNuhilfs;
3. Vhpfs;
4. ejpfs;
5. ngUq;fly;fs;
6. Kfj;Jthuq;fs;
Nghd;wit ePHr;#oiyAk; mJ rhHe;j caphpdq;fisAk; rhHe;jitahfpwJ. ,j;jF
#oiy md;Nw jpiz mbg;gilapy; gFj;Js;sNjhL> jpizfspy; ePiuAk;
cUg;nghUNshL NrHj;Js;sdH. vy;yhj; jpizfspYk; ePH Kf;fpakhdjhf
mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ rpwg;ghdjhfpwJ. mf>Gwg;ghly;fSk; ,it rhHe;Nj
Gidag;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU ghlYk; xU jpiz mbg;gbapy; #oypay; njhFjpia


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Kd;itf;fpd;wd. mr;#oiy Kd;NdhHfs; Kjy;> chp> fUg;nghUs; vd gFf;fyhapdH.
mf;fUg;nghUspd; jd;ikia jpizfs; rhHe;j gFg;Gfspy; fhzKfpwJ. ,q;F
xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; ePhpd; ngaH khWfpwJ md;wp ePhpd; gad;ghL khwhky; gy
epiyfspy;; mikag;ngWfpwJ.
FwpQ;rp – mUtp
Ky;iy- fhd;ahW
kUjk; - MW> ngha;if
nea;jy; - kzy;fpzW
ghiy- $ty;> Rid
,t;thW jpiz mbg;gilapy; ePH epiyfspy; gad;ghL mtrakhdjhfpwJ.
mfk; rhHe;j ghly;fis cw;W Nehf;Fk; nghOJ ,U epiyf;fsd;fis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
,aw;ifr; #oy; mftho;T
mftho;tpid tpsf;Ftjhf kl;Lk; my;yhky; ,aw;ifiaAk; xUq;Nf
tpsf;Fk; edp ehfhPfkhd mikg;gpay; ftpijfis rq;f ,yf;fpakhdJ
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
rhd;whf rpy jpizg; ghliy <z;L fhz;Nghk;.
“epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; caHe;jd;W
ePhpDk; MH msT ,d;Nw rhuy;
fUq;Nfhw; FwpQ;rpg; G+f;nfhz;L
ngUe;Njd;...”1
FwpQ;rpj; jpizia njspTg;gLj;Jk; ,g;ghly; epyj;ijAk;> ePiuAk; Rl;LfpwJ
El;gkhd cz;ikia jiytp jd; $w;wpy; nghjpj;Js;shs;. ahnjdpy; ePHj;
Njitapy; epiwT ngw;w ehNl tsk;kpf;f ehlhFk;. rhuy; tsk; kpf;f ehl;Lj;
jiytdpd; CuhdJ nry;t tskpf;fJ vd;gij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ePHtuj;J
mjpfkhdjhy; ngUe;Njd; rhj;jpakhapw;W.
“ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF” vd;w ts;Stdpd; thf;Fg;gb ePuhjhuNk kdpjdpd;
capHehb. ePhpd; nray;ghl;lhNy cyfkhdJ ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ,t;thW ePH
fhw;WlDk; ntg;gj;JlDk;; ,af;f epiyg;ngw;W jpizfspd; mbg;gilapy;
epiyngWfpwJ. Nkw;fz;l FwpQ;rp epyg;ghly; ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s ePhpd;
gad;ghl;ilNar; Rl;b epw;fpwJ.
Fsr;#oiy czHj;Jk; kUjf;fyp
kUjf;fyp ghly; xd;W ePHr;#oy; nfhz;l Fsj;ij ikakpl;ljhf mikfpwJ
kUjj;jpizNahL njhlHG ,Ug;gpDk; ePuhjhuj;ijAk; mtw;wpf;fhd #oYk; vg;gb


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mikAk; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. Fsj;jpd; jd;ikia gy Nfhzq;fspy;;
mikfpd;wJ. mit>
1. ePsk;
2. Mok;
3. ePH Njq;Fk;
4. ePiug;ngWk; Kiw
5. ntspNaw;Wk; Kiw
vd;gditfshFk; gpd;tUk; ghliy Fsj;jpd; Mok;> ePsk;> ePHNjq;Fk; #oy; vd
,tw;NwhL xg;gplyhk;.
“mfd;Jiw mzpngw GjnyhL jho;e;j
gfd;iwg; G+ cw ePz;l ghrilj; jhkiu
fz;L nghu xsp tpl;l nts;spa ts;sj;jhd;
jz; fko; eWe;Njwy; cz;gts;...”2
mfd;Jiw vd;gJ mfd;w vd;w ePsj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhf mikfpwJ. nrb>
nfhbfs;> jho;e;j> gfd;iwg; G+ G+j;jpUf;Fk; Jiwahf tHzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,t;tHzizapy; Gy; Nghd;w caphpdj;ijr; #o;e;jjhf miktij <z;L fhzyhk;.
jhkiu kyH G+j;jpUf;Fk; #oy; vd;gjhy; Mok;; epiwe;jjhfTk; Fwpf;fpwJ. jz; fko;
vd;gjpy; jz;ik vd;w nrhy;yhlyhy; vg;nghOJk; ePH Njq;fp ,Uf;Fk; #oiyr;
Rl;LfpwJ. jiytpapd; $w;wpy; xUGwk; #oypaiyAk;> jiytdpd; #oiyAk;
czHj;jpAs;sJ.
kdpjDf;F kl;LkhdJ my;y ,e;j cyfk; vy;yh caphpdj;jpw;Fk;
nghJthdjhFk;. vy;yh #oypaypYk; caphpdq;fspd; gq;F Kf;fpakhdjhfpwJ.
,j;jFr; rpwg;GkpF #oypad; caphpdq;f;s; Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpaH Rl;bAs;shH. mit>
“xd;wwp tJNt cw;wwp tJNt
,uz;lwp tJNt mjndhL ehNt
%d;wwp tJNt mtw;nwhL %f;Nf........”3
ntg;gk;> jl;gk;> td;ik> nkd;ik> mwpAk; Gy; kuk; Kjyhf midj;J caphpdKk;
Njhd;w ePHr;#oy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. XuwpT Kjy; MwwpT capH
midj;jpw;fk; ePH mtrpakhfpwJ. ,it capHf; fhuzpfspd; njhFg;ghFk; (biotic
factors) ,tw;iw fhf;f ePH Nkyhz;ik Kf;fpakhdjhfpwJ.
rq;f fhy ePH Nkyhz;ik
ePH ghrdj; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; Njhw;wk; RkhH. fp.gp.750 thf;fpNyNa ek;
kf;fspilNa Nt&d;wptpl;ljhf ,uh.rq;fud; $WfpwhH. jkpoH tho;tpaypy; ePH r%fk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpd;dpg; gpize;jpUe;jJ. mr;r%fNk ePH Nkyhz;ikr; rpe;jidf;F mbj;jfskpl;ldH.
mt;topr; r%fj;ij ,d;W njhiyj;j r%fkhf ehk; khwpAs;Nshk;.
ePH Nkyhz;ikia epHtfpf;Fk; r%fj;jpdhpy; ejpapy; Xlk; ePiu VhpfSf;F
mDg;gpf;Fk; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;gtiu ePuhzpf;fHfs; vd;gH. VhpfSf;F KO
nghWg;igAk; Nkw;nfhz;ltHfs; ePHf;fl;bahH vd;gH. ,tHfspd;; mDkjp ,d;wp ahUk;
Vhpia neUq;f Kbahj muzhf tPw;wpUe;jdH. Vhpfis cilj;jhy; ehl;bd;
nghUshjhuj;ij cilg;gjw;Fr; rkk;. mjid> jtpHf;Fk; nghUl;L mjw;nfd jdp
gzpahl;fis epakpj;jpUe;jdh;> ,tHfs; tpisepyq;fs; tiu ePiuf;nfhz;L nrd;wdH.
Mw;W ePiu KOtJkhfj; jLj;Jf; Fsq;fSf;F mDg;Ggtiu Fsj;Jf; fhg;ghsHfs;>
Fsj;Jg; gs;sHfs; vd;gH. ,tHfs; Fsj;ijg; ghJfhf;fTk;> J}a;ikahf;fTk;
gzpakHj;jg;gl;ldH.
Fsj;jpypUe;J tay;fSf;F ePiug; gha;r;RgtHfis ePHg;gha;r;rp’ vd;W Rl;LtH.
NkYk;> rpW> rpW ePH Mjhuq;fshd kjF> kil> Fkpo;> J}k;G Nghd;wtw;iwf;
fhg;gtHfs; kilaHfs; vd;W $WtH. ,t;thW ePH Nkyhz;ikf;nfd jdpj;JiwNa
nray;gl;lJ njhpatUfpwJ.
rq;f fhy kf;fs; gz;gl;l r%fj;jpduhf ,Ue;jpUe;jdH vd;gjw;F ePH
Nkyhz;ik jf;fr; rhd;whfpwJ.
rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; ePH Nkyhz;ik
rpe;jhkzpapd; Kjy; ,yk;gfkhd ehkfs; ,yk;gfk; ,aw;if #oiyAk;>
r%fr; #oiyAk; czHj;Jfpd;wJ. ePHr;#oy; %yk; ngwg;gLk; fhuzpfisj;
jpUj;jf;f NjtH ehl;Ltsj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. kioia Kjypy; Nkfq;fspy; ,Ue;J
tHzpg;gNjhL mk;Nkfq;fs; fly;ePiu KfHe;J ngUe;jpus;nfhz;l Nkfkhf
cUntLj;jij gpd;gtUk; ghly;thp nka;g;gpff;fpd;wd. mit>
“,opAk; nts;sUtpj; jpus; ahitAk;
FOtpd; khlj; Jfpw;nfhb Nghd;wNt....... ”4
ePhpay; Nfhl;ghl;il ,j;Jiz mofhf $wKbAnkdpy;; mJ jkpo; ,yf;fpq;fshyhNa
rhj;jpak;. fly; ePiu Kfe;j NkfkhdJ kiy KfLfspy; mUtpaha; ghpzkpj;J
epyj;ij mile;jJ vd;gij mofpa tHzidNahL jpUj;jf;f NjtH
$wpg;Nghe;Js;shH.
,Nj fUj;ij ghpghlypy; itia Mw;iw Fwpf;Fk; nghOJ mikfpwJ.
“epiwfld; Kfe;Juha; epiwe;JePH JSk;Ge;jk;
nghiwjtpH girtplg; nghope;jd;W thdk;
epykiw tJNghd; kypHGd wiyj;jiy,......”5


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Kfpy;fs; ePH epiwe;j flypd;fz; cs;s ePiu Kfe;J nfhz;L thdj;jpd; fz;
ahz;Lk; gutp ePH epiwe;j ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijNa ,t;thp Rl;LfpwJ. G+kpf;Fk;
tspkz;lyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l J}uj;jpy; ghAk; ePHepiy Row;rp vdg;gLk;. mr;Row;rpg;
gw;wpa mwptpay; cz;ikia md;Nw ek; Kd;NdhHfs; mwpe;jpUe;jdH vd;gJ
tpag;gspf;fpwJ. ,jid gpd;tUk; ePHRow;rp nka;g;gpf;fpwJ.
gbjy; fly;
tope;NjhLjy; epyj;jbePh;
Fsk;
Vhp
jhtuq;fs;
Nkfq;fs; Mtpahjy;
ePuhtpg;Nghf;F
Nkw;fz;l #oypay; jpizfs; midj;jpw;Fk; nghJthd fhuzpfshf mikfpd;wd.

ngUf;nfLj;JtUk; Mw;W nts;sj;ij vt;thW ifahs;tJ vd;gij NrhoHfs;
Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdH. mr;Nrho Nguurpd; kpfg;nghpa milahdkhfj;
jpfo;gtH fhpfhy; Nrhod; fy;yiziaf; fl;b ePH Nkyhz;ikf;F kpfr;rpw;e;j
Kd;Djhudkhfj; jpfo;fpwhH. ePiuj;Njf;fp gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwia kpfr;rhpahf
ifahz;lJ ,d;iwa nghwpapay; ty;YQhpilNaAk; tpag;gspf;fpwJ. mNj NrhoH
Fyj;jpy; te;jtH jpUj;jf;f NjtH MthH. ,jid ‘Ke;ePH tyk;Ghp’ Xk;gilr;
nra;Aspd; ciuapy; er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH Rl;LfpwhH. fhpfhydpd; ePHNkyhz;ikr;
rpe;jidfs; jpUj;jf;fNjtUk; Rl;LtJ tpag;gpw;Fhpajpy;iy vdyhk;. ,e;jpa ePH
ghrdj;jpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLk; rh;. MHjH fhl;ld; fy;yizapd;
nghwpapaiy fz;L tpae;J fy;yizf;F “fpuhz;l; mizfl;” vd;fpwhH.
gy;NtW ngUikfis cila ePHNkyhz;ikr; r%fkkhf NrhoHfhyk;
tpsq;fpAs;sJ. <z;L Vkhq;fj ehl;bd; ePH tsj;ij fhf;Fk; thpfs; gpd;tUkhW>
“gok;nfhs; njq;F ,iynadg; gue;J gha;Gdy;
toq;fKd; ,aw;wpa Rijnra; tha;j;jiy
joq;Fuy; gk;ikapw; rhw;wp ehnlyhk;
Koq;FjPk; Gdy;mf Khpa nkha;j;jNj........”6


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngUf;nfLj;J tUk; Mw;W nts;sk; fiuNahug; gFjpfis mhpj;Jf;nfhz;L tuhky;
fhf;f epw;Fk; tPuHfspd; xypAk; nts;sj; ij jpirkhw;w gOj;j njd;dq; fP w;iwg;
Nghy; gue;J tphpe;J ghar;nra;a jiykilapy; te;J $bdh;. ePHr; r%f kf;fs;
ePiuf;fhf;fTk; ePhplk; ,Ue;J kf;fisf; fhf;fTk; tpiue;J $bdH vd;gij ,t;thpfs;
ciuf;fpd;wd. ePiu Vw;fdNt Rz;zhk;gpdhy; fl;lg;gl;l tha;f;fhypdplj;Jg; glyplf;
$b epd;wdH. mt; tha;f;fhy; topNa tope;NjhLk; ePhpid VhpfSf;Fk;> Fsq;fSf;Fk;>
tpis epyq;fSf;Fk; jpir khw;wpdH. ePhpid fhj;J epw;gthpd; xypAk; >mt;tg;NghJ
vOg;Gfpd;w gy;Ntwhd giwKof;Fk; gk;ig xypAkhfg; gy jpirfspYk; xypj;jd.
mt;thpfs; gpd;tUkhW>
“ft;itAk; fLk;Gdk; xypAk; fhg;gtH
nrt;tD} whapuk; rpiyf;Fk; gk;igAk;
vt;ntyhj; jpirfSk; ;<z;bf; fhnuhL”7
,t;thW vOg;gf; $ba xyp kf;fSf;F vr;rhpf;if kzpahfTk; nts;sj;jpd; ghjpg;gpy;
,Ue;J mtHfisf; fhf;fTk; VJthf ,Ue;jJ. CHg;nghJ kf;fSk; ePH
Nkyhz;ikapy; gq;nfLj;jdH. ePhpid ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;gpid kf;fSk;
ifapnyLj;jdH. ,jw;fhd rhd;Wfs; gioa fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid>
“VhpfisAk; Fsk;> Fl;ilfisAk; J}Hthhp>
fiufisr; rPuikj;Jg; guhkhpg;gJ njhlH
eltbf;if Fbkuhkj;J %yk;
me;je;j CH kf;fs; mtw;iwf; flikahfr;nra;jdH”8
E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Myar; RtH gjpTfs; ,ij tphpthff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ePH
Nkyhz;ikia kf;fs; jq;fs; flikahfr; nra;jdH vd;gijNa fy;ntl;Lk;>
rpe;jhkzpAk; nrg;Gfpd;wJ.
ePH Nkyhz;ikapy; mile;j epytsk;:
ePHtsk; epiwe;j ehl;bd; epy tskhdJ ePUk;> epyKk; epiwe;j #oy;
njhFjpahf fhl;rpaps;fpfwJ. ,jid kUj epyk; rpwg;ghdnjhU ,j;ijg;
ngUfpwJ.Vnddpy; kUjk; rkntspg; gFjpahf mikfpwJ. ,q;F MW ePNuhil> Vhp>
Fsk; miktjpy; ,lHfs; ,y;iy ,itnay;yhk; ,ize;j gFjpahf
mikag;ngWfpwJ. ,r;#oNy Ntshz;ikf;F Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ.
“ePNuhilfs; ejpfs;; Mfpatw;wpd; Mok; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhYk; njhlHr;rpahd
ePNuhl;lj;jhYK;> ePhpd; mjpfg; gug;gsT tspkz;lyj;Jld; njhlHG nfhz;bUg;gjhYk;
Mf;]p[d; msT mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ”9.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nkw;fz;l #oiyiaNa Vkhq;f ehl;L epyq;fs; ngw;wpUe;jd vdyhk;. mjpf
tpisr;rYf;F mjpkhd ePHg;gad;ghL mtrpakhfpwJ. tay;fSf;F mUfpNyNa
VhpfSk;> Fsq;fSk; mike;jpUe;jd vd;gij ehl;L tsk; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wJ. kPd;
fz;zsTk; ;ntw;wplk; ,y;yhky; Njd; vdr; RitjUk; fUk;Gf; fhLfSk; ahid
epd;why; kiwAk; msTf;F tsHe;J tpise;j Gfo;kpf;f tsKila nre;ney;
tay;fSk; tpise;jpUe;jd. vd;gij gpd;thpfs; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd.
“kPd;fzpd; msTk; ntw;wplq;fs; ,d;ikahy;
Njd;fzf; fUk;gpay; fhLQ; nre;neypd;
thd; Gfo; fspWkha; fodp Mf;fKk;”10
gz;ila ,e;jpa r%fk; Ntshz; r%fkhf ghpzkj;jpUe;jJ vd;gij NkYk;
nka;g;gpf;Fk; tifapy; rpe;J rkntsp ehfhPfk; vfpg;jpa ehfhpfk; ,tw;wpYk;
jkpoHfspd; Ntshz;ik jpUe;jpUe;jJ rpy Xtpaq;fs; giw rhw;Wfpd;wd. NkYk;
b.b.Nfhrhk;gp mtHfs; gz;ila ,e;jpah vd;w E}ypy; ney; rhFgb Kiwia Rl;Lk;
nghOJ gpd;tUkhW tpsf;FfpwhH.
“ney; rhFgb ehw;whq;fhy;fspypUe;J
ehw;Wfisg; gpLq;fp cOj tay;fspy;
eLfpwhhfs; ehw;W eLk;NghJ Koq;fhy; tiu
NRW mkpo;e;Js;sijf; ftdpf;fTk;> tay;fs;
jz;zPuhy; epuk;Gtjw;F Kd;ghfNt cOJtpLfpd;wdH”11
mjpfkhd ePHtuj;J cs;s gFjpfspy;jhd; ney;> fUk;G gapHfis gaphpLfpd;wdH.
ePHtuj;J Fiwthd NghJ gaW tiffisAk; gUj;jpiaAk; kz;zpd; jd;ikf;F
Vw;wthW gaphpl;bUf;fpd;wdH. mt;tifapy; Vkhq;fj ehL ,Utif tpisr;riyAk;
KOtJkhf vl;bajhf jpUj;jf;f NjtH Rl;bAs;shH. epyq;fSf;F ,ilNa CL
gapiuAk; tpistpj;J ntw;wpf; fz;Ls;sdH. ,jw;F mtHfs; gpd;gw;wpa ePH
Nkyhz;ikNa MFk;.
epy tsj;jpy; kPd; tsk;
ePH tsj;ijf; fhj;j epyq;fspy; vg;nghOJk; ePuhdJ rpwpJ epuk;gpNa ,Uf;Fk;.
mt;thW ,Uf;Fk; me;epyr;#oypy; this kPd;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ. this kPd;fs;
tay;fsplj;J ePq;fhJ ,Ue;jd vd rq;fg; ghly;fs; Kjy; fhg;gpag; ghly;fs; tiu
midj;Jk; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. ,r;#oYf;fhd ntw;wp ePH Nkyhz;ikahy; mile;jJ.
“thisapd; ,dk;jiy ,hpa tz;lyH
jhSilj; jhkiu fpopa tz;Rik....”12


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tay;fspy; #o;e;jpUe;j kf;fs; vOg;gpa xypapdhy; kPd;fs; ,lk;ngaHe;J
Js;spajhf rpwg;ghf Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. <z;L ngwg;gLtJ taYk; tay; rhHe;j ePHr;
#oYk; thiskPd; tho;tjw;F VJthf mike;jpUe;jJ vd;gJ jpz;zk;. (mWtil
Kbe;jgpd; this kPid tay;fspy; ,wq;fp tbj;Js;sdH. ,Nj fUj;ij ew;wpizg;
ghly; xd;Wk; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wJ.
“mhpfhy; khwpa mq;fz; mfy;tay;
kWfhy; cOj <ur; nrWtpd;
kPndhL ngaUk; ahzH Cu ”13
ney;; mWj;J ePq;fg;ngw;wjhd mofpa ,lkfd;w taypdplj;Nj kPsTk;> cOj
<uj;ijAila Nrw;wpNy> tpijf;Fk; nghUl;lhf tpj;NjhL Nghapd cotH.
tl;bdplj;Nj gw;gy kPd;fis jpUk;gpf; nfhz;Lte;j GJ tUthapidf;nfhz;l
CuNd! GJ tUtha; vd;gjpy; kUjr; #oiy cs;slf;fpag; ghly; ePNuhl;lk; epiwe;j
Cuhf fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. caphpdq;fspd; tho;f;if epiyapy; ePNuhl;lkhdJ Kf;fpa
gq;fhw;WfpwJ. kPd;fs; ePNuhil kw;Wk; ejpr; R+o;epiy kz;lyj;jpy; thOk;
caphpdkhfpwJ. #oypay; mwpit md;Nw ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ngw;wpUe;jdH vd;gjw;F
,g;ghly; ew;rhd;whf mikfpwJ.
,Wtha;
r%fk; rhHe;j epiyg;ghl;by; khWghL nfhs;shky; rkepiyahd epiyia
r%fk; tpopg;NghL vjpHnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpq;fspy; ePHr; #oiy fw;gidf;fhf
kl;Lk; my;yhky; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhfTk; ek; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy epiyfspy;;
Kd;ndLj;Js;sd. kdpjDf;F fpilj;j kpfg;nghpa ghpR ,aw;if. #o;epiy
kz;lyq;fs; epiwe;jNj ,aw;ifapd; tz;zq;fs;. ,r;#o;epiyia ehk; ghJfhf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;w tpopg;gzHitg; ngw;whNy ,aw;if Nkk;gLk;. ngUq;fhg;gpa
,yf;fzq;fs; nghUe;jpAs;s rPtfrpe;jhkzpapd; ehkfs; ,yk;gfk; #oypay;> ePHg;
gq;fPL> epyr;#oy;> #oy; njhFjpngw;w ntw;wpahy; ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL vd
xt;nthU gbepiyfspy; ePHpd; mtrpaj;ij mofhd ctikfNshL
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH. fy;ntl;L> ,yf;fpaq;fs;> nrg;NgL vd;w vy;yh gjpTfspYk; ePH
Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;j topg;GzHtpid ek; Kd;NdhHfs; gjptpl;Ls;sdH. ,g;gjpTfis
ehk; rPHJ}f;fp ghHj;jhNy ePH Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd ,yf;fpid XusT miljy; rhj;jpaNk.
ek; Kd;NdhHfspd; Nkyhz;ikr; rpe;jidfis ,d;iwa r%fk; KOtJk;
njhiyj;J epw;fpwJ. ,r;#oiy khw;w #oypay; njhFjpf;F kf;fs; xt;nthUtUk;
jq;fs; xj;Jiog;G ey;fpdhNy ek; ePH Mjhuq;fisf; fhf;f KbAk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. c.Nt.rh.> FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk;.> g. 11.

2. kUjf;fyp> jiytp $w;W. 73.
3. njhy;> nghUs;. E}w;gh- 571.
4. rPtfrpe;jhkzp> Qh. khzpf;fthrfd;> g. 34.
5. ghpghly;> nt. NrhkRe;judhH. 5-6.
6. rPtfrpe;jhkzp> Qh. khzpf;fthrfd;> g.40.
7. NkyJ> g. 42.
8. gpujPg; rf;futHj;jp> jp ,e;J ehspjo;. Mf];L> 2> 2017. g. 8.
9. Rw;Wr;#oy; fy;tp.
11. gz;ila ,e;jpah> b.b. Nfhrhk;gp> g. 30
13. ew;wpiz.> ghly;-210.
JizE}w; gl;bay;
1. jpUj;jf;f NjtH> rPtf rpe;jhkzp> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id – 600014.
2. Rw;Wr;#oy; fy;tp> nghpahH <ntuh fy;Y}hp jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp – 620023.
3. b.b.Nfhrhk;gp> gz;il ,e;jpa gz;ghLk; ehfhpfKk;> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T];
(gp) ypl;> 41-B> rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}H> nrd;id – 600098.
4. njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk; ,sk;G+uzdhH ciu> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> [p-4>
rhe;jp mLf;ffk;> = fpU\;zhGuk; njU> ,uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id – 600014.
5. jkpo;r; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhyKk; fUj;Jk;> ng.khiwad; epA+ nrQ;Rhp
Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;> 41-B> rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}H> nrd;id
– 600 098.
6. FWe;njhif> tp.ehfuhrd;.> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;> 41-B> rpl;Nfh
,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}H> K.g-Vg;-2004.
7. rq;f ,yf;fpak; fypj;njhif.> gjpg;Giu – m. tp];tehjd;.> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf;
`T]; (gp) ypl;> 41-B> rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}H> K.g-Vg;-2004.
8. ghpghly;.> ciu – Nj.Rg;gpukzpad;.> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;> 41-B>
rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}H> K.g-Vg;-2004.
9. ew;wpiz> gpd;dj;J}H ehuhazrhkp IaH> jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa irt
rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id-18.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,uhkypq;f mbfspd; caphpuf;ff; Nfhl;ghL
Kidth;. tp. jkpo;nkhop>
fpU\;zrhkp kfspu; mwptpay; fiy
kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikapay; fy;Y}up>
flY}u;.
Kd;Diu
,t;Tyfpy; kdpj rKjhak; nrk;ikAw tho> gy mhpa nra;jpfisf; $wpr;
nrd;wth;fs; rpj;jh;fs;. Kf;fhyKk; czuj;jf;f Qhdk; ngw;W gy;yhz;L fhyk; jtk;
nra;J fUkrpj;jp> Nahfrpj;jp> Qhdrpj;jp Kjyhd rpj;jpfs; iftug; ngw;W Nrhjplk;>
kUj;Jtk;> Nahfk;> khe;jphPfk;> ke;jpuk;> ,urthjk; Kjypaitfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fp
mw;Gjk; gytw;iw epfo;j;jpdhh;fs;. ,t;Tly; ePz;l fhyk; mopahky; ,Uf;fpd;w
tiffisf; fz;lwpe;J nrhd;dhh;fs;. mt;tifapy; filrp rpj;jh; vd;W $wg;gLk;
,uhkypq;f mbfshh; typAWj;jpa fUj;Jf;fspd; mbehjkhfTk;> mth;j k;
gilg;Gfspd; ika ePNuhl;lkhf tpsq;FtJk; caphpuf;ff; Nfhl;ghNlahFk;. ,iwtid
miltjw;Fhpa xNu topahf caphpuf;fj;ij typAWj;jpajd; gpd;dzp> mth;fhyr;
r%fr;#oy;, caphpuf;fj;ij tpsf;fpAs;s ghd;ik> mbfshhpd; gilg;Gfspy;
CLghthf caphpuf;fk; mike;Js;s jd;ik Mfpa ahtw;iwAk; tho;tpay;
rpe;jidNahL Muha;fpd;w Kaw;rp ,f;fl;Liuapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
,uhkypq;f mbfs; fhyr; r%fr;#oy;:
,uhkypq;f mbfshh; tho;e;j fhyfl;lkhdJ ,e;jpah Mq;fpy
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fPo; mbikg;gl;bUe;j fhyfl;lkhFk;. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;
kf;fs; eydpy; mf;fiw nfhs;shky; jdJ thzpgj;ijAk; thp tUthiaAk;
ngUf;fpf; nfhz;l jd;ik> ,aw;ifiag; nghpJk; ek;gpa tptrhar;#oy;> th;f;f rhjpa
Kuz;ghL> rpW njhopy;fspd; rpijT> Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; tsh;e;j NghJk; mit
%yg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nry;yNt gad;gl;l jd;ik Mfpa ,itahTk; kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifiag; nghpJk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;fpd.
,uhkypq;f mbfs; tho;e;j gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;ilg; gQ;r E}w;whz;L
vd;wiof;Fk; mstpw;Ff; fLikahd gQ;rq;fs; mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpd.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; ghjpapy; VO fLikahd gQ;rq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
,tw;why; xd;wiu kpy;ypad; kf;fs; khz;ldh;. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
gpw;gFjpapy; 24 gQ;rq;fs; Njhd;wpd. (151 Kjy; 1875 tiu MW> 1876-f;Fk; 1900-f;Fk;
,ilapy; gjpndl;L) murpd; gjpNtLfspd;gb ,UgJ kpy;ypad; kf;fs; ,e;jg;
gQ;rq;fspdhy; ,we;jdh; vd;W tuyhw;whrphpah;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;fs;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“grpapdhy; ,isj;Nj tPLNjhW
,ue;Jk; grpawhJ mah;e;j
ntw;whiuf; fz;Lsk; gijj;Njd;”1
vd;W mth; ghba #o;epiy ,JNtahFk;. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fj;jpy; grpg;gpzp
jtph;j;jiy typAWj;jpajw;fhd fhuzpfSk; ,itNaahFk;.
mJNghyNt ,uhkypq;fhpd; fhyr; rkag; gpd;dzpAk; ,q;F
csq;nfhsj;jf;fJ. mbfshh; fhyj;jpy; tl ,e;jpahtpYk; rka kWkyh;r;rp Vw;gl;;lJ.
mtw;wpy; %d;W ,af;fq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
1. ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhapd; (1774-1884) gpuk;krkh[k;.
2. jahde;j ru];tjpapd; (1824-1883) Mhpa rkh[k;.
3. tpNtfhde;jhpd; (1863-1902) ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fk;.
Mfpa ahTk; ,Wfp ciwe;J NghapUe;j itjPf rkaj;ij nefpo;Tf;Fs;shf;fpa
kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fshFk;. tlf;fpy; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;> jahde;j ru];tjp>
tpNtfhde;jh; MfpNahh; rka rPh;jpUj;jg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;l nghOJ mq;F
Mq;fpyf; fy;tp %yk; xU tif tpopg;Gzh;r;rp efh;g;Gwq;fspy; gutpapUe;jJ
ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. mJkl;Lkpd;wp ,k;%tUs; ,uh[hhuhk; Nkhfd;uhAk;> tpNtfhde;jUk;
Mq;fpyf;fy;tp gapd;wth;fs; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,r;#o;epiyiaf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,uhkypq;f mbfisAk; mth;jk;
gilg;GfisAk; Muhag;Gfpd; Gjpa fUj;Jg; Gyg;ghLfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F ,lKs.
Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fw;W mjd; %yk; jj;jkJ r%fj;jpy; fisfsha;g; gutpapUe;j
%lg;gof;ftof;fq;fis ePf;f Kad;w rka rPh;jpUj;jthjpfspilNa> mbfshNu
Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy;
“thioab thionad te;j
jpUf;$l;l kugpy; ahd; xUtd;”2
vd;W ,e;jpar; rka kugpypUe;Nj jdJ rPh;jpUj;j fUj;Jf;fhd fsj;jpid
mikj;Jf;nfhz;l ,uhkypq;f mbfspd; jdpj;jd;ik ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
NkYk;> kdpj r%fj;NjhL cz;ikahd md;G nfhz;ltu; mbfshu;. mtu;
MUapu;fsplj;jpy; ehk; md;G nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;ltu;.
Md;GilNahu; jha;f;F xg;ghtu; vd;Wk; jha; jd; kf;fsplj;jpy; Gd;nrhy;
NgRtjpy;iy. ,d;nrhy;Ny NgRths;. mJNghy rd;khu;ff
; pfSk; vy;Nyhuplj;Jk;
jhad;G nfhz;L ,d;nrhy;Yld; NgrNtz;Lk;. mq;qdk; NgRgtu;fs; rd;khu;f;fpfs;
vd;Wiuf;fpuhu;. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; ghlybfshy; njspayhk;:
“mg;gh ehd; Ntz;Ljy; Nfl;L mUs; Gupjy; Ntz;Lk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
3
MUapu;f;nfy;yhk; ehd; md;G nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;”
“Nra; Nghy; cyfj;Japiu vy;yhk;
vz;zpr; Nru;e;J ngw;w
jha; Nghy; ciug;gu; rd;khu;f;fr; rq;fj;jtu;”4;
,jd;top, kdpj Nkk;ghl;bw;F mbg;gilahf miktJ md;G xd;Nw vd;gijAk;
khngWk; Mw;wiyg;ngw md;Ng mbg;gil vd;gijAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
J}f;fk; - Jauk; - mr;rk; - Jd;gk; - tpid – khia ,itnay;yhk; xope;J
mlf;fk; - mUs; - md;G – mopTwh clk;G Kjypa gz;Gfs; jkf;F mika
Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpiotij,
“J}f;fKk; JauKk; mr;rKk; ,lKk;
njhiye;jd njhiye;jd vid tpl;Nl”5
vd;Dk; ghlybfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
<ifg; gz;Gk; gpw capu;fsplj;jpy; md;G - ,uf;fk; fhl;LjYk; mlf;fKk;
vspa tho;Tk; vijAk; jhq;Fk; kdg; gf;FtKk; nghWikAk; jdf;F Ntz;Lk;
vd;fpwhu; ,uhkypq;f mbfshu;. rhd;W:
“mUSilahu; vy;yhk; rkur rd;khu;ff
; k;
mile;jtNu Mjypdhy; mtUld; $bj;
njUSila mwnewpapy; fspj;J tpisahb
nropj;jpUf;f tho;f vdr; nrg;gpa rw;FUNt”6
NkYk;, jpU%yh;> khzpf;fthrfh;, jhAkhdth; MfpNahhpd; jhf;fKk; Fws;newpr;
nry;thf;Fk; jpUtUl;gpufhrhpd; gilg;Gfspy; guf;ff; fhzKbfpwJ.
ts;syhh; gilg;Gfspy; caphpuf;fk;:
“jhJz; gwit NgJwy; mQ;rp kzpeh Mh;j;j khz;tpidj;Njud;” vd;gJ
Nghd;w nkd;ikahd czh;Tfisr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; gjpT nra;jpUe;jhYk;> Gyhy;
cz;ZjYf;F vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fisg; Gyg;gLj;jtpy;iy. rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fspy;
kf;fs; kPd;> khkpr czT cl;nfhs;fpw tof;fk; gjpthfpAs;sJ. rkz> ngsj;j
rkaq;fspd; nry;thf;Fj; jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gpd;dNu Gyhy; cz;Z k; tof;fj;jpw;F
vjph;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. ts;Sth; “Gyhy; kWj;jy;” vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;ijNa tFj;Js;shh;.
“mtpnrhhpe;J Mapuk; Ntl;lypd; xd;wd;
caph;nrFj;J cz;zhik ed;W ” 7
vd;fpd;wJ ts;Stk;. jhAkhdtUk; nfhy;yhikia typAWj;jpAs;shh;.
“nfhy;yh tpujnkd;W nfhz;ltNu ey;Nyhh; kw;W


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
8
my;yhjhh; ahNuh mwpNad; guhguNk”
vd;fpwhh;. nfhy;yh tpujj;ij Nkw;nfhz;l kf;fNs ey;Nyhh; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
kw;wtiuf; nfhbNahh; vd;W nrhy;yTk; kdkpd;wp mtnuy;yhk;; ahNuh mwpNad; vd;W
Fwpj;jpUf;Fk; eak; <z;L vz;zw;ghyJ. ,uhkypq;f mbfshh; jdJ gilg;G fs;
NjhWk; caphpuf;fj;ij typAWj;jpAs;shh;. rd;khh;f;f nfhs;iffSs; jiyahdJ
caphpuf;fNkahFk;. ,jid ,U tifahfg; gphpj;Jg; ghh;f;f KbfpwJ.
1. Gyhy; czit kWj;jy; (nfhy;yhik)
2. grpg;gpzp jtph;j;jy;
,iwabahh;fs; ,iwaUisg; ngWtjw;Fg; gf;jpAzh;Tf;Nf Kjyplq;
nfhLj;jdh;. Mdhy;> ts;sy; ngUkhNdh [PtfhUz;a xOf;fj;jpw;F
Kjyplq;nfhLj;J> mJNt gf;jpAzh;Tf;F mbg;gil vd;gij tpsf;fpdhh;.
[PtfhUz;aNk Nkhl;r tPl;bd; jpwTNfhy; vd;whh;.
“vj;JizAk; NgjKwh njt;TapUk;
jk; caph;Nghy; vz;zp cs;Ns
xj;Jhpik cilatuha; ctf;fpd;whh;
ahth;mth; cse;jhd; Rj;j
rpj;JUtha; vk;ngUkhd; elk;GhpAk;
,lk;vd ehd; njhpe;Njd; me;j
tpj;jfh;jk; mbf;Nfty; Ghpe;jpl vd;
9
rpe;ijkpf tpioe;j jhNyh”
vd;W jkJ ghf;fspy; caphpuf;fj;ij typAWj;jpa ts;sy; ngUkhd; jdJ ,U
ciueil E}y;fspYk; ([PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;> kDKiw fz;l thrfk; )
,f;nfhs;ifia mOj;jkhf epWtpAs;shh;.
1. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;
Gz;zpak; vd;gJ [PtfhUz;ak; vd;Wk;> ghtk; vd;gJ [PtfhUz;akpd;ikNa
vd;Wk;> Qhdtop – rd;khh;f;fk; vd;gJ [PtfhUz;aNk vd;Wk;> mQ;Qhdtop -
Jd;khh;f;fk; vd;gJ [PtfhUz;a xOf;fkpd;ikNa vd;Wk; caphpuf;fj;jpw;F Kjyplk;
nfhLf;fpwhh;. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fj;jpdhy; flTs; mUisg; ngwf;$Lky;yJ> Ntnwe;j
topahYk; rpwpJk; ngwf;$lhJ vd;gij mwpjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,f;nfhs;ifia
typAWj;jpAs;shh;. caphpuf;fk;> caph;f;fUiz vd;gjw;fhd mbg;gilg; nghUis
,t;Tiueil E}ypy; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
ts;syhh;> rNfhjuh;fSs; xUth; xU Mgj;jhy; Jf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJk;>
Jf;fg;gLthnud;W fz;l kw;nwhU rNfhjuUf;F cUf;fKz;lhtJ rNfhju
chpikahfypy;> xU [Ptd; Jf;fj;ij mDgtpf;ff; fz;lNghJk;> Jf;fg;gLnkd;W


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwpe;jNghJk;> kw;nwhU [PtDf;F cUf;fk; cz;lhtijNa [PtfhUz;akhf
caphpuf;fkhff; nfhs;fpwhh;. ts;syhh;> [PtfhUz;aj;ij gu[PtfhUz;ak;> mgu
[PtfhUz;ak; vd;W ,uz;L tifahf tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. grpapdhy; tUk;
Jd;gj;ijAk; nfhiyapdhy; tUk; Jd;gj;ijAk; ePf;FtJ gu [PtfhUz;ak; vd;Wk;>
,it jtpu kw;witfshy; tUk; Jd;gq;fis khw;WtJ mgu [PtfhUz;ankd;Wk;
$Wfpwhh;. jhfk;> gpzp> ,r;ir> vspik> gak; vd;W Jd;gj;ijAk; nfhiyapdhy;
tUk; Jd;gj;ijAk; jPh;g;gijNa [PtfhUz;aj;jpd; Kf;fpa ,yl;rpakhff; fUJfpwhh;
ts;syhh;.
grpapd; mt];j;ijfisg; gygl tpthpf;fpwhh;. grp vd;fpw neUg;ghdJ Viofs;
Njfj;jpDs; gw;wp vhpfpd;wNghJ Mfhuj;jhy; mtpg;gJjhd; [PtfhUz;ak; vd;Wk;> grp
vd;w tp\f;fhw;whdJ Viofs; mwpthfpa tpsf;if mtpf;fpd;w jUzj;jpy; Mfhuq;
nfhLj;J mtpahky; Vw;WtNj [PtfhUz;ak; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.
‘grpnad;w Gyp’>
‘grpnad;w tp\k;’.
‘grpnad;w Njs;’>
‘grpnad;w ghtp’
vd;W mLf;fLf;fhd cUtfq;fs; %yk; grpf; nfhLikapid tpthpf;fpwhh;.
ts;syhh; fhyj;jpy; mLj;jLj;j nfhba gQ;rq;fshy; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; caph;
ePj;jJ fhuzkhfNt rj;jpa jUkr;rhiyia mth; epWtpdhh;. rhjp rka Mrhuq;fs;
tYthf Nt&d;wpapUe;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; [Pth;fisg; grpnad;w mghaj;jpypUe;J ePq;fr;
nra;fpd;w cj;jkh;fs; ve;j [hjpahuhapDk; ve;jr; rkaj;jhuhapDk;> ve;j nra;ifia
cilath;fshapUg;gpDk; Njth;> Kdpth;, rpj;jh;> Nahfh; Kjypa ahtuhapDk;
tzq;fj;jf;f rpwg;Gilath;fs; Mth; vd;w ,uhkypq;f mbfshhpd; Fuy; fyff;
FuyhfNt xypg;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. xUth; Mizg; ngz;zhf;fp nrj;jhiu vOg;gpr;
rpj;Jf;fs; Ghpgtuhf ,Ug;gpDk; gphpnjhU [Ptid nfhd;Wz;;Zk; vz;zKilath;
Mapd;> mtiu Qhdp vdf; $wyhfhJ vd;W vjph;kiw epiyapYk; ,jid
typAWj;Jfpwhh;.
2. kDKiw fz;l thrfk;
nghpa Guhzj;jpYs;s kDePjp fz;l Guhzj;ij xl;b vOe;j top E}Ny
kDKiw fz;l thrfkhFk;. kw;w fijfis tpLj;J ,f;fijia mbfshh; Njh;T
nra;jpUg;gjpypUe;Nj mbfshhpd; cs;shh;e;j Nehf;fj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ. kf;fsplk;
kdpj capiuAk; gpw caph;fisAk; xd;nwdf; fUJfpd;w kdg; gf;Ftk;
tuNtz;Lnkd;w ngUk; tpioT mbfshh;f;F ,Ue;jJ. jhd; ngw;w kfidAk; gRtpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fd;iwAk; rhpepfh; rkkhf fUjpa kd;ddpd; tuyhw;iwf; $Wtjd; %yk; cyfpw;F
[PtfhUz;a NgUz;ikia tpsf;f Kay;fpwhh;.
Gwhtpd; capiuf; fhf;f jd;Dlypy; ,Ue;J jiria mhpe;J nfhLj;j rpgpAk;
rd;khh;f;fpNa. Mdhy; mjw;fhf mtd; nra;j jpahfk; jd;Dlypy; ,Ue;J rpwpjsT
jirNaapd;wp Ntwd;W. jOtf; nfhk;gpd;wp miye;j nfhbf;Fj; NjhPe;j ghhp Md;k
Nea xUikg;ghl;ilf; filgpbj;jtNd MapDk; mtd; mjd; nghUl;L ,oe;jJ xU
NjNuad;wp Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy. Mdhy; fd;iwapoe;j gRTf;Fj; jd; xNu kfidj;
Njh;f;fhypy; ,l;Lf; nfhd;w kDePjpr; NrhoNd ,th;fSf;nfy;yhk; Nkk;gl;l ghpG+uz
rd;khh;f;fpahfj; jpfo;tij kh.ngh.rp. Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;.10
KbTiu
,uhkypq;f mbfshh; epWtpa rhiy> rig> rq;fk; Mfpa ahtw;Wf;Fk;
mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifahf tpsq;FtJ caphpuf;fNkahFk;. Gyhy; cz;zhjtnuy;yhk;
cwtpdj;jhh; vd;Wk;> cz;ZNthnuy;yhk; Gwtpdj;jhh; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.
nja;tq;fspd; ngauhy; caph;gyp nfhLf;Fk; tof;fj;jpidAk; rhbAs;shh;. MUaph;f;F
vy;yhk; md;G nra;fpd;w caph;fUizapidj; jdJ mUl;ghf;fspy; typAWj;Jfpd;whh;.
grpg;gpzp ePf;fy;> nfhy;yhik Mfpa ,U epiyfspy; caphpuf;fj;ij tpsf;Ffpd;whh;
ts;syhh;. ,iw topghl;Lf;Fg; gf;jpAzh;ittpl caphpuf;fj;Jf;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;j
tifapYk;> caphpuf;ff; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;WNthh; ve;jr; rhjpiar; rhh;e;jth;fshf
,Ue;jhYk;> ve;jr; rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; Nkk;gl;lth;fNs
vd;W $Wk; epiyapYk; ts;syhhpd; jdpj;jd;ikiaAk; mtuJ tho;tpay;
rpe;jidfisAk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. jpUtUl;gh> ghly;> 1419.
2. NkyJ> 469.
3. NkyJ> 12.
4. NkyJ> 610.
5. NkyJ> 86.
6. rpw;gp. ghyRg;gpukzpak;, mUl;ghtpd; mKjk;, g. 21.
7. jpUf;Fws;> Gyhy; kWj;jy;> 52.
8. jhAkhdth;> guhguf;fz;zp> 329.
9. jpUtUl;gh> ghly;> 1616.kh. ngh. rptQhdk;, ts;syhu; fz;l xUikg;ghL, g. 209.
JizE}w; gl;bay;:
1. rptQhdk;. kh. ngh., ts;syhu; fz;l xUikg;ghL, (= nrd;gfh gjpg;gfk;: 2011).
2. rpw;gp. ghyRg;gpukzpak;, mUl;ghtpd; mKjk;, (rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp gjpg;gfk; ,


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nrd;id: 2001)
3. jhAkhdth;> guhguf;fz;zp %yKk; ciuAk;> (ckh gjpg;gfk; , nrd;id: 2000).
4. jpUf;Fws;, (1999), ehkf;fy; ftpQu;. (c.M.), (tu;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk;, nrd;id:
Vohk; gjpg;G 2000).
5. Jiurhkpg;gps;is. xsit. R., jpUtUl;gh %yKk; ciuAk;, (mz;zhkiyg;
gy;fiyf;fofk;: rpjk;guk;: 1990).


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mfehD}w;wpy; Ky;iy epykf;fSk; njhopy;fSk;
,uh. ghz;bauh[d;>
KONeu Kidth;g;gl;l Ma;thsh;>
,f;fhy ,yf;fpaj; Jiw> jkpopaw;Gyk;>
kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
kJiu – 21.
kiyg;gFjpapd; mbthuj;jpy; ,Ue;j fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j ,lKk; Ky;iy

epykhFk;. ,q;F tho;e;jth;fs; ,ilah;> Mah; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;. gRf;fisAk;>
MLfisAk; fhLfspy; Nka;j;jdh;> mtiu> Jtiu> Nfo;tuF Nghd;wtw;iwg;
gaphpl;ldh;. Mepiufspd; %yk; fpilj;j ghy;> japh;> Nkhh;> Nghd;wtw;iw may;
epyj;jhh;f;F gz;lkhw;wk; nra;jdh;. Ky;iy epyj;jpy; thOk; kf;fspd; njhopy;fis
Fwpg;gjhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpd;wJ. Ky;iy epy kf;fs; ngah; “Ky;iyahsu;
Nfhtyh; ,ilah;> nrhy;ypatz;lh nghJth; Md;ty;Nyhh;> Flth; ghyh; njhWth;
Nfhtpe;jh;> mz;lh; Nfhghyh; Mah; mKjh; vd;W> ,q;fpit Ky;iy epyj;jth;
ngaNu”1 ,J Ky;iy epy kf;fspd; nauhFk;. Ky;iy epy kfsph; ngah; “Ma;r;rpah;
njhWj;jpah; nghJtpah; Flj;jpah;> tha;j;j ,ilr;rpah; Ky;iyepy kfsph;”2 ,JNt
Ky;iy epy kfsph; ngauhFk;. Ky;iy epyj;jiytd; ngah; “mz;zy; Njhd;wy;
FWk; nghiwehld;> fhdfehld; Ky;iyj; jiy kfd;”3 ,J Ky;iy epyj;jiytdpd;
ngauhFk;. Ky;iy epyj;jiytpg; ngah;> “midait Ky;iyj; jiytpf;F khFk;”4
,J Ky;iy epyj;jiytpg; ngauhFk;. Ky;iyj; jpizapy; tUk; Ntlh;fisf;
Fwpg;gjhf “njhLNjhw; fhdtd; fit nghWj;jd;d”5 vd;w mbapy; mike;Js;sJ.
njhy;fhg;gpauhy; Fwpg;gplg;ngwhj fhdtd;> fhdth; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l
epyj;jtiuf; Fwpf;fhJ ifapy; tpy; cila> fhl;by; thOk; typikahdth;fisf;
Fwpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ. Nfhit tsh;j;j Ky;iy epyj;J kf;fs; Nfhtyh;
vdg;gl;ldh;.“Ky;iy epyj;J kf;fspy; gRf;fis Nka;j;jth; Nfhtyh; ”6 vd;Wk;
“ifapNy Nfhiyf; nfhz;bUe;j fhuzj;jhy; ,th;fs; Nfhyhah; vdTk;
miof;fg;ngw;wdh;”7 vd;Wk; Nfhtyh; vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; $Wth;. Nfh vd;why; gR
vd;W nghUs;. gR vdg;gLk; Nfhit Nka;g;gth; Nfhtyh; vdg;gl;ldh;.
Nfhtpid Nka;g;gtiuf; Fwpg;gjhf Nfhtyh; vd;Dk; nrhy;> “Ky;iy tpad;
Gyk; gug;gp> Nfhtyh;> FWk; nghiw kUq;fpd; eWk; g+ mau> gjT Nkay; mUe;J
kjT eil ey; Md;”8 vd;w mbfspy; mike;Js;sJ. jdJ M epiufisf; Foy;
CjpNah> rPo;f;if xyp vOg;gpNah miof;Fk; kf;fisf; Fwpg;gjhf Nfhtyh; vd;Dk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
9
nrhy;> “fy;yhf; Nfhtyh; CJk;> ty; tha;r; rpW Foy;” vd;Wk; “me;jpf; Nfhtyh;
mk;giz ,kpo;,ir”10 vd;w mbfspy; mike;Js;sJ. nfhy;iy vd;gJ Ky;iy
epyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;. mf;nfhy;iyapy; thOk; kf;fisf; Fwpg;gjhf
Nfhtyh; vd;Dk; nrhy; “nfhy;iyf; Nfhtyh;” vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ. rq;f ,yf;fpa mbfs; ahTk; Nfhtyh; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy VNjDk;
xUtifapy; Ky;iy epyj;Jld; njhlh;GgLj;jpNa Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. njhy;fhg;gpak;
vd;w ,yf;fz E}ypy; mr;nrhy; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. M vd;why; gR vdW nghUs;.
gRf;$l;lk; Mak; vdg;gl;lJ. Mak; vdg;gLk; gRf;$l;lj;ij Xk;gp tsh;g;gth; Mah;
vdg;gl;ldh;. Mad; vd;gjw;F “Mit tsh;f;Fk; ,ilad;”11 vd;Wk; Mah; vd;gjw;F
“,ilah;”12 vd;Wk; nghUs; $Wth;. Mah; vd;Dk; nrhy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;> “Mah;
Ntl;Lth; MLcj; jpizg;ngah;> Mtapd; t&ck; fpotUk; csNu”13 vd;w E}w;ghtpy;
Ky;iyepy Mz;kfd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gjhf cs;sJ JzpfSf;Fg; gir ,l;L
ntSf;Fk; ngz; Giyj;jp vdg;gl;lhs;. njhopyhy; ngah; ngw;wij rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghf;fs; %ykhf fhz;Nghk;. ,r;nra;jpia> “gir nfhy; nky; tpuy;>
ngUe; Njhs;> Giyj;jp> Jiw tpl;ld;d J}kaph; vfpdk;”14 vd;w mbfspy;
mike;Js;sJ.
Ky;iy epy kf;fs; fhy;eil tsh;g;gpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;. Ky;iy epy
kf;fSs; Mz;fs; Mah;> Nfhtyh;> ,ilah;> nghJth; vd miof;fg;ngw;Ws;sdh;.
ngz;fs; Ma;r;rpah;> Nfhtpj;jpah;> ,ilr;rpah;> nghJtpah; vd miof;fg;ngw;Ws;sdh;.
XhpU ,lq;fspy; mz;lh;> g+opah; vDk; nrhw;fSk; Ky;iy epy kf;fisf; Fwpf;fg;
gad;ngw;Ws;sd. Mah;fs; tho;e;j gFjpahd fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j epyg;gFjpfspy;
tpyq;Ffs; ,ay;ghfNt kpFjpahff; fhzg;ngWk;. mt;tpyq;FfSs; kpfg; gad; jUk;
M> vUik> ML> VWfisj; Njh;T nra;J> mjd; ciog;G> Nghd;w epiufis
Nka;f;Fk; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s Mah;fs; J}a Mil mzpe;jhYk; rpwpJ Neuj;jpy;
Milapy; mOf;Nfwp tpl tha;g;Gz;L. vdNt> ,th;fs; khR gbe;j Mil
mzpe;jth;fshfNt fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; Nka;r;rypd; nghUl;L ePz;l gazk;
Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; czTf; fyq;fisAk; gwpiaAk; Rke;j mOj;jpa Njhs;> fhl;bd;
ntk;ik> guw;fy;> Kl;fspypUe;J jk; fhy;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L nrUg;gpid
cilath;fshfTk; epfo;e;Js;sd.
Mah;fs; jk;ikAk; jkJ epiufisAk; nfhba tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J fhf;f
jPf;filf;Nfhyhy; jPia cz;lhf;fp tpwfpid vhpj;J ngUe;jP cUthf;fpAs;sdh;.
mjNdhL rPo;f;if xypiaAk; vOg;gp tpyq;Ffis xl;bAs;sikia> “filNfhy;
rpWjP mila khl;b> jpz;fhy; cwpad; ghidad;> mjsd;> Ez;gy; Jtiy xUjpwk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
eidg;g> jz;Lfhy; Cd;wpa jdpepiy ,ilad;> kbtpL tPis fbJnrd;W ,irg;g>
njwpkwp ghh;f;Fk; FWehp nthP,> Ks;Silf; FWe;J}W ,hpag; NghFk;”15 ,t;tbfs;
tpsk;Gfpd;wd. Mah;fs; kiof;fhyj;jpy; Fsph;r;rpapypUe;J jk;ikf; fhj;Jf;
nfhs;sTk; jPf;filf; Nfhyhy; jPia %l;b Fsph; fha;e;Js;sdh;. Gyp> ehp Nghd;w
nfhba tpyq;Ffs; ,y;yhj gFjpfSf;F Mepiufis Xl;br; nrd;Ws;sdh;.
epiufSf;F kpFe;j ghJfhg;G cilNahuhfTk;> nfhba tpyq;Ffs; te;jtplj;J
mjw;F mQ;rhjth;fshfTk; Mah;fs; jpfo;e;Js;sd. epiufis fl;bg;NghLk; ,lk;
kd;wk;> njhO> fsd; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;ngWfpd;wJ. njhOf;fs; Ks;Ntypapl;l njhlhpf;
fhLfs; #o;e;jjhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. njhOf;fs; NrW epiwe;jdthfTk;> epiufisf;
fl;bg; NghLtjw;Nfw;g kuj;J}z;fisf; nfhz;Lk; mike;Js;sd. epiufs; fOj;jpYk;
fd;Wfs; fhypYk; fapwhy; gpizj;J itf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. mz;ikap;y; gpwe;j
vUikf; fd;Wfs; jd; jhaUfpy; Japy; nfhz;Ls;sd. Mah;fs; ,ir
ehl;lKs;sth;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdh;.
,iriaf; fiy vd;w epiyapy; Gydpd;gj;jpw;fhf kl;Lkpy;yhJ Nka;r;rypy;
<Lgl;l Mepiufis xd;W Nrh;f;Fk; cj;jp KiwahfTk; ifahz;Ls;sikia>
“ntd;Wnfhb vLj;jdd; Nte;jDk;> fd;nwhL> fwitg; Gy;ypdk; GwTnjhW cfs>
Foy;tha; itj;jdh; Nfhtyh;”16 vd;w mbfs; gjpT nra;fpd;wJ. gtsk;> nghd;>
rq;fpdhy; nra;j tisaiyg; ngz;fs; mzpe;Js;sdh;. mf;fhyg; ngz;fs;
tisaiy ,Wf;fkhf mzpe;Js;sdh;. mj;jd;ikahy; ifapy; ntz;jlk; gjpa
ifapy; tisaypy;yh epiyapy; mJ njhpe;Js;sJ. mf;fhl;rpia %q;fpypy; gl;il
chpj;j epiyf;Fr; rq;fg; Gyth;fs; ctikg;gLj;jpdh;. <q;F tis ,Wf;fkhf
mzpe;Js;s jd;ikahy;> fztidg; gphpe;j gpd; jiytp rpwpJ nkypaNt tis
nefpo;e;Js;sjhff; fUjg;ngWfpd;wJ. rq;fpid thshy; mWj;j gpd; file;J
tisay; nra;jth;fs; ‘Ntshg; ghh;g;ghd;’ vd miof;fg;ngw;Ws;sdh;. ,jid>
“Ntshg; ghh;g;ghd; thsue; Jkpj;j> tis fise;J xope;j nfhOe;J ”17 vd;w mbfs;
gjpT nra;Js;sd. Mil nea;Aq;fhy; E}y; mw;Wg; NghfhkypUf;f E}ypw;Fg; gir
,l;Ls;sdh;. ,jid> “gir nfhy; nky; tpuy;”18 vDkbAk; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
rq;fj; jkpoh; tpyq;Ffspd; Njhiyg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp NjhyhfTk; Nflfk;> KuR>
KoT> giw> ig> Ntypd; ciw Nghd;w nghUl;fshfTk; nra;J gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.
“tpyq;Ffspd; Njhiy chpj;j gpd; nea;apy; Njha;j;J vLj;Js; sdh;”19 gpd; mjpYs;s
Cd; Nghd;w fopTg; nghUl;fis ePf;fp ,Uk;Gf; fUtpahy; gad;gL nghUshf
khw;wpAs;s epiyia> “girgL gr;ir nea;Njha;j; jd;d”20 vd;w mfehD}w;wpd; ghly;
mbfs; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Njhyhy; nrUg;G cUthf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mbia %Lk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Njhy; nrUg;G ‘mbGij njhLNjhy;’ vdf; Fwpg;gplg; ngw;Ws;sJ. MLfspd; Njhyhy;
Njhw;gLf;if nra;ag; ngw;Ws;sJ. ghzh;fs; Njhspy; Njhw;igiaAk; tPuh;fs;
Ntypw;Fj; NjhYiwAk; ,l;Ls;sdh;. tPuk; kpf;f Vwpd; Njhyhy; KuR tbf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sJ. ,f;fUj;Jf;fs;> “Xlh ey;Vw;W chpit ij,a> MLnfhs; Kurk;”21 vd;w
rq;f ,yf;fpa ghf;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ahidj; je;jj;jhy; fl;by; cUthf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sJ. ntw;wp ngw;w kd;dh; Njhw;w kd;dhpd; gl;lj;J ahidapd; je;jj;ij>
ahid Jd;Gw ntl;b vLj;J mjpy; fl;by; nra;Js;sdh;. NkYk;> Nghhpy; ,we;j
ahidfspd; je;jq;fisf; nfhz;L fl;by; mikf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. me;jj; je;jq;fs;
ahidaplkpUe;J jhdhf tpOe;Js;sd. jr;rd; fl;biy cz;lhf;f cspiag;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shd;> tl;lf; fl;bnyhd;W eLtpy; nghpa ,iy tbtj;ijj;
jhq;fpAs;sJ. fl;bypd; fhy;fs; #Yw;w ngz;fspd; khh;igg; Nghy typa jd;ik
nfhz;Ls;sJ. fl;bypy; Kj;J khiy Nghd;wit njhq;f tplg; ngw;Ws;sd. cauk;
FiwthfTk; mfd;Wk; fl;by; fhzg;ngw;Ws;sij rq;f ,yf;fpa ghf;fs;
njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Njh;> kuk;> nghd;dhy; nra;ag;ngw;Ws;sJ. xU ehspy; vl;Lj;
Njh; nra;Akstpw;Fj; njhopy; ty;yik kpf;f jr;rh;fs; ,Ue;js;sd. NjhpYs;s
cUisapd; tl;ilapy; Jisfs; ,lg;ngw;W Mh;fs; nghUj;jg; ngw;Ws;sd. cUis
KOkuj;jpy; filag;ngw;W cUthf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ghh; fiza kuj;ij
,izj;jijnahg;gTk; Njh;j;jhspg; ghahy; $iu Ntag;ngw;Wk; Njh; tbtikf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sd. ahidf; nfhk;ghy; NjhpYs;s nfhbQ;r p cUthf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mJ
jhkiu tbtpy; Njh; Kfg;gpy; elg;gLtjhFk;.
Njiu ,Oj;Jr; nry;y Fjpiu> NfhNtW fOij gad;gLj;jg; ngw;Ws;sd.
Xhpdkhd Fjpiufisj; Njhpy; g+l;bAs;sdh;. Fjpiufis tpul;l Xl;Lq; Nfhypy;
jhw;W Ks;isr; nrUfpAs;sdh;. Njhpy; kzpfs; khiyahff; Nfhh;f;fg;
ngw;Ws;sjid> “fw;ghy; mUtpapd; xypf;Fk; ey;Njh;j;> jhh;kzp gycld; ,ak;g”22
vd;w mbfs; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. kdpjd; Njhyhiliag; gad;gLj;jpa fhyj;jpy;
cyh;e;j Njhypd; kPJ jpz;ikahd nghUl;fs; tpOe;jhy; mjpypUe;J XirnaOk;
vd;w cz;ikiaj; njhpe;J nfhz;Ls;shd;. gpd; gy Kaw;rpfs; nra;J Flj;jpy;
Njhiy ,Wfg; gpizj;J FWe;jbfshy; miwe;jJ giwapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F tpj;jhf
mike;Js;sJ. giw rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nghh; mwptpj;jy;> nts;sj;ijj; jLf;f
miog;G tpLj;jy; Nghd;w gy nra;jpfis mwptpf;fTk; ,irj; njhopypw;fhfTk;>
gad;gLj;jg; ngw;Ws;sJ. giwia miwe;Njhh; Nfhbah;> Jbah;> Giyah; vdg;
ngw;wdh;. njhy;fhg;gpah; fUg;nghUl;fSs; xd;whfg; giwiaf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. “giw
vd;gJ XLk; ,iria xOq;F ngw epWj;jp Xh; msNthL rPNuhL xj;j moNfhL


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
23
elf;f ,irf;F eil fw;gpf;Fk; fUtp” vdg; giwf;F tsh;kjp tpsf;fk; jUfpd;whh;.
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giwNahirapy; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shd;.
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giwahf gz;ila fhy kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; xypf;fg;ngWk;
KuR rpwg;ghfj; jahh; nra;ag; ngw;Ws;sJ. ngUik kpf;f ,uz;L fhisfisj;
Njh;e;njLj;J mjidr; rz;ilaplr; nra;Js;sdh;. mjpy; ntw;wp ngw;w fhisapd;
Njhiy kaph; rPthJ Nghh;j;jp KuR nra;Js;sdh;. mk;KuR Nghh;f;fsj;jpd; eL
,lj;jpy; xypf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ. NjhYld; flk;gkuk; Kurpidj; jahhpj;jypy;
gad;gLj;jg; ngw;Ws;sJ. Kuir mbf;fb mbf;Fk; nghOJ mjd; fz; fpope;Js;sJ.
xt;nthU ehl;bYk; kd;duhl;rp> kf;fshl;rp vd VNjDk; Xh; Ml;rp eilngw;W
tUfpd;wJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l murhl;rp ,y;yh ehLfspy; rPuhd kf;fl;gz;G ,y;yhJ
Ngha;tpLk;. rq;f fhy muR ehl;il tphpTgLj;j Nghh; nra;jy;> kf;fisf; fhf;f
ePh;epiyfs; mikj;jy;> ePjpia epiyepWj;Jjy; vdg;gy nray;fisj; jd;dfj;Js;
mlf;fpajha; tphpthf;fk; ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;Js;sJ. mt;Ntiyfisr; nra;J Kbf;f
J}jh;> xw;wh;> gilj;jiyth;> mikr;rh; vd;Nghh; cjtp nra;Js;sdh;.
Ky;iy epyj;jpy; Kjd; Kjypy; murhl;rp Njhd;wpapUg;gjhf gp.b. rPdpthr
Iaq;fhh; jk; jkpoh; tuyhW vDk; E}ypy;> ‘jkpopy; Nfhd;> Nfh vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;
muridf; Fwpg;gd. ,r;nrhw;fs; Mah;fisr; Rl;Lk;. murd; jd; fhtw;flikapd;
rpd;dkhfr; nrq;Nfhiyj; jhq;fpAs;shd;. MaDk; ifapy; nrq;Nfhiy itj;Js;shd;.
vdNt Ky;iy epyj;jpy; jhd; Kjd;Kjy; murKiw Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; ’ vdf;
Fwpj;Js;shh;. mij mbnahw;wp ntl;rpj;jpizf;F M.rP. =epthrd;> Nghhpd; NghJ jk;
,df;FwpaPlhfpa MepiufSf;Fj; jPq;F Neh;e;J tplf; $lhJ vd Mepiufis
KjypNyNa fsT nra;J te;Js;sdnud rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,df;FwpaPLfs; vd;Dk;
fl;Liuapy; tpsf;fkspj;Js;shh;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Rl;lg;ngWk; murh;f;Fhpa gy;NtW ngah;fSs; fhtyh;
vd;gJk; xd;whFk;. mr;nrhy;Yf;F> “njhlf;fj;jpy; kf;fs; cOJtpj;J tpis nra;Ak;
gaph;fis tpyq;Ffs; njhy;iyapdpd;Wk; fhj;jdh;. vdNt ,th;fs; ‘fhtyh;fs;’
vdg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fSila ,t;tUk; ngUe;njhz;bw;F kf;fs; jhk; tpistpj;j
epyj;jpypUe;J te;j tUthapy; xU gq;fpid ed;wpf; fldhf fhzpf;ifahfj; je;jdh;.
ehsiltpy; ,f;fhtyh;fs; ehl;bd; fhtyh;fs; Mapdh;. mJ guk;giu guk;giuahfTk;
njhlh;e;jJ”24 vd rp. ghyRg;gpukzpad; fUj;Jiuj;Js;shh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,f;$w;wpy; kUj epyj;jpypUe;J murhl;rp Njhd;wpAs;sJ vd vz;z
,lKs;sJ. ,f;fhuzq;fshy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epyj;jpypUe;J murhl;rp Njhd;wpapUf;Fk;
vdf; fUJtJ rhpnadf; fUjg;ngwtpy;iy. ,df; FOthf tho;e;j kdpjh;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;l rl;l jpl;lq;fisj; jkf;Fs; tFj;J mjd; top nray;gl;l epiyapy;>
tpyq;F> ,aw;ifr; rPw;wkplkpUe;J kf;fisf; fhj;jtd; jiytdhf;fg; ngw;Ws;shd;.
mJNt ,df;FOtpypUe;J khw;wk; ngw;w murKiw Njhd;w top tFj;Js;sJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kd;dd;> Nte;jd;> murd;> Nfh> ,iw> fhtyh; vdg;gy
ngah;fshy; Fwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;shd;. mg;ngah;fSs; rpw;rpy NtWghL cs;sij>
“rpw;wurh;> jiyikaurh;> Nguurh; vdj; jkpourh; Kj;jpwg;gl;bUe;jdh;. ,k;
Kj;jpwj;jhUk; KiwNa> FWepyturUk; ngUepyturUk; gy epyturUk; Mth;.
rpw;wurh;f;F kd;dd; vd;Dk; ngaUk;> jiyikaurh;f;F Nte;jd;> Nfh (Nfhd;) vd;Dk;
ngaUk; kughfThpa… Nfh vd;Dk; ngah; Nte;jUf;F kl;Lkd;wp> mtUf;flq;fp mth;
ehl;Ls; xt;nthU gFjpia MSk; mth; jhaj;jhh;f;Fk;> rpw;wurUs; nghpath;f;Fk;
toq;Fk; … Nte;jd; vd;Dk; ngaNuh vd;Wk; jiyikauridNa Fwpf;Fk; ”25 vd Qh.
NjtNeag;ghthzh; fl;Liuj;Js;shh;. mhpaiz muR fl;by; vdg;ngw;Ws;sJ. mJ
rpq;f cUtj;jhy; jhq;fg; ngWtjhy; mhpaiz vdg;glyhapw;W. ehl;by; gy
,lq;fspy; mhpaiz mikf;fg; ngw;Ws;sij> “jiyefhpYk; gpw ghb tPLfspYk;
murDf;F mhpaizAz;L. jiyefhpy;> muR tPw;wpUf;Fk; Xyf;f kz;lgj;jpYk;
(Durbar Hall)> mikr;rnuhL FOk; #o;tpid kz;lgj;jpYk;> mwk;$W kz;lgj;jpYk;>
xt;Nthh; mhpaizapUf;Fk;”26 vd;gh;.
ehL> mzp> fspW> ney; Nghd;wd jpiwg;nghUl;fshf mf;fhyj;jpy;
<ag;ngw;Ws;sd. ngUkd;dUf;Fl;gl;l rpw;wurh;fs;> kiyapYs;s> mUtp> mq;Fs;s
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L tUtijnahj;J gytifr; nry;tq;fis mth;fsplk;
jpiwahfj; jUtjw;fhf> muz;kiz Kd; fhj;jpUe;Js;sdh;. nfhz;fhzq;fpohdpd;
Ch; jpiw nrYj;j te;j rpw;wurh;fshy; #og;ngw;wAs;sd vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpa
ghf;fs; $WfpwJ. Nghhpy; Njhw;w kd;dd; rpiwapy; milf;fg; ngw;Ws;shd;. mtd;
rpiwapypUe;J tpLgl> ntw;wp mile;j kd;dDf;Fj; jpiwg; nghUl;fis ngUkstpy;
ey;fpAs;shd;. gifth;fis mopj;J> mth;fspd; nry;tq;fisf; nfhs;isapl; Lf;
nfhzh;e;jijAk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rhd;W fhl;LfpwJ. ngU kd;dd; gilnaLj;J
tUtjw;F Kd;> gilnaLj;J ghriwapy; jq;fpAs;s gpd; jpiwg;nghUs; nfhLj;J
rpw;wurh; Nghiuj; jLj;Js;sdh;.
ngUkd;dh;fspd; gifth; gpio> gpbf;fhj nray; Ghpe;jpbDk; jpiwg;nghUs;
nfhLj;J mUs; ngw;wjid> “ed;fyk; fspw;nwhL ez;zhh; Ve;jp> te;Jjpiw nfhLj;J


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tzq;fpdh; topnkhope;J> nrd;w vd;g Mapd;> Nte;jDk;> epyk;tFe; Jwhm <z;ba
jhidnahL”27 vd;w mbfs; gjpT nra;fpwJ. xU ehspy; vl;Lj;Njh; nra;Ak; ty;yik
cila jr;rh;fshy; Njh; cUthf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; Njh;g;gil
tof;nfhope;J tpl;ld vdj; NjtNeag;ghthzh; nkhope;Js;shh;. ,uz;L Fjpiufs;
g+l;lg;ngw;w Njh;fs; ngUkstpYk; ehd;F Fjpiufs; g+l;lg;ngw;w Njh;fs; FiwthfTk;
gad;ghl;bypUe;Js;sd.
,jid> “ngay;njhlq;fpd;why; thdk; thdpd;> taq;Frpiw md;dj;J epiugiw
fLg;g> ehy;Fcld; g+z;l fhy;etpy; Gutpf;> nfhbQ;rp neLe;Njh; fLk;ghp jtpuhJ”28
vd;w ,t;tbfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Nghhpd; nghUl;Lj; jq;Ftjw;fhf ‘ghriw’
mikj;Js;sdh;. Nghh; tpidapd; nghUl;L jq;fpAs;sjhy; mq;Fs;s tPuh;fs;
,y;yj;jpYs;s kidtp> kf;fisf; Fwpj;J vz;Ztjpy;iy. tPuh;fs; Fsph; kpFe;J
fhzg;ngwpd; fhl;bYs;s kuq;fis ntl;b neUg;Gz;lhf;fp Fsph; fha;e;Js;sdh;.
,jid> “ntQ;rpd Nte;jd; tpad;ngUk; ghriw> ntd;wp> Ntl;ifnahL ek;Kk;
cs;shh;”29 vd;w ,t;tbfs; etpy;fpd;wd. jiytdJ njhiyJ}ug; gazj;jpw;FjTk;
Njiur; nrYj;Jk; Njh;g;ghfd; ‘tytd;’ vd miof;fg; ngw;Ws;shd;. mtd; NfhNtW
fOij> Fjpiu g+l;lg;ngw;w Njh;fis Xl;bAs;shd;.
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fbthsk; jhw;Wf;Nfhy; mtd; njhopiyr; nrk;ikahfr; nra;a cjtpAs;sd.
jiytndhUtd; jdf;Fj; Njh; Xl;ba tytid khh;Gwj; jOtp md;Gld; ,y;ypw;F
mioj;Jr; nrd;Ws;shd;. ,jid> “ciukjp – thopNah tyt! – vd jd;>
tiukUs; khh;gpd; mspg;gdd; Kaq;fp> kidf;nfhz;L Gf;fdd;”30 Mfpa mbfspd;
top Ghpe;Jnfhs;s ,aYfpd;wJ. jiytDf;Ff; fPo;j; Njh;g;ghfd; gzp Ghpe;jhYk;
khh;Gwj; jOtp ,y;ypw;Fr; nry;Ykstpw;F mth;fSf;fpilNaahd cwT epiy
,Ue;jikia ,t;tplk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Ky;iy epykf;fspd; njhopyhf jio> gUj;jp. gl;bdhyhd Milia mf;fhy
kf;fs; mzpe;Js;sdh;. gy tz;z MilfSk; MilfSf;Ff; fQ;rpa+l;LjYk;
mfpw;Gifa+l;LjYk; tof;fj;jpypUe;Js;sd. Njhyhy; KuR> KoT Nghd;w
Njhw;fUtpfs; ig> Ntypd; ciw> nrUg;G Kjypad nra;Js;sdh;. Njhypw;F
epw%l;Lk; njhopy;El;gk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. epythp> Rq;fthp> jpiw Mfpad murDf;F
tUtha; <l;bj;je;Js;sd. rpw;wurh;fs; jk; muir epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; xU
topahfj; jpiw mspj;Js;sdh;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;
1. jpthfuk;. E}w;. 297.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
2. NkyJ. E}w;. 298.
3. NkyJ. E}w;. 299.
4. NkyJ. E}w;. 308.
5. mfk;. 34 : 3.
6. ,uh. ,uhrNfhghyd;> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> g. 70.
7. M. Kj;Jrhkp> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Mah;> g. 14.
8. mfk;. 14 : 7 – 9.
9. mfk;. 74 : 16 – 17.
10. mfk;. 124 : 14.
11. k.Nrh. tpf;lh;> njhy;fhg;gpar; rpe;jidfs;> g. 213.
12. fofg;Gyth; FOtpdh;> fofj;jkpo; mfuhjp> g. 82.
13. njhy;. E}w;. 967.
14. mfk;. 34 : 11 – 12.
15. mfk;. 274 : 5 – 11.
16. mfk;. 354 : 3 – 5.
17. mfk;. 24 : 1 – 2.
18. mfk;. 34: 11.
19. Njhiyg; gjdpLk; KiwfSs; xd;whf vz;nza; gjdpLk; Kiwia WWW.
Wikipedia.Com Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. kPd; vz;nza; Nghd;w vz;nza; tiffisf;
nfhz;L gjdpLk; Kiw vz;nza; gjdpLk; Kiw vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwfs;
neLehl;fshf ,Ue;J tUk; KiwahFk;.
20. mfk;. 244 : 1.
21. mfk;. 334 : 1 – 2.
22. mfk;. 184 : 17 – 18.
23. K. tsh;kjp> giw> g. 18.
24. rp. ghyRg;gpukzpad;> neQ;rpd; epidTfs;> g. 69.
25. Qh. NjtNeag;ghthzh;> goe;jkpoh; murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;> g. 26.
26. Qh. NjtNeag;ghthzh;> K.E}.> g. 35.
27. mfk;. 124 : 1 – 4.
28. mfk;. 334 : 9 – 12.
29. mfk;. 364 : 10 – 11.
30. mfk;. 384 : 11 – 13.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
JizE}w;gl;bay;
Kjd;ikr;rhd;whjhuq;fs;
1. mfehD}W (%yKk;ciuAk;) Gj;jfk;-1>2 >nraghy; ,uh> Kidth;> epa+ nrQ;Rhp
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600 098> Kjy; gjpg;G> Vg;uy; – 2004.
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1. jkpo; epfz;Lfs;> njhFjp-1 - Rg;gpukzpad; r.Nt> (g.M)> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;>

rpjk;guk; – 608 001> Kjw;gjpg;G – 2008.
2. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Mah;> Kj;Jrhkp. M> ,uhzp gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id-
600014> Kjw;gjpg;G – 1993.
3. fofj;jkpo; mfuhjp> fofg;Gyth; FOtpdh;. (njh.M)> jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa
irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf;fofk; ypkpnll;> nrd;id-18> gjpide;jhk; gjpg;G
– 1999.
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600 108> vl;lhk; gjpg;G – 2006.
5. giw> tsh;kjp. K> mk;Ujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id – 600 116> 2009.
6. neQ;rpd; epidTfs;> ghyRg;gpukzpad;. rp> eWkyh;g; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>1980.
7. goe;jkpoh; murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;> NjtNeag;ghthzh.; Qh> kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id – 600 108>
8. www.wikipedia.com


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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fUiz cs;sk; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa kuj;jpd; kPJ ftpQh; md;G


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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fUj;jpoe;j ftpijnadf; fplf;fj; Jd;gr;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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13. n[aNjtd.;t> njhFjp -1> g. 104


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
JizE}w;gl;by;
1. n[aNjtd;>t.> (njh.M) 2007 <NuhLjkpod;gd;ftpijfs;

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v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}h;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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r%fj;ijr; rPuopf;Fk; rpyH xUGwk; csH. mjdhy; r%fj;jpy; gy nfhLikfs;
epfo;e;j tz;zk; cs;sd. ‘md;G’ vd;w xw;iwr; nrhy;iyj; jhq;fp ,U capHfs;
,izAk; fhjy; cwtpy; rhjp GFtjpdhy;> ‘nfsutf; nfhiyfs;’ rHt rhjhuzkhf
epfo;fpd;wd. MZk;> ngz;Zk; ,e;jg; G+kpapy; thoj; jFjpailatHfNs. tpjp
kPwy;fs; vd;W rhjpiar; nrhy;yp jhd>; kdpjd; vd;w epiyapypUe;J jho;jy; vd;gJ
mtDila mwpahikiaNa fhl;Lfpd;wJ vdyhk;.
“ryk;gw;wpr; rhy;gpy nra;ahHkh rw;w
Fyk;gw;wp tho;Jk;vd; ghH”2


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kdpj Fyk; vd;gJ Fw;wkw;w tho;T tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidg;gJNt. mg;gb
epidg;gtH vtUk; tQ;rf epidTld; jfhj nray;fspy; <Lglkhl;lhHfs;.
thAiwtho;j;Jtpy; ciug;gJk; ,JNt. Mdhy; jw;NghJ ngUk;ghYk; r%fj;jpy;
khrw;w gz;Gld; tho;gtNj tho;T vd;w epiyapy; cs;sJ vdyhk;. capiug;
gilf;Fk; Mw;wYk;> mopf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ek;KilaJ my;y.
ifg;Ngrpapy; fiuAk; fhyk;
tpQ;QhdAfk;> fzpdpAfk;> fypAfk; vd;W vy;yhk; NrHe;j ,f;fhyf;
fl;lj;jpNyh> kdpjd; Fw;wk; Ghpgtdhf kl;LNk tho;fpd;whd;. ‘Fw;wk;’ nra;tJ
Fw;wky;y vd;w kdepiyf;F khw;wg;gl;Ls;shd;. FLk;gk;> cwTfSld; $b tho;e;j
epiykhwp> vg;gb Ntz;LkhdhYk; thoyhk; mJjhd; tho;f;if vd;w epiy
cUthfpapUf;fpwJ. ifg;Ngrpf;Fs; kdpjd;; mlq;fpg;Ngha;tpl;lhd;. cyfj;ijAk;
jd;idAk; NrHj;Nj mjpy; gpizj;Jk; itj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;. ek;ik ek; czHTfis>
Mf;fg;G+Htr; nray;fisnay;yhk; Nrhk;Ngwpj;jdkhf khw;Wk; %isr;ryitia ek;kp
tho;fpwhd;. mjdhy; ek; gzKk;> NeuKk;> tho;Tk; tPzha; fiutij mtd;
mwpfpyhd;.
r%fj;jpy; Fw;wr;nray;fs; mjpfk; epfo;tjw;Ff; ifg;NgrpAk; xU fhuzk;.
ngw;NwhH gps;isfSld; NgRjy;> goFjy; ,d;wp> mtutH jdpj;jdp ifg;NgrpAld;
cyh tUjy;> gps;isfNsh Njitaw;w gy jfty;fisAk;> jPa gof;fq;fisAk;
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. Mf;fg;G+Htkha; mjpy; gy cs;sij mtHfs; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
muR jilnra;a Ntz;batw;iw nra;ahj epiyAk; ePl;bf;fNt nra;fpd;wd.
neUg;gpy;yhky; GifahJ vd;gH. xUtH kJNth> Gifj;jiyNah nra;jhy;
fz;bg;ghfj; njhpe;JtpLk;. vdNt kiwthfr; nra;th;. Mdhy; ifg;NgrpNah taJf;F
kPwpa myry; ghHit vy;yhk; gps;sifs; mjpy; ghHg;gJk;> Fw;wr; nray;fspy;
<LgLtJk;> epfo;e;jg;gpd;Nd tUe;j Ntz;baJkhd #oNy epyTfpd;wJ. xt;nthU
kdpjDf;Fs;Sk; mfj;Nj epfOk; epfo;Tfisf; fz;bl fzpdp cs;spl;l ifg;Ngrp
cjtpahapUf;fpwJ. Mf;fj;jpw;F khwhf mopitNa mjpfk; mtHfs; ehLfpd;wdH
vdyhk;.
“mzpmd;Nwh ehZilik rhd;;NwhHf;F m/jpd;Nwy;
gpzpmd;Nwh gPL eil”3
nghpNahHf;F ehzNk moF nra;Ak; Mguzk; MFk;. ehzk; ,y;iyahdhy;
mtHfsJ ngUkpj eil gpwh;f;F Neha; MfptpLk;. mg;gbj;jhd; thoTk; Ntz;L k;.
Mdhy; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thW tho;jy; vd;gJ mtrpakw;wJ vd;w kdepiyapy;
r%fk; cs;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngz;fis mopf;Fk; kdq;fs;
ngz;fs; vg;NghJNk r%fj;jpd; ghHitapy; Nghfg;nghUNs. Foe;ijaha;>
Fkhpaha;> fpotpaha; vg;gbapUe;jhYk;> Mzpd; fhkg;grpiaj; jPHj;Jf;nfhs;s>
mtisg; gopj;jPHf;f> tpiykjpg;gpy;yhj ngz;Zf;F $Ljyhf tpiyAaHe;j (,q;Nf
capiutpl cNyhfNk cah;e;jJ) eiffisAk; khl;btpl;L tPjpapy; cyhtur; nra;J>
nrapd; gwpg;G> tajhd %jhl;biaf;nfhd;W eifj;jpUl;L vd;W vt;tsNth
ehs;NjhWk; epfo;e;j tz;zk; cs;sd.
ngz;izf; fhjypg;gjhff; $wp> cld; ,Ue;J Gifg;glk; vLj;J gphpT Vw;gLk;
NghJ mtis tPo;j;j> (Miz tPo;j;j mg;Gifg;glk; gad;glhJ Vnddpy; mtd;
Mz; vj;jidg; ngz;fSlDk; mtd; jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd;Gk;> gpd;Gk; thoyhk; mij
,r;r%fk; nghpjha; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy;iy) Gifg;glj;ij tiyjsq;fspy;
ntspapl;Lg; gopjPHj;jy;. XH MZf;F> xU ngz;izg; ghHj;J jdf;F Vw;gl;l fhjy;
czHT mg;ngz;Zf;Fk; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd vjpHg;ghHj;jy;. ,y;iynad;why;
Kfj;jpy; mkpy tPr;R. ,k;Kfj;ijf; fz;Ljhd; fhjy; nfhz;ltdhk;. cz;ikahd
fhjy; czHTld; md;G nfhz;bUe;jhy; jhd; tpUk;gpats;> vg;NghJk; ghHf;f mts;
mofhfNt ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd epidf;f Ntz;lhkh? khwhf mk;Kfj;jpd; moF ,dp
,Uf;fNt $lhJ vd;fpw td; czHT vOjYk;> mts; fOj;jpy; khiyapl;L
thoNtz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpatd; mts; fOj;ij fj;jpahy; gjk;ghHj;J tPo;j;JtJk;>
md;Gnkhop $wp Ms; mutkw;w mtisg; gopj;jPHf;ff; fw;Gf;Nfhl;ghl;il kPwp nfhiy
nra;tJk; vd mtd;Nky; epfOk; td;KiwfSf;F mstpy;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ.
khw;Wj;jpwdhspg; ngz;fSk; ghypay; td;Kiwf;F Mshf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. Vndd;why;
mtSk; ngz;Nz.
tsH ,sk; gUtj;jpdUf;F clw;$Wfspdhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis ikakpl;L
mtHfSf;Ff; fy;tpiaf; nfhLf;fyhk;. MdhYk; vg;NghJ vONthk; vd;gNj
ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifaha; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
gs;spfspy; khztpfs; G+> nfhYR mzpe;J tu muR jiltpjpj;Js;sJ.
fhuzk; ngz;fspd; G+ thrKk;> nfhYR rj;jKk; Mz;fSf;F ftdr; rpjwy;fis
cz;lhf;Ffpd;wdthk;. ngz;iz vg;NghJk; Nghfg;nghUshfNt ghHf;Fk; vz;zj;jpd;
cr;rNk ,e;eltbf;if vdyhk;. fhuzk; ngz;zplk; MSikj;jpwDk; fk;gPuKk;
,Ug;gij tpl;Ltpl;L mtSf;F myq;fhuq;fSk;> xg;gidfspYk; fhyj;ijf;fopj;J
tPzpy; moptjw;Nf top tif nra;Ak; r%fkhf cs;sJ.
“cyf mstpy; jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhs;Sk; xt;nthU gj;Jg; ngz;fspYk;
ehy;tH ,e;jpahitr; NrHe;jtHfs;. gpugy yhd;nrl; kUj;Jt ,jo; Ma;tpy;
njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ma;tpd;gb> cyf mstpy; 2016-y; jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhz;l


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
2>57>324 ngz;fspy; 36.6 rjtPjj;jpdH mjhtJ 94>380 NgH ,e;jpahitr;
NrHe;jtHfs;”4
ek; ehl;by; jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhz;l ,t;tsT ngz;fSk; jpUkzkhd> ehw;gJ
taijf; fle;jtHfNs. ngz;fs; vt;tsNth Kd;Ndwptpl;ldH vd;W $wpdhYk;
mtHfSf;fhd ,Ug;G vd;gJ vg;NghJk; eype;j epiyapNyNa ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jpUkzk;>
Vw;ghl;Lj;jpUkzk;> Foe;ijj;jpUkzk;> jha;ik> r%fg;nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;>
FLk;g td;ik vdf; fhuzq;fs; ePz;L nfhz;Nljhd; nry;fpd;wd.
jkpofj;jpd; xU khtl;lj;jpy; rl;ltpNuhj fUf;fiyg;G ikaj;jpy; fle;j 20
Mz;Lfspy; 19 Mapuk; ngz; rpRf;fisf; nfhd;W rKjhaj;Jf;Fj; JNuhfk;
,ioj;jjhf Ml;rpaH mwptpf;fpd;whH. rl;ltpNuhj fUf;fiyg;G ikak; ,aq;Fjy;
vd;gNjhL ngz; Foe;ijia fUtpy; cUthFk; NghJk; ‘mkpy tPr;R’ elg;gJjhd;
ngz;Zf;fhd r%f mq;ff
P huk;. ngz;iz ngw;nwLj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; r%f
,opr;nranyd vz;z itf;Fk; epiyiaNa ,J fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
“Fd;wpd; midahUk; Fd;WtH Fd;Wt
Fd;wp mida nrapd;”5
Fd;wpidg; Nghy; caHe;J fk;gPukhf epw;gtHfSk; xU Fd;wpkzp msT ,opthd
nraypy; <Lgl;lhy; jho;e;J kdk; Fd;wpg; Ngha; tpLthHfs;. Mdhy; ngz; capiu
Jr;rnkd tPo;j;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jhYk; ahUk; Fd;wpg;Nghtjpy;iy ,r;r%fj;jpy;.
gpwg;ngLj;jJ tho;tjw;fhfj;jhd;. Mdhy;> jhd; kl;Lk; tho;e;J gpwiu tPo;j;JtJ
my;y. thAiwtho;j;Jit gpd;gw;NwhH Fiwthf cs;sdH.
Mlk;guj;jpy; mbik
,e;j cly; kz;Zf;Fj;jhd; MdhYk;> me;j clYf;Fj;jhd; vj;jid tpjkhd
tpahghu Nehf;fj;Jldhd moFr; rhjdg; nghUl;fSk;> ek;ik mbikahf;fpf;
nfhs;fpd;wd. jiy Kjy; ghjk; tiu ‘tz;z xg;gPl;L xg;gid’ nra;J
tz;zkakhd tho;f;if. cs;sNkh mOf;file;jjha; cs;sJ. Mlk;gukhf
tho;Nthiuf; fz;L> jhKk; mt;thW thoNtz;Lk; vd;W epidg;gJ Fw;wky;y. Mdhy;
mjw;fhdg;nghUis <l;l jfhj topia ehLjy; vd;gJ r%fr; rPuopitNa
cUthf;FfpwJ. jpUl;L> nfhs;is> nfhiy vg;gb nra;ayhk;. nra;jhYk; jtwpy;iy
gpwHgopf;F Mshjy;; mQ;Rjy; vJTk; fpilahJ. gzk; Miria Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
jtW nra;a J}z;LfpwJ. mwj;jpd; ghw;gl;L tho r%fKk; muRk; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jtpu> Fw;wthspfSf;Fj; jz;lid toq;Ftjpy; jhkjKk;> toq;Fk; jz;lidAk;
Fiwe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Fw;wthspfs; FiwtJ VJ.
“kUe;njhkw;W Cd;xk;Gk; tho;f;if ngUe;jd;ik


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
6
gPlopa te;j ,lj;J”
rhfhkNy ,Uf;f kUe;J fpilahJ. mg;gb ,Uf;Fk;NghJ capiutpl epiyahd
khdj;ijg; Nghw;whky; tho;f;if Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf xUtH jkJ ngUikiaf;
Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tJ ,opthdr; nrayhFk;. vdNt Mlk;guj;jpw;F mbikahfhky;
tho;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpwiu tijj;J tho;jypy; gydpy;iy.
tpahghuNk tho;f;if
,d;iwa kdpjd; jdpikapYk;> ,Wf;fj;JlDk; thOk; #oy; ngUfpAs;sJ.
gzk; gz;Gs;stdplk; NruNtz;Lk;. gz;gpy;yhjtdplk; NrUk;NghJ. mJ tPzhfpj;jhd;
NghFk;. fhHNkfk; kioiar; Rke;J te;J> mg;gbNa vLj;Jf;nfhz;Lr; nry;tjpdhy;
gadpy;iy. mJ g+kpapy; tpo Ntz;Lk;. mJ Nghyj;jhd; gzk; gilj;jtHfs;
,y;yhNjhHf;F <jy; eyk; gaf;Fk;.
“itj;jhd;tha; rhd;w ngUk;nghUs; m/Jcz;zhd;
nrj;jhd; nraf;fple;jJ ,y;”7
nghUisg; gpwUf;F toq;fhjtid ts;StH nrj;jjw;Fr;rkk; vd;fpwhH. jhd;
itj;jpUg;gijg; gpwUf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;if ekf;Fj; Njitahdijj;
jUfpwJ. mjw;F ehk; Kbe;j msT ed;ik nra;a Kbatpy;iyahapDk; jPik
nra;ahkyhtJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yth? Mdhy; ehk; ek; Njitf;fhf trjp
tha;g;Gfisg; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;L> G+kpf;Fk; Mgj;ij tpistpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ve;jg; nghUisAk; jukhdjhfTk;> ,aw;iff;Fk;
kdpjDf;Fk; Mgj;J ,y;yhjjha; tpistpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ePH Kjy;
tpisnghUs; midj;jpYk; er;R fye;jpUf;Fk; fhykhf cs;sJ.
Ntfkha; gzk; rk;ghjpj;J> Ntfkha; Neha;tha;g;gl;L> Ntfkhf kbjNy
,d;iwa tpahghu Nehf;fk;. ,aw;iff;Fk; mij rhHe;j kw;w caphpdq;fSf;Fk;
Mgj;ijNa tpistpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwd.
coit tPo;j;Jk; tho;T
“neUg;gpDs; JQ;rYk; MFk;> epug;gpDs;
ahJxd;Wk; fz;ghL mhpJ”8
jd;id kl;Lk; Jd;GWj;jf; $ba neUg;gpd; cs;Sk; xUthW J}q;fyhk;. Mdhy; jd;
FLk;gj;jpdiuAk; tUj;Jk; tWikNahL xUf;fhYk; J}q;f ,ayhJ. Gwj;Nj RLk;
neUg;ig tpl mfj;Nj RLk; grp neUg;Ngh kpff;nfhbaJ. grpiag;Nghf;Fk;
czitf;nfhLf;Fk; tptrhaj;jpd; epiyAk; mt;thNw cs;sJ.
“thld; rk;gh> KL KOq;fp> Fs;sf;fhH> etiu> Fopntbr;rhd;> fhH>
md;dkofp> ,Yg;igg;G+> rk;gh> khg;gps;isr; rk;gh> fUq;FWit>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;Yz;il> fUld;rk;gh> gdq;fhl;L Flthio> rPuf rk;gh> thrid
rPuf rk;gh> tp\;ZNghfk;> iftiu rk;gh> mWgjhk; FWit> G+q;fhH>
fhl;Lahdk;> Njq;fha;g;G+ rk;gh> fpr;rb rk;gh> nea; fpr;rpyp Nghd;w ekJ
ghuk;ghpa mhprp ufq;fs; vy;yhk; tptrhapfSf;F ,d;W kwe;Njtpl;ld.
tpjtpjkhd G+r;rp> GOf;fs; jhf;Fk; Gjpa ufq;fis mjpf urhad
cuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mtHfs; tpistpj;J tUfpwhHfs;. ghuk;ghpa
mhprp ufq;fSf;F ,e;jg; gpur;ridNa ,y;iy. vd;gij epidj;Jg;
ghhf;ff;$l Neukpd;wp mtHfs; tzpfg;gpbf;Fs; Rod;W tUfpd;wdH ”9
“ehL KOtJk; xU yl;rk; ghuk;ghpa ney; ufq;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd.

jkpofj;jpy; kl;Lk; 10 Mapuj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ney; ufq;fis ek;
Kd;NdhHfs; gaphpl;L> ghJfhj;J te;Js;sdH. ,e;j ney; ufq;fs;
midj;Jk;> nts;sk;> twl;rp cs;spl;l ,aw;ifr; rPw;wq;fisAk;> G+r;rpj;
jhf;Fjy;fisAk; jhq;fp epd;W tsuf; $bait. Vuhskhd kUj;Jt
Fzq;fSk; nfhz;lit. urhad cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfspd;
tuT xl;Lnkhj;j ghuk;;ghpa ney;; ufq;fisAk; ek; kz;zpy; ,Ue;Nj
tpul;b tpl;lJ. mjpf kf#y; fpilf;Fk; vd;W Mirfhl;b> tPhpa xl;L
ney; ufq;fs; ek; tptrhapfspd; iffspy; jpzpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; ek;
kz;tsk; mope;jNjhL> kdpjHfspd; cly;eyKk; NrHe;Nj
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; #oypy;jhd; moptpd; tpspk;gpy; ,Ue;j 174
ghuk;ghpa ney; ufq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwg; ghJfhj;jg;
ngUikf;F chpatH ney; n[auhkd;”.10
“cotdhH ifk;klq;fpd; ,y;iy: tpiotJ}ck;

tpl;Nlk;vd; gHf;Fk; epiy”11
Ntshsd; Mfpa cotd; cioj;J coit Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iynadpy;
gw;Wfs; midj;ijAk; gw;ww tpl;Nlhk; vd;Dk; JwtpfSf;Fk; Jwtwj;jpy; epiyj;J
epw;f ,ayhJ vd;W ts;StH $WtjpypUe;J cotpd; Nkd;ikia ehk; czHe;J
nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ahNuh gapH itf;f> gzk; ,Ue;jhy; NghJk; czit
thq;fpf;nfhs;syhk; vd;W epidj;jy; $lhJ.
“rHf;fiuAk; cg;Gk; fye;J itf;fg;gl;l %l;ilf;Fs; vWk;G GFe;jhy;
mJ cg;igj; jtpHj;Jtpl;Lr; rHf;fiuia kl;Lk; vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,JNt vWk;gpd; tho;f;ifKiw. mjhtJ mdhtrpakhdtw;iwg;
Gwe;js;sptpl;L mtrpakhdtw;iwj; jdjhf;fpf;nfhs;Sjy;”12
mJNghyNt kdpjd; tho epidf;f Ntz;Lk;. tptrhaj;ijAk; kz;izAk;>
,aw;ifiaAk; kjpj;J elf;f Ntz;Lk;. vjpHfhyr; r%fj;jpw;F ehk; NrHj;J
itj;jpUg;gJ vd;d? vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L thoNtz;Lk;.
KbTiu
“vw;wpw; FhpaH fatnuhd;W cw;wf;fhy;
tpw;ww;F chpaH tpiue;J”13
fatH jdf;F VNjDk; Jd;gk; te;jhy; mjpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s> jk;ikg;
gpwUf;F tpw;gjw;Fk; jahuha; cs;s Fzk; nfhz;ltNu vd;Wiug;gJ thAiwtho;j;J.
mr;#oNy jw;fhyr; r%fj;jpy; epfo;tij Nkw;fz;l $w;Wfspd; top mwpayhk;.
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf epfOk; nfhLikfs;> r%f Vw;wj; jho;Tfs;> tpahghuk; ngUk;
ghukhf kf;fSf;Fk;> Mlk;guj;jpy; mopAk; MirAk;> Fw;wk; kpFe;j r%fkhfTk;
,Ug;gijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. ,tw;iwf; fisa ts;Sth; thAiw tho;j;Jtpy;
nghUl;ghypy; xU FLk;gk; vDk; rKjhak; gz;ghLld; Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J tsUk;
NghJjhd; mr;r%fKk; rpwg;Gilajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij Fbikapaypd; thapyhf
$wpapUg;gij ,f;fl;Liuapd; %ykhf vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;lJ.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. jpUf;Fws;: 993> g.433.

2. NkyJ> Fws;: 956> g.417.
3. NkyJ> Fws;: 1014, g.442.
4. fdp> ,e;J jkpo; jpir> ngz; ,d;W> ‘jpUkzq;fSk; jw;nfhiyfSk; ’> 9
brk;gH 2018> g.5.
5. jpUf;Fws;: 965> g.421.
6. NkyJ> Fws;: 968> g.422.
7. NkyJ> Fws;: 1001> g.436.
8. NkyJ> Fws;: 1049> g.457.
9. KfkJ `Pird;> ,e;J jkpo;jpir> ‘gQ;rk; Nghf;fpa ney; ufk;’ brk;gH 1>
2018> g.1.
10. Njtjhrd;.tp> ,e;J jkpo; jpir> ‘ney; tpijfs; ghJfhg;ig ,af;fkhf
khw;wpa n[auhkd;’> brk;gH 7> 2018> g.12.
11. jpUf;Fws;: 1036> g.451.
12. NkyJ> Fws;: 1080> g.469.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. C. n[aFkhH (gjpg;ghrphpaH) – jpUf;Fws; 6 in 1> mUzh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id

600049> 2014.
ehspjo;
,e;J – jkpo; jpir> 2018.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;fhg;gpa chpg;nghUs; kuGk; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fSk;
nghd;. G+Q;Nrhiy>
fpU\;zrhkp mwptpay; fiy
flY}H.
Njhw;Wtha;
kdpj ,dtuyhW kpfTk; gue;Jgl;lJ. ,t;tuyhw;wpy; nkhopapd; Njhw;wk;
Fwpj;J Muha;NthNkahdhy; Kjypy; kdpjd; rpy xypf;Fwpg;Gf;fshYk; iriffshYk;
jhd; jdJ fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhz;bUg;ghd;. mjd;gpwNf xyp tbtq;fisj;
njhlHe;J Ngrp> tha;nkhopia cUthf;fpapUg;ghd;. ,jd;%yk; gbg;gbahf vOj;J
nkhopia cUthf;fp mtw;iw VLfspy; ,yf;fpakhfg; gjpT nra;J vd;Wk; mopahj
vOj;jpyf;fpakhfg; gilj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. vdNt> cyfpy; Njhd;wpa midj;J
tifahd vOj;jpyf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaNk mbg;gilahFk;.
fp.K. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L tiu Kd;Ndhf;fpg; ghHf;fpd;w njhd;ikahd nkhop
tuyhw;wpd; Kjy; ,yf;fz E}yhf ekf;Ff; fpilg;gJ njhy;fhg;gpak; MFk;. vOj;J>
nrhy;> nghUs; vd;w %d;W ngUk; gpupTfis cs;slf;fpaJ. mg;gpupTfisj;
njhy;fhg;gpak; mjd; Ke;JE}y;fis xl;bAk;> r%f kughf;fj;jpid xl;bAk;
mike;Js;sNjhL> mf;fhy r%ff; fl;likg;gpidAk; fhl;LfpwJ. mftho;f;if
kuGfisf; $Wfpd;w nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s mfj;jpiz chpg;nghUl;
fUj;jhf;fq;fs; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fspy; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpidf; fhz;gNj
,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
cupg;nghUs; kuGk; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fSk;
ehl;Lg;Gwf; ftpQdhy; vg;nghOJk; ghly;fis Mf;f KbAk;. ,f;ftpQd; gpw
ftpQHfisg; (Poets) Nghd;W jpl;lkpl;L ve;jg; gpuptpy; vg;gb vg;gbg; ghLtJ vd;W
rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gLtjpy;iy vd;gijAk; mt;tg;NghJ Vw;gLk; ce;Jjyhy;
cs;sj;jpy; tUk; nra;jpfisAk; mt;tg;NghJ ,izj;J (improvision) jw;nrayhf
ve;jtpjkhd rpuKkpd;wpg; ghLtijAk; ,J Fwpf;Fk; epiyapy; cs;sJ vd;W ftpij
cUthf;fk; gw;wp mfj;jpaypq;fdhH Fwpg;gpLthH.1 rq;f ,yf;fpa mff;ftpijfs;
Gytdpd; fw;gidapy; tUgit. mitNghd;W ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fSk; fw;gidapy;
tUgit vdyhk;.
cupg;nghUl;fs; rq;f mff;ftpijapy; gapd;W tUtjhFk;. cupg;nghUnsd;gJ
ghlypd; capHf;fUj;jhf mikfpd;wJ. ,it mf,yf;fpaj;jpd; mbf;fUj;jhf
,lk;ngWfpwJ.2 jpizrhHe;j kf;fspd; xOfyhw;iwf; $WtJ cupg;nghUs; vd;gH.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
GzHjy;> gpupjy;> ,Uj;jy;> ,uq;fy;> Cly; ,it eh.thdkhkiyapd; jkpoH ehl;Lg;
ghly;fspy; gapd;W te;Js;s epiyapid ,dpf;fhzyhk;.
cupg;nghUs; kuG
cupg;nghUs; vd;gJ FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;Dk; Ie;J
epykf;fspd; xOf;fj;ij czHj;JtJ MFk;.
“GzHjy; gpupjy; ,Uj;jy; ,uq;fy;
Cly; mtw;wpd; epkpj;jk; vd;wpit
NjUq; fhiyj; jpizf;Fupg; nghUNs”3
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghtpw;F tpsf;fTiuahf “GzHjy; vd;gJ FwpQ;rpf;Fk;> gpupjy;
vd;gJ ghiyf;Fk; ,Uj;jy; vd;gJ Ky;iyf;Fk;> ,uq;fy; vd;gJ nea;jYf;Fk;>
Cly; vd;gJ kUjj;jpw;Fk; cupj;jhtJ ngUk;ghd;ik. rpWghd;ik vy;yhg; nghUSk;
vy;yhj; jpizf;Fk; cupj;jhfTk; nfhs;sg;gLk;”4 vd;W Mrphpah; $wpapUg;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy; ghly;fspy; cupg;nghUs; kuG
kdpj czHTfspd; ntspg;ghlhff; fhjy; mikfpd;wJ. goq;fhyj;jpy;
fhjYk;> tPuKk; ,Ufz;fshfg; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy; cwtpd;
mbg;gilapy; mikfpd;wJ. ,f;fhjYf;F ,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gLk; Njhopiag; Nghd;W
gy ghly;fs; miktjpy;iy. VNjDk; xU rpy ghlNy fhzg;gLfpwJ. fhjyHfs;
NeUf;F NeH re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;L jdJ tpUg;G ntWg;GfisAk;> ,d;g Jd;gq;fisAk;
gfpHe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. fhjy; ghly;fs; fhjyHfNs ghLtJ xUtif. fhjyHfs;
my;yhjtHfs; njhopy; nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy; ,t;tifg; ghly;fisg; ghLtJ kw;nwhU
tifahFk;.5
mfkhe;jHfspd; fhjy; tho;tpYk; fw;G tho;tpYk; epfOk; xOf;fkhf Cly;>
GzHjy;> ,Uj;jy;> gpupjy;> ,uq;fy; mikfpd;wJ.
kUjepyj;jpy; Cly;
kUjepy kf;fspd; xOf;fkhf ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk; mikfpd;wJ. ,tw;iw
rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpaiu topnfhz;L jpUts;StH>
‘ClYtif’ vd;w mjpfhuj;ijg; gilj;Js;shH. Clypd; %yk; Mz;fSf;Fk;
ngz;fSf;Fk; $ly; Ntl;if kpFk; vd;gH.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jiytpaHfs; kl;LNk Cly; nfhs;tijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; ngz;fs; Cly;nfhs;tJ kl;Lky;yhky; Mz;fSk; Cly;
nfhs;fpd;wdH. ,e;epiyahdJ fstpy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; nghOJ Fwpaplj;jpw;Ff; Fwpj;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Neuj;jpy; tutpy;iy vdpy; ,UtUf;Fk; Cly; epfOk; vd;gijf; fPo;f;fz;lthW
mwpayhk;.
Fwpaplj;jpy; Cly;
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy; ghly;fSk; Fwpaplj;ijj; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,uTf;Fwp>
gfw;Fwp vd;W Fwpapl milahsj;ijf; fhjyDf;Ff; fhjyp czHj;Jtjhf
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs; cs;sd. “$l;lKk; mwpNad;> FspHe;j rhiyAk; mwpNad;
milahsk; nrhd;dpahdhy; mq;F te;J NrHe;jpUNtd;”6 vd;W jLkhwpa fhjyDf;Ff;
fhjyp milahsj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhs;. nfz;il nfhz;L J}z; epWj;jpf; nfspW
nfhz;L tisg;gug;gpAs;s jd; tPl;bd; rpwg;igAk;7 NrHj;Jf; $Wfpwhs;. Mb khjj;J>
mkhthir gpd;dpUl;L> milkio Neuj;jpy; Njb miya Ntz;lhk;. njd;idkuk;
milahsk;8 vd;W fhjyp Fwpapl milahsj;ij ciug;gjha; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; xd;W
czHj;JfpwJ.
Fwpaplj;jpw;Ff; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; jiytpahy; tuKbahj rpy Neuq;fspy;
fhj;jpUe;J fhj;jpUe;J jiytd; jpUk;gpg; NghtJz;L. mg;NghJ ,UtupilNa Cly;
epfOk;. ,j;jd;ikiaj; jkpoH ehl;Lg;ghly;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ.
fw;Gf;fhyj;jpy; Cly;
fsT tho;f;ifapd; gad; fw;G tho;f;ifahFk;. fw;G tho;f;ifapNy mf
xOf;fkhd Cly; gw;wpg; ngUk;ghYk; kUjepy kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rKjhaj;jpy; jpUkzk; gw;wpa ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fs; $Wk; Kiwfs;
ekf;Fj; njupe;jNj. kw;nwhd;W jw;fhyj;jpa r%f khdpltpayhsHfs; rKjhaj;jpy;
jpUkzj;jpd; Njit vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp tiuaWj;Js;sJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
“ghypdT+f;fk; kfT+f;fk; jdJ ngaiuAk;> nghUisAk; tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; MHtk;.
nghUshjhu xw;Wik ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;wpd; Njit %g;Gj; jd;ikapy; cjTk;
NjhoikAk; Ntz;Lk; vd;w mth> tho;f;ifapy; epfOk; ,d;g Jd;gq;fisAk; ntw;wp
Njhy;tpfisAk; gfpHe;J nfhs;s ey;y $l;lhsp Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; Nghd;w
,d;dgpw fhuzq;fSf;fhf kdpjHfs; kzk; Gupe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH”9 vd;W
jpUkzj;jpd; Njitiag; gw;wp mtHfs; $Wfpd;wdH.
,r;nra;jpfis ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; Jiznfhz;L epWtKbAk;.
,y;ywj;ijg; gw;wpa ngz;zpd; vjpHghHg;G epuhirahfpg; NghdJ. fztd;
kidtpf;Fs; rpf;fy;> khkpahH> rf;fsj;jp> guj;ij MfpNahUld; Nghuhl;lk; Nghd;w
fhuzq;fshy; jiytd; jiytp ,UtupilNa Cly; epfo;fpwJ.
jkpoH ehl;Lg;ghlypy; fhjypj;j ,lj;ijj; jpUkzkhd gpwF jiytDk;
jiytpAk; re;jpf;fpd;wdH. mtHfs; gofpa ,lq;fis Rw;wpg;ghHj;J epidTfis
mirNghLfpd;wdH. mit ghoha;f; fplf;fpd;wdNt> vt;tsNth khwptpl;lNj vd;W


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
epidf;fpd;wdH.10 jk;gjpaH ,UtUk; NrHe;J jpiug;glk; fhzr;nry;tij xU ghly;
njuptpf;fpd;wJ.11 jpiug;glk; ghHf;fr; nry;Yk;NghJ> mg;glj;ijg; gw;wpf; Fiw
nrhy;fpwhd; xUtd;. kidtp mtid epe;jpj;jgb> ‘fUj;Js;s glkhf;Fk; f\;lq;fis
epiwQ;rpUf;Fk; fUq;fhyp Ngr;irf; Nfl;Lf; fyq;f Ntz;lhk; NghNthk; ’ vd;W
ciuf;fpwhs;. ,jpy; ,y;yw tho;tpy; fztd; - kidtp ,Utupd; kfpo;r;rp
ntspg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ClYf;Fg; gpd; $ly; epfOk; vd;gJ jkpoH
ehl;Lg;ghly;topg; GydhfpwJ.
kfspH gpwuhy; Vw;gLk; Cly;
jpUkzkhfpg; GFe;j tPL nrd;w ngz;zpw;F Kjy; vjpupahff; fUjg;gLgts;
khkpahH. ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fspYk;> eilKiw tho;f;ifapYk; fpilf;ff;$ba nra;jpfs;
ngUk;ghYk; khkpahH – kUkfs;fspd; kdNtw;Wikfisf; fhl;LtdthfNt cs;sd.
“Ntz;lhj kUkfs; fhy;gl;lhy; Fw;wk; ifg;gl;lhy; Fw;wk; ”> “khkpahH cilj;jhy;
kz;Flk;> kUkfs; cilj;jhy; nghd;Flk;” Nghd;w gonkhopfs; khkpahH –
kUkfspilNa cs;s cwTg; gpzf;iff; fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd. kfd;kPJ mJtiu
jdf;fpUe;j md;igg; gfpHe;Jnfhs;s ,d;ndhU ngz; te;Jtpl;lhNs vd;w cstpay;
Nghf;Nf ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;gH. khkpahH nra;j nfhLikahy; kUkfs;> kd;dtiug;
ngw;nwLj;j khkpahHjhd; ‘kiyf;Fuq;fha;’ ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;W jd; khkpahiu
ieahz;b nra;fpwhs;.12
mfj;jpizapy; ‘fhkf;fpoj;jp’ vd;w xU ghj;jpuk; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. mts;
,y;yw tPl;bw;F ntspNa jiytdhy; mDgtpf;fg;gLfpwts;. ,jdhy; jiytd;
jiytp ,UtupilNa Cly; epfOk;. ehl;Lg;Gwj;jpYk; mj;jifa epiy cs;sJ.
ehl;Lg;gwj;jhH mtisr; ‘rpd;dtPL’ vd;ghHfs;. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; kidtpahy;
Kbahj gy fhupaq;fisr; ‘rpd;dtPL’ jiyaiz ke;jpuj;jhy; rhjpj;Jf; nfhs;ths;
vd;ghHfs;. Mdhy; mts; ,y;yw tPl;bw;Fs; Eioa KbahJ. “tg;ghl;b Njlg;Nghap
thLijah ek;kNjrk;”13 vd;W kidtp thLfpwhs;. jtpu> Kjy; kidtp ,Uf;ff;
fztd; kWkzk; Gupe;J nfhs;thd;. mt;thW tUgts; ,y;yw cupik ngw;wtshf
MfptpLfpwhs;. mts; ‘,isajhuk;’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhs;. kWkzj;jpd;
fhuzq;fshtd Kjy; kidtpf;Ff; Foe;ij ngw tha;g;gpy;yhky; Nghjy;> mbf;fb
Neha;tha;g;gLjy; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; fztd; kWkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sthd;.
ve;jtpjkhd fhuzq;fs; ,y;yhkYk; ,uz;lhk; kzk; nra;J nfhs;SjYk; cz;L.
FLk;g cupikapy; ‘rf;fsj;jp’ %j;j kidtpiatpl $Ljy; mjpfhuk; ngw;wtshf
,Ug;ghs;. vdNt> Kjy; kidtpf;Fr; rf;fsj;jpiag; gpbf;fhJ. vd;d ,Ue;jhYk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jhd; vr;rpy; gLj;jpa gz;lk; jhNd14 rf;fsj;jp mDgtpf;fpwhs; vd;W> ,ayhj xUj;jp
jdf;Fs; rkhjhdk; nrhy;ypf; nfhs;fpwhs;. rf;fsj;jpaplk; ,y;yhky; fztdplk;
Cly; nfhs;Sk; ngz;fSk; cs;sdH. “gj;J khrk; RkRkf;f tpl;Ltpl;L
,isajhuk; fl;bdpNa cd;dg; g+ehfk; jPz;lhNjh’15> ‘gpupe;jhahdh ,wg;gJ epr;rak;’16
vd;W Kjy; kidtp fztDf;Fr; rhgkpLfpd;whs;.
,y;ywj;jpy; fztd; - kidtp ,UtupilNa Cly; tUtjw;Ff;
fhuzkhdtHfs; vd;W ghHf;Fk; nghOJ khkpahH> itg;ghl;b> rf;fsj;jp
MfpNahHfshtH. ,tHfisg; Nghy; guj;ijaHfSk; mikfpd;wdH.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; guj;ijaH xOf;fk; r%f mq;ff
P huk; ngw;wpUe;jdH. “G+g;gpd;
Gwg;ghL <uhW ehs;”17 jtpHj;Jg; guj;ijaH nryit mf;fhyj;jpy;
Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdH. rKjha mq;ff
P huk; ngw;wjhfg; guj;ijaH xOf;fk; mike;jhYk;>
“guj;ij topg;gl;l gz;gpdhy; xU jiytd; jd; tPl;bw;Fs; Gf mQ;Rfpwhd;. GFk;
cupikia ,of;fpd;whd;. Nfl;Lg;gf Ntz;ba epiyf;Fj; jho;fpwhd;.18 guj;ijaHfs;
jiytdpd; nghUs; eyf; Fiwtpw;Fk; cly;eyf; Fiwtpw;Fk; fhuzkha; ,Ug;ghHfs;.
,tHfis> guj;ijaH> jhrp> Njtjhrp Nghd;w ngaHfshy; ehl;Lg;Gwj;jpy;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
Cly; vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpaupd; topahf rq;f mfj;jpizg; ghly;fspYk;
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy; ghly;fspYk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. guj;ijapw; gpupit ClYf;Fupa
fhuzkhff; fhl;Lfpd;wd rq;f mfj;jpizg; ghly;fs;. guj;ijapw; gpupTf;fhf
kl;Lky;yhky;> kw;w eilKiw epfo;r;rpfSf;fhfTk; Cly; nfhs;sg;gLtij
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; czHj;Jfpd;wd. mfg;ghly;fspy; ngupJk; fhjyp kl;LNk Cly;
nfhs;fpwhs;. kpf mupjhfj; jiytd; CLjy; mfg;nghUspy; Ngrg;gLk;. jiytp
Fwpaplk; gpioj;jNghJk;> jiytpapd; Cliyj; jiytd; Njw;wj; jiytp Cly;
fisahjNghJk; jiytd; CLtJz;L. Mdhy; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy; ghly;fspy;
jiytd; jiytp ,UtUNk CLtJ ,ay;ghf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,jd;%yk;
goq;fhye; njhl;L ,d;Wtiu kUjepy kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwAk; gz;ghLk;
rpwe;jpUf;fpwJ. kUjj;jpizapd; cupg;nghUs; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlypYk; ngUk;ghz;ikAk;
,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.
gpupjy; epkpj;jk;
gpupjYk; gpupjy; epkpj;jKk; ghiy epyj;jpw;F cupaJ vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
fsT tho;tpy; <Lgl;Lj; jiytd; nghUsPl;Ljy; nghUl;L jiytpiag; gpupAk; gpupTk;>
fw;G tho;tpy; Xjy;> J}J> gif fhuzkhfg; gpupAk; gpupTk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;>
cld;Nghf;fpd; NghJ FLk;gj;jhiug; gpupe;J nry;Yk; gpupTk; mlq;Fk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpupe;jpUf;Fk; fhyq;fs; epiyahfg; gpupe;jpUg;gjpy;iy. xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; rpy
Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;L tiuaiw cz;L. jiytd; tuitf;fz;L jiytp fhj;jpUg;ghs;.
jiytpapd; neQ;rk; gpupT vd;whNy fyq;fptpLfpwJ. jpUts;stH> ‘nrhy;yhik
cz;Nly; vdf;Fiu kw;Wepd; ty;tuT tho;thHf;Fiu”19 vd;wpUg;ghs; mtH Fwpg;gpLk;
jiytp. ‘fy;yhdhYk; fztd;> vd;gjw;Nfw;g fztd; jd;DlNdNa ,Uf;f tpUk;GtH
kidtpaH.
fztd; ,y;yhky; kidtpahy; rKjhaj;jpy; jdpj;J tho;tJ fbdkhfpwJ.
kw;wtHfspd; Ngr;Rf;Fk; Vr;Rf;Fk; MshFjy;> gpw Mltupd; ghHitf;F mQ;rp
tho;jy;> ey;y fhupaq;fSf;F mtisj; js;spitj;jy; Nghd;w gy nfhLikfSf;F
Mshf;fg;gLths;. mjdhy; me;j epiyik tuf;$lhJ vd;W vz;ZthHfs;.
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; jiytd; xUtd; nghUs; <l;Ltjw;fhfr; nry;fpwhd;.
nrd;w jiytd; tpiuthf te;JtpLthd; vd;W epidj;jhs; jiytp. mts; Nrhsk;
tpijf;Fk;NghJ nrhy;yptpl;Lg; Nghd gpd;dHr; NrhsKk; tpise;Jtpl;lJ. Mdhy;
jiytd; $w;W ngha;ahfp tpl;lNj vd tUe;Jfpwhs;.20 ahH nra;j jPtpidahNyh
jhq;fs; gpupe;J MSf;nfhU Njrkhfpg; Ngha;tpl;Nlhk; 21 vd;W gpuptpd; JaH
ntspg;gLtij mwpaKbfpwJ.
gpupe;jpUf;Fk; jiytp jiytidr; NrUk; fhyj;ij vz;zp Vq;Ffpwhs;.22
jiytdpd; gpupthy; epiwFlj;Jj; jz;zPH Nghy; jpuz;bUe;j Nkdp FiwFlj;Jj;
jz;zPuha; miygha;tij epidj;J cUFfpwhs;.23
“jpizg;ghly;fspy; epfOk; gpupT tiffspy; ghiyf;Fupa nghUl;gpupNt ePz;l
fhyj;jpw;Fk; neLe;njhiytpw;Fk; cupajhFk;”24 vd;ghH. Mdhy; ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ghly;fspy; FWfpa fhyq;fNs gpupT epiy mikfpwJ. mjhtJ xU thuk; my;yJ
xUkhjk; vd;w epiyfisf; fhzKbfpwJ.
Xjw;gpupitg; gw;wpAk; xUghly; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit fy;ahzk; nra;Jnfhz;L
gbg;gjw;fhfr; nry;fpwhd; xUtd;. Mdhy; gy Mz;LfshfpAk; mtd; gbg;G
Kbe;jghby;iy. “gj;jLf;F khb NkNy fy;Y}upg;gbg;G gbf;Fk; jd; fztd; gbr;rp
Kbg;ghuh> vOjp Kbg;ghuh vz;zq;fisr; nrhy;Ythuh? vd Vq;Ffpwhhs; mtd;
kidtp.
jiytdpd; gpuptpdhy; thLk; jiytpf;F cwf;fk; tUtjpy;iy. ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ghlypy; Jiukfidf; fhzhky; J}f;fk; Fiwe;jjhfTk;> Vf;fj;jpdhy; capHNghFk;
Jd;gj;ij miltjhfTk; xU jiytp $Wfpwhs;.26 gLj;jhy; gy epidT te;J
thl;LfpwJ xU jiytpf;F. fz;zPH tbj;J jiytdpd; epidthy; rUfha;
27
cUFtjha; Ntjidg;gLfpwhs; xUj;jp. gha;tpupj;Jg; gLj;jhYk; cwf;fk; t;uhky;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jtpf;Fk; jtpg;G> jiytdpd; Kbiaj; jiyf;F itj;Jg; gLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;jhd;
ePq;Fk; vd;fpwhs; xU jiytp.28 ,t;thW jiytdpd; gpupthy; thLk; jiytpf;F
cwf;fk; tUtjpy;iy vd;gJ ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlypy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
,uq;fy;
nea;jy; epy cupg;nghUs; ,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk; MFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpa
mfj;jpizg; ghly;fspy; ,uq;fy; ghly;fs; fhzg;gLtijg; Nghy ehl;Lg;gwg;
ghly;fspYk; ,tw;iwf; fhzKbfpwJ. fhjyDk; fhjypAk; $ba gpd;dH VNjDk;
xU fhuzj;jpdhy; fhjyHfs; gpupa Neuplyhk;. CH ciuj;j myuhy; jiytpia
,w;nrwpj;jy;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;G njhopy; fhuzkhfr; nry;Yjy;> fhjyHfSf;Fs;
Vw;gLfpd;w Vkhw;wk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; fhjyHfSf;fpilNa gpupT Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
gpupe;jpUf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; fhjyDk; fhjypAk; thbf;fplf;Fk; kd ,ay;igf; Fwpg;gpLk;
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fis ,uq;fy; ghly;fs; vdyhk;.29
njhy;fhg;gpaH jiytd; gpupAk; fhyj;Jj; Njhd;Wk; $Wfshfr; rpytw;iw
tifg;gLj;jpAs;shH.
“Kd;dpiy ahf;fy; nrhy;topg; gLj;jy;
ed;dak; ciuj;jy; eifedp AwhmJ
me;epiy awpjy; nkypTtpsf; FWj;jy;
jd;dpiy Aiuj;jy; njsptfg; gLj;jy;”30
vdj; jiytDf;nfd rpy jd;ikfisj; njhy;fhg;gpaH Rl;LthH. ,tw;iw ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ghly;fspy; ,uq;fy; epiyapy; ,UghyUf;Fk; nghJtha; mike;jpUg;gij
fhzKbfpwJ.
rq;f mfj;jpizg; ghly;fs; fhjy; xOf;fq;fshf cupg;nghUisr; Rl;LfpwJ.
mjw;nfd;W epyKk; nghOJk; mikj;Nj ghly; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. Ie;jpiz
xOf;fq;fSs; xd;whd ,uq;fy; epkpj;jk; Fwpj;J> K.,uhfitaq;fhH Fwpg;gpLk;
tpsf;fk; Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.
“jiytidg; gpupe;j fpoj;jpf;Ff; flYk; fopAk; fhdYk; fhZe;NjhWk;
Mw;whikiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. Ms; mutk; ,y;yhj flw;fiuapypUe;J jdpikapy;
ehk; epd;W ghHj;j;hy; ek;kplKk; ,t;thw;whik Njhd;wf; fhzyhk;. ,r;#o;epiy
,uq;fiyg; Gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F kpfTk; Vw;wJ. MfNt> ,uq;fYf;Nfw;w epiyf;fsd;
nea;jyhapw;W”31 Nkw;fz;ltw;wpd; %yk; ,uq;fy; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
fhjyhy; $bf; fye;j ,utuJ gpupT xOf;fkhd gpupjYk; gpupjy; epkpj;jKk;
Fwpg;gJ ghiyj; jpizahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; cld;Nghf;ifj; jtpu NtW
gpupTf;fhyq;fspy; mfg;ghly; jiytp jiytNdhL nry;tjpy;iy vd;gJ ‘Ke;ePH


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
32
tof;fk; kf^Nthby;iy’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLthH. rq;f fhyj;jpy; fly;topg; gpupT
epfo;e;Js;sJ. jiytpia tpl;L jiytd; njhopy; nra;tjw;fhf gpupe;J fly;topg;
gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhd; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; gy ghly;fs;
ePHtopg; gpupitj; njuptpg;gdtha; cs;sd. fw;Gf;fhyj;jpy; jiytDk; jiytpAk;
tPl;iltpl;Lr; nrd;W tpisahLtjw;fhfr; nrd;wdH vd;gijj; njhy;fhg;gpah;>
“ahWk; FsDk; fhTk; Mbg;
gjpapfe;J EfHjYk; cupa vd;g”33
vdf; $wpAs;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ePHtopg; gazj;jpd;fz; fhjyp fhjyDlDk;>
kidtp fztDlDk; nry;tJz;L vd;gij ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;top mwpaKbfpwJ.
uq;$d; Nghd;w fly;fle;j ehLfSf;F Mz;fNshL ngz;fSk; nrd;Ws;sdH 34
vd;gij ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; %yk; njupe;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
Ie;jpiz vd;gJ Itifahd xOf;fk; vd;gH. ,t;ite;Jk; kf;fs; filgpbj;J
te;jdH. ,jid>
“Nghf;nfy;yhk; ghiy> GzHjy; eWq;FwpQ;rp
Mf;fQ;NrH Cly; mzpkUjk; Nehf;Fq;fhy;
,y;ypUj;jy; Ky;iy ,uq;fy; eWnea;jy;
nrhy;ypUe;j E}ypd; njhif”35
vd;w gok;ghl;lhy; mwpayhk;. ,t;thW rPUk; rpwg;GlDk; tho;e;j ek; Kd;idNahupd;
tho;f;if Kiw rpwg;gplk;ngWfpwJ. ,j;jifa jpz;zpa mbg;gilapy; vt;tsNth
#uhtspAk; ngUkioAk; NgupbAk; jj;jk; KOtypAk; nfhz;L jhf;fpAq;$lj; jkpo;
ehfupfk; vd;Dk; jdpg;ngUq; fl;llk; ,d;Dk; mope;njhope;J rpijahky; epd;W
36
epyTfpd;wJ vd;gH.
Ie;jpiz newpahdJ cyfpaypy; epfOk; Fwpg;Gfs; MFk;. Gytdpd;
fw;gidj; jpwj;jpw;F ftp GidAk; jd;ikAk; nfhz;L jdpj;J Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
Ie;jpizf;Fupa epfo;r;rpfs; ,y;yhky; ,t;Tyfk; ,y;iy vd;gH. cyf tho;f;if
khwpkhwp tUk; gy #oy;fspy; epfo;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghly;fs;
Mf;fg;gl;ld.
,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpaH jpizkaf;fk; vd;w epiyapy; “jpizkaf;FWjYk;
fbepiy ,yNt”37 vd;W Fwpg;gpLthH. ,jw;F er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH “,/J
,y;ynjdg;glhJ> cyfpaNyahk;. cyfpaypd;Nwy; Mfhag;G+ ehwpw;nwd;wtop mJ
#lf; fUJthUkpd;wp kaq;ff; $wpdhnud;W cyfk; ,ope;jplg;gLjypd; ,JTk;
,ope;jplg;gLk;. ,r;nra;As; tof;fpid ehlf tof;nfd Nkw;$wpdhH. vt;tplj;Jk;
vf;fhyj;Jk; xg;g epfOk; cyfpay; NghyhJ> cs;Nshd; jiytdhf ,y;yJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
GzHj;jy; Kjyhfg; Gide;Jiu tifahy; $Wk; ehlf ,yf;fzk; Nghy
ahjhDnkhNuhtop xU rhuhH khl;L cyfpayhd; epfOk; xOf;fj;jpid vy;yhHf;Fk;
nghJthf;fp> ,lKk; fhyKk; epakpj;J nra;Al; nra;jy; xg;Gik Nehf;fr;
nra;ag;gl;ljhfypd;” vd;W tpsf;fk; $wpdhH vd;gH.38 ,t;thW Ie;jpiz newpahf
Nkw;fz;l tpsf;fk; mikfpd;wJ.
KbTiu
cupg;nghUl;fs; xOf;fj;ij czHj;Jtjhf mikAk;. mit GzHjy;> gpupjy;>
,Uj;jy;> ,uq;fy;> Cly; vd;gjhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUl;fs;
,tw;iwg; gpd;dzpahff; nfhz;L mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspYk;
,f;$Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; $wg;gLk; fhjyDk;> fhjypAk; ngUk;ghYk;
$ypNtiy> cg;gsk;> Njapiyj; Njhl;lk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;gtHfshf
,Ug;gjhy; ,tHfSf;Fupa gz;GfNshL mike;jpUf;fpd;wdH. jiytd;> jiytp
,Utupd; gz;G #oiy ikakhf itj;Nj mikfpd;wJ.
kUj epyj;jpy; coTj; njhopy; nra;Ak; NghJ ,UtUf;Fk; cs;s njhopy;
mDgtj;jpid> fkiy fl;lj; njupahj> njhopy; mDgk; ,y;yh> fhjyid
,bj;Jiuf;Fk; ghly;fs; Cly; gFjpapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. kUjepyk; Cly;
epiyia ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. njhopw;fsq;fNs fhjw;ghl;bw;F mbg;gilf; fskhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ. mfg;ghly;fspy; fhjyp kl;LNk Cly; nfhs;fpwhs;. kpf mupjhfj;
jiytd; CLjy; fhzg;ngWk;. Mdhy; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; jiytd;> jiytp
,UtUNk CLtij ,ay;ghff; fhzKbfpwJ.
gpupjy; epkpj;jk; vd;gJ fy;tp fw;gjw;Fk;> nghUsPl;Ltjw;Fk; nry;Yk; gpupTfSk;
guj;ijaH gpupTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpupe;jpUf;Fk; fhyq;fs; epiyahfg;
gpupe;jpUg;gjpy;iy. FWfpa fhy ,ilntspNa gpupe;jpUj;jy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,uq;fy; ghly;fs; gpupT epiyapy; mikfpd;wd. gpupe;jpUf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; fhjyDk;
fhjypAk; thbf;fplf;Fk; kd ,ay;igf; Fwpg;gpLk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; ,uq;fy;
ghly;fshFk;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;> ftpij cUthf;fk;-2> g.107.
2. f.[tfH> jpizf;Nfhl;ghLk; jkpo;f; ftpijapaYk;> g.34.
3. njhy;.E}w;. 960.
4. t.j.,uhkRg;gpukzpak;> (c.M).> njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk; %yKk;
tpsf;fTiuAk;> g.32.
5. R.rf;jpNty;> K.E}.> g.97.
6. eh.thdkhkiy> jkpoH ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;.> g.245.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
7. NkyJ> g.245.
8. NkyJ> g. 237.
9. R.rz;KfRe;juk;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;l ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fspy; rKjha mikg;G>
gf;. 122> 123.
10. eh.thdkhkiy> K.E}. g.165.
11. NkyJ> g. 193.
12. NkyJ> g. 343.
13. NkyJ> g. 203.
14. NkyJ> g. 321.
15. NkyJ> g. 206.
16. NkyJ> g. 190.
17. njhy;.E}w;. 1133.
18. t.Rg.khzpf;fk;> jkpo;f;fhjy;> g. 107.
19. jpUf;Fws;> 1151.
20. NkyJ> g. 205.
21. NkyJ> g. 152.
22. NkyJ> g. 152.
23. NkyJ> g. 153.
24. jkpoz;zy;> rq;fkuG> g.220.
25. eh.thdkhkiy> K.E}.> gf;> 315-316.
26. NkyJ> g. 153.
27. NkyJ> g. 258.
28. NkyJ> gf;. 114> 194.
29. eh.,sq;Nfh> K.E}.> g. 140.
30. njhy;.E}w;. 1047.
31. eh.,sq;Nfh> K.E}.> gf;. 140-141.
32. njhy;.E}w;. 980.
33. njhy;.E}w;. 1137.
34. eh.thdkhkiy> K.E}.> g. 180.
35. eh.Rg;gnul;bahH> njhy;fhg;gpak; fhl;Lk; tho;f;if> g. 36.
36. NkyJ.> g. 36.
37. njhy;.nghUs;.mfj;.E}w;. 14.
38. eh.Rg;Gnul;bahH> K.E}.g. 37.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
JizE}w;gl;bay;
Kjd;ik Mjhuk;
1. ,uhkRg;gpukzpak;.t.j.> (c.M.) njhy;fhg;gpak;> nghUsjpfhuk; %yKk;
tpsf;f ciuAk;> G+k;GfhH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2008.
2. thdkhkiy.eh.> jkpoH ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;> epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; (gp) ypkpll;>
nrd;id> 1964.
Jizik Mjhuk;
1. mfj;jpaypq;fk;.r.> ftpij cUthf;fk; - 2> kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 1999.
2. ,sq;Nfh.eh.> ehl;Lg;Gwf;fhjy; ghly;fSk; mfg;nghUs; kuGfSk;> fht;ah
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. 2005.
3. rf;jpNty;.R.> ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T> kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> jpUj;jpa
gjpg;G> 1983.
4. rz;KfRe;juk;.R. -(njh.M.).> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;l ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; rKjha
mikg;G> fht;ah gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2008.
5. Rg;Gnul;bahH.e.> njhy;fhg;gpak; fhl;Lk; tho;f;if> godpag;gh gpujH];> nrd;id>
ehd;fhk; gjpg;G> 2002.
6. jkpoz;zy;> rq;fkuG> kPdhl;rp Gj;jf epiyak;> kJiu> 2009.
7. khzpf;fk;.t.Rg.> jkpo;f;fhjy;.> = ,e;J gg;spNf\d;];.> nrd;id. 2009.
8. [tfH.f.> jpizf;Nfhl;ghLk; jkpo;f; ftpijapaYk;> fht;ah gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
2010.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpugQ;rd; Gid fijfspy; nghUs;rhh; gz;ghL
Nl.ngkpyh>
Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>
jkpo;ehL jpwe;jepiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
nrd;id.
Kd;Diu
,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j kdpjd; jdJ ghJfhg;G
fUjp gy nghUl;fis cUthf;Ffpd;whd;. Nfhlhhp> <l;b> Fbir Nghd;w nghUl;fs;
cUthf;fk; ngw;W xOq;fikT Vw;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa xOq;fiktpy; fUj;jpay;
rhh;e;j kdpjdpd; elj;ij KiwfSk; Ml;gLj;jg;gl;L> ,Wf;fkhd rKjha mikg;G
cUthfpd;wJ. xOq;if kPwpdhy; rKjhaj; jPq;F Vw;gLk; vd;W rpW taJ KjNy
fw;gpf;fg;gl;l kdpjd; rKjha tag;gLfpd;whd; my;yJ gz;ghL tag;gLfpwhd;.
gz;ghl;L tag;gl;ltd; rKjhak; mDkjpf;fhj elj;ijfspy; <LgLjy; jtW vd;w
xU kd epiyiaf; fl;likj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;. gpugQ;rd; jdJ Gidfijfspy;
GJr;Nrhp rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;ilf; fhl;rpgLj;jpAs;shh;. nghUs;rhh; gz;ghl;bid
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
nghUs;rhh; gz;ghL
khdpltpaYf;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;FtJ gz;ghL vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fk; MFk;.
gz;ghL vd;gJ kdpjh;fshy; gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLtJ> fw;Wzug;gLtJ. flnydg;
gue;Jg;gl;lJ. ,g;gz;ghl;ilg; nghUs;rhh; gz;ghL> nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghL vd;w ,U
ngUk; gphpTfshf khdpltpayhsh; gphpj;J Muha;fpd;whh;.
“gz;ghL vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU kf;fl; $l;lk; jkJ r%f tuyhw;W
tsh;r;rpgbahfj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jf; nfhz;l ngsjPfg; nghUl;fs;
Mj;khh;j;jf; fUj;Jf;fs;> kj eilKiwfs;> r%fg; ngWkhdq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; njhFjpahFk;. xU $l;lj;jpdhpd; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rp>
cw;gj;jp Kiwik> cw;gj;jp cwTfs;> fy;tp> tpQ;Qhdk;> ,yf;fpak;>
fiyfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpatw;wpd; njhFjpahFk;”.1
vd;W Nguhrphpah; fhh;j;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp $Wfpd;whh;.
kf;fspd; elj;ij Kiwfisf; fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghd epiyapy; nray;gLj;Jk;
kpfg;ngUk; mikg;ghf gz;ghL tpsq;FfpwJ. gz;ghL vd;w mikg;gpy; gy $Wfs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. gz;ghl;Lf; $W> gz;ghl;Lf; fyit> epWtdk; Nghd;wit
gz;ghl;bd; cl;$Wfs; MFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“khDlr; r%fq;fs; vy;yhk; jhd; thOk; Rw;Wr; #oYf;Fk;>
fhyj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g tho;e;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gbKiwapy; r%fq;fs;
jj;jk; nrhe;j Nehf;fj;jpw;Nfw;g tho;e;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;if cyif
tbtikf;fg; gy;NtW je;jpNuhghaq;fisAk;> mZFKiwfisAk;
tsh;njLj;Js;sd. ,aw;if tsq;fisg; gz;ghl;Lg; gilg;GfshfTk;>
fiyg; gilg;GfshfTk; khw;wpf; nfhs;tijNa Goq;F nghUs;rhh;
gz;ghL vd;fpNwh;k”; .2
vd;W Kidth; Nj. Y}h;J Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
“nghUs; rhh; gz;lq;fSk;> jpwikfSk;> FwpaPl;Lr; nra;iffSk;>
ek;gpf;iffSk;> mwpTk;> mjid tpthpf;Fk; KiwfSk; r%f
mikg;gpd; %yf; $WfSk;> r%f kjpg;gPLfSk;jhd; gz;ghl;by;
mlq;fpAs;s Jizf;fUtpfs;”.3
vd;ghh; ghy;rd;.
nghUs;rhh; gz;ghLk; nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghLk;
nghUs;rhh; gz;ghLk;> nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghLk; xd;iwnahd;W rhh;e;jJ.
“kdpjd; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpfs;> Mil> tPL> thfdq;fs; Kjypatw;iwg;
nghUspay; gz;ghl;L %yq;fshfTk; mtd; gpd;gw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs;>
gof;ftof;fq;fs;> rkaf; nfhs;iffs;> fiyj;jd;ikfs;>
kdntz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw Md;ktpay; gz;ghl;Lj; jd;ikfshfTk;
fUjyhk;”.4
xt;nthU nghUSf;Fg; gpd;Dk; mjw;nfd;Nw chpa nghUs;rhh;g; gz;ghL
,Uf;Fk;. rhd;whf G+f;fshy; Mfpa khiyapy; G+f;fs;> ehh; mjpy; myq;fhuj;jpw;fhf
itf;fg;gLk; tz;z E}y;fs;> fhfpj ml;ilfs; Nghd;wit nghUs;rhh; gz;ghl;ilr;
Nrh;e;jit vdyhk;. mk;khiyiaj; njhLf;Fk; Kiw> mjd; EZf;fk;> G+f;fl;LNthhpd;
jpwd;> G+f;fl;Ljypy; ifahsg;gLk; gy cj;jpfs;> mjd; gad;ghL Nghd;wit
nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghL MFk;. ,q;qdk; xt;nthU nghUSk; mjw;nfd cs;s
nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghl;bidAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
nghUshjhuk;
xU r%fj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; Ra chpikAk; Rahl;rpAk; njhlh;e;J Ngzg;gl>
fhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; me;ehL nghUshjhuj;jpy; tYthd mbg;giliaf;
nfhz;bUj;jy; mtrpak; MFk;.
xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsj;jpw;Fk;> njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifj; ju Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; tzpfNk mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wJ. tzpf Kiwia


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cs;ehl;L tzpfk; vdTk; gpw ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhz;l tzpfk; vdTk;
gphpj;Jiuf;fyhk;.
tzpfk;
cs;ehl;L tzpfk; may;ehl;L tzpfk;

jkpoh;fs; fly; fle;j ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhz;l tzpfj;jpid ,yf;fpaq;fSk;>
fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; GijnghUs; rhd;WfSk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,d;W fpof;fpe;jpaj;
jPTfs; vd;Wk; ,e;NjhNd\paj; jPTfs; vd;Wk; ngaUs;s rhtf ehl;by; tzpfk;
nra;jdh;.
“[hth jPT (atjPgk;) Rkj;uh> fypUe;jd;> yPyntyp> kpd;ldhNah
Kjyhd jPTfSk; fzf;fw;w rpWrpW jPTfSk; Nrh;e;jNj jkpoh; $wpa
rhtfehL”.5
MFk;.
tzpfk;
kf;fs; tho;tpw;F czT Nghd;Nw cil> fyk;> ciwAs;> Ch;jp Kjypa
nghUs;fSk;> nghd;> nts;sp Kjypa nry;tKk; ,d;wpaikahdjhf cs;sd.
nghUshl;rpj; Jiwapy; xU ehl;bd; ey;tho;tpw;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gil
coTj; njhopy;. mjw;fLj;J ,aw;ifAk; nraw;ifAkhd tpisnghUs;fshy;
nra;ag;gLk; gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fs; mLj;jjhf epytop ePh;top elj;jg;ngWk;
tzpfk;.
tzpfk;
epytop tzpfk; ePh;top tzpfk;

ePh; tzpfk;
fly; top fg;gy; %yk; tzpfk; nra;jdh;.
“nghpa flypd; ePh;g;gug;igf; fpopj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; khngUk;
fg;gy;fs; jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;jd vd;gJ mfehD}w;wpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ”.6
ehl;bd; %d;W gf;fq;fspYk;> fly; #o;e;jgbahy; jkpoh;fs; ,aw;ifahfNt
flw;gpuahzQ; nra;tjpYk;> fg;gypy; nrd;W tzpfk; nra;tjpYk; njhd;W njhl;L
<Lgl;bUe;jhh;fs;. flypy; gy ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W tzpfQ; nra;J te;Js;sdh;.
tzpfk; jkpoh; gz;ghl;L milahskhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
GJr;Nrhpapy; ePyr;rhak; Njha;j;j Jzp Gfo;ngw;wJ MFk;. ,jid tpahghuk;
nra;jdh;. ntspehl;bw;Fk; nrd;W tzpfk; nra;jdh;.
“vd;d tpahghuk; ,e;j Kiw”
“ePyj;Jzp> fhypfg; Glit mk;khr;rp”
“ey;y Njf nrsf;fpaj;JlNdjhNd cd; kD\h; fly; Nky; Ngha;j;
jpUk;gl;Lk;. fh;j;jiu ey;ygbahf Ntz;bf;nfhs;”7
fg;gypy; tzpfk; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;>
“fg;gy; te;jhy; ekf;F yl;Rkp tUfpwJ.
ekJ tpahghuk; jz;zPhpy; md;Nwh?”8
coTj; njhopy;
cyfk; vd;Dk; NjUf;F mr;rhzp Nghd;wth;fs; coth;fs;.
“cOthh; cyfj;jpw; fhzpa m jw;wh
njhOthiu nay;yhk; nghWj;J ”.9
gpw njhopy; nra;thiu vy;yhk; jhq;Fgth;fs; coth;fNs. coTj; njhopy; Nghhpd;
epkpj;jk; gpd;dilar; nra;jJ. kf;fs; caph; gpiof;f ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;ij Nehf;fpr;
nrd;wdh;.
“Ntshz;ik xU Nghfk;> Rj;jkhf mope;Nj Nghr;R. nrQ;rp Mj;Jg;
gLifapy; rpj;jpuf;fhy> thyhd;> rpiw kPl;lhd;> kzy;thhp> nrQ;rk;gh>
fUQ;#iu> rPufr; rk;gh> Kj;Jtpsq;fp> kiyKz;ld;> nghw;ghis>
neL%f;fd;> mhpf;fpuhtp> %q;fpy; rk;gh> fj;J}hp thzd;> fhf;ifKj;jd;>
nts;is> Gj;jd;> fUq;FWit> GDFr; rk;gh Nghy gy khjphp ney;
gaph;fis ,d;Nduk; ehw;W tpl;bUf;fZk;. vy;yhk; Nghr;R. [dq;f>
jpUk;g ,tq;f mtq;f CUf;Fg; Nghdh> vg;gb [Ptpf;Fk;? vijj;
jpd;Dk;? Nrhj;Jf;Ff; f\;lk; te;JLk;> Viog;gl;l n[dk;> gQ;rk;>
nghiof;f ehL efuk;D efUk;”10.
kUj;Jtk;
jkpo; kUj;Jtf;fiy rpj;jh;fshy; tsh;e;jJ. Mjyhy; mit rpj;j kUj;Jtk;
vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. fl;bfisAk;> gpsitiaf; fiuf;fTk; xbe;j vYk;ig xl;l
itg;gJk;> Kjpatiu ,isQdhf;FtJk;> E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfs; goik
tha;e;jJ rpj;j kUj;Jtk; MFk;. ,d;gf;Nfzp vd;w ehtypy; kUj;Jtrhiy
,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“NtNuhL> xU nrbiag; gpope;J f\hak; fha;r;rpf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;”11.
nerTj; njhopy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
GJr;Nrhpapy; nerTj; njhopy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ.
“GJr;Nrhpapy; Gfo;ngw;w ePyr;rhak; Njha;j;j Jzp”.12
gpw njhopy;fs;
fg;gy;fspy; ruf;Ffis Vw;wptpl> ,wf;fptpl Ntiy ,Ue;jd.
“fg;gy; tUfpw ehisapNy.. njhopy; ,Uf;Fk;. fl;L kuq;fspy; nrd;W
%l;ilfis ,wf;fTk;> Vw;wTk;> Jzpfisr; rpg;gk; NghlTk;> mJfis
kbj;J xOq;F ngw itg;gJk;> CUf;Fs; nrd;W fg;gYf;F Ntz;ba
ruf;Ffisr; Nrufk; gz;Zfpw NghJ Jizahf Ntiy nra;fpwJk;
vd;W gy tifahd Ntiyfs; ,Ue;jd”.13
“xU $ilf;fhhp $il epiwa gr;ir nts;shpf;fhia mLf;fpf;nfhz;L
Nfhl;il thrYf;F tpw;gidf;fhfg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;jhs;”.14
“xU tNahjpfd;> jtNs jtNs vd;W $tpf;nfhz;L jiyapy; xU
$iliar; Rke;jgb tPjpapy; nrd;whd;”.15
nts;isf;fhur; rpg;gha;fs; gr;irj; jtis jpd;whh;fs;. mjdhy; jtisfSk;
tpw;gidahfpAs;sJ.
czT
kdpjh;fs; caph; tho;tjw;F Ntz;ba mj;jid czTg; nghUl;fSk; ,aw;if
jUfpd;w ed;nfhilahFk;. Mil ,y;yhj kdpjd; miu kdpjd; vd;gijg; Nghy;
cztpy;yhj kdpjDk; capuw;w kdpjd; vd;W $wyhk;. Mjp kdpjDila
Kjw;njhopNy czitj; NjLtjhf mike;jJ. fha; fdpfisAk;> ,iwr;rpiaAk;
grp jPh;f;f czthfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l kdpjNd ehfhpfk; tsu tsu mjidg;
gz;gLj;jpg; gy;NtW czthfg; gFj;J cz;zf; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;.
jkpoh;fs; mWitkpf;f czTg; nghUl;fisr; rikg;gjpy; rpwe;jth;fshth;.
epyj;jpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g czT Kiw NtWgLfpd;wJ. NrhW> fQ;rp> $o;> ghy;> Nkhh;
Nghd;witfis czthf cz;ldh;. kuf;fwp czNthL GyhYzTk; nghpJk; tpUk;gp
cz;zg;gl;lJ. gy tifahd kJ tiffisAk; tpUk;gp cz;ldh;.
czitf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;
czT vd;w nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fshf>
“czh> ty;rp> cz;b> Xjdk;> mrdk;> gjk;> ,iu> Mfhuk;> ciw>
Cl;lk;”.16
vdg; gj;Jk; gpq;fye;ijapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ge;jpg;gha;
cl;fhh;e;J czT cz;z ge;jpg;gha; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“$lj;jpy; ge;jpg;gha; tphpf;fg;gl;L> ,uz;L thio ,iyfs;
tphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mUfpy; ePh;r; nrhk;Gfs; vjpNu Kf;fhypapy;> nghpa
ghj;jpuq;fspy; ,l;ypfSk;> mitfSf;fhd Jizg; gjhh;j;jq;fSk;
itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
%d;W ,l;ypfisg; Nghl;L> mjpy; Njq;fha;j; JitaYk;> fj;jhpf;fha;f;
nfhj;Rk;> xU %iyapy; ,uz;L chpj;j kiy thiog; goKk;> &gha;
mfyj;Jf;Fr; rf;fiuAk; vd;W ghpkhwptpl;L> gz;bjUf;F ,uz;L
thiog; goq;fSk;> rh;f;fiuAk; ,uz;L nghpa gyhr;RisfSk;>
cyh;e;j jpuhl;ir xU gpbAk;> Nrhw;W cUz;il msTf;F ntz;nza;
cUz;ilAk; ghpkhwpdhs;”.17
uhzpahhpd; czTg; gjhh;j;jq;fs;
“G+e;jp> thiof;fha; kw;Wk; Kl;ilahy; Md nfsthg;G> JUf;f
rikay;fhuh;fisf; nfhz;L jahuhd fhgp vy;yhk; ghpkhwg;gl;lJ. kjpa
czTf;Fg; GyT> Nfhop ,iwr;rpAld; Nrh;j;Jr; nra;ag;gl;l JUf;fr;
rikayhd fwpr;NrhW Ml;Lj; njhilf;fwp tWty;> fj;jphpf;fha;
tjf;fy;> [t;thprpg; ghahrk;> fliyg; gapW til fwp kw;Wk; kPd;
Fok;G> nej;jpypf; fUthLk; kPjp ghfy;fhAk; Nrh;j;J nra;ag;gl;l
fUthl;Lg; gpul;ly;> Ml;biwr;rpAk; gr;irg; gl;lhzp> ghjhk; gUg;G>
Ke;jphpg; gUg;G ,Jfis milj;Jg; nghhpf;fg;gl;l Nghsp> ,Q;rpj;
Jitay;> ehuj;jq;fha; CWfha;> Mid mb mg;gsk; ,Jfs; Vw;ghL
gz;zp itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ”.18
gyfhuq;fs;
“mhprpg; gpl;L mjw;fhd rh;f;fiu> ciy mg;gk;> mjw;fhd
Njq;fha;g;ghy;> ,b Mg;gk;> mjw;fhd Njq;fha;f;fw
P y;> rh;f;fiu kw;Wk;
Mtpd; ghy; kw;Wk; njhl;Lf;nfhs;s tj;jy; Fok;G> Njq;fha;j;
Jitay;> khk;gok; gpopay;> Ngad;gok; Njdpy; Jitj;jJ fhugil
,dpg;Gg; Nghsp”.19
“,dpg;Gj; Njq;Foy;> mg;gk;> gzpahuk;”20
“Rfpad;”21
“Vfg;gl;l rpj;uhd;dq;fs; Njq;fha;g; G+Tk; nea;Ak; Nrh;j;J nra;j
,dpg;Gf; fl;b> nea;apy; nghhpj;j fhu Ke;jphpg; gaWfs;> nty;yKk;>
gUg;Gk; Nrh;j;Jr; nra;j ,dpg;gil> kpsF til> Njq;fha;r; rhjk;>
vYkpr;ir rhjk;> rh;f;fiu [Puhtpy; Cw itj;j kiyg;goj; Jz;Lfs; ”.22


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghdfk;
Nfhilapd; c\;zj;ijj; jtph;f;f ghdfk; mUe;jpdh;.
“nts;shpg; goj;jpy; nty;yr; rh;f;fiuiag; Nghl;L> ghid [yj;jpy;
fiuj;Jg; ghdfk;”.23
“gid nty;yk;> Rf;F> vYkpr;ir Nrh;j;J nra;ag;gl;l ghdfk;”24
“ghy; fythj gpnuQ;r; fNg”25
“ghdfk;> gidnty;yk;> vYkpr;ir> tpshNth;> nts;shp tpij vy;yhk;
Nrh;e;J ,dpj;Jf; fple;jJ”26
“fUg;gl;b Rf;Fg; ghdfk;”27
“\h;gj;”28
“rPdhf; fy;fz;Lk;> gid nty;yKk;> nfhQ;rk; Fq;Fkg;G+> nfhQ;rk;

fpuhk;Gj; J}s;> nfhQ;rk; Vyk;> ,uz;L ,iog;G ,ioj;j fL;f;fha;
krpay;> Jsp fw;G+uk; Mfpait Nghl;L Rz;lf; fha;r;rpa gRk;ghy;>
ghahrkhfpg; Ngha;g; gUf kpFe;j Urpahf ,Ue;jJ”.29
“,sePh;”30
Mil
Mjp kdpjd; tpyq;FfsplkpUe;Jk; gpw caphpfsplkpUe;Jk; jd;id NtWgLj;jp
mwpa ,ayhj fhyj;jpNyNa Mil cLj;jj; njhlq;fptpl;lhd;. kio> ntg;gk;> Fsph;
Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J jd;idf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s jioahy; Md cil> kuThp>
Njhyhil Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfspy; xd;whf
Mil jpfo;fpd;wJ.
Miliaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;
Mil my;yJ ciliaf; Fwpf;f rq;f ,yf;fpak; gy;NtW nrhw;fisf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,it Mil jahhpg;G> mzpAk; tpjk;> cilapd; jd;ikfs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpadthf cs;sd.
“cil> jio> Jfpy;> fypq;fk;> mWit> rpjhh;> Mil> cLf;if> fr;R>
<uzp> jhid> Nghh;it> fhofk;> fr;rk;> fr;ir> tk;G> kb> gl;L> rPiu>
glk;> glhk;> G+q;fiu> ePyk;> cj;jhPak;> fk;gyk;> frtk;> J}R> koit>
rpjty;> thh;> nka;g;ig> Jfpd;kb> nka;k;kiw> nka;ahg;G> thypJ>
ntspJ> Gl;lfk;> E}y;> gf;FLf;if”31
Nghd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
khDlk; nty;Yk; ehtypy; ,];yhkpa murpapd; Mil Fwpf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ.
“murp> fz;fs; kl;Lk; njhpa Kfk; kiwj;jpUe;jhs;. clk;ig ed;F
Nghh;j;jpa mq;fpAk;> mjd; Nky; nghw;rhpif Nta;e;j fUk;gl;L Nky;
MilAk; Nghj;jpapUe;jhs;”32.
vd Mde;juq;fg;gps;is mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhh;.
mzpfyd;fs;
jkpo; kf;fs; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; kyh;fisAk; nrb> nfhbfisAk; Mguzkhf
mzpe;jpUe;jdh;. fhyk; nry;yr; nry;y cNyhfq;fshy; Md mzpfyd;fis
mzpe;jdh;.
Kj;J> gtsk;> rq;F> nts;sp> jq;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; mzpfyd;fs; nra;J
mzpe;jdh;. me;j mzpfyd;fisg; G+z;> ,io> fyk; vd;W gy ngah;fshy;
mioj;jdh;.
neLey;thilapy; kfsph; rq;F tisaiy mzpe;jpUe;j nra;jp ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
,jid>
“nts;sp ts;sp tPq;f ,iwg; gizj;Njhs;”34
vd;w thpahdJ Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
fOj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; mzpfshf Kj;Jkhiy> nghd;dhp> khiy Nghd;wit
$wg;gLfpd;wd. fhpfhy; tstd; ghbdpf;F Kj;Jf;fNshL nghUe;jpa nghd;dhy; Mfpa
khiyiaf; nfhLj;jhd; vd nghUeuhw;Wg;gil (161-162) $Wfpd;wJ.
kfsph; tisay;fs; md;W Kjy; ,d;Wtiu mzpe;J tUfpd;wdh;. tisaypy;
rq;fpdhy; Mfpa tisaiyg; ghz;bkhNjtp mzpe;jpUe;jhs;. ,jid>
“nghye;njhb jpd;w kaph;thh; Kd;if
tisnahL fbif E}y;ahj;J”35
vd;w thpfs; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; mzpfyd;fis tpUk;gpdh;. jq;f mzpfSk;> nts;sp
mzpfSk;> rq;F mzpfSk; ,Ue;jd. njha;afk;> Gy;yfk;> tyk;Ghp Nghd;wtw;iwAk;
fhJf;Fg; G+q;Fiy> fOj;Jf;F khiy> khh;Gf;Ff; fw;fs; gjpj;j khh;gzp>
Njhs;thisfs;> Nkfiy> njhbfs;> rpyk;Gfs;> nfhYR Nghd;wtw;iwg; ngz;fs;
mzpe;jdh;. Fz;lyk; Mz;fspd; Kf;fpa mzpahfpaJ.
jdp kdpjDf;F mq;ff
P huj;ijAk; milahsj;ijAk; cz;L gz;Zgit
MilfSk; Mguzq;fSkhFk;. ,it kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk;> nghUshjhu tsk;>
gz;ghL> fiyj;jpwd; Mfpatw;iw ntspf;fhl;Lk; Kfkhf mikfpd;wd.
gpugQ;rd; ehty;fspy; mzpfyd;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“ituk; gjpj;j fizahopfs; ,uz;L> fhjpy; mzpAk; fh;z #hpiffs;
ehY> ifapy; mzpAk; fq;fd tisay;fs; MW ,Ue;jd”36
jpUr;rp murp ,jid Mde;juq;fg;gps;isapd; kidtpaplk; nfhLj;jhh;. Jiu
Ja;kh GJr;Nrhpia tpl;L fpsk;Gk;nghJk; uq;fg;gps;is.
“kufjk; ,ioj;j fz;bifiag; ghprhf”37 mspj;jhh;.
Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdq;fs;
kdpj nraw;ghl;by; Ch;jpfspd; gad;ghL ,d;wpaikahjJ. nghUl;fis
Xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fk;> kf;fs; ,lk; ngah;e;J
nry;tjw;Fk; Ch;jpfs; cjtpd.
Ch;jpfs;
,aw;if Ch;jpfs; nraw;if Ch;jpfs;

vd ,U tifg;gLfpd;wd. jq;fs; ,Ug;gplq;fspy; itj;jpUe;j tpyq;Ffis
Ch;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ ,aw;if Ch;jpfs; vdg;gl;ld.
gpugQ;rdpd; fhe;j tz;b vd;w rpWfijapy; khLfis tz;bapy; fl;b
Ch;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jpdijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
“tz;b khLfis mtpo;j;J itf;Nfhy; itj;J jz;zPh;
fhl;bdhh;fs;”38
vd $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
nraw;if Ch;jpfs;
epy Ch;jpfs; ePh; Ch;jpfs;

kdpjd; jd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf Kaw;rpahYk;>
mwpTj; jpwdhYk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;git nraw;if Ch;jpfs; vdg;gLk;. epytop
rhjdq;fshf fhh;> uapy; Nghd;w Ch;jpfs; mwpaf; fpilf;fpd;wd.
ePh; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdq;fshf> fl;Lkuk;> glF> fg;gy; Nghd;wit
mwpag;gLfpd;wd.
“Ja;kh glfpy; Vwp mkh;e;jhh;”
“glF efuj; njhlq;fpaJ. fg;giy mZfp> Ja;kh mjpy;
Vwpf;nfhs;Sk;kl;Lk; top mDg;g te;jth;fs; fiuapNyNa epd;W
nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs; fg;gy; gha; vLj;J Xlj; njhlq;fpw;W ”39


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gy;yf;F
cah; mjpfhhpfs; gy;yf;fpy; mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;ldh;. kdpjh;fs; gy;yf;Fj;
J}f;fpfshf ,Ue;jdh;.
“gy;yf;F Nky; vOe;jJ. Kd;gf;fj;J J}f;fpfs; ,Uthpy; Kjy;td; VO
kiyahd; jhq;F vd;W $tpdhd;. mLj;jpUe;j ,uz;lhktd; tujuhrh
jhq;F vd;W Fuy; nfhLj;jhd;. gpd;dhy; ,Ue;j ,Uthpy; xUtd;
fpU\;zrhkp jhq;F vd;W fj;jpdhd;. ehyhktd; uhk%h;j;jp jhq;F vd;W
KZKZj;jhd;”40
tpy; tz;bfs;
“fhis G+l;ba... tpy;tz;bfs;...”41
mf;fhyj;jpy; GJr;Nrhpapy; ,Ue;Js;sd.
irf;fps;
gpuhd;rpypUe;J tutiof;fg;gl;l “irf;fpis”42 kf;fs; ngUikAld;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.
GJr;Nrhp tPjpfs;
“ngz;fs; vLf;Fk; tfpL khjphp NeuhfTk;> Neh;j;jpahfTk;
mike;jpUe;jd GJr;Nrhpg; gl;lzj;J tPjpfs;”43
tPLfs;
“xOq;fhd gy; thpir khjphp mike;jpUe;jd tPLfs;”44
tPl;bd; jiuapYk;> Rth;fspYk; ngz;fs; khf;Nfhyq;fspl;L moFwr;
nra;Js;sdh;.
“jiuapYk; Rth;fspYk; tiuag;gl;bUe;j khf;Nfhyq;fis top mfy
urpj;Jg; ghh;j;jhs;. Njh; xd;W fpsk;gj; jahuhfp epd;wpUg;gJ Nghd;w
Nfhyk;. G+f;fs; kpFe;j fhdfk; vd;w Njhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; G+f;fhl;Lf;
Nfhyk;. gr;irf; fpsp xd;W gok; nfhj;JtJ khjphp xU Nfhyk;.
Gypia kwtd; xUtd; Ntl;ilahLtJ Nghd;w xU Nfhyk; vd gy
jug;gl;l Nfhyq;fs; tiuag;gl;bUe;jd”.45
miwfs;
“k];yPd;> nts;is rptg;Gj; Jzpfshy; G+ NtiyAld; njhq;ftplg;gl;L
myq;fhukha; ,Ue;j miwf;Fs;. .”46
“gzg;ngl;b miw...”47
“rikay; cs;Sf;Fs;”48


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“#ld;> rhk;gpuhzpg; GifahYk;> gd;dPh;j; njspg;ghdhYk; kzj;jJ”49
miwfs; trjpf;Nfw;g jdpahf xJf;fg;gl;L cgNahfpj;Js;sdh;.
rhkhd;fs;
cl;fhh;e;J czT cz;z ge;jpg;gha; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
“ge;jpg;gha;”50
“ePh;r;nrhk;Gfs;”51
“Kf;fhyp”52
“mLg;G”53
“Nuop tpsf;F”54
“yhe;jh; tpsf;F”55
“MSauf; fbfhuk;”56
,t;thwhf GJr;Nrhp kf;fspd; nghUs; rhh; gz;ghl;bid gpugQ;rdpd; fijfspd;
thapyhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fq;fs;
1. Nguh. fhh;j;jpNfR rptjk;gp> jkpo;r; rKjhaKk; gz;ghl;bd; kPs; fz;Lgpbg;Gk;>
g.2.
2. Nj. Y}h;J. ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; rpy mbg;gilfs;> g.357.
3. f.g.mwthzd;> jkpoh; Nky; epfo;e;j gz;ghl;Lg; gilnaLg;Gfs;> g.54.
4. lhf;lh; m.f.ngUkhs;> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; rpe;jidfs;> g.200.
5. Nk.J.uhRf;Fkhh;. uh.tre;jhs; (g.M.) kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp njhFg;G E}y;fs;
(njhFg;G 3)> g.166.
6. GypA+h;Nfrpfd;> mfehD}W> g.246.
7. gpugQ;rd;> thdk; trg;gLk;> g.264.
8. NkyJ> g.249.
9. Fws;> 1032.
10. gpugQ;rd;> khDlk; nty;Yk;> g.243.
11. gpugQ;rd;> ,d;gf;Nfzp> g.24.
12. gpugQ;rd;> thdk; trg;gLk;> g.58
13. NkyJ> g.268.
15. NkyJ> g.304.
16. Nr.ekrpthak;> jkpoh; czT> g.29.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
18. NkyJ> gf;.255-256.
19. NkyJ> g.265.
21. NkyJ> g.19.
23. NkyJ> g.180.
24. NkyJ> g.299.
27. gpugQ;rd;> fz;zPuhy; fhg;Nghk;> g.192.
31. Nf.gftjp> jkpoh; Milfs;> gf;.20-21.
32. gpugQ;rd;> khDlk; nty;Yk;> g. 256-257.
34. r.nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> rq;f ,yf;fpak; gj;Jg;ghl;L> gh.t.33.
35. Kidth; Nkhfd;> K.$.E}.gh.t. 141-142.
37. NkyJ> g.398.
38. gpugQ;rd;> jghy;fhuh; ngz;lhl;b (rp.njh.)> g.192.
41. gpugQ;rd;>khDlk; nty;Yk;> g.86.
42. gpugQ;rd;> mg;ghtpd; Nt\;b (rp.njh.)> g.13.
44. NkyJ.> g.19.
47. NkyJ> g.516.
49. NkyJ.> g.387.
50. NkyJ.> g.173.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngz;zpaKk;> ngz;zpa vOj;jhsh;fspd; gilg;ghSikAk;
,u.kzpfz;ld;>
vd;.gp.Mh;. fiy (k) mwptpay; fy;Y}hp>
ej;jk;> jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk;.
jw;fhy ,yf;fpak; ngz;fis cah;j;Jk; tpjkhfNt gy ftpQh;fshy;

vOjg;gLfpd;wd vdTk;> ngz;fs; ,r;rKjhaj;jpy; Mz;fSf;F epfuhfj; jpfoTk;>
ngz;zbikj; jd;ikapypUe;J ePq;fTk;> mjw;fhd Kaw;rpiaAk; nra;tijf;
fhzyhfpwJ. ngz;fspd; KO vjph;ghh;g;G vJntdpy;> tpLjiy> chpik> Rarpe;jid>
fy;tp> nrhj;J Nghd;witfshFk;. 20k; E}w;whz;Lf; ftpQuhd ghujp fhztpUk;gpa
GJikg;ngz;fisg; Nghy; ,e;ehl;by; cyh tuTk;> vjph;fhy cyfk; ngz;fspd;
thf;fpdpNyNa ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gijAk;> fy;tpj;Jiw> mwptpay; Jiw> murpay;
Jiw> tzpftpay; Jiw> Muha;r;rpay; Jiw> kUj;Jtj;Jiw> rl;lj;Jiw>
fhty;j;Jiw Nghd;w gzpfspy; Vuhskhd ngz;fs; fhy;gjpf;f vz;ZtijAk;>
Kd;ida mbikj;jdKk;> gpuptpidiaAk; cilj;njwpAk; tpjkhfj; jw;fhy
ngz;fs; Kidfpd;wdh; vd;gijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapd; %yk; mwpa cs;Nshk;.
ngz;zpak; - nghUs;:
Mq;fpyj;jpYs;s ‘Feminism’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahfg; ‘ngz;zpak;’ vd;Dk;;
nrhy; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ‘ngkpdprk;’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj; jkpopy; ngz;zpak;>
ngz;zpiy thjk;> ngz;zpiy Vw;G> kfsphpay;> ngz;zyf; nfhs;if vd;W gy
nrhw;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. (,uh.nuq;fk;khs; kw;Wk; rp.thRfp> ‘ngz;zpak;’
mZFKiwfSk;> ,yf;fpag; gz;ghLk;> g.7) vd;W ngkpdprk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; gy
nrhw;fs; ,Ug;gijg; gpNukh Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;fspd; vy;yhr; nrhw;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L> mtw;iw
ePf;f Kay;tjhFk;. mjd; %yk; cyfstpy; murpaypYk;> gz;ghl;bYk;>
nghUshjhuj;jpYk;> Md;kPfj;jpYk; ngUj;j khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. (NkyJ>
g.132) vd;fpwhh; rhh;yl; gQ;R.
mlf;fk;> nghWik> jpahfk;> gueyk;> ,uf;fk;> moF> xg;GuT> njhz;L
Kjypad mike;j xd;Nw ngz;ik vdg;gLk;. kz;> ePh;> fhw;W> xsp> Kjypad
Nrh;e;J xU tpij kuk; MtJ Nghy> mlf;fk; Kjypa Fzq;fs; Nrh;e;jJ jhd;
ngz;ik Mfpd;wd vdTk;> rpW rpW kioj;Jspfs; fye;J gue;j ePh; epiy vd ngah;
ngWjy; NghyTk;> rpW rpW fw;fs; fye;J kiy vd;Dk; ngah; ngWjy; NghyTk;>
mlf;fk; Kjypa Fzq;fs; xd;wp> mit ngz;ik vd ngah; ngw;wd vdyhk;.
ngz;zpaj;jpd; gz;Gfs; :


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngz;ikf;F vd njhy;fhg;gpah; ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shh;. mit>
‘mr;rKk; ehzKk; klDk; Ke;JWjy;
epr;rKk; ngz;ghw; Fhpa vd;g”. (njhy;.fsT.96)
vd;w E}w;ghtpy;> mr;rk;> ehzk;> Ngijik ,k;%d;Wk; ehs; NjhWk; Kd;dpiyahjy;
ngz;bw;F ,ay;G vdTk;>
“fhkj; jpizapw; fz;epd;W t&ck;
ehZk; klDk; ngz;ika Mfypd;
Fwpg;gpDk; ,lj;jpDk; my;yJ Ntl;if
newpg;glthuh mts;tapd; Md”. (njhy;.fsT.1054)
vd;w E}w;ghtpy;> ehzKk;> ,sik gz;ghfpa mlf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lk;> klKk;
ngz;ikf;Nf chpaJ vd;fpwhh;. NkYk;>
“fhkk; nrhy;yh ehl;lk; ,d;ikapd;
VKw ,uz;Lk; csvd nkhopg”. (njhy;.fsT.1055)
vd;w thpapYk;> xU ngz;zpd; fhk Ntl;ifia mtsJ fz;fNs nrhy;yptpLk;.
mq;qdk; Fwpg;Gzh;j;jhj fz;fNs ,y;iyahjyhy;> mtSf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghf Kd;G
$wpa ehzKk;> klKk; cs;sJ vd;fpwhh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.
kfspUf;F ,aw;ifahf mike;Js;s gz;Gfs; mr;rk;> ehzk;> klk;> gaph;g;G
vd;W ,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; $Wfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa ,yf;fz E}y;fspy;
ngz;zpa fUj;Jf;fis ikakhf nfhz;L> jw;fhy ftpQuhd ghyghujp $WtJ>
gz;ghl;Lf; fl;LghLfisg; ngz;zpdj;jpd; kPJ jpzpg;gjhfNt ngz;zpak;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jg;gz;ghl;L mlf;FKiwia> KO Ntfj;Jld;; Neubahf
cilj;njwpf;fpd;wJ. ,ij> ftpQh; ghyghujp ‘rpy ngha;fSk;> rpy cz;ikfSk;’
vd;w ftpij E}ypy; ntspg;gLfpwhh;.
mr;rk;
klk;
ehzk;
gaph;g;G
Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; epw;Fk;
vdf;F vjw;F?
vd;w Nfs;tp vOg;gp> ngz;ikf;fhd gz;Gfisj; jdJ ftpijapd; %yk;
cilj;njwpfpd;whh;.
‘ngz;’ vd;gJ ngUikkpf;f jd;ik cilaJ vd;W ts;Stuhy;
nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“gz;lwpNad; $w;jpwd; gjid ,dpawpe;Njd;
ngz;lifahy; Ngukh;f; fl;L”. (Fws;.1083)
vd;w Fwspy;> vkd; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtij Kd;Ng ehd; mwpe;jjpy;iy> mij
,g;nghOJ mwpe;Jnfhz;Nld;. mJ ngz; jd;ikAld; Nghh; nra;Ak; fz;fis
cilaJ vd;Wk;>
“jw;fhj;Jj; jw;nfhz;lhd; Ngzpj; jifrhd;w
nrhw;fhj;Jr; Nrhh;tpyhs; ngz; “. (Fws;.56)
vd;w Fwspy;> fw;gpy; jtwhky;> jd;idf; fhj;J> jk; GfioAk; fhg;ghw;wp>
ve;NeuKk; Nrhh;T ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gtNs rpwe;j ngz; vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
ghujpahh; - ngz;zpak; :
mr;rk;> klk;> ehzk;> gaph;g;Gg; Mfpa ehd;Fk; ngz;fSf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
,aw;ifg; gz;Gfs; vd kfhftp ghujpahh; jk; ghlypy; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhh;.
“ehzKk; mr;rKk; eha;fl;F Ntz;Lkhk;
Qhd ey;ywk; tPu> Rje;jpuk;
NgZew;Fbg; ngz;zpd; Fzq;fshk;
ngz;ikj; nja;tj;jpd; Ngr;Rf;fs; Nfl;bNuh”. (ghujp.ghly;.1868)
vd;Wk;> epyj;jpd; jd;ik gaph;f;F csjhFk;. Fyj;jpd; jd;ik ngz;zpd; fw;G
,ay;ghFk; vd;fpwhh;. NkYk;>
“epkpu;e;j ed;dilNeh;nfhz;l ghu;itAk;
epyj;jpy; ahu;fF
; kQ; rhj newpfSk;
jpkpu;e;j Qhdr; nrUf;F kpUg;gjhy;
nrk;ik khju; jpwk;Gtjpy;iyahk;”. (ghujp.ghly;.1871)
vd;w thpapy;> ghujpahh; ngz;zpw;Nf chpaJ vd;W $Wtjpy;> ngz;fs; epkpu;e;j
eilNahLk;> Neuhd ghh;itNahLk;> epyj;jpy; vtUf;Fk; mQ;rhkYk;> jpkpUld;
fhzg;gLk; ngz;fisAk;> mfe;ijAld; fhzg;gLk; ngz;fisAk;> Neh;ikAld;
fhzg;gLk; ngz;fisAk; ey;y Fbapy; gpwe;Njhh; vd;fpwhh;.
jpU.tp.fh - ngz;zpak; :
nghWikf;Fg; nghUshfpa ngz;izf; fpwp];J vd;Wk;> fhe;jp vd;Wk;
jpU.tp.fh Nghw;Wfpd;whh;. ngz;fs; jq;fSf;fhf thohky;> gpwUf;fhf ngUk;ghYk;
tho;fpd;wdh; vdTk;> ,j;jifa Fzk; mth;fsplk; ,aw;ifahf mike;jJ vd;fpwhh;.
NkYk;> ngz; moif ,iwik moF vdTk;> muf;fj; jd;ikia cila Mz;fis
xopf;fg; ngz; jd;ik Njit vd;Wk;> ngz;zpay;G ngwhJ flTs; epiy ngwy;
,ayhJ vd;fpwhh;. Qhdepiyapy; vtUk; ngz;ikahFk; xU epiyAz;L. mjhtJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mOf;fhW – mth – ntFsp Kjypad fope;J> nghWik – mUs; - Kjypad gbAk;
xU epiyNa ngz; vd;fpwhh;. mj;Jld; ngz;ik vd;W nrhy;tjpy; fy;tpiaf;
fiykfs; vd;Wk;> jpUitj; jpUkfs; vd;Wk;> Qhdj;ijg; giu vd;Wk; ek; ehl;lhh;
nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ngz;iz fd;dp> tdNjtij vd;W tho;j;JtJk;> gy;Yaph;fisj;
jhq;Fk; ehl;ilj; jha; vd;Wk;> vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf tpsq;Fk; flTisAk;
ngz;zhfNt nghpJk; Nghw;Wfpd;wdh; vd;W jdJ ‘ngz;zpd; ngUik’ vd;w E}ypy;
jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh; $wpAs;shh;.
,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaKk; - ngz;zpaKk; :
fp.gp 2k; E}w;whz;by; ngz;zpaj;ij ikakpl;L> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy
vd;Dk; rkzf;fhg;gpak; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;>
jiyikg; ghj;jpukhd fz;zfpiaf; fw;Gf;furpahf ,sq;Nfhtbfs; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;.
,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Jizg;ghj;jpukhd khjtpiaj; Njtjhrp vd;W gbj;jth;fSk;>
gbf;fhjth;fSk; $wptUfpd;wdh; vd;w fUj;jpw;F Kuz;ghlhf> khjtpiaf;
NfhtyDf;fhfNt gilf;fg;gl;l fw;Gf;furp vd;W $w tpiofpd;Nwd;.
kzpNkfiy vd;Dk; fhg;gpaj;jpd; jiyikg; ghj;jpukhd kzpNkfiyia>
cjazd; vd;Dk; kd;dd; fhjy; nfhs;s tpiofpd;whd;. mjw;F kzpNkfiy ,lk;
juhJ> Jwtwk; Nkw;f;nfhs;fpd;whs;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;> jdJ jhahd khjhtpia
kf;fs; $Wk; Njtjhrp vd;w thh;j;ijf;F ,lk; juhJ> jhd; Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhz;L
,iwj;jd;ik mile;jJ ngz;zpd; ngUikf;Fg; giwrhw;Wk; tpjkhf> kzpNkfiy
vd;Dk; ghj;jpuk; mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ vdyhk;.
ngz;ik newp:
ngz;ikf;Ff; fhty; fhf;f Mz; Njitapy;iy vd;gij ts;Sth; gpd;tUkhW
$Wfpwhh;.
“rpiwf;fhf;Fk; fhg;G vtd; nra;Ak; kfsph;
epiwfhf;Fk; fhg;Ng jiy”. (Fws;.57)
vd;w thpapy;> ngz;fis Mz;fs; tPl;by; itj;J fhty; Kjyhdtw;why; fhf;Fk;
fhtyhy; vd;d gaidr; nra;Ak;? nghJthfg; ngz;fs; jk; neQ;irf; fw;G newpapy;
epWj;jpf; fhf;Fk; fhtNy jiyr; rpwe;jJ vd;Wiuf;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. ,ijg;Nghd;Nw
mt;itahUk; gpd;tUkhW>
ijaw; nrhy; NfNsy; vd;gJk;> ‘jhapw; rpwe;jnjhU NfhtpYk;
,y;iy”(nfhd;iw Nte;jd;.38)> ‘md;idAk;; gpjhTk; Kd;dwp nja;tk;” (nfhd;iw
Nte;jd;.1)> vd;W ngz;ikiag; Nghw;wf;$bajhFk;. ,jpy; ijaw; vd;Dk; nrhy;
kidtpiaf; Fwpg;gJ. ijaw; nrhy; NfNsy; vd;gijg; Gwtho;f;iff;fhd
fhhpaq;fspy; eP cd; mwptpd; Jizf;nfhz;L nray;gL vd;gjhFk;. kidf;F murp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kidahl;b! mjdhy;> FLk;gf; fhupaq;fspy; kidahisf; Fw;wk; xd;Wk; nrhy;y
Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhh;. Jwitf; fz;bf;Fk; NghJ ngz;zpdj;ij ntWf;Fk;
Ngijikiaf; fbe;J> ,y;ykwky;yJ ey;ywkd;W vd;gJk;> nky;;ypdy;yhs; Njhs;Nrh;
vd;Wk; tho;tpaiyf; rpe;jpj;Jf; $wpAs;shh;. cz;b RUq;Fjy; ngz;bh;f;F moF>
kPJ}z; tpUk;Ngy;> fhty; jhNd ghitah;f;F moF vd;Wk; mt;itahh; jdJ
E}y;fspy; $wpAs;shh;.
ngz;zpd; chpik:
chpik vd;gJ vy;yhUf;Fk; nghJthdJ. mjhtJ> thdj;jpy; Nkfk; jto;tJ
NghyTk;> flypy; miy vOtJ NghyTk;> gwitfs; mofpa rpwif tPrpg; gwg;gJ
NghyTk;> ngz; jdJ cs;sj;jpy; vOk;> tpUk;Gk; top elf;Fk; chpik cilatshf
Ntz;Lk;. mt;Thpikiar; rpiwg;gLj;Jjy; ngUk; ghtk;. ngz; mbik czh;Tld;
fhzg;gl;lhy;> mtw;wpy; tapw;wpy; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; chpikAk; jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ngz;Zhpik gpLq;fg;gl;l ehLk;> chpik ,oe;j ehlhf fUjg;gLk;. ngz;Zhpikiaf;
Fiyg;gijg; Nghd;w mwpahik Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy. ngz;Zhpikiaf; nfLj;jy;>
gpd;tUk; re;jjpapd; cah;epiyiaf; nfLg;gjhFk;. vf;fhuzj;jpYk; ngz;Zhpikf;Ff;
NfL tpiotpj;jy; $lhJ@ $lhJ: vd;W jpU.tp.f jdJ ngz;zpd; ngUik vd;w
E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,ijg; Nghd;Nw ghujpahUk; ngz;Zhpikiag; Ngr
jtwpajpy;iy>
“khjh; jk;ik ,opT nra;Ak;
klikiaf; nfhSj;JNthk;
ita tho;T jd;dpy; ve;j
tifapDk; ekf;FNs
jhjh; vd;w epiyik khwp
Mz;fNshL ngz;fSk;
rhpepfh; rkhdkhf
tho;tk; ,e;j ehl;bNy!”. (tpLjiy)
vd;w ftpijapd; %yk; ghujpahh;> ngz;fspd; chpikiaj; jLf;Fk; Nrhk;Ngwpfisj;
jPapypl;L vhpg;Nghk; vd;fpwhh;. NkYk;> MZk; ngz;;Zk; rkj;Jtk; vd;Dk; Nehf;NfhL
‘rhp> epfh;> rkhdk;’ vd;w %d;W nrhw;fspd; top> ngz;zpd; chpikia
epiyehl;Lfpd;whh; ghujpahh;. NkYk;> vy;yhtw;wpYk; Kjd;ikg; ngw;W tpsq;Fk;
ngz;zpw;F chpik toq;f Ntz;Lkh? Ntz;lhth? vd;Dk; Muha;r;rpAk;> ,t; Tyfpy;
rpy ,lq;fspy; eilngw;W tUfpwJ.
chpik vd;gJ xUth; nfhLg;gJkd;W@ kw;nwhUth; thq;FtJkd;W. m/J
vthplj;Jk; vy;yhtplj;Jk; ,ay;gha; mike;J fplg;gJ. rpyh; jkf;Fs;s td;ikahy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpwh; chpikia kwpj;Jk;> gwpj;Jk; tUfpd;wdh;. xUth; chpikf;F kw;nwhUth; NfL
#o;tjpDk; nfhba ghtk; gphpnjhd;W ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W njhpatpy;iy. chpikahtJ
midj;J caph;fSf;Fk; flTshy; mspf;fg;gl;l xU ngUk; ,aw;iff; nfhilahFk;.
jd;idg; NghyNt caph;fSk; vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLkpd;wp cyfpy; tho Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNj flTspd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mt;tUs; Nehf;fj;jpw;F khWgl;L gpwh; chpikiaj;
jLg;gth;> flTsplk; cz;ikapy; cWjp cilatuhf fUjg;glkhl;lhh;. vt;Taph;
chpikf;Fk; vth; NfL epfo;j;jyhfhJ vd;gJ nghJ mwkhFk;. ,t;twk; ePq;fpa Mz;
kfd; ngz;fspd; chpikiag; gy ,lq;fspy; kwpj;Jk;> gwpj;Jk; tUfpd;wdh;. ,aw;if
epajpf;F Kuz; epd;W> ngz;Zhpikiaf; fbe;J> ngz;Zf;F vt;tstpy; chpik
toq;fyhk;: vt;tstpy; toq;fy; $lhJ: vd;Dk; Muha;r;rpia tpLj;J ngz;zpw;F
Mzpw;F epfuhd chpikiag; ngz;Zf;Fk; toq;fNtz;Lk; vd jpU.tp.f Rl;Lfpwhh;.
,jidg;; Nghd;W> ftpQh; jpyfghkh vd;gth;> jk; ftpijapd; %yk; >
,f;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; chpikfs; gwpNghtijAk;> gwpf;fg;gLtijAk;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh;.
“fz;zfp mjph;e;jhs;
ghz;baDf; nfjpuhf
efuNk eufkhdJ
ghQ;rhyp mjph;e;jhs;
JhpNahjDf; nfjpuhf
tk;rNk Jtk;rkhdJ”. (jpyfghkh.63)
vd;w thp> ‘neQ;rjph;e;jNjdk;kh’ vd;Dk; ftpijapy;> fz;zfpahy; kJiu vupe;J
mope;jijAk;> ghQ;rhypahy; nfsut tk;rNk mope;jijAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpwhh;;.
ngz;zpd; Nfhgk; kw;Wk; rhgk; kJiu mopaTk;> tk;rk; mopaTk; fhuzkhfpaJ
vd;fpwhh; ftpQh;.
ngz;zpd; flik:
,y;ywj;jpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L fztidg; Nghw;Wjy;> kf;fis tsh;j;jy;>
fhj;jy;> tpUe;J Xk;Gjy;> ,y;ywj;ij elj;jpr; nry;yy; Nghd;w midj;Jk;
ngz;fSf;Nf chpajhf ,Ue;jd. ,jid> fw;Gk; fhkKk;> ey;y xOf;fKk;>
ngz;ikj; jd;ik nghUe;jpa nghWikg; gz;Gk;> epiwAilikAk;> tpUe;J Nghw;Wk;
kdeyKk;> Rw;wj;jpdiuj; jOTk; tof;fhWk; gpwTk; jiykfSf;Fhpa jiyaha
gz;Gfs; MFk;.
,jid> ,y;yw tho;tpy; ,Uf;Fk; ngz;zpd; gq;F ngUk;gq;fhf ,Ue;jJ.
NkYk;> ,y;ywj;jpw;Fg; ngz; tpsf;Fg; Nghd;wts; (eh.k.f.103-1) vd;Wk;> kidahs;
,y;yhj tPL ghohdJ (eh.k.f.99-4) vd;Wk; $Wtjhy; mwpayhk;. ,y;ywj;jpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngUikAk;> rpWikAk; ngz;fisg; nghWj;J mikAk; vd;gJ ehd;kzpf;fbif %yk;
mwpag;gLfpwJ.
Mzhjpf;fk;:
ngz;fis ,y;ywj;jpw;F kl;Lk; vd;W xJf;fpapUe;jdh;. rkaq;fspd;
nry;thf;Fk;> mayth;fspd; Ml;rpAk;> MZhpikr; rKjhaj;jpd; ,Wf;fKk;> NkYk;
NkYk; tYthfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ngz;fSf;F ehzj;ij typAWj;jpAk; (eh.k.f.85-1)>
fztd; top epw;f typAWj;jpAk; (eh.k.f.37-3) MZhpikr; rKjhaj;ij
epiyehl;Ltjw;fhd topKiwfshf mike;jd. fw;nghOf;fj;jpid tw;GWj;jp
,y;ywj;NjhL ngz;fs; epWj;jpitf;fg;gl;ldh;. NkYk;> fw;Gila ngz;fs; jd;
fztid kl;LNk nja;tkhf tzq;fNtz;LNk jtpug; gpw nja;tq;fis tzq;f
$lhJ (eh.k.f.89.4) vd;gJ Mzhjpf;fr; rKjhaj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf mike;jpUe;jd.
jpUkzk;:
MZk;> ngz;Zk; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F cfe;j ,yf;fzkhf
njhy;fhg;gpah; 10 gz;Gfisf; $wpAs;shh;. mit>
“gpwg;Ng Fbik Mz;ik Mz;NlhL
cUTepWj;j fhkthapy;
epiwNa mUNs czu;nthL jpUntd
KiwAwf; fpse;j xg;gpdJ tifNa”. (njhy;.E}w;.1219)
vd;w thpapy;> Fyg;gpwg;G> xOf;fk;> gz;ghL> Ms;tpidAilik> taJ> tbtk;>
tdg;G> fhk xOf;fj;jpw;Fhpa cs;sf; fpsh;r;rp> rhy;G> mUSilik> cs;sf;
Fwpg;ig mwpe;njhOFk; Ez;zwpT> nja;tg;nghypT Mfpa midj;jpYk;
xj;jth;fshfj; jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,e;E}w;gh jUk; nghUshFk;.
jpUkzk; Mtjw;F Kd;G ,sk;ngz;fs; xUtifr; rpyk;G mzpe;J ,Ug;gh;.
jpUkzk; Kbthdg; gpwFk>; jpUkz tho;tpw;F Kd;dUk;> xU ed;dhspy; mr;rpW
rpyk;gpid ePf;Fk; tpoh kzkfs; ,y;yj;jpy; eilngWk;. ,jid rpyk;gfop Nehd;G
vd;gh;. ,t;tpoh taJ Kjph;e;j ,y;yj;jurpah; rpyh; xd;whff;$br; nra;j rlq;fhFk;.
,r;rlq;Ffspd; %yk; ngw;Nwhh; jk; kfs; kztho;tpw;Fhpa jFjpiag; ngw;Wtpl;lhs;
vd;gij cyfpw;F czh;j;jpdh;. ,jid>
“Ek;;kidr; rpyk;G fop,a mahpDk;
vk;kid tJit ek;kzq; fopnfdr;”. (Iq;.399)
vd;w thp> Iq;FWE}W njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ.
Mzhjpf;fr; rKjhaj;jpy;> KOikahf Mz;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tho;e;jhYk;>
ghJfhg;G epr;rakpd;ikia>
FLk;gk; Jwe;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpj;jhh;j;jd;
Gj;jdhf khwpdhd;
ek;gp te;j
aNrhjh
vd;d Mdhs; ?
vd;w Nfs;tpia Kd;nkhopfpd;whh; ftpQh; ghyghujp. jpUkz ge;jj;jpy; ,izAk;
NghJ> Gul;rpfukhdg; ngz;zpag; gilg;ghsh;fSk;> rKjhaf; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F
Ml;gLk; #oy; Vw;gl;L tpLfpwJ. ftpQh; jhkiu ‘njhiye;J NghNdd;” vd;w
ftpijapy; jdJ kztho;T gw;wpg; gjpTr; nra;fpd;whh;.
vd;kztho;tpy;
ehd; njhiye;J NghNdd;
Mdhy; ahUk; vd;idj; Njltpy;iy>
vd;w ftpijapd; %yk; ngz;fspd; jpUkzk; mth;fsJ tho;tpy; ngUk;
Vkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jptpLfpwJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
tujl;riz:
jpUkzj;jpw;F tujl;rizf; nfhLf;f Kbahky;> vj;jidf; fhyk; tiug;
ngz;fs; Kjph;fd;dpah;fsha; tyk; tUfpd;wdh; vd;W vz;zp> r%fj;jpd; kPJ Nfhgk;
nfhz;L> vy;yhg; ngz;fSk; xd;W Nrh;e;J ,f;nfhLikf;F vjpuhfg; Gul;rp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; ftpQh;. ,jid>
“,e;j
tujl;riz tpy;iy
tisg;gJ ahh;?
uhkh;fSf;F ,d;W uj;jkpy;iy
[dfNdh ghtk;
rha;T ehw;fhypapy;
,dp
ehNk xbg;gNj
epahak;
vq;Nf
rPijfNs nfhQ;rk;
NrUq;fNsd;”.
ftpQh; ituKj;J vd;w ftpij thpfspy;> njhd;kf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jpj;
jdJ cs;sf; FKwiy ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sijf; fhz KbfpwJ.
,y;yw khz;G:


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; MZk;> ngz;Zk; ,ize;jJ FLk;g
tho;f;if vd;whYk;> ,y;ywj;jpy; ngz; vd;gtspd; gq;Nfw;G kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd
xd;whFk;. fztd;> kf;fs;> Rw;wk; Nghd;Nwhiu cgrhpg;gJk; ,y;yhspd; gz;ghFk;.
“mWRit czitf; fztDf;F Cl;Ljy; ,y;yhspd; flik”.
(ehyb.1)
“,y;yf; fpoj;jp ,y;yhj tPL nfhLq;fhL”. (ehyb.361)
,y;ywj;jpy; ngz; ey;ytshffTk;> flikj; jtwhjtshfTk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,y;ywf; flikapid czh;e;J mjd; top xOf Ntz;Lk; vd;gij>
ehybahh; gy ghly;fspy; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. jkpohpd; gz;ghl;bidg; giwrhw;Wtdthf
ehybahh; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
,y;ywNk ey;ywk;> Mz;ik vd;w tPuKk;> ngz;ik vd;w nghWikAk;
,ize;J tho;tNj ,y;ywk;. ,y;ywj;jpy; ngz;ikf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mspg;gij
ehybahhpy; mwpag;gLfpwJ. ngz; epidj;jhy; vJTk; elf;Fk;. ,Uk;Gj; jd;ik
nfhz;l MltiuAk; kaphpio kq;if mlf;fptpLths; vd;gij>
“,Uk;Gj; njhliuAk;> vhpj;Jr; nry;Yk;
Mlth; kdnkDk; kjahiz Xh;
kq;if ,l;l kaphpio mjDf;F
mlq;fp epd;wpLk; Iankhd;W ,y;iy”. (Mrpa.N[hjp:gh.46-49)
vd;W ngz;ikiag; Nghw;wpajhy; jhd;> kq;ifauha;g; gpwf;f khjtk; nra;jply;
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is.
tho;f;ifj;Jiz:
,dpa tho;f;ifj; Jiz vd;W $Wtjw;Fg; gjpyhfj;jhd;> ts;Stg;
ngUe;jif tho;f;ifj; Jiz eyk; vd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;. tho;tpd; ,dpa
Jizapy; vt;tsNth rpwg;Gfs; cs;sd vd;gijf; $whky; $wNt ,t;tpjk; eyk;
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Lg; ngUikg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. ,e;j tho;f;ifj;Jiz> ,y;ywj;Jf;F
Ntz;ba midj;J ew;Fzq;fisAk; nfhz;ltshfj; jpfo;e;J> jd;id kze;J
nfhz;ltDila fztdpd; tUtha;f;Fj; jf;f tho;f;ifia elj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW elj;jpdhy; jhd; ,y;tho;f;if ,dpa tho;f;ifahf> Vw;wkpF tho;f;ifahf
mike;J ,dpik epyTk; vd;gij czh;j;Jfpwhh;.
“kidj;jf;f khz;Gilas; Mfpj;jw; nfhz;lhd;
tsj;jf;fhs; tho;f;ifj; Jiz”. (Fws;.51)
kidj;jf;f khz;G vd;gJ> ,y;ywj;ij ,dpJ elj;Jk; cah; gz;GfSk;
nray;fSk; kl;Lkd;wp> tUk; tpUe;jpdiur; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; cgrhpj;Jg;
Nghw;WtJkhFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ey;y kidtp miktJ vd;gJ> ,iwtd; nfhLj;j xg;gw;w tuk; vd;W
$Wthh;fs;. ,y;ywj;jhd; xUtd; rpwg;Gw;Wj; jpfo> gpw nry;tq;fshy; ve;jtpjg;
gaDk; ,y;iy. ey;y kidtpia> cah; gz;ghLs;s kidtpia> xUtd; ngw;Wr;
rpwg;gNj cah;thFk; vd;W ts;Sth; Rl;bAs;shh;.
gps;isg; NgW:
fw;Gila kfspuhy; kl;LNk ,y;yj;ijg; nghyptpf;Fk;> kidia khz;Gwr;
nra;Ak; ed;kf;fisg; ngw;Wj;ju ,aYk; vd;gJ ts;Sth; fUj;jhFk;. ,jid>
“kq;fyk; vd;g kidkhl;rp kw;W mjd;
ed;fyk; ed;kf;fl; NgW”. (Fws;.60)
vd;W ts;Sth; $Wfpwhh;. NkYk;>
“<d;w nghOjpw; nghpJtf;Fk; jd;kfidr;
rhd;Nwhd; vdf;Nfl;l jha;”. (Fws;.69)
vd;w Fwspy;> jd; kfidg; gpwh; rhd;Nwhd; vd;W nrhy;yf; Nfl;l jha;> jhd;
mtidg; ngw;w fhyj;Jf; nfhz;l kfpo;ittpl kpFjpahf kfpo;ths;. NkYk;>
“,k;ik cyfj;J ,irNahL tpsq;fp
kWik cyfKk; kWtpd;wp va;Jk;
nrWeUk; tpioAk; nraph; jPh;f; fhl;rp
rpWth;g; gae;j nrk;kNyhh;”. (mfk;.66:1-4)
vd;w thpapy;> jpUkz tho;tpy; Kjd;ikahdJ> kf;fl;NgW ngWtNj vd;gJ
ngz;fspd; vz;zkhFk;. xU ngz; jha;ikapy; jhd; KOikailfpwhs; vd;gJ kuG
top rpe;jidahFk;. ,k;ikg; GfOk;> kWik ,d;gKk; Foe;ijahy; kl;LNk fpl;Lk;
vd kf;fs; ek;Gtij mfehD}w;W top mwpag;gLfpwJ.
gpwd;kid ehlhik:
jpUkzkhd ngz;fis Ntw;nwhU Mltd; tpUk;Gtij td;ikahf
jpUts;Sth; fz;bf;Fk; tpjkhf>
“mwd;tiuahd; my;y nrapDk; gpwd;tiuahs;
ngz;ik eathik ed;W ”. (Fws;.150)
xUtd; mwtopapdpd;Wk; khwpg; gy jPikfs; nra;thdhapDk;> gpwd; kidahisf;
nfLj;jhd; vd;w> jPa gop thuhkyhtJ ele;J nfhs;thdhf vd;W mwk; $WfpwJ.
,jdhy; jPa nray;fs;> ngha;> fsT> nfhiy Kjyhd midj;jpDk;> gpwd; kid
eaf;Fk; jPr;nraNy kpff; nfhbaJ vd;W $wpatwhk;. vdNt> ,y;ywj;jhDf;F
xOf;fk; vd;gJ gpwh; kidtpaiu tpUk;ghj ew;Fz tho;f;ifNa vd;W ts;Sth;
$wpAs;shh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; gpwd;kid eaj;jy; vd;w gz;ghdJ mjpfk; ,Ue;jJ.
gpwh; kid eathik gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; ehybahhpy; mjpfk; cs;sd.
“gpwd; kid eaj;jy; ghk;gpd; jiyia ehtpdhy; ef;Fjy;”. (ehyb.87)
“gpwd; kid eag;gth;f;F vg;NghJk; mr;rNk”. (ehyb.83)
vd;w ehybahhpd; fUj;Jf;fs; %yk;> gpwd; kid eag;gjhy; Fbg; gop cz;lhjy;>
if> fhy; Fiwjy;> mr;rk; jUjy; Nghd;wg; ghtr; nray;fs; Vw;gLk; vd;W ehybahh;
$Wfpd;wJ. rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s kf;fisg; gpwd;kid Nehf;Fjy; $lhJ> xUtDf;F
xUj;jp vd;w jkpohpd; cah;e;j gz;ghl;bidg; giwrhw;Wtjhf ngz;zpak;
mike;Js;sJ vd ehybahh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. NkYk;;>
“mwk;Gfo; Nfz;ik ngUik,e; ehd;Fk;
gpwd;jhuk; er;Rthh;r; Nruh gpwe;jhuk;
er;Rthh;r; NrUk; gifgop ghtd;vd;W
mr;rj;Njh gpe;ehw; nghUs;”. (ehyb.82)
vd;w thpapy;> jUkk;> fPh;j;jp> rpNefk;> Nkk;ghL Mfpa ,e;j ehd;Fg; nghUSk;
gpwd;kidahis tpUk;Gfpwth;fisr; Nrukhl;lh@ gifAk; epge;jidAk; ghtKk;>
mr;rKk; Mfpa ,e;j ehd;F nghUSk; gpwd; jhuj;ij tpUk;Gfpwth;fisr; NrUk;.
xUjhu kzKiw:
xUtd; - xUj;jp kzKiwahdJ ehfhpf tsh;r;rp epiyapd; xU fl;lj;jpy;
Njhd;wpaJ MFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; mjpff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;
ngz;fSk;> Mz;fSk; xOf;fk; jtWk; epfo;r;rpfSk; ele;jd. NkYk;>
,y;yj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Nl fw;gpidf; nfLj;j ngz;fSk; ,Ue;Js;sdh;. ,t;thW
xOFgth;fis>
“fztDf;Ff; $w;W fw;G nfLk; kidtp”. (eh.k.f.83.4)
vd;W tpsk;gp ehfdhh; tir ghbAs;shh;. Mz;kfd; kidtpia ,oe;jhy;> mtd;
vt;tsT tajhd fpotdhapUg;gpDk;> Xhpsq; fl;lofpia kze;J ,dpJ thoyhk;!
,sk; ngz;nzhUj;jp fztid ,oe;jhNyh> mts; nkhl;ilabj;J> cz;b nfLj;J>
cyifj; Jwj;jy; Ntz;Lk;! vd;d mepahak;! tpjp vd;why; ,Ughyhh;f;Fkd;Nwh
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;? xUtd; gy ngz;fis kze;J nfhs;Sk; chpik
ngw;wpUf;fpwhd;! mepahak;! mepahak;! xUj;jp xUtNdhL tho;jNy mwnthOf;fk;.
mt;thNw xUtDk; xUj;jpAld; tho;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ‘xUtd; gy ngz;fis
kzf;fyhk;’ vd;Dk; tpjp> ngz;Zyif ,opTgLj;JtjhFk;. ngz;> jtwp ele;jhy;
jz;lid! Mz;> jtwp ele;jhNyh jz;lidapy;iy! ,/J mePjp! jz;lid
,Ughyhh;f;Fk; tpjpg;gJ ePjpahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Mz; - ngz;:
‘gl;lq;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;lq;fs; nra;tJk; ghhpdpy; ngz;fs; elj;j te;Njhk; ”
vd;W ghujpahh; Koq;Ffpd;wdh;. ‘Mz;fNshL ngz;fSk; rhpepfh;” vd epWgpf;Fk;
tifapy; gy Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;L tUfpd;wdh;.
‘ngz;fis tw;GWj;;jpf; fl;bf;nfhLf;Fk; tof;fj;ijj; js;sp kpjpj;jpLNthk; ”
vd;gJ ,d;iwa ngz;Zyfg; Ngr;R. ‘tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns ngz;izg; G+l;b itg;Nghk;”
vd;gth;fs; tpe;ijahd kdpjh;fshfptpl;ldh;. mth;fSf;F ,e;j ehl;bNy Ntiy
,y;iy vdTk;>
‘fw;G> fw;ngd;W nrhy;y te;jhh;> ,e;j fl;rpf;Fk; m/J nghJtpy; itg;Nghk;”
vd;whh; ghujpahh;. ‘fw;ngd;Dk; jpz;ik” vd;whh; jpUts;Sth;. fw;G vd;why;
fw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;Nw nghUs;. cyf Qhdj;ij> FLk;gf; fiyia> murpay; -
r%f nghUshjhuf; fiyfisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; KjypadTk;> ngz;fspd; Fzk;>
kdk;> nray;fs; NtW@ Mz;fspd; Fzk;> kdk; nray;fs; NtW vd;gh;.
ngz;fs; ,sfpa kdk;@ md;gpy; khwhjpUg;gJ@ Jd;gq;fisg; nghWikAld;
rfpj;Jf;nfhs;tJ@ mtrukw;w jd;ik - ,tw;iwnay;yhk; ngz; jd;iknad;Nw
$wyhk;.
MZk;> ngz;Zk; xd;Nw vd;gijg; gw;wp ts;syhh; $Wk; cz;ikfs; kpfr;
rpwe;jit vd;gNjhL>
‘ngz;zpDs; MZk; MzpDs; ngz;Zk;
mz;Zw tFj;j mUl;ngUk; Nrhjp!
ngz;ZUtj;jpy; Mz;jd;ikfSk;> Mz; cUtj;Js; ngz;jd;ikfSk;
xd;Wgl;bUf;Fk;gb nra;j mUl; ngUk; Nrhjp vdTk;>
“ngz;zpay; kdKk; Mz;,ay; mwpTk;
mz;Zw tFj;j mUl;ngUk; Nrhjp!
Mz; ngz; ,UghyhhplKk;> ngz;jd;ikahd ,sfpa kdKk;> Mz;
jd;ikahd njspe;j cWjpahd mwpTk; xd;Wgl;bUf;Fk;gb nra;j mUl;ngUk; Nrhjp
vdTk;>
“jdpj;jdp tbtDk; jf;fMz; ngz;nray;
midj;Jw tFj;j mUl;ngUk; NrhjpNa!
xt;nthU Mz; ngz;fsplKk; rpwe;j Mz; jd;ikfs;> ngz; jd;ikfs;
midj;Jk; mike;jpUf;Fk;gb nra;j mUl;ngUk; Nrhjp ts;Sth; Mthh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,t;thW> Mz; ngz;fs; ,UthplKk;> ,U jd;ikahd Fzq;fSk;
cz;nld;Nw $Wfpd;whh;. ,jdhy; ,U ghyhUk; rkj;JtKld; thoj;
jFjpAilath;fs; vd;gNj ts;syhh; cs;sk;. Mifahy;>
‘ghlff;fhy; kle;ijaUk; ike;jUk; rd;khh;f;fg;
gad;ngw ey;mUs; mspj;jguk; guNd”.
vd;W ts;syhh; Gfo;fpd;whh;. ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; rd;khh;f;fj;jpy; njhz;lhw;wpg;
gad; ngwj;jf;f jFjpAilath;fs; vd;fpwhh;. NkYk;> ts;syhhpd; tha;nkhopahdJ>
ngz;fSf;F cly; cWjp Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Nahfg; gapw;rp> Njfg; gapw;rp Kjypd
Ntz;Lk;. ngz; fy;tp> Mz;fy;tp vd;w gphptpidapd;wpg; nghJf;fy;tp gapy Ntz;Lk;.
,UtUk; $l;Lf;fy;tp gapy;tNj rpwe;jJ vd;Wk;> MZk; ngz;Zk; rkkhdth;fs;@
,UtUf;Fk; rk chpik cz;L@ Mw;wypYk; mwptpYk; ,Uth;fSk; xj;jth;fs;jhk;
vd;fpwhh; ts;syhh;.
xU ngz;iz xUtDf;F kzk; Ngrp Kbj;Jtpl;lhy; NghJk;@ jpUkzk;
Kbe;Jtpl;ljhfNt nfhs;tJ gz;ila tof;fk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. (rhkp
rpjk;gudhhpd;> ts;syhh; $Wk; tho;f;if newp. gf;.158-160)
cld;fl;il VWjy;:
cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; gz;ilj; jkpo; ehl;bYk; cz;L. cz;ikapNyNa
fhjyd; gphpTf;F Mw;whky; fztDld; Nrh;e;J kbtJ cld;fl;il VWjy;. ,J
ngz;fs; jhkhfNt kzk; tpUk;gpr; nra;Ak; nray;. ,J ehsiltpy; khwp> caph;tplr;
rk;kjpf;fhj ngz;fisAk;> gyte;jkhf gpbj;Jf; fztDld; Nrh;j;Jitj;Jf;
nfhSj;jpAs;sdh;.
,t;thW cld;fl;il Vw;Wk; epiyiag; ngz;fSk;> r%f rPh;jpUj;jf;fhuh;fSk;
vjph;g;Gj; njhptpj;jdh;. mt;ntjph;g;gpd; fhuzkhf cld;fl;il Vw;Wk; tof;fj;ij
%lek;gpf;if cs;sth;fs; iftplyhdhh;fs;. 04-brk;gh;-1829k; Mz;L Kjd;Kjypy;
cld;fl;il Vw;Wk; nfhLikiar; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; xopj;jth; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
vd;gth; Mthh;. NkYk;> 1803k; Mz;L nrd;idapd; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l tpy;ypak;
ngz;bq; gpuG vd;gtNuhL cWJizahf ,Ue;J cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fj;ij
xopj;jdh;.
,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; vd;gth;> Foe;ijj; jpUkzj;ijAk;> ngz; rpRf;
nfhiyiaAk; fLikahf vjph;j;jth; Mthh;. NkYk;> tpjitfs; kWkzk;>
ngz;fy;tp> ngz;fSf;fhd nrhj;Jhpikg; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Mjhpj;Js;shh;.
,e;jpahtpd; xUikg;ghl;bw;Fr; rhjpKiw ngUk; jilf;fy;yhf ,Ug;gij czh;e;jhh;.
mjdhy;> kdpj Fyj;jpd; rkj;Jtj;jpy; ,th; mirahj ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jhh;. gpd;
fyg;Gj; jpUkzj;ijAk; Mjhpj;jhh;. mjd; tpisthf jhNk xU K];yPk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Foe;ijiaj; jj;njLj;J tsh;j;J te;Js;shh;. ,th; ngz;fspd; tpLjiyf;Ff; Fuy;
nfhLj;jNjhL> ngz;fSf;F vd jdpg; gs;spiaAk; mikj;jth; vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhiag; Nghy;> ek; ehl;by; r%f rPh;jpUj;jj; Jiwapy;
cioj;j nghpath;fs; gyh; cs;sdh;. mtw;Ws;> nghpahh;> lhf;lh;.Kj;Jyl;Rkp
mk;ikahh;> ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> rp.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;ah;> it.K.Nfhijehafp mk;khs;>
Uf;Fkzp ,yl;Rkpgjp> mk;G[j;jk;khs; Nghd;Nwhh;fs; ngz;zbikf;Ff; Fuy;
nfhLj;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.
rp.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;ah; vd;gthpd; kfs; ,sikapNyNa tpjitf;Nfhyk;
nfhz;lhs; vd;gjhy;> ,th; gk;gha;f; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;> Njrj; jiyth;fs;
Kd;dpiyapy; jdJ kfSf;F kWkzk; nra;Jitj;jhh;. ,jd; %yk; ,tUf;F
Vw;gl;l njhy;iyfs; gy ,Ue;jd. ,thpd; r%fj;jhh;fs; ,tiu vjph;j;J
Fiw$wyhdhh;fs;. NkYk;> r%fj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fpitg;gjhfTk; gyh;
gaKWj;jpdhh;fs;. ,th; vjw;Fk; mQ;rhky;> cWjpAld; ,Ue;J jdJ kfSf;F
kWkzk; nra;Jitj;J> kfpo;NthL ,Ue;jhh; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,ij Nghd;Nw>
ts;syhUk; tpjitia xopf;Fk; tpjkhf gpd;tUkhW> ‘ifk;ikiaj; jtph;j;J
kq;fyk; mspj;j fUizNa!’ vd;gJ ts;syhhpd; thf;fhFk;. ifk;ikahtij –
mjhtJ tpjitahtij xopj;J> kq;fyj;ijf; nfhLg;gij ,uf;fk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
NkYk;> ‘fztd; ,we;jgpd; ngz;fSf;Fj; jhyp thq;ff;$lhJ’ vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.
mjhtJ> tpjitf; Nfhyk; nfhs;tijNa jLj;Js;shh; ts;syhh;. (rhkp rpjk;gudhhpd;>
ts;syhh; $Wk; tho;f;if newp. gf;.162-164)
kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;Njhh;:
fztid ,oe;j ,sk;ngz;fs; tpjitahf tho;tjhy;> ghJfhg;G ,y;yhky;
gy;NtW Jd;gq;fSf;F Mshf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; r%f
xOf;fNfLk; milaf;$Lk; vd;gjhy;> ,j;Jd;gq;fs; jPu Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> ngz;fs;
kWjpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;tJ vj;jPq;Fk;> vg;gopAk; Vw;glhky; jd;idf;
fhj;Jf;nfhs;syhk; vd;W fPo;fhZk; gy ftpQh;fs; Fuy; nfhLj;Js;sdh;.
ghujpjhrd;:
Jiztp ,we;jgpd; NtW Jiz NjLk; Mz;fisg; Nghy;> Jizth;
,we;jg;gpd;dh; NtW Jizia ehLk; chpikiag; ngz;fSk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.
mjhtJ> fztid ,oe;j ngz;fSf;F kWkzk; nra;tjw;F chpik mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. jil tpjpf;Fk; nghOJ tpUg;gk; cila ngz;fshy; tpjpkPwy; fl;lhak;
Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; ghujpjhrd; $wpAs;shh;.
Rj;jhde;j ghujpahh;:
‘ifk;ngz; ,y;iynadpy; %iy fhf;Fk; nfhLik ,y;iy’ mjhtJ>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; kWkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhy;> tPl;bd; %iyapy;
mkh;e;jpUf;f Ntz;ba nfhLik ePq;Fk; vd;gjhy;> ,th; kWkzk; Mjhpg;G fUj;jpid
Kd;nkhope;Js;shh;.
m.Fkug;gd;:
‘ifk;ngz; Jah; ePf;fpf; fhjy; kzk; nra;Jitj;J igk;nghd;didahh; ,lh;
mfw;wy; vf;fhyk; vd;W new;Fg;ig’ vd;Wiuf;fpd;whh;.
Nj.gh.ngUkhs;:
nts;shil mzpe;J> $e;jiy kopj;J tpl;lhy; tpjitapd; cs;Szh;Tfs;
ahTk; kiwe;JtpLtjpy;iy vd;whh;.
ngz;ikAk; - fw;Gk;:
ehd;kzpf;fbif vd;Dk; E}ypy;> ngz;fspd; fw;Gg; gw;wp rpwg;ghf
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngz;fs; jd; fztid my;yhj NtW nja;tq;fis tzq;fpaJ
,y;iy vdTk;> ey;y ,ay;Gila ngz;fs; ehzj;jpd; vy;iyapNyNa epw;ghh;fs;
vdTk;> ew;gz;Gilats; fw;G xOf;fj;jpypUe;J rpwpJk; jtwkhl;lhs; vdTk;>
gz;Gila kidtp ,y;yhj tPL ghohfpg; Ngha;tpLk; vd;W tpsk;gpehfdhh; vd;gth;
gpd;tUk; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
“……ghnohf;Fk;
gz;Gilahh; ,y;yh kid” (eh.k.f.101)
vd;w thpapy;> ,y;ywj;jpw;F xsp tPRk; tpsf;F kidtp Mths; vdTk;> ngz;ikf;F
moF ehzKk;> fw;gpy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ftjw;fhf> jd; neQ;ir xU topg;gLj;jp
fw;Gilatshf jpfo;ths; vd;Wiuf;fpwhh;.
ngz; - fy;tp:
ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;gjw;F> Mz;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jpLk; midj;J trjpfisAk;>
tha;g;GfisAk; mNj mstpy; ngz;fSf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;tNj ngz; fy;tp
vdg;gLk;. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp toq;fg;glhky;> tPl;bd; midj;Jg;
gzpfisr; nra;aTk;> tPl;il tpl;L ntspNa nry;yhj mstpw;F> tPl;bNyNa
,Uf;fTk; nra;Js;sdh;. ,e;epiyj; jw;NghJ khwp> ngz;fs; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndwp>
ngz;fs; ,y;yh JiwfNs ,y;iy vd;w mstpw;Fg; ngz;fs; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndwp
te;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;.
Neh;nfhz;l ghh;;itAk; ahUf;Fk; mQ;rhj Qhdr; nrUf;Fk; cila Gul;rpg;
ngz;iz milahsk; fhl;bath; ghujpahh;.
“Vl;ilAk; ngz;fs; njhLtJ jPik vd;W
vz;zpapUe;jth; kha;e;Jtpl;lhh;
tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns ngz;izg; G+l;bitg;Nghk; vd;w


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tpe;ij kdpjh; jiy ftpo;e;jhh;”. (Fk;kpg;ghl;L.gh.106)
vd;W ghujpahh;> ngz;fs; Gj;jfj;jpidj; njhLtJ jPik vd;W epidj;jth;fis>
,f;fhy ngz;fs; jiyf;Fdpit Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf ngz;fs; ,y;yhj;; JiwfNs
,y;iy vd;Dk; mstpw;F cah;e;j epiyiaAk;> ghujp fz;l fdtpid
epidthf;fpAk; tUfpd;wdh;.
[t`h;yhy; NeU:
Kd;dhy; ,e;jpa gpujkh; gz;bl; [t`h;yhy; NeUtpd; $w;Wg;gb>
“Xh; MZf;F mspf;fg;gLk; fy;tpahy;>
mtUf;F kl;LNk gad;@ Mdhy;>
Xh; ngz;Zf;F mspf;fg;gLk; fy;tp
mtuJ FLk;gNk fy;tp ngw;wjw;F rkk; MfpwJ”.
vdTk;> ngz;fs; FLk;g tho;f;ifia eyKwr; nra;aTk;> Foe;ijfspd; mwpT
tsh;r;rpf;F rpwe;j mbj;jsj;ij mikj;jplTk;> mf;fk; gf;fj;jpdhpd;
vOj;jwptpd;ikiag; Nghf;fplTk;> rpW FLk;g newpiag; gug;gplTk;> r%f
tpspg;Gzh;itg; ngUf;fplTk;> r%jha eyj;jpl;lq;fis ntw;wpilar; nra;aTk;> ngz;
fy;tp kpfTk; mtrpakhfpwJ vd;fpwhh;. (Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d; vd;gthpd;> tsh;e;J tUk;
,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; fy;tp gf;.391)
fhe;jpabfs;:
,e;jpah Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; nghpJk; njhz;lhw;wpa kfhj;kh fhe;jp mth;fSk;>
ngz; fy;tpiag; gw;wp cah;e;j vz;zj;Jld; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. “ngz;fSf;Fk;
Mz;fSf;F ,izahd fy;tpia toq;fpl Ntz;Lk;@ Kbe;jhy; mth;fSf;F rpwg;ghd
$Ljy; fy;tpia mspj;jply; eyk;” vdTk;> ‘ngz;Zf;F mspf;fg;gLk; fy;tpapd;
gad; mtsJ mLj;j jiyKiwiaAk; nrd;wilAk;” vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
(Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d; vd;gthpd;> tsh;e;J tUk; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; fy;tp gf;.391)
Nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FO:
fy;tpapy; ngUk; khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf Nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FO
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fy;tpf;FOTk; ngz;fspd; fy;tpiag; gw;wp nghpJk; NgrpAs;sJ.
kdpj ts Mw;wypd; KOikahd tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fspd; kdpjj;
juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk;> rpW tajpNyNa Foe;ijfsplk; ey;nyhOf;fj;ij tsh;j;jplTk;
Mz;fspd; fy;tpia tpl> ngz; fy;tpNa Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ vd;W ,f;fy;tpf;FO>
ngz; fy;tpiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. (Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d; vd;gthpd;> tsh;e;J tUk;
,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; fy;tp gf;.391)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
‘ve;jf; Foe;ijAk; ey;y Foe;ijjhd; kz;zpy; gpwf;ifapNy@ mth;
ey;ytuhtJk>; nfl;ltuhtJk; md;id tsh;g;gpdpNy’ vd;W ftpQh; $WtJ Nghy>
Foe;ijfis ey;y Foe;ijfshf cUthf;fp> jiyrpwe;j Fbkfdhf;FtJ
fy;tpawpT ngw;w ngz;fshy; jhk; ,aYk;. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd r%ff;
nfhLikfis vjph;f;Fk; Mw;wYk;> JzpTk; fy;tpawpT ngw;w ngz;fSf;F
Vw;gLfpwJ. ngz; fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig czh;e;j muR> ngz; fy;tpf;F Mf;fKk;
Cf;fKk; mspf;fpwJ.
ngz; fy;tp> ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wp vy;NyhUk; mwpAk;gb $wp> ngz;
tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;l nghpahh;> ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk;> mth;fs; Kaw;rpapdhNyNa
KbAk; vd;W $wpdhh;. ghNte;jh; gbj;j ngz;fs; cs;s FLk;gk; “mts; thj;jpr;rp>
miwtPL fofk;> jto;e;jJ rq;fj; jkpo;r; Rit” vd;W Nghw;Wthh;.
ghujpahh; ngz;fs; gw;wpf; $whjf; fUj;Jf;fNs ,y;iy vdyhk;. mtw;Ws;>
mLg;G+Jk; ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp vjw;F? vd;W $wpa %lh;fs; kj;jpapy;> ngz;fis
mwpTk;> tPuKk; kpf;fth;fs; vd;W $Wk; tpjkhf>
“mwpT nfhz;l kdpj caph;fis
mbikahf;f Kay;gth; gpj;juhk;! ” (GJikg;ngz;.3)
vd;w ftpij thpapd; %yk;> mbikg;gl;l> mwptPdk; epiwe;j ngz; kf;fs; tapw;wpy;
vg;gb tPuh;fs; gpwf;f KbAk;? vdNt> mwpTk; tPuKk; epiwe;j ngz;fs; jhk;>
Mz;ik kpf;f kf;fisAk; <d;W ju KbAk; vd;fpwhh; ghujp. NkYk;> ngz;zpd;
mwpit tsh;g;gJ mtrpak; vd;gijg; gpd;tUkhW typAWj;Jfpwhh;.
“ngz;Zf;F Qhdj;ij itj;jhd; - Gtp
Ngzp tsh;j;jpLk; <rd;
kz;Zf; Fs;Ns rpy %lh;-ey;y
khjh; mwpitf; nfLj;jhh;”.
‘fz;fs; ,uz;bdpy; xd;iwf;-Fj;jpf;
fhl;rp nfLj;jpl yhNkh?
ngz;fs; mwpit tsh;j;jhy;-itak;
Ngjik mw;wpLk; fhzPh;”. (KuRg; ghl;L 9>10)
vd;w ftpijapy;> MZk; ngz;Zk; rkkhf thohtpl;lhy;> tPl;by; mikjp ,uhJ>
tho;f;ifAk; rpwf;fhJ vdTk;> ngz; fy;tpiaAk; ghujp cah;thf fUJtijf;
fhzKbfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gonkhopAk; - ngz;zpaKk;:
ngz;fisf; Fwpj;J> gy;NtW gonkhopfs; ehl;Lg;Gwj;jpy; $wg;gLtij
mwpaKbfpwJ. gonkhopfs; %yk; ngz;fisg; Nghw;WtijAk;> ,fo;tijAk;
fz;$lhf fhzKbfpd;wJ.
jhiag;Nghy; gps;is> E}iyg; Nghy; Nriy.
mlf;fNk ngz;Zf;F moF.
mlq;fhg; ngz; rhjpahy;> mj;ijf;Fk;> ekf;Fk; nghy;yhg;G.
ngz; rphpr;rhy; Nghr;R> Gifapiy tphpr;rhy; Nghr;R .
fy;yhdhYk; fztd;> Gy;yhdhYk; GUrd;.
vd;w gonkhopfspd; %yk;> ngz;fspd; jd;ikfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> fztd;>
khkpahhpilNa ngz;fs; gLk; Jd;gq;fis vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tpjkhf ,g;gonkhopfs;
mike;Js;sJ. mj;Jld;> Mz;fSf;Fg; ngz;fs; mbikg;gl;bUg;gijAk;
,g;gonkhopfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. mbikahfpa ngz;zpd; epiyiag; gpd;tUk;
gonkhopfs; %yk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
mbj;jhYk;> cijj;jhYk; mg;gd; mg;gNd.
vd;w gonkhopapy;> Mz; Kiwaw;wtdhfj; jpfo;e;jhYk;> vd;iwf;Fk;
cah;e;jtdhfNt kjpf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. ,j;jifa mg;ghit vjph;j;Jg; gps;isfSk;
NgRtjpy;iy@ kidtpAk; NgRtjpy;iy vd;w epiyAk;>
khkpahh; cilj;jhy; kz;Flk;> mijNa
kUkfs; cilj;jhy; nghd;Flk;.
cuYf;F xU gf;fk; ,b> kj;jsj;jpw;F ,uz;L gf;fKk; ,b.
vd;w gonkhopfspd; %yk; khkpahh;> jd; kUkfisj; jz;bf;Fk; tpjkhf
cs;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ. NkYk;> xU ngz; kj;jsk; Nghy; fzthplKk;>
khkpahhplKk; ,bgl;Lf; fplg;gjpd; %yk; ngz;fspd; Jaiu mwpaKbfpwJ.
njhFg;Giu:
‘ngz;fs; ,e;ehl;bd; fz;fs;” vd;gij czh;j;Jk; tpjkhf ngz;fs;
mbikj;jd;ikapypUe;J ePq;fp tUtijAk;> jk; vz;zq;fspd; nraYf;F Vw;g
ele;Jnfhs;sTk;> ,jw;F cWJizahf gy ftpQh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;nkhope;J> ngz;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; tyk; tutpUk;Gtijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapd;
%yk; mwpag;gLfpd;Nwhk;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. ,uh.nuq;fk;khs; kw;Wk; rp.thRfp> ‘ngz;zpak;’ mZFKiwfSk;>
,yf;fpag; gz;ghLk;> g.7
2. NkyJ> g.132.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
3. njhy;fhg;gpak;.fsT. 96.
4. NkyJ.1054.
5. NkyJ.1055.
6. rpy ngha;fSk;> rpy cz;ikfSk;> ghyghujp.
7. jpUf;Fws;.1083.
8. jpUf;Fws;.56.
9. ghujpahh;.ghly;.1868.
10. ghujpahh; ghly;.1871.
11. ngz;zpd; ngUik’ vd;w E}ypy; jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh.;
12. mt;itahh;.nfhd;iw Nte;jd;.38>1.
13. jpyfghkh.neQ;rjph;e;jNjdk;kh.63.
14. tpsk;gp ehfdhh;.ehd;kzpf;fbif.103-1.
15. NkyJ.99-4.
16. NkyJ.85-1.
17. NkyJ.37-3.
18. njhy;fhg;gpak;-1219.
19. Iq;FUE}W-399.
20. ghyghujp. njhiye;J NghNdd;.
21. ituKj;J.ftpijfs.;
22. rkz Kdpth;fs;.ehybahh;.1>361.
23. ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is-MrpaN[hjp.gh.46-49.
24. mfehD}W.66:1-4.
25. rkz Kdpth;fs;.ehybahh;. 87>83>82.
26. tpsk;;gp ehfdhh;.ehz;kzpf;fbif. 83.4.
27. rhkp rpjk;gudhhpd;> ts;syhh; $Wk; tho;f;if newp. gf;.158-160.
28. ghujpahh; ftpijfs;.Fk;kpg;ghl;L.106.
29. Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d; vd;gthpd;> tsh;e;J tUk; ,e;jpa
rKjhaj;jpy; fy;tp gf;.391.
30. ghujpahh; ftpijfs;.GJikg;ngz;.3.
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. jpUf;Fws; (ciu tpsf;fk;) 2. ehybahh; %yKk; ciuAk;
[p.tujuh[d;> rhujh gjpg;gfk;>
godpag;gh gpujh;]; [p.b.rhe;jp mLf;fk;>
Vrpad; mr;rfk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nrd;id – 600 014. 2/3 = fpU\;zhGuk; njU>
5-k; gjpg;G 2007. uhag;Ngl;il>
nrd;id – 600 014.
3. ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> 4. ghujpjhrd; ghly;fs;>
jkpoNty; r.nka;ag;gd;> Nguh.njh.gukrptd;>
khzpf;fthrfh; Mg;nrl; gpupz;lh;];> ePA+ nrd;Rhp Gf; `T];> (gp.ypkpnll;)
nrd;id - 600 021. 41.gp rpl;Nfh ,d;l];bhpay; v];Nll;>
6-k; gjpg;G 2008. mk;gj;J}h;>
nrd;id – 600 098.
5. ngz;zpd; ngUik> 6. ghujpAk; n\y;ypAk;>

jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh;> njh.K.rp uFehjd;>
rhujh gjpg;gfk;> ePA+ nrd;Rhp Gf; `T];> (gp.ypkpnll;)
6/16 Njhg;G Ntq;flhryk; njU> 41- gp rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay;
jpUty;ypf;Nfzp> v];Nll;>
nrd;id – 600 005. mk;gj;J}h;>
3-k; gjpg;G 2008. nrd;id – 600 098.
7. ts;syhh; $Wk; tho;f;if newp> 8. ,dpa ePjp E}y;fs;>
rhkp rpjk;gudhh;> ftpQh;.gj;kNjtd;>
kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;> fw;gfk; Gj;jfhyak;>
31> rpq;fh; njU> 4/2 Re;juk; njU>
ghhpKid> jpahfuha efh;>
nrd;id – 600 108. nrd;id – 600 017.
1-k; gjpg;G 2003. gjpg;G – 2017.
9. kdpj Nea fiy ,yf;fpak;> 10. gz;Kf Nehf;fpy; ngz;zpag;

rq;if Ntyd;> gjpTfs;>
ghit gg;spNfrd;];> rp.thRfp> rp.mNahj;jp>
142> [hdp [hd; fhd; rhiy> ePA+ nrd;Rhp Gf; `T];> (gp.ypkpnll;)
uhag;Ngl;il> 41- gp rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay;
nrd;id – 600 014. v];Nll;> mk;gj;J}h;>
1-k; gjpg;G brk;gh; 2004. nrd;id – 600 098.
1-k; gjpg;G nrg;lk;gh; 2007.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
11. tsh;e;J tUk; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; 12. ngz;zpak; mZFKiwfSk;>
fy;tp> ,yf;fpag; gz;ghLk;>
Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d;> ,uh.nuq;fk;khs; kw;Wk; rp.thRfp>
,uhk; gjpg;gfk;> mwpTg; gjpg;gfk;>
gpshl; G1> = mghh;l;nkz;l;];> nrd;id – 600 014.
vz;.10.ghujpahh; njU> gjpg;G -1 tUlk;-2005.
fhNthp efh;>
rhypfpuhkk;>
nrd;id – 600 093.
3-k; gjpg;G 2011.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;fhg;gpaupd; vOj;jpay; newp
,uh.kzpfz;ld>;
KidtH gl;l Ma;thsH>
fhQ;rpkh KdptH gl;lNkw;gbg;G ikak;>
GJr;Nrup>
khDl tho;f;iff;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJk;> mbg;gilahdJkhff;

fUjg;gLtJ nkhopNaahFk;. me;epiyapy; jkpopy; kf;fspd; tho;tpay; kw;Wk;
nkhopapaYf;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk; njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo; newpapy; epd;W vOjg;gLk;
vOj;Jf;fSf;fhd newpfisAk; E}w;ghtop gl;baypLfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Fk;
tpjhkhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpd;wd.mtw;wpy; vOj;jpay; newpfshtd
1. nkhop Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;.
2. nkhop ,il vOj;Jf;fs;.
3. cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk;.
4. Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;.
5. nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs;.
6. rhHg;ngOj;Jf;fs; .
7. msngil vOj;Jf;fs; .
8. vOj;jpd; KbG.
9. nrhw;GzHr;rp tpjpfs;.
10. manyOj;Jf; fythik
nkhop Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;:
gd;dpnuz;L capH vOj;Jf;fs; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;. capHnka; my;yhj
jdpnka;fs; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tuh. f>j>e>g>k vd;Dk; Ie;J nka; fSk; gd;dpnuz;L
capH vOj;JfSld; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;. r> vd;Dk; nka; m>I>Xs> ,itfisj;
jtpu Vida Xd;gJ capHfSlDk; Kjypy; tUk;. c>C>x>X Mfpa ehd;F
capHfisj;jtpu kw;w vl;L capHfSld; t vd;Dk; nka; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;.
Q vd;Dk; nka; M>v>x vd;Dk; %d;W capfSld; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;. a
vd;Dk; nka; M fhuj;Jld; kl;Lk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;. ,tw;wpy; nkhop Kjypy;
capH vOj;Jf;fSk;> capHnka;naOj;JfSk; tUk;. Ma;jKk;> nka;Ak;
q>l>z>u>y>o>s>w>d vd;Dk; capHnka;naOj;JfSk; nkhopKjypy; tuhJ.
nkhop ,il vOj;Jfs;:
nkhop ,il vOj;Jfs; vd;gjid njhy;fhg;gpaH jdpahf Fwpg;gplhky;
vOj;jjpfhu E}d;kugpy; nka;k;kaf;f Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nka;k;kaf;fk;:
njhy;fhg;gpaH nkhopapil epw;Fk; vOj;Jfshf nka;k;kaf;fj;ij Rl;LfpwhH.
,tw;wpy; kaf;fk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Ff; $Ljy; vd;gJ nghUs;. ve;nje;j
nka;naOj;Jf;fs; ve;nje;j nka;naOj;Jf;fNshL NrHe;J tUk; vd;gijf; $WtJ
nka;k;kaf;fkhFk;. ,J cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk;> Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk; vd
,uz;lhfg; gFf;fpwhH. ,jid
mk;% thWk; toq;fpad; kUq;fpd;
nka;k;kaq; Fldpiy njupAq; fhiy. (njhy;.v.22)
vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk;:
nka;e;epiyr; Rl;bd; vy;yh ntOj;Jk;
jk;Kd; jhk;t&ck; uo myq;filNa.(njhy;.v.30)
,tw;wpy; nka;fs; jk;nkhL jhk; kaq;Fk; kaf;fk; cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk;
vdg;gLk;. u>o vd;Dk; ,uz;L nka;fSk; jtpu Vida gjpdhW nka;fSk; jk;NkhL
jhk; kaq;Fk;. ,tw;Ws; f>r>j>g vd;gd cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fj;jpw;Nf cupad. v.fh.
fhf;if-f;f;.
Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;:
lwys ntd;Dk; Gs;sp Kd;dHf;
frg ntd;Dk; %ntOj;Jj; Jupa. (njhy;.v.23)
xU nka;naOj;J gpw nka;naOj;NjhL kaq;FtJ Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;
vd;gH. f>r>j>g jtpHj;j Vida gjpdhd;F nka;fSk; Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fjpw;F
cupad. ,tw;wpd; %yk; nkhopapd; ,ilapy; Ma;jKk; nka;Ak; capHnka;ANk tUk;.
jdpAapH nkhopapilapy; tuhJ. NkYk; capUs; Fwpy; kl;Lk; msngilf; Fwpahf
tUk; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs;:
Xs jtpHj;j Vida gjpndhd;Wk; capHfSk; nkhop ,Wjpapy; tUk;. f>t
Mfpa nka;fSld; XsTk; ,Wjpapy; tUk;. v vd;w capH jhNd <whFk;. X vd;w
capH efu nka;Ald; kl;Lk; ,ize;J <whFk;. Q fuk; V>X vd;w capHfSld;
<whFtjpy;iy e>t vd;Dk; nka;fSld; c>C vd;w capHfs; <w;wpy; tUtjpy;iy>
r vd;w nka; c vd;w capUld; ,ize;J ,uz;L nrhw;fspy; ,Wjpapy; tUk;. j
vd;w nka; cfuj;Jld; ,ize;J xU nrhy;ypy; tUk;. Q>z>e>k>d>a>u>y>t>o>s
vd;Dk; gjpndhU nka;fSk; nkhopf;F <whFk;. e fuk; ,U nrhy;ypYk;> Q fhuk;
xU nrhy;ypYk;> t fuk; ehd;F nrhy;ypYk; <whFk;.
rhHg;ngOj;Jf;fs;:


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jhNd jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; Mw;wy; ,d;wp gpwtw;iw rhHe;J tUtJ
rhHg;ngOj;Jf;fs; MFk;.
rhHe;J tuy; kugpd; %d;wyq;filNa
mitjhk;
Fw;wpaypfuk; Fw;wpaYfuk; Ma;jk; vd;w
Kg;ghw; Gs;spAk; vOj;Njhud;d.
vd;W Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Ma;jk; vd;w %d;wpid kl;Lk; njhy;fhg;gpaH
rhHg;ngOj;Jf;fshff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
msngil vOj;Jf;fs; :
Fd;wpir> nkhoptapd; epd;wpir epiwf;Fk;
nel;nlOj;jpk;gH xj;j Fw;nwOj;Nj.
vd;W nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ mjid epiwT nra;a nel;nlOj;jpd; gpd;dhf
mtw;wpd; ,dk; xj;j Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; tUk; vd;W msngilg; gw;wpf; $WfpwhH.
vOj;jpd; KbG $wy;:
nkhop KjnyOj;J> ,ilnaOj;J> ,Wjp vOj;J vd;W $Wk; njhy;fhg;gpaH
jhk; $wpa vOj;Jfspd; Kbghf Muha;e;J fz;ljpy; jkpo; nkhopapy; %d;W khj;jpiu
msG ngWk; vOj;Jf;fs; ,y;iy vd;fpwhH.
%tsgpirj;jy; XnuOj;jpd;Nw.
vd;w E}w;ghit Kd;dpUj;Jk; njhy;fhg;gpaH. NkYk; ePz;l khj;jpiuAila msngil
vOj;Jg;ngw Ntz;bd; ,uz;lsGila nebiyAk;> XusGila FwpiyAk; $l;b
vOjNtz;Lk; vd;W Kd;NdhH $Wtjhfj; njhy;fhg;gpaH $WfpwhH.
ePl;lk; Ntz;bd; mt;tsGil
$l;b naO cjy; vd;kdhH GytH.
nrhw;GzHr;rp tpjpfs;:
njhy;fhg;gpa vOj;jjpfhuj;jpd; Kjy; %d;W ,ay;fs; jtpu Vida MW
,ay;fs; vOj;Jf;fs; GzUk; tpjj;ij Gzupay; gw;wpa nra;jpfshf tptupf;fpwhH.
capH kw;Wk; nka; vOj;J tbtpyhd nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wik kw;Wk; my;topapy; GzUk;
ghq;fpid Gzupapay;> njhifkuG> cUgpay;>capH kaq;fpay;> Gs;sp kaq;fpay;>
Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay; vd;W nrhw;fs; GzUk; tpjj;ij Muhe;Js;shH. nghJikapy;
nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s vOj;NjhL GzHnkhop <w;Wk;> tUnkhop KjnyOj;Jk;
Fwpj;JtUfpstpNahL ,izAk; Kiw Gzupay; tpjpfshf tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
manyOj;Jf; fythik:
xU nkhopapy;> mjw;nfd;W tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vOj;njhL NtnwhU nkhopf;Fupa
vOj;ijf; fye;J vOjf; $lhJ vd;gJ nkhopfspd; nghJ kughFk;. XH


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
maw;nrhy;Yf;F Vw;w nrhy; mjidf; nfhs;s tpUk;GthH nkhopapy; ,y;iy
vdpDk;>Vw;wnrhy;iy Mf;fpf; nfhs;s Kbahj mupa nrhy;yhf ,Ue;J mr;nrhy;iy
vLj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;why;> mg;nghUis tpsf;fpf; $w ,ayhepiyapy; Vw;wr;
nrhy;iy nfhs;s tpUg;Gk; nkhopkuGf;Fj; jFkhW nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
nkhopf;fhg;ghsupd; flikahFk;.,e;epiyapy; jkpo;nkhopapy; vr;nrhy;ypYk;
vt;tplj;Jk; gpwnkhopnaOj;Jk; vOj;JKiwAk; tUjy; $lhJ. vd;gij typAUj;Jk;
tpjkhf njhy;fhg;gpaH ehd;F tifahd nrhy;tiffisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ
tlnrhy; vd;gij
“tlnrhw; fpstp tlntOj;Jj; njhuP,
vOj;NjhL GzHe;j nrhy;yhFk;Nk."
vd;fpwhH.tlnrhy; jkpOf;F Ntw;Wr; nrhy;yhfTk;> Ntw;nwOj;Jr; nrhy;yhfTk;
njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;Nj ,Ue;jik GydhfpwJ. jdpj;J ,aq;f Mw;wy; ty;y jkpo;
nkhopapy; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,d;wpaikahjJk;> nkhopngaHff KbahjJ khapd;
mr;nrhy;iy fl;lhak; vLj;jhy Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; epiyapy; kfg;NgW thahjtH xU
Foe;ijia kfthff; nfhs;Sk; NghJ jk; FLk;gj;Jf; Foe;ij vd;gij Kw;wpYk;
fhf;Fk; tifapy; mf;Foe;ijapd; Kd;idj; njhlHig tpyf;fpj; jk; FLk;gj;jpw;F
jFngaH #l;bj; jk; Fbik cWg;ghfNt tsHj;J tUjy; Nghy; maw; nrhy;iyj;
jk;nkhopf;Fj; jff; nfhz;L Ms Ntz;Lk; ,jid “vOj;J XuP," ‘vOj;njhL
GzHe;j nrhy;yhFk;Nk| vd;fpwhH.
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jopopy; vOj NeUq;fhy; nkhopkuigg; NgZfpd;wtifapy;
ehd;F epiyfis nkhopfhg;ghsH Kd;nkhopfpd;wdH. mit
1. tlntOj;J ePf;fy;.
2. tlnkhop tpahfuzk; tpyf;fy;.
3. jw;rkk;.
4. jw;gtk;.
jkpo; nkhopapy; nrhy; Kjy; tuh vOj;Jf;fis Kjypw;nfhz;l gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs;
jkpo; nkhopapy; vOjg;ngwpd; mtw;wpd; KjnyOj;J ePf;fg; ngWk; (v.fh.upf; \gk;-
,lgk;) my;yJ khw;wg; ngWk;(v.fh.`up-mup) NkYk; mjd;Kd; XH capHf;Fwpy;
NrHf;fg;ngWk;(v.fh.uhkd; - ,uhkd;) manyOj;J ,Wjp nfhz;l nrhy;yhapd; capH
vOj;Jf;fs; NrHf;fg; ngWk; (v.fh.khyh -khiy)nka;k;kafj;ij ,ilapy; nfhz;l
nrhy;yhapd; mJ jkpOf;Nfw;wthW khw;wg; ngWk;.(v.fh. f;N\f;gpaH - Nrf;fRg;gpaH).
jw;rkk;:
tlnkhopf;Fk; jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; nghJthd vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;L mikAk;
nrhw;fis jw;rkk; vd;gH. v.fh. fhuzk;> Fq;Fkk;>mkyk;>fkyk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jw;gtk;:
tlnkhopr; rpwg;ngOj;jhYk; nghJTk; rpwg;Gkhfpa ,Utif vOj;jhYk;
jkpopy; rpije;J tUk; tl nrhw;fisj; jw;gtk; vd;gH. v.fh. Rfp>Nghfp>(rpwg;G) mud;>
mud; (nghJTk; rpwg;Gk;)
tpahfuzk;:
xU thf;fpaj;jpd; gFjpathd nrhw;fis Ntwhf;fp kw;iwg; gFjpNahLs;s
njhlHgpidj; njspthff; fhl;LtJ tpahfuzk; MFk;.XHg;G> vspik> Iak; jPHj;jy;
vd;gd nrhw;nwhluikjpia Muha;e;jwpe;J tOtpy;yhj nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd;
njhlHigAk; vspa Kiwapy; Iakf; $WjyhFk;.
Nkw;$wg; gl;lahTk; nkhopkuigg; NgZfpd;wtifapy; njhy;fhg;gpaH nkhop
Kjy;> ,il> ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fshf gFj;J $wpajpd; %yk; jopo; nkhopapy;
KjypYk;> ,WjpapYk; ,d;d ,d;d vOj;Jfs; jhk; tUk; vd;w tiuaiwAk;>
nkhopfspd; ,ilapy; ,d;d vOj;Jf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; ,d;d vOj;J tUk; ,d;d vOj;J
tuhJ vd;w tiuaiwAk;> gpwnkhopr; rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fisj; jkpopy; ,ad;w Jizf;
nfhz;L jkpo; tuptbTfshfTk;> jkpo; Xyp kugpw;Nfw;gTk; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. vd;gd
Nghd;wit vOj;jpay; newpfshf Rl;lg;ngWfpd;wd.
ghHit E}y;fs;:
1. ,sk;g+uzk;> njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk; > jkpo;kz; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.2003.
2. er;rpdhHf;fpdpak;> njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk;> jkpo;kz; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.2003.
3. NfhghiyaH jp.Nt> jopo; ,yf;fzg; Ngufuhjp vOj;J (njhFjp.1>2>)> jkpo;kz;
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. 2003


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ehybahhpy; mwnewpf;$Wfs;
F.kjpaurp>
flY}h;.
Kd;Diu
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; mw ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhykhff;
fsg;gpuh;fhyk; Fwpf;fg;ngWfpwJ. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F vd mit miof;fg;ngWk;.
,jpy; gjpndhd;W mw ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,t;tw ,yf;fpaq;fs; vy;yhk;
kf;fspd; tho;tpidr; nrk;ikg;gLj;j cjTk; ,yf;fpaq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
tpz;zsT cah;e;J kdpjd; tho tpUk;Gfpwhd;. tpz;Zyf tho;it
,k;kz;ZyfpYk; ngwyhk;. mj;jifa tho;tpid miltjw;F mtd; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tho;f;if KiwapidAk; rKjha xOf;fq;fisAk; vLj;Jf;$Wk; mw
,yf;fpakhf ehybahh; jiyrpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ. jpUf;Fws; ,uz;L mbfshy;
MfpaJ. ehybahh; ehd;F mbfshy; MfpaJ. ,e;j mb fzf;if itj;Jf; nfhz;L
,uz;L E}iyAk; xUq;Nf Nghw;Wk; gonkhop xd;W cz;L.
“MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;F cWjp
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F cWjp” vd;gjhFk;.
jdpkdpjg; gz;Gfs; xUkdpjid rpwg;ghf nrayhw;Wtjw;Fk; jd;idg; gw;wpa
kjpg;gPl;il nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd ek;kpf;if ,yf;fzkhFk;. r%fj;jpy; mikjpAk;
kfpo;r;rpAk; epytNtz;Lnkdpy; xt;nthU jdpkdpjDk; jdf;nfd;W epy
flikfisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; xOf;fq;fisAk; tpjpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
xUjdpkdpjd; gpwhplk; ve;jnje;jg; gz;Gfis vjph;ghh;f;fpd;whNdh me;jg; gz;Gfisj;
jhDk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tifapy; xt;nthU kdpjDk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba
mwg;gz;Gfis ehybahhpd; thapyhf tpsf;f Kw;gLtNj ,f;fl;Liuapd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
mwk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs;
kdpj ,dk; tiuaWj;Jf; nfhz;l xOf;f newpNa mwk; vdg;gl;lJ. me;j
mwkhdJ jdp kdpj tho;tpYk; r%f tho;tpYk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
typAWj;JtNj mw ,yf;fpaq;fspd; flikahf mike;jJ. rpe;jid, nray;, nrhy;,
jpahdk;, czh;T, <LghL vd midj;J epiyfspYk; mwk; caph;ehbahf
tpsq;FfpwJ. kdpj tho;tpy; nra;fpd;w ew;fhhpaq;fs; mwq;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ek; Kd;Ndhh; mwk; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;Fj; je;Js;s tpsf;fj;NjhL vjpf;];
(Ethics) vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr;nrhy;ypw;Fj; jug;gLk; nghUs; tpsf;fk; kpfTk;
nghUe;Jtjhf cs;sJ. ey;y my;yJ jPa nray;fs; %yk; jhNd ntspg;gLk;
kf;fSila elj;ijiag; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; fiyia ‘vjpf;];’ vd;gjhFk;. ,ijj;
jkpopy; mwtpay; vdyhk;.
vjpf;]; vd;Dk; nrhy; fpNuf;f nkhopr;nrhy;yhFk;. Kjd;Kjypy; ,r;nrhy;
gofpg;Nghd elj;ij, tof;fk;, kuG vd;Dk; nghUs;fisNa czh;j;jp te;jJ. gpd;dh;
elj;ij vd;Dk; nghUNs Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. xOf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk; Moral vd;Dk;
Mq;fpyr;nrhy;Yk; gof;f tof;fk; vd;Dk; nghUisNa Fwpj;jJ. ,jdhy; kdpj
elj;ij Fwpg;gpl;l xU rKjhaj;jpy; thOk; kf;fs; tof;fkhff; nfhs;Sk; KbitNa
xOf;fkhff; (Morality) nfhz;ldh; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. ,jdhy; jdp kdpj elj;ij
ngUk;ghNyhuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l nghOJ xOf;fnkDk; gz;ghf kyh;e;jJ. tho;f;if
newpahf khz;Gw;wJ vdyhk;.
ehybahh; $Wk; mwf;fUj;Jf;fs;
1. nry;tk; epiyahik
2. ,sik epiyahik
3. ahf;if epiyahik
4. nghiwAilik
5. mwd; typAWj;jy;
6. xOf;fk;
7. rpdkpd;ik
8. fy;tp
9. <if
10. jw;ngUik Ntz;lhk;
11. el;ghuha;jy;
12. gpwd;kid eathik
nry;tk; epiyaw;wJ
Kd;G jk; ,y;yj;jpy; kidtp tpUg;gj;Jld; Cl;l mWRit czit kWgpb
Njitapd;wp cz;Zk; msTf;Fr; rpyh; tskhf tho;e;jpUg;gh; gpd;dh;, me;epiy
khwptpl mtNu, Vioahfp kw;nwhUth; tPl;L thapiy mile;J, jkf;Ff; Fbf;f $o;
jUkhW ahrpg;gh;. vdNt, cyfpy; xUth; ngWfpd;w nry;tk; epiyahdJ my;y.
nry;tk; jd;id <l;bathplk; epiyj;J epy;yhky; tz;br; rf;fuk; Nghy; gyhplKk;
Rod;W nry;yf;$baJ.vdNt kf;fs; epyj;ij Vw;G+l;b coTj;njhopy; nra;jy; %yk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ey;topapay; cw;gj;jp nra;j nry;tj;ijAk; czitAk; gyUf;F gfph;e;j nfhLj;Jj;
jhKk; Ja;ff
; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij,
“mWRit Az;b mky;epjpy;yhs; Cl;l
kWrpif ePf;fpAz;lhUk; twpQuha;r;
nrd;wpug;gh; xhplj;Jg; $o;vdpd; nry;tk; xd;
Wz;lhf itf;fw;ghw; wd;W”1
vd;W ehybahh; ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ.
vkd; kf;fspd; capiuf; fth;e;J nry;yr; rpdj;Jld; vd;Wk; tUthd;. vdNt
kf;fspd; tho;f;if ve;j xU ehspYk; Kbayhk;. Mjyhy; , kf;fs; ,d;W jk;kplk;
cs;s nry;tk; epiyaw;wJ vd cah;e;J jk;khy; ,ad;w msT mwr;nray;fis
tpiue;J nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,iwtd; cyf kf;fs; xt;nthUtUk; vt;tsT ehs;fs;
tho Ntz;Lk; vd tFj;Js;shd;. mf;fhyj;jpw;F mg;ghy; ahuhYk; jg;gp tho
KbahJ. ,d;W nry;tk; ngw;wpUg;gth; kWehNs jkJ ,y;yj;jpy; rhTg;giw
Koq;fyhk; vd czh;e;J ,d;Nw mr;nry;tj;ij ViofSf;Ff; nfhLj;J cjt
Ntz;Lk;.
,sik epiyahik
$d; tise;J, jiy eLq;fp, jbapid Cd;wp elf;fpwhs; Kjpats; xUj;jp.
,tSk; ,sikapy; fz;Nlhh; tpaf;Fk; nja;tg; ngz;zhf ,Ue;jpUg;ghs;. moFk; ,
,sikAk; epiyj;J epy;yhjJ vd;gijidf; fhl;LfpwJ.
“jhohj; jsuhj; jiyeLq;fhj; jz;L Xd;wh
tPoh ,wf;Fk; ,ts;kl;Lk; fho;,yh
kk;kunfhs; khe;jh;f;F mzq;fhLk; jd;dfr; Nfhy;
mk;kidf; Nfhy; Mfpa Qhd;W ”2
vd;w ghlypd; top mwpayhk;.
fLq;fhw;W mbf;Fk;NghJ Kjph;e;j goq;fy; cjph;fpd;wd. gpQ;RfSk; cjph;e;J
gpLjy; cz;L.$w;Wtd; Kjpatiu kl;Lky;yhJ ,isQiuAk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJz;L.
mjdhy; ehk; ,isQh; gpd;dhy; mwk; nra;J nfhs;syhk; vd;W fhyk; jho;j;j
Ntz;lhk;. vdNt ,g;NghNj mwk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij,
“kw;Wthk; ey;tpid ahk;,isNahk; vd;dhJ
ifj;Jz;lhk; Ngho;Nj futhJ mwk;nra;k;kpd;
Kw;wp apue;j fdpnahopaj jPtspahy;
ew;fha; cjph;jYk; cz;L”3
tpsf;FfpwJ. vdNt ,sikapNyNa mwk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ahf;ifepiyahik
gpwg;G cz;nld;why; ,wg;Gk; cz;L. gpwe;jth; ahtUk; ,we;J jhd; Mf
Ntz;Lk;. ,ij ahuhYk; jtph;f;f ,ayhjJ. xU ehs; fope;jJ vd;why; tho;ehspy;
xU gFjp Fiwe;jJ vd;W nghUs;. epiyahik vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; ts;StUk;
capiug; gwitf;F xg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;fpwhh;. Kl;ilf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fU chpa fhyk;
te;j NghJ Kl;il jdpj;J fpilf;Fk;. ,J Nghd;w cwT jhd; clk;Gf;Fk;
capUf;Fk; ,ilNa ,Uf;fpwJ. nry;tk;, ,sik, ahf;if Mfpatw;wpd;
epiyahikia cah;e;J nra;Ak; mwj;jpd; gad; kpfg;nghpaJ. kpfr; rpwpa Myk;
tpij tsh;e;J kukhfpg; nghpa epoiyj; jUk;. mJNghy jFjpAilath;fFr; nra;Ak;
mwKk; msthy; rpwpajhapDk; mjd; gad; thdj;ij tplg; nghpajhfp tsh;e;J
epw;fpwJ.
kioePhpy; Njhd;Wk; ePh;f;Fkpop Nghd;W Njhd;wp clNd kiwAk; jd;ikf;
nfhz;lJ ,t;Tly;. ,t;Tz;ikia cah;e;J jk; ,sikg;gUtj;jpNyNa mwq;fs; gy
nra;J mwnewpapy; epd;W tPLNgW ngw KaYjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid
“ahf;ifia ahg;Gilj;jha; ngw;wth;jhk; ngw;w
ahf;ifah thagad; nfhs;f”4
vd;w thpahdJ $WfpwJ.
tPl;by; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ Nfl;Fk; kzg;giwapd; xypahdJ ePq;fp
rhTg;giwapd; xypAk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nfl;Fk;. MfNt kdpjd; ,e;j clk;G epiyahdJ
vd;W vz;zhky; thOk; fhyj;jpy; gpwUf;F ey;yJ nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kdjpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nghiwAilik
ed;F fw;W mwpa Ntz;baij mwpe;J mlf;fk; cilatuha;, gag;gl
Ntz;bajw;Fg; gae;J, ek;ik ,fo;gth;fisAk; jPik nra;gtiuAk; nghWj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; jkf;F jFe;jthW chpa nray;fis cyfk; kfpOkhW
nra;J, mjdhy; milaj;jFk; gaidg; ngw;W ,dpikNahL tho;gthpd; tho;f;ifapy;
Jd;gk; vd;gNj ,y;iy vd;gij,
“NgijNahb ahJk; ciuaw;f Ngij
Ciug;gpw; rpije; Jiuf;Fk; tifahd
tOf;fpf; fopjNy ed;W ”5
vd;w ghlypd; %yk; mwptpy;yhjtd; Kiw jtwpj; jtwhfg; NgrpdhYk; mtDld;
Ngrhky; Kbe;jtiuapy; mtidtpl;L eP tpyfp ,Ug;gNj cdf;F ed;ikiaj; jUk;.
“epiwAilik ePh;ikAilik njhilNa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
6
nghiwAilik ngha;ik Gyhw;fz;”
vd;w nghiwAilikapd; khz;ig Vyhjp ciuf;fpwJ.
mwd; typAWj;jy;
gpwUf;F cjtp nta;tjhy; kdkhdJ ,jkhd ,d;gj;ij mDgtpf;fpwJ.
kdpj Fyj;jpDila khz;Gfspy; rpwe;jtw;wpy; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ gpwh; kPJ ,uf;fk;
nfhs;tJ MFk;. ,d;iwa #oypy; midj;J Fzq;fSk; RUq;fpf; nfhz;Nl
tUfpd;wd. Gfo; ghuhl;Lf;fhf vd;W ,y;yhky; kdg;G+h;tkhd cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Mh;tk; tuNtz;Lk;. mopa $ba cliyf; nfhz;L mopahjr; nray;fisr;
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij;>
“mUk; ngwy; ahf;ifiag; ngw;wgaj;jhy;
ngUk; gaDk; Mw;wNtnfhs;f-fUk;GCh;e;j
rhWNghy rhyTk; gpd;cjtpkw;W mjd;
NfhJNghy; NghFk; clk;G ”7
vd;fpwJ ehybahh;. clk;ghy; gaDila mwr;nray;fis nra;J Kbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ.
xOf;fk;
rhd;Nwhh;fs; ahNuDk; ekJ ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jhy; mth;fisg; ghh;j;jJk;
khpahijapd; epkpj;jkhf ek; ,Uf;ifia tpl;L vOtJk; mth;fis tuNtw;gjw;fhf
vjpNu nry;tJk; kw;Wk; mth;fSf;F tpil nfhLg;gjw;fhf mth;fNshL nry;YjYk;
Mfpa ,e;ew;gz;Gfis ew;Fbapd;fz; gpwe;jth;fs; filgpbf;fpd;wd. ,g;gz;Gfis
gpd;gw;whjth;fsplk; ve;jtpj xOf;fj;ijAk; fhz ,ayhJ vd;gij
“,Uf;if voYk; vjph;nryTk; Vid
tpLg;g copjNyh bd;d-Fbg;gpwe;jhh;
Fd;wh xOf;fkhff; nfhz;lhh; fatNuhL
xd;wh czuw;ghw; wd;W”8
,g;ghly; jUk; tpsf;fkhFk;.
fhpfhyd; kd;dd; $l jd;id ehb te;jth;fis tuNtw;W cgrhpj;J
topaDg;Gk; Kiwapid nghUeh; Mw;Wg;gil gjpT nra;Js;shh;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fSk; jkJ tho;tpay; xOf;fj;jpd; Nkd;ikiaNa ed;F czh;j;jpAs;sij
mwpa KbfpwJ.
rpdkpd;ik
nghWik xUtid typik cilatdhf Mf;FfpwJ vd;W $wyhk;.
MNuhf;fpakhd kdpj cwTfs; tho;tpy; ntw;wpf;fhd mbj;jsk;. jk;NkhL xg;G


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,y;yhj gz;gw;w rpwpNahh; fLQ;nrhw;fshy; jpl;Lk; NghJ cah;e;Njhh; Nth;j;Jg;
gjpYf;F ntFskhl;lhh;. Mdhy; fPNohh; nrtpkLj;jfLk; nrhy;iy kdj;jpy;
mirg;Nghl;L epidj;Jg; ghh;j;J Chpy; cs;s gyUk; Nfl;Fk;gb nrhy;ypr; Rth;
Kjypatw;wpy; mbj;J Nkhjp Js;spf; Fjpj;Jj; J}zpd; NkYk; Kl;Lth; vd;gij
“Neh;j;Jepfh; my;yhh; ePh; my;ynrhy;ypf;fhy;
Nth;j;JntFshh; tpOkpNahh; Xh;j;Jmjid
xs;sj;jhd; cs;sp ciuj;J cuha; Ch;Nfl;g
Js;sp J}z;Kl;Lkhhl; fPo;”9
vd;W ehybahh; $Wfpd;wJ.
fy;tp
xU kdpjid mofhff; fhl;lf;$baJ fy;tpNa MFk;. Gw moFfs; my;y.
mfj;ij eLepiyikf;Ff; nfhz;LtUk; fy;tp moNf moNf MFk;.
‘fy;tpfiu ,y; fw;gth; ehs; rpy’10
vd;w thpfSf;Nfw;g thof;$ba ehl;fspNy ey;ydtw;iwj; njhpTr; nra;J fw;wy;
gpwe;j gpwg;gpw;Fg; gaDilajhf mikAk;. jhd; kfpo;r;rp miltjw;Ff; fhuzkhd
fy;tpahy; cyfKk; ,d;GWtijf; fz;L fw;wwpe;j mwpQh; Nkd;NkYk; mf;fy;tpia
tpUk;Gth; vd;gij ts;Sth;,
“jhk;,d; GWtJcyF,d; Gwf;fz;L
fhKWth; fw;wwpe; jhh;”11
vd;fpwhh;. ,aw;f;ifahfNt xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fk; mwpthw;wy; epiwe;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ. xU kdpjd; ngWfpd;w cyf mDgtq;fspypUe;J mwpAk; Mw;wiyg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhd;. mij NkYk; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s fy;tp cjTfpwJ.
“gpr;irGf;F MapDk; fw;wy; kpf ,dpNj
ey;rigapy; iff;nfhLj;jy; rhyTk; Kd;,dpNj”12
vd fw;wypd; ,dpikia rpwg;ig ,dpaitehw;gJ Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kf;fshfg;
gpwe;Njhh; midtUk; ,t;Tyfj;J ,aw;ifapid cs;sthW czh;e;J njspe;J
jk;Kila kdj;ijg; gz;gLj;jp cliyAk; capiuAk; xd;Wgl;L tho;thq;F
tho;tjw;Ff; fy;tp mwpT ,d;wpaikahjJ Ntz;lg;gLfpwJ.
fy;tp vd;gJ rpy epfo;r;rpfisAk; nghUs;fisAk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk;
mwptJ khj;jpuk; md;W. Cf;fKk; kfpo;r;rpAk; tpisj;J cs;sj;ijg; gz;gLj;jp
cah;e;j vz;zq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;J cah;newpapy; nrYj;JtNj cz;ikahd
fy;tpahFk; vd;W $Wk; ehl;lhh; Iah mth;fspd; fUj;J ek; rpe;jidiaj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
J}z;lty;yjhFk;. (Nguh.gp.tpUj;jhryk; rpe;jidr;Rlh;. gf;-52,53)13 jdpkdpjdpd;
kdj;jpy; mikjp jto Ntz;Lkhdhy; fy;tp mtrpakhFk;.
<if
,ug;ghh;f;nfd;W <jy;; <jy; mth; Ntz;LtJ <jy;. mth; Nfl;gjw;F
Kd;ghfNt mth; Kff;Fwpg;G mwpe;J vt;tifg; gaDk; fUjhJ <tNj <if.
,j;jifa gz;Gfs; xUq;F Nrh;e;jNj <if mwkhFk;. tho;tpay; mwq;fs; gy
,Ue;jhYk; twpath;fSf;F nfhLf;Fk; rpwe;j gz;Ng <ifahFk;. vt;tpj vjph;g;ghh;g;Gk;
jpUk;gg;ngWk; jz;ikAk; mw;wJ <if. jha; ,oe;jgps;is, kidtpia ,oe;j
jiytd;, tha; Ngr Kbahj Cikfs;, thzpfk; nra;J jd;nghUis ,oe;jth;fs;,
czT cz;gjw;Nf MjuT ,y;yhjth;fs,; ghh;itaw;wth;fs; ,th;fNs <jYf;F
chpath;fshf mw,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;bUg;gpDk; ek;Kila Kd;Ndhh;fs;
vt;tpjg;ghFghLkpd;wp midj;J caph;fSf;Fk; <if nra;j nra;jpfs;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzkhfr; nrhd;dhy; gyk; epiwe;j ghhpapd; nry;tq;fis %Nte;jh;fSk;
Nrh;e;J Nghh; nra;J nty;yf; fUjpdhYk; KbahJ. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gg; nghUe;jpa
ghhp, rpwpa ahio kPl;b ,irg;ghb tUk; ghzh;fSf;F ehl;ilAk; Fd;iwAk; Nrh;j;J
ghprhfj; je;jhd; vd;gij,
‘tpiuxyp $e;jy; Ek; tpwypah; gpd;tu
MbdPh; ghbdPh; nrypNd’14
vd;w GwehD}W ghly; mbfs; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
jk;kplk; nghUs; ,y;yhj NghJk; jk;ik ehb ,ue;J Nfl;gth;fSf;F
,y;iynad;W $whky; jk;khy; ,ad;w msT nghUs; cilath; Nghd;W nghpJk;
kfpo;e;J nfhilj;jd;ik nfhz;l <iff;Fzk; cilatiu thDyfj;Njth;fSk;
Nghw;Wth;.
<if vd;gjw;F ,z;lq;nfhb, fw;gfkuk;, fhil, nfhil, nghd;, Kfpy;,
tz;ik, ,y;yhik, <jy;, nfhLj;jy; vd;W nghUs; jUfpwJ nka;ag;gd; jkpo;
mfuhjp.(g.168)15
CUf;Fs;Ns Xh; cah;e;j ,lj;jpy; vy;NyhUk; te;J gad; ngw;Wr; nry;YkhW
fha;j;Jf; FYq;Fk; gaDila gidkuk; Nghd;wth;fs; gyUk; tpUk;gp te;J gad;
ngWk;gb gpwh;f;F cjtp tho;fpd;w nghpNahh;fs; Mth;. mg;gb ,y;yhJ kpfg; nghpa
msT nry;tr;rpwg;gpUe;Jk; gpwUf;F cjtp thohjth;fs; xUtUf;Fk; gad;glhJ
CUf;F ntspNa RLfhl;by; ,Uf;Fk; ntw;Wg;gidkuk; Nghd;wth;fshth;. vdNt
nry;tk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ gyUf;Fk; gad;gLk;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“eLT+Us; Ntjpif Rw;wf;Nfhl; Gf;f
gLgid ad;dh; gyh;er;r tho;thh;
FbnfhOj;jf; fz;Zq; nfhLj;Jz;zh khf;fs;
,Lfhl;Ld; xw;iwg; gid”16
vd;w ehybahh; ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,f;fUj;jpw;F Vw;g ts;Sth; gpwUf;F cjtp
nra;tdplj;jpy; nry;tk; cz;lhFkhdhy; m/J Chpd; eLNt cs;s gad; kpf;f
kuj;jhy; gok; gOj;jJ Nghd;wjhFk; vd;W,
‘gad;kuk; cs;Sh;g; gOj;jw;why; nry;tk;
eaDil ahd;fz; gbd;’17
vd;W Fws; top mwpTWj;Jfpwhh;.
jw;ngUik Ntz;lhk;
gzpTk; mlf;fKk; nghpNahUf;F chpa ngUikfs;. gzpTilik xd;wpw;F
chpik cilauha; mlq;fp ,Uf;Fk; mlf;fKilik. jd;idg; gw;wp gpwh; jhd;
ey;ytpjkhfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. jhNd jd;idg; gw;wp ngUikg; Ngrpf;
nfhs;sf;$lhJ. vkf;F epfuhdth; vtUk; ,y;iy vd;W jkf;Fj; jhNk ngUik
Ngrpf; nfhs;tJ rpwg;G md;W. mwd; mwpAk; rhd;Nwhh; gyh; xUth; jk; mUik
mwpe;J nghpajhfg; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gyuhy; Nghw;wg; ngWgtNu nghpNahh;
vd;gij,
“vk;ik mwpe;jpyph; vk;Nghy;thh; ,y;vd;W
jk;ikj; jhNk nfhs;tJNfhs; md;Wjk;ik
mhpauhNehf;fpmwd; mwpAk; rhd;Nwhh;
nghpahuhf; nfhs;tJNfhs;”18
vd;fpwJ ehybahh;.
el;ghuha;jy;
ek; tho;f;ifapd; cah;Tf;Fk; jho;Tf;Fk; fhuzkhf mikaf; $bath;fs;
ez;gh;fs;. vj;jifa el;igg; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk;. ahUila el;ig ePf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tho;T rpwf;f top $WfpwJ ehybahh;. ahidia xj;jth; el;gpid ePf;Ff. ehiag;
Nghd;wth; el;gpidg; Nghw;Wf vd;Dk; ez;giuj; Njh;e;njLf;f top $WfpwJ.
ahid jpdk; jdf;F czT nfhLf;Fk; ghfd; VNjDk; xUehs; jtW
nra;apd; mtidNa mopj;JtpLk;. vt;tsT cah;e;j kdpjDk; VNjDk; jtW nra;af;
$Lk;. Mjyhy; xUtd; jhd; nra;j cjtpapid cs;sj;jpy; nfhz;L jPq;F
nra;jhYk; nghUl;gLj;jhj xUtidNa jd; ez;gdhff; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjtpfs; gy nra;jhYk; xUNghJk; nra;j jPq;fpidNa fUj;jpw;nfhz;L fhyk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghh;j;J mopg;gtd; ahid Nghd;wtd;. vdNt ahid Nghd;wtd; el;gpid ePf;f
Ntz;Lk;. xUNtis cztpl;lhYk; mijNa epidj;jpUf;Fk; eha; me;j ed;wpia
kwthJ. me;j ehia Nty; nfhz;L vwpe;jhYk; thiyf; Fioj;Jf; nfhz;L epw;Fk;.
mg;gbg;gl;lthpd; el;gpidNa Nghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W thybahh; $WfpwJ.
“ahid ahidath; ez;nghhP, ehaidahh;
Nfz;ik nfoP,f; nfhsy; Ntz;Lk; ahid
mwpe;jwpe;Jk; ghfidNa nfhy;Yk; vwpe;jNty;
nka;ajh thy;Fiof;Fk; eha;”19
%tif kuq;fis ctikahf;fp %tif kf;fspd; gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;
ehybahh; ghly; eaKilaJ. gz;gpyhkf;fs; ehs;NjhWk; ePh; gha;r;rg; gad;jUk;
fKf kuj;ij xg;gh;. ,ilg;gl;lth; tpl;Ltpl;L ePh;gha;r;rg; gad;jUk; njd;id kuj;ij
xg;gh;. tpijapl;l ehspy; ePh; gl;ljd;wp jhNd tsh;e;J gad;jUk; gidkuk; xg;gh;
vd;W ctikahf fPo;tUk; ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
“filahahh; el;gpw; fKfidahh; Vid
,ilahahh; njq;fpd; midah; jiyahahh;
vz;zUk; ngz;izNghd;W ,l;lQhd;W ,l;lNj
njhd;ik Ailahh; njhlh;G ”20
gpwd;kid eathik
xUtDf;F xUj;jp vd;gNj jkpoh; gz;ghL. gpwh; kid eag;gJ jkpo;
gz;ghl;Lf;F khWgl;lJ. gpwh;kid eag;gjhy; tUk; mr;rk; nghpaJ. Mjyhy; ey;Nyh;
gpwh; kidtpia tpUk;gkhl;lhh;. gpwh; kidtpia tpUk;Gthhplk; mwk; , Gfo;, el;G,
ngUik ,e;ehd;Dk; te;J NruhJ. gif, gop, ghtk;, mr;rk; Mfpa ehd;Fk;
Nrh;tdthFk; vd;gij,
“mwk;Gfo; Nfz;ik ngUikapw; ehd;Dk;
gpwd;jhuk; er;Rthh;r; Nruh gpwd;jhuk;
er;Rthh;r; NrUk; gifgop ghtk;nkd;
wr;rj;Njh be;ehw; nghUs;”21
ehybahh; ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ. mwj;jpd; vy;iyj;jhz;b jtWfisr; nra;jhYk;
nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; khw;whd; chpikf;F cl;gl;l xUj;jpapd; ngz;ikia tpUk;Gjy;
ngUk; ghtkhFk;.
KbTiu
mw,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehybahh; kpfTk; Nkd;ikahd rpe;jidfisAk;
fUj;Jf;fisAk; nfhz;l E}yhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ehybahh; jdp kdpjd; vg;gb


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwj;NjhL tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; rpwe;j eilr;rpwg;gpidAila
,f;fl;Liuapy; kdpj tho;tpw;F Ntz;ba ePjpfSk; rpwe;j newpahf;fk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ey;y FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;ghh;fs;. mg;gbahd ,y;ywj;jpw;F toptFf;f$ba
kdpjdpd; xOf;fk;, nry;tk; epiyahik, ,sikepiyahik, fy;tp, el;G, xOf;fk;
Mfpa mwgz;Gfis xU kdpjDf;F vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyghLfis
rpwe;j Kiwapy; vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. mwk; nghUe;jpa tho;Nt ,d;gk; jUk;. ,aw;if
jd;epiyapy; khwhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; kdpjd; mwepiy jtwhky; tho
Ntz;Lk;. ,ijNa gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. ehyb-gh-1
2. ehyb-gh-14
3. ehyb-gh-19
4. ehyb-gh-28
5 ehyb-gh-71
6 Vyhjp-gh-5
7 ehyb-gh-34
8 ehyb-gh-143
9. ehyb-gh-64
10. ehyb-gh-135
11. jpUf;Fws;-Fws;-399
12. ,dpaitehw;gJ-gh-1
13. rpe;jidr;Rlh;-gf;-52,53
14. Gwk;-gh-109
15. jkpo; mfuhjp-g-168
16. ehyb-gh-96
17. jpUf;Fws;-Fws;-216
18. ehyb-gh-165
19.ehyb-gh-213
20.ehyb-gh-216
21.ehyb-gh-82
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;. gjpndz;fPof;;fzf;F E}y;fs;. nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk; nrd;id.
2. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;. fof ntspaPL nrd;id.
3. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; %yKk; njspTiuAk;- th;j;jkhd gjpg;gfk; nrd;id.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
4. Nguh.gp.tpUj;jhryk; rpe;jhkzpr;Rlh;. gf;-52, 53.
5. jpUf;Fws;. ypNahGf; b];bhp gpA+l;lh;];. nrd;id.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
GwehD}w;wpy; kwg;ngz;fs;
k.kyh;>
cjtpg;Nguhrphh;> jkpo;j;Jiw>
mjpakhd; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp>
rPdpthrhefh;>
Cj;jq;fiu.
njhlf;fk;
jkpohpd; tho;f;if tPuKk; fhjYk; epuk;gg;ngw;wJ vd; gij rq;f ,yf;fpag;
ghly;fs; giwrhw;Wtjha; mike;Js;sJ. mj;jifa rq;f E}y;fspy; gjpndz;
Nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; gjpndl;lDs; vl;Lj;njhifAs; FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz>
Iq;FWE}W> fypj;njhif> mfehD}W> kw;Wk; ghpghlYk; mfg;nghUs; rhh;e;J
mike;Js;sd. mijg;Nghyg; gj;Jg;ghl;Ls; Ky;iyg;ghl;L> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L>
gl;bdg;ghiy> neLey;thil KjypadTk; mfk; njhlh;ghditNa. ,jpypUe;J
gjpndl;L E}y;fSs; nrk;ghjp mfKk; GwKk; cs;sJ vd;gJ njspT.
mf E}yhdJ vg;gb jiytd;> jiytp ,UthpilNa Vw;gLfpd;w
cs;sf;fpsh;r;rp> clw;fpsh;r;rp mjw;F cWJizaha; ,Uf;fpd;w> Njhopah; $l;lk;>
FLk;g mikg;G> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> fw;gid> ctik ,itnay;yhk; ,ize;J
mWRit Cl;LtJ Nghd;W GwE}y;fs; murpay;> rKjhak;> fy;tp> ehfhpfk;> gz;ghL>
fiy> tPuk;> nfhil> Mil> mzp> gof;f tof;fk;> thzpfk;> ngz;fspd; epiy>
mth;fspd; tPuk;> tPuj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; Kjypait gw;wpAk; tphpthf
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ.
mj;jifa GwE}y;fSs; xd;whd GwehD}w;wpypUe;J ngz;fspd; tPu
czh;itAk; murDk; ngz;ikf;F cah;T nfhLj;J Nghw;wpa tpjj;ijAk; Muha;tNj
,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhf mike;Js;sJ.
thSk; khh;Gk;
ngz;fs; Nkd;ikiag; Nghh;itahf;fp cs;Ns tPuj;ij mlf;fp ,Uj;jiyg;
GwehD}W ghly;fs; njspthf;fpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
Nghh; vd;W te;jhYk; kuzk; vd;W te;jhYk; Xh; Mz; kfd; ngwNtz;baJ
xd;W tPuj;jpd; tpisr;ryhd ntw;wp ,y;iyNay; tPukuzk;. tho;e;jhYk; tPo;e;jhYk;
tPuj;ij ikakpl;ljhf mikaNtz;Lk;. ,JNt tPuj; jkpoDf;F kl;Lky;y
tPuj;jkpor;rpf;Fk; tho;f;if newpahf ,Ue;jJ.
xU kwj;jkpod; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; gifth; thshy; ntl;Lz;L ,we;Jtpl;lhd;.
mtd; ,we;j nra;jpiag; Nghhpdpd;W Chpy; te;Njhh; kwj;jkpodpd; jhaplk; “epd;
kfd; giftNuhL Nghhpl;L GwKJFfhl;b khz;lhd;” vd;W $wpdh;. mJ Nfl;l jha;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
neUg;gpypl;l GOg;Nghyj; Jbj;J jd; fz;fisj; jPnao Nehf;fpf; nfhz;Nl jdJ
fhy;fisg; Nghh;f;fsk; Nehf;fp nry;y Mizapl;lhs;. mt;tajhd %jhl;b vd; kfd;
gifth;f;Fg; GwKJFfhl;b ,we;jhd; vd;why; mtd; tha; itj;Jz;l vd; khh;ig
mwpj;njwpNtd; vd;W tQ;rpdk; $wpf;nfhz;Nl thnshL gpzq;fisg; Gul;bg; ghh;j;J
ctif mile;jhs;.
Nghhpdhy; mikjp fpilf;fhJ vd;w fUj;J xUGwKk;> jd;epiyAk;>
vy;iyAk; tphptile;jhy; ngUikAk; GfOk; caUk; vd;w epiyAk;
gz;ilf;fhye;njhl;Nl ,Ue;JthpDk;> ngz;fSk; ,jw;F khwhdth;fsha; xU NghJk;
epy;yhky; Nghh; mwj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. kwf;Fbiar; Nrh;e;j nfhf;fpd; rpwF Nghd;w
ntz;ikahd eiuj;j $e;jiyAila kwf;Fy Kjpatspd; kfd; jd;Nky; gha;e;j
fspw;wpidf; nfhd;W mtDk; ,we;Jgl;L tPo;e;jhd; vd;w nra;jpiaf; Nfl;l jha;
mtid <d;w nghOjpidf; fhl;bYk; ngU kfpo;r;rpaile;jhs;. ,jid jpUts;StUk;
"<d;w nghOjpd; nghpJctf;Fk; jd;kfidr;
rhd;Nwhd; vdf;Nfl;l jha;" - (Fws;.69)

vd;W $WtjpypUe;J ngz;fs; tPukpf;ftuhf ,Ue;jpUg;gJ mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
,ijNghyNt GwehD}w;wpYk; tPungz; xUj;jp jd; tPuj;ij mts; fz;zPh; thd;
kioapDk; kpFjp vd;gij>
"kPd; cz; nfhf;fpd; J}tp md;d
thy; eiuf; $e;jy;> KjpNahs; rpWtd;
fspW vwpe;J gl;ldd; vd;Dk; ctif
<d;w Qhd;wpDk; nghpNj"- (Gwk;- 277)
vDk; ghly; Rl;LfpwJ.
,NjNghy; fhf;if ghbdpahh; er;nrs;isahUk; Kfj;jpYk; kh;gpYk; mk;gpd;Gz;
gl;L ,we;j kfidf; fz;L kfpo;e;j jhapd; epiyia tpthpj;Js;shh;. mit>
"euk;ngoe; Jywpa epuk;gh nkd;Nwhs;>
Kshp kUq;fpd;> KjpNahs; rpWtd;
Gil mope;J> khwpdd; vd;Wgyh; $w
KiymWj; jpLntd; ahnddr; rpid,f;
Nfhz;l thnahL gLgpzk;. (Gwk;. 278)
NkYk; kw;nwhUjha; jd; kfd; Nghh;fsj;jpy; ,we;jhd; vd;w nra;jp mwpe;J
Nghh;fsk; Nehf;fpr; nrd;whs;. mq;Nf tPo;e;J fplf;Fk; tPuhpilNa mts; kfd;
rpwg;Gwg; nghUjjd; gadhf cly; rpijf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ fz;L rpwg;Gila mtd;ghy;
cs;sk; fiue;jhs;. md;gpd; Kjph;tpy; tw;wp thba mts; khh;gpy; ghy; Rue;jJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fly;fpsh;e; jd;d fl;^h; ehg;gz;
nte;Jtha; kbj;J Nty;jiyg; ngahp>
NjhL cifj;J vOj&c> Jwe;j vwp Qhl;gpd;> (Gwk;.295)
vd xsitahh; $Wfpd;whh;.
%jpd; kfsph;
khrhj;jpah; vd;w ngz; Gyth; Nghh;fhyr; #oypy; kwf;Fyg; ngz;zpd;
tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;wpUe;jhh;. mg;NghJ kwg;ngz;zpd; tPl;bw;F mUfpy; nrUg;giw
Koq;fpa rj;jk; Nfl;lJ. mijf; Nfl;lTld; me;j kwg;ngz; Xbr;nrd;W tPjpapy;
tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;j ghy; kdk; khwhj gps;isia mioj;J mtdJ jiyapy;
vz;iza; jltpf; FLkpahf;fp ,ilapy; Mil mzptpj;Jf; ifapy; xU Ntiyf;
nfhLj;J Kjy; ehs; ele;j Nghhpy; gifth;fisj; jk; ehl;bd; Mepiufisf;
fth;e;jth;fNshL epd; je;ij Nghhpl;L tPu kuzk; mile;jhh;. mJ Nghf mjd; Kjy;
ehs; jikaDk; Kd;dhs; ngUq;fsp;W jidf;nfhd;W jhDk; ,we;Jtpl;lhh;.
mj;jifa rpwg;Gila FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtd; eP vd;W $wp mtidg; Nghh;f;fsk;
Gwg;glr; nra;jhs; xU jha;.
xUthpd; tho;tpy; vQ;rp epw;gJ Gfo;jhd;. jhd; kha;e;jhYk; jd; Gfo; epiyf;f
tho;tNj tho;T vd;gijg; GwehD}W Kjd;ikahfg; Nghw;wp epw;fpd;wJ. kwf;Fbapy;
gpwe;j Mz;fSf;Nf my;yhky; ngz;fSf;Fk; tPuk; cz;L vd;gij xNu kfd;
vd;Wk; ghuhky;> rpWFoe;ij vd;Wk; ghuhky; nrUKfk; mDg;Gk; JzpTs;sk; nfhz;l
,g;ngz;zpd; rpe;jidia Xf;$h; khrhj;jpahh; $Wk; ghly; ,Njh
nfLf rpe;ij fbjpt JzpNt
%jpd; kfsp uhj wFNk
Nkdh Sw;w nrUtpw; fptts; jd;id
ahid nawpe;J fsj;njhope; jdNd
neUeYw;w nrUtpw; fpts; nfhOed; - (Gwk; -279)
,t;thW nray;gl kwg;ngz;zpd; rpe;ijiaAk; JzpitAk; ,g;ghly; top
ca;j;Jzu Kbfpd;wJ.
rpWgps;isahf ,Ue;jNghJ ghy; cz;zhky; kWj;J Nfhy; nfhz;L Xr;rpa
kfd;> ,e;epiyapy; giftUld; Nghh;Ghpe;J ahidia tPo;j;jp> jd;khh;gpd; kPJ
ijj;Js;s mk;gpidf; fz;L vg;NghJ gha;e;jJ? Vd; Nflak; fPNo tpOe;J fplf;f
mjd;Nky; fple;j kfdpd; tPu ciuiaf; fz;L ngUkpjk; nfhs;Sk; tPuj;jhapd;
epiyia>
cd;dpyd; vd;Dk; Gz;xd;W mk;G
khd; cis md;d FLkpj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Njhy;kpirf; fple;j Gy;mz NyhNd (Gwk; -310)
caphpDk; Nkyhf murdhy; kjpf;fg;gl;l jd; kfd;> ed;wp fldhf ,d;Dk; jd;
capiuj; jUtjw;Fhpa fhyk; tutpy;iyNa vd;W JzpT nfhz;l ngz; xUj;jp
ghLtjhf xsit ghba ghly;>
nts;is nts; ahl;Lr; nrr;ir Nghyj;
jd; Xh; md;d ,isah; ,Ug;g>
gyh; kPJ ePl;ba kz;il vd; rpWtid (Gwk;.286)
xU ngz; jd; fztd; Nghh;fsj;jpy; Nghhpl;L ,we;jhd; vd;w nra;jp
Nfl;lTld; me;j ngz; Nghh;fsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W tPug;Nghh; Ghpe;J tPo;e;jpUg;ghdhf
vd;W vz;zp Nghh;fsj;jpy; mtdJ cliy Gul;bg;Gul;b ghh;j;J khh;gpy; Gz; gl;L
,we;jpUg;gij mwpe;J Nghh;fsj;jpy; FUjp tbAk; jdJ fztdpd; cliy khh;NghL
jOtp kfpo;e;j ngz;zpd; czh;it fohj;jiyahh; ghba ghly;>
kz; nfhs thpe;j ite; Ejp kUg;gpd;
mz;zy; ey; Vw ,uz;L cld; kLj;J>
ntd;wjd; gr;ir rPthJ Nghh;j;j - (Gwk;.288)
eLfy; topghl;by; nghJik
ew;Fbapy; gpwe;j ,seq;if xUj;jp ehs;NjhWk; jtwhky; eLfy; topghl;il
nghJik Nehf;fpy; epfo;j;Jjiy> ms;Sh; ed;Ky;iyahh; ghlypy; Gyg;gLfpwJ.
tpUe;J vjph; ngWfjpy; ahNd> vd;idAk;
X .....Nte;jndhL
ehLjU tpUg;gif va;Jf vdNt (Gwk; 306)
tpUe;jpdh;fis vjph;nfhz;L tuNtw;W cgrhpf;Fk; ,dpa ,y;ywk; jdf;Fk;>
gifntd;W> Gfo; ngw;W ehL fhf;f thOk; ew;NgW jd; fztDf;Fk; ehlhSk;
Nte;jDf;Fk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf cah;e;j cs;sk; nfhz;l kwf;Fbg;
ngz;zpd; tPuTzh;T GydhfpwJ.
xsitAk; mjpaDk;
ngz;Gj;jp vd;gJ mwpahikia tpsf;FtJ md;W. gpd;dhy; elg;gij Kd;Ng
czh;e;J $WtjhFk;. mjdhy; jhd; ek;ehl;L gonkhopAk; "ngz;Gj;jp gpd;Gj;jp"
vd;W ngz;ikiag; ghuhl;baJ. mjid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd. mjpad; mt;itiag; ghuhl;ba tpjq;fs;
,j;jifadthFk;.
mjpakhd; jUkGhpiaj; jiyefuhf;fp Ml;rp Ghpe;J te;jhd;. Xsitapd;
Gyik eyj;ij mjpakhDk;> mjpakhdpd; ts;sy; jd;ikia mt;itahUk;
mwpe;jpUe;jd. xsitahiuj; jd; muz;kidf;F tutioj;Jg; gy fhyk; jd;NdhL


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Uj;jp itj;J mthpd; jkpo;g;Gyikiag; gUf epidj;j mjpadpd; vz;zk; mwpahj
xsitahh; ghprpy; ju fhyk; ePbj;jij vz;zp tUe;jp thapy; fhtydplk; cd;
murd; jd;Dila juj;ijAk; vd;Dila jFjpiaAk; kwe;jdthf cs;shd;.
kpfg;nghpa ts;sy; jd;ik cila nghpNahh; ,Ug;gjhy; ,e;j cyfkhdJ
mope;Jtpltpy;iy. mjpadplk; nrhy;Yq;fs; ehq;fs; vj;jpirr; nrd;whYk; vq;fSf;F
czT fpilf;Fk;. vdf;F tpilj;ju fhy ePl;bj;jhy; jFjpahd nray; md;W vd;W
gakpd;wpf; $wpdhh;.
"thapNyhNa! thapNyhNa!
ts;spNahh; nrtpKjy; taq;Fnkhop tpj;jpj;jhk;" (Gwk;-206)

,t;thW rq;f fhy kfsph; midtUk; tPuKilath;fsfs cs;sdh; vd;gij mwpa
KbfpwJ.
KbTiu
Mz;fSf;F moF tPuk; vd;w fUj;ij Nghy ngz;fSk; tPuj;ij
caph;%r;rhff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpa ghd;ikia mwpa ,aYfpwJ. ,yf;fpaq;fs;
ngz;fisr; rpwg;gpj;jij NghyNt jw;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; fy;tp nry;tq;fspy;
rpwe;jth;fshfTk; tPuj;jpy; rpwe;jth;fshfTk; ,Ug;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ngz;fs;
mwptpd; ,Ug;;gplk;> Mw;wypd; ciwtplk;> rpe;jidapd; Cw;W> ,t;thW vy;yhk;
rhd;Nwhh;;fs; Gfo;tJ ngz;fspd; rpwg;Gfis czh;e;Nj vd;gJ ,f;fl;Liuapy;
njspthFk;.
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. ghpkzk;.m.kh - GwehD}W>
epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T];>
nrd;id – 600 098.
2. tujuhrd;.K - jpUf;Fws;>
irtrpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;G fofk;>
kWgjpg;G- 204.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhyk; NjhWk; kfspupd; gzpfs;
Kidth;. t.khypf;
rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}hp>
jpUney;Ntyp.
Kd;Diu
fw;wwpUe;j kf;fspilNa kfspH Fwpj;j xUtif tpopg;GzHT> ngz;fs; Fwpj;j
r%f czHT Mfpad mz;ika Mz;Lfspy; tYg;ngw;W tUfpd;wd. ngz;fSf;F
Mz;fSk;> r%fKk; Ja;fF
; k; cupikfs; midj;Jk; fpilf;f top nra;Ak; rKjhak;
khw;wq;fs;> kfspH tpLjiy Mfpatw;iwg; gilg;ghspfs; jq;fs; gilg;Gfspy; gjpT
nra;fpd;wdH. kfspH tho;e;j tuyhW> mtHfSf;Fr; rKjhaj;jpy; mspf;fg;gl;l
kjpg;G> mtHfsplk; rKjhak; vjpHghHj;j flikfs;> mtHfSf;F mspj;j cupikfs;>
FLk;g mikg;gpDs; mtHfs; tfpj;j epiy Nghd;wit khwptUfpd;wd. Muk;gfhyk;
Kjy; ,f;fhyk; tiu khwptUk; r%fr; #oYf;F Vw;g ngz;fs; jq;fSila
gzpfis khw;wpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kfspupd; gzpfs;
fPo;f;fz;lthW gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. Mjpfhy kfspupd; gzpfs;
2. rq;ffhy kfspupd; gzpfs;
3. ,ilf;fhy kfspupd; gzpfs;
4. Rje;jpufhy kfspupd; gzpfs;
5. ,f;fhy kfspupd; gzpfs;
Mjpfhykfspupd; gzpfs;
“epkpHe;j ed;dil
NeHnfhz;l ghHit
epyj;jpy; ahUf;Fk; mQ;rhneQ;rk;
epkpHe;j Qhdr; nrUf;F"
vd;gJ kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujp GJikg; ngz;Zf;Fupa ,yf;fzkhfr; nrhd;d

Fzq;fs;. ,it cz;ikapy; GJikg; ngz;Zf;F cz;lhd Fzq;fs; ,y;iy.
fpl;ljl;l xU kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; jd; Fyj;ijf; fl;bf; fhg;ghw;wp
te;jts; ekf;nfy;yhk; nfhs;Nsh nfhs;S ghl;bahd %jhija kDf; \p. mts;
,g;gbj;jhd; epkpHe;J ele;J> Neuhfg; ghHj;J> Jzpe;J> jpkpuhfr; Rw;wpf;
nfhz;bUe;jhs;. mts;jhd; Mjpfhyg; ngz;> mJ jha; jiyik ngw;wpUe;j fhyk;.
mJjhd; Guhjhd fhyk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
me;jg; Guhjdg; nghJTilikf; fhyj;jpNy mts; nghUs; cw;gj;jpapd;
mjpfhupahf Miztpl mjpfk; ciof;Fk; tho;tpay; jpwd;fisf; nfhz;ltshf
,Ue;jhs;. Mjpfhyg; ngz; jdf;Fk; jd; gps;isfSf;Fk; Njitahd irt> mirt
czTfisj; jhNd Ntl;ilahbf; nfhz;lhs;. czTj; NjitfSf;F ngz;
RarhHghfj;jhd; ,Ue;jhs;." (rhypdp ,se;jpiuad;.> 2006:80)
“ngz;fSf;Nfh jq;fs; gps;is Fl;bfspd; grpj;j tapWf;F vijf;
nfhz;lhtJ epug;g Ntz;ba epHge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. mjdhy; GJg;GJ czT tiffis
Muha;r;rp nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhHfs;". “mg;NghJ jhd; Edpg;Gy; gok; mtHfs;
fz;zpy; gl;lJ" mjid fy;yhy; ,bf;Fk; NghJ nghbahfptpl;lJ. mjid vLj;J
thapy; NghlTk; UrpahfTk;> Gj;JzHr;rp jUtjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jid
Foe;ijfSf;Fg; Gfl;Lk; NghJ Foe;ijfs; tsHtijf; ftdpj;jhHfs; jha;khHfs;.
gpd; ,jpy; “jz;zPH fye;J neUg;Gg; gf;fj;jpy; itj;jhy; nflhky;> ,Wfpg; Ngha;
Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jf; ftdpg;ghy; cUthdJjhd; rikaw;fiy" (rhypdp
,se;jpiuad; 2008.> 80>81>82) MFk;.
,ijnay;yhk; tpl ,e;j jhdpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ik vd;dntd;why; mijj;
jw;nrayhf kz;zpy; Nghl;lhYk; xU GJr;nrbahf Kisj;J epiwa jhdpakhfg;
ngUfp epd;wJ. ,ijg; ghHj;J jhdpaj;ij kz;zpy; Gijj;jdH. mJ tsHe;J
nrbahf Kisj;J jiyepiwa jhdpak; Rke;J epw;gijj; ghHj;J ngz;fs; ,jpy;
Kk;Kukhf ,wq;fpdH. ,JNt gapH rhFgb vd;w Gjpa cj;jp cUthf fhuzkhf
,Ue;jJ (NkyJ g-82). mLj;jg;gbahf Ntshz;ik vd;fpw kpfg; ngupa cw;gj;jpj;
Jiw cUthapw;W.
fhl;LkhL> ML> vUik> fhl;Lf;Nfhop> thj;J Nghd;w gpuhzpfs; ngz;fisj;
njhlHe;J mtHfsJ Fiff;Fs; te;jd. mg;NghJ gpuhzpfspd;ghy; kdpjf;Foe;ij
xj;Jg;Nghf mtw;iw tapw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLj;j Muk;gpj;jhs;. ,JNt fhy;eilfspd;
tsHr;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lJ. ,g;gbahf fhl;Ltpyq;if nry;yg; gpuhzpahf;fp tPl;L
tpyq;fhf khw;wpaJ Kjy; gapH tsHg;GKiw cUthdJ tiu vy;yhNk ngz;fs;
Kd;dpd;W nra;Ak; fhykhf ,Ue;jJ Guhjdg; nghJTilikg; ngz;zpd; fhyk;.
,jdhy;jhd; “me;j ehs; Kjy; ,e;ehs; tiu ve;j epyj;jpd; %yg;gj;jpuj;ijAk;
jha;g;gj;jpuk;" (rhypdp ,se;jpiuad; 2006.> 83) vd;Nw miof;fpd;wdH vd;fpwhH rhypdp
,se;jpiuad;.
ngz;fspd; %is tbtikg;gpy; mtHfSf;F xNu rkaj;jpy; gy Ntiyfisr;
nra;a KbfpwJ. xNu Ntisapy; rk;ke;jk; rk;ke;jkpy;yhj ntt;NtW jfty;
gupkhw;wq;fis ,izj;J Nahrpf;f mtshy; KbfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthfj;jhd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mtshy;> “ehupy; cilAk;> rpy;Yfspy; cspAk;> kpUfj; Njhspy; thiuAk;> ,iyapy;
,Lg;G kiwg;Gj; JzpiaAk; fhZk; jpwid mtSf;Fs; Vw;gLj;jpaJ
vd;fpwhH"(NkyJ g-89). ,e;jg; gy;nghUs; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwNd mtisr; rKjhaj;jpy;
caHj;jpaJ. me;jf; fhyg; ngz;fs; caHthfNt ,Ue;jdH.
khDltpayhsH ~f;Nshj; nytp];jpuh];| “jpUkzk; vd;w rlq;F te;j gpwNf

ngz; mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;lhs;. ehNlhbaha; tho;e;j kf;fs; epiyahd tho;T fz;L
jkf;nfd epyj;ijAk;> nghUs;fisAk; nrhe;jg;gLj;j njhlq;fpa fhyk; Kjy; ngz;
,uz;lhe;ju epiyia mile;J tpl;lhs;" (NkyJ g-91) $WfpwhH. ngz; ,y;yj;jpy;
Kjd;ikahdts;> mtSf;fpUe;j clyikg;G NtWghLfs; ,dtpUj;jpAk; ,d;ndhUtH
Jiz ehbepw;Fk; epiyf;Fj; js;spaJ. xUtDf;F xUj;jp vd;w kdf;fl;Lg;ghL
kf;fspilNa epiy ngwNt> Mz; ngz;zpw;F mtSila ,ayhikf; fhyj; jpy;
cw;w Jizahdhd;.
Mz; mspj;j nghUshjhu Mjutpd; JizAlNdNa ngz; jd; tho;f;ifia
elj;Jk;NghJ ,y;yj;ij epiyg;gLj;Jk; gzpiaj; jhNd Kd;epd;W nra;aj;
njhlq;fpdhs;. ,dtpUj;jp nra;Ak; Mw;wy; ngz;zpw;Nf mike;jpUe;jikahy;
Foe;ijfisg; ngw;W mtHfisg; ghJfhj;J tsHf;Fk; nghWg;Gk; jhdhfNt
mtSf;F mike;Jtpl;lJ. mj;Jld; ,y;yj;jpw;F Ntz;ba cztpidr; Nrfupj;J
mij rikf;Fk; gzpiaAk; mtNs Nkw;nfhz;lhs;. ,t;thwhf kfspupd; gzpapy;
khw;wk; epfoj; njhlq;fpaJ.
Mjpfhy kfspupd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfshd> Ntshz;ik> fhy;eil tsHg;G> rikay;
fiy vd ,e;j %d;Wk; gpd;ehspy; khngUk; Jiwahf tsHr;rpailaf; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jJ.
rq;ffhy kfspupd; gzpfs;
rq;f ,yf;fpak; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;bd; fsQ;rpak; MFk;. ghl;Lk;> njhifAk; vdg;
Nghw;wg;ngWk; jkpoH tho;f;ifia mfk;> Gwk; vdg; gpupj;jdH. jiytDk; jiytpAk;
$b tho;e;J FLk;gj;jpd; Njitfis g+Hj;jp nra;jdH. eilKiw tho;tpy; kfspH
jk; cly;eyj;jpw;Fk; epyr;#oYf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; ,ad;w njhopy;fisr;
nra;Js;sdH. Ie;jpizfSf;Fk; Vw;wthW jk; gzpfisr; nra;Js;sdH. FwpQ;rp
epyj;J Kf;fpa tpisnghUs; jpiz MFk;. ,e;epyg; ngz;buhd nfhbr;rpaH fhty;
njhopiyr; nra;jdH. guz; kPJ ,Ue;J jpidg;Gdk; fhj;jiy gpd;tUk; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
rhd;whf $WfpwJ.
“Ja;jiy thq;fpa GzpWjPH ngUq;Fuy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
es;Nfhd; rpWjpizg; gLGs; Xg;gp
vy;gl tUjpaH vdeP tpLj;jypd;" (FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L 37-39)
vd;w fgpyupd; ghly; topahf guz; mikj;J jpidg;Gdk; fhj;jiy kfspH gzpahff;
nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.
Ky;iyepyg; ngz;fs; Ma;r;rpaH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldH. fhy;eilfis
tsHg;gjpy; MaH kfspH ngUk; ftdk; nrYj;jpdH. ML khLfspd; kpFe;J
fpilf;Fk;. ghy;> japH> NkhH> ntz;nza;> nea; Kjyhdtw;iw czthf
cl;nfhs;tNjhL gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; tpw;gidAk; nra;jdH. xUj;jp nea;apd;
tpiyahff; fl;bg; gRg;nghd; nfhs;shJ vUik> gR> ehF Mfpatw;iwNa ngw;Wr;
nrd;wjhf ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
“Gypf;Fuy; kj;jk; xypg;g thq;fp
Ciwail jPe;japH fyf;fp Eiunjupe;J
GfHtha;f; Foprp g+Q;Rkl; buP,
ehz;NkhH khWed;kh Nkzpr;
nea;tpiyf; fl;bg; gRk; nghd;nfhs;shs;
vUik ey;yhs; fUehF nghWck;
kbtha;f; NfhtyH Fbtapw; Nrg;gpd;" (ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil gh 155-165)
vd;w tupfspd; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
ehdpyj;jpy; tsk; epiwe;j epyk; kUjk;> Mw;WePUk;> ngha;if ePUk; kUj
epyj;ij tskilar; nra;fpd;wd. ,e;epyj;jpy; thOk; ngz;fs; filr;rpaH vd;Wk;
coj;jpaH vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,tHfspd; Kjd;ikj; njhopy;
Ntshz;ikahf ,Ue;jJ. cOJ tpistpf;Fk; cotHf;Fj; Jizahf kfspH
gy;NtW gzpfisr; nra;jdH. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> kJiuf; fhQ;rp> kiygLflhk;
Nghd;w E}y;fs; kUj epy ,ay;igf; $Wfpd;wd. cotHfs; khLfs; g+l;ba VHfisf;
nfhz;L epyj;ij cOjdH. kfspH ney;eLKd; jk; fhy;fshy; Nrw;iw kpjpg;gH> gpd;
ney; ehw;Wfis eLtH> fisfisg; gwpg;gH> mWtil nra;J jiyapy; Rke;J te;J
fsj;jpy; NrHg;gH. ney;ybj;j gpd;G Kwj;jhy; J}w;wp vLg;gH. ,t;thW coj;jpaupd;
gzpia ~ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil| $WfpwJ. taypy; fisfshf Kisj;j nea;jy;>
Mk;gy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; iffshy; fise;j fhl;rpia GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; $WfpwJ.
(g.160)
taiy gyKiw cOJ njhspahf;Fk; flik cotHfisr; rhHe;jpUe;jJ.
njhspapd; NkL gs;sq;fisr; rkd; nra;J ehw;W eLk; Ntiyia coj;jpaH
nra;jij ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“igQ;rha; nfhd;w kz;gL kUg;gpd;
fhHVW nghUj fz;mfd; nrWtpd;
cohm Ed;njhsp eputpa tpidQH
KbehW mfj;jpa neLePHr; nrW" (ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil gh 209-212)
flYk; fly;rhHe;j gFjpAkhfpa nea;jy; epyj;jpy; eilngWk; njhopy;fspy;
kPd;gpbj;jy; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpidg; ngWfpwJ. nea;jy; epyj;jpy;> thOk; kfspiug;
guj;jpaH> Eisr;rpaH vd;W Fwpg;gpLtH. MltHfs; flypy; gpbj;J te;j kPd;fis
tPjpfspy; gujt kfspH tpiy $wp tpw;Ws;sdH. kPdpw;F khw;whf ney; ngw;W
cs;sdH vd;gij Iq;FWE}W kw;Wk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
“rpd;kPd; nrhupe;J gy;ney; ngwhck;
ahzH Cuepd; ghzkfs;" (Iq;FWE}W gh 36)
“kPd; nfhLj;J ney;Fit,
kpir mk;gpapd; kdikWf;Fw;J" (GwehD}W gh 343)
vd;w ghly;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
vQ;rpAs;s kPid cg;gpl;L flw;fiu kzypy; cyHj;jpdH gujt kfspH
cyUk; kPid cz;ztUk; gwitfisf; flw;fiu epoypy; jq;fp tpul;bf; fhty;
nra;jdH. ghiy epyk; vd;W jdpahd epyk; ,y;iy gpw epyk; jd; tsk; ,d;wp
twl;rp kpFe;J fhl;rp jUNkahdhy; mJ ghiy vdg;gLk;. ghiy epyg; ngz;bH
Vida epykf;fisg; Nghy rpwg;ghd njhopypy; <Lgltha;g;gpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,e;epy
kfspH tho;f;iff;fhf fbdkhd njhopy; <Lgl;ldH. ,tHfs; vWk;Gfs; nfhz;L te;J
Nrkpf;Fk; czitj; Njhz;b vLj;J rikj;jdH.
Ie;jpizfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gzp nra;j kfspH
rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhYk; gpw njhopy; nra;Ak; kfspUk; ,Ue;Js;sdH.
fs;spidf; fha;r;rp tpw;Fk; ngz;fis mupaw;ngz;bH vdTk; mupayhl;baH vdTk;
mfehD}W ghly; (245:9) $WfpwJ. Mil ntSf;Fk; ngz;fs; Giyj;jpau vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldH. ,j;njhopypy; jkf;Fj; Jizahf jk; Gjy;tiuAk;
<LgLj;jpAs;sdH vd;w nra;jpia mfehD}w;Wg; Mfpa ghly; tupfs; (34> 387 )
czHj;Jfpd;wdH.
gUj;jp kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj jkpo;ehl;by; tpise;J tUfpd;wJ
mg;gUj;jpiaf; nfhz;L %jhl;baUk; ifk;ngz;bUk; E}y; E}w;Fk; gzpia
Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdH. mjdhy; mg;ngz;biug; gUj;jpg; ngz;bH vd;wdH ,jid
“gUj;jpg; ngz;bd; gDty; md;d" (GwehD}W 125:1)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vDk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; $WfpwJ. ,g;gUj;jpg; ngz;bH Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j E}y;
Ew;Fk; gzpapid ,iwadhH mfg;nghUSiu fPo;fz;lthW $WfpwJ.
“Ez;zpa gytha gQ;R Edpfshy;
iftd; kfUtj; jdJ ifkhd;gpdhy;
Xupiog; gLj;jyhk; cyfj;J E}y;
E}w;wy; vd;gJ" (g 26)
fy;tpapYk; Mz;fSf;F ,izahfr; rq;fg; ngz; GytHfs; vOj;Jg;
gzpiag; nra;Js;sdH vd;gij ~kfLc Kd;dpiy| vd;w nrhy;ypd; topahf mwpa
KbfpwJ. tupahy; mwpayhk;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; ehw;gj;ije;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ngz;
GytHfs; tho;e;Js;sdH vd;gij r.tpranyl;Rkp (ngz;nzOj;J fsKk;> murpaYk;
g-16) vd;w E}ypy; Mjhug;g+Htkhf $wpAs;shH. (g.16)
ms;shH ed;Ky;iyahH> Mjpke;jpahH xf;$H khrhj;jpahH> xsitahH> fhf;if
ghbdpahH> er;nrs;isahH> ef;fz;izahH> ghupkfspH> g+q;fz;jpiuahH> nts;sp
tPjpahH> Nghd;w ngz;ghw; GytHfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH.
cyf elg;Gfisg; gpwUf;F vLj;Jf; $Wk; mwptpy; rpwe;j rhd;NwhHfshfr;
rq;fg; ngz;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdH. mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rpf;Fk;> njhz;ilkhDf;Fk;
kdNtWghL Vw;gl;lJ. njhz;ilkhd;> mjpakhd; Nky; gilnaLf;f NghH
Maj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhd;. me;jg; Nghiu elf;f tplhky; xsitahH jLj;J
epWj;jpdhH vd;gij rq;f ,yf;fpak; top mwpaKbfpwJ.
“,t;Nt gPyp azpe;J khiy #l;bf;
fz;bu Nzhd;fho; jpUj;jpnea; azpe;J” (Gwk; 951:2)
vd;w tupapd; %yk; xsitahH xU ngz; J}juhfr; nrd;W NghH eilngwhky;
epWj;jpaJ cyf tuyhw;wpy; xU iky; fy;yhf jpfo;fpwJ.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; Mly;> ghly; fiyfspy; kfspH rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;sdH.
tpohf;fhyq;fspy; kfspH fapw;wpd; Nky; epd;W MbAs;sdH vd;gijf; fgpyH
jd;Dila FwpQ;rpg; ghl;by; “rhWnfhs;... fwq;f MLkfs;" (FwpQ;rp 192) vd;W
$wpAs;shH. kd;dupd; muz;kidfspy; Mly; kfspHfs; ,Ue;Js;sdH. fupfhyd;
GytHfSf;F tpUe;J itj;j NghJ Mlw;ngz;fs; MbAs;sdH vd;gij
nghUeuhw;Wg;gilapy; NtWgy;..... tpwypaH ghzp J}q;f" (ngh.M. 108) vd;w tupapd;
%yk; njupaKbfpwJ.
~Jzq;if $j;J| vd;Dk; xUtif Mliy njUf;fspy; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk;
NrHe;J eldkhbAs;sdH. ,jpy; murUk; fye;J nfhz;lhH vd;gij ~KbT tpad;
kWfpy; Jzq;f| (k.fh.327) vd kJiuf; fhQ;rp $WfpwJ. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapYk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nka; kfspH jk; Njhis mirj;J ntw;wpf;fsj;ijg; ghbj; Jzq;iff; $j;jhba
nra;jp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,irghLk; kfspUk; mjw;Nfw;g Mly; nfhs;Sk; kfspUk; ,Ue;Js;sdH
vd;gij ef;fPuH fPo;f;fz;lthW $WfpwhH.
“Mly; kfspH ghly; nfhsg; GzHkhH....
fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpaho; gz;ZKiw epWg;gg;" (neLey; 67-70)
vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; Mly;> ghly; gzpiar; rq;ffhy kfspH Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdH
vd;gijAk; njupe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
FwpghHf;Fk; gof;fk; rq;ffhy kf;fspilNa ,Ue;jJ. jiytpapDila
fhkNeha;f;Ff; fhuzk; mwpahj jiytpapd; jha; Rw;wj;jhNuhL fl;Ltpr;rpia
mioj;Jf; Fwp Nfl;ghs;. fl;Ltpr;rpahH nja;tf;Fwp nrhy;YjYk; cz;L
jiytpapDila jha; nrk;ikAk; KJikAk; cila ngz;bNuhL Kw;wj;jpy;
ney;iyg; gug;gpf; fl;L itj;Jf; jiytpia vjpupy; epWj;jpf; Fwp Nfl;ghs; ,jid
“ey;Yjy; gue;j griy fz;l md;id" (ew;wpid 288) vDk; ghly; tup
czHj;JfpwJ.
rq;ffhy kf;fs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gltpUf;Fk; epfo;Tfis Kd;djhfNt
mwptjw;F KJngz;biuf; nfhz;L tpupr;rpf; Nfl;gH vd;gij njhy;fhg;gpak;
“gilapaq;F mgtk; ghf;fj;J tpupr;rp" (njhy; 104) vd;W $WfpwJ. fl;Ltpr;rp
“mftd; kfs;" vd;w ngaUld; FWe;njhif ghlypy; tUfpwhs; “mftd; kfNs
mftd; kfNs" (FW.23) vDk; ghly; top mwpayhk;.
rq;ffhy kfspH ehlfj;jpy; ebj;J rd;khdk; ngw;wij ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
fPo;fz;lthW $WfpwJ.
“ehlf kfspH MLfsj;J mLj;j
tprp tPq;F ,d;dak; fLg;NrupNjhWk;" (ng.gh.55> 56)
tpohf;fspy; nghJkfspUk; Mly; epfo;j;Jtijj; njhopyhff; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
Mlw;fiyapidf; fw;W njhopyhf epfo;j;jp tUtha; ngw;wdH. mjid “tpoT ML
kfspnuhL" vd mfehD}W (176 15:18) $WfpwJ. muz;kid kfspUs; rpyH Vty;
ngz;buhf ,Ue;J gpwUf;Fg; gzpfs; nra;Js;sdH vd;gijj; njhy;fhg;gpaH Vtw;gzp
nra;NthH" vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. Vty; kfspH kd;dDf;Fg; nghw;fyj;jpy; kJit
Cl;LtH> ghl;lhYk;> $j;jhYk; kd;dH mitia kfpo;r;rp nra;Ak; ~,d;dif kfspH|
,Ue;jijg; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk;> gjpw;Wg;gj;Jk; $WfpwJ.
ngupa CHfs;> efuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; mq;fhbfs; %yk; thzpfk; ele;jd.
fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdk;> kJiu Kjypa ngupa efuq;fspy; ehsq;fhb> my;yq;fhbfspy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tpw;gid kfspHfs; ,Ue;Js;sdH vd;w Fwpg;GfSk; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
g+f;fis tpw;Fk; kfspH “g+tpid kfspH" vdg;gl;ldH. ew;wpid> mfehD}W
kJiuf;fhQ;rp> GwehD}W Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; xt;nthU epyg;gFjpapYk; tho;e;j kfspH jj;jk; njhopy;fisj;
jq;fs; jpiz rhHe;j gzpfshf nra;Js;sdH vd;gij vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;bd;
%yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. jpiz rhHe;j gzpfs; kl;Lky;yhJ gpw gzpfs; gytw;iwAk;
,k;kfspH nra;J te;Js;sdH. rq;ffhy rKjhaj;jpy; MltNuhL ,izj;J kjpf;Fk;
epiyapy; ,tHfSila gzpfs; ,Ue;Js;sd vd;gjd; %yk; MltNuhL xg;g
kjpf;Fk; epiyia kfspH ngw;wpUe;jdH vd;gij ca;j;Jzu Kbfpd;wJ.
,ilf;fhy kfspupd; gzpfs;
,ilf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; kfspupd; gzpfs; vt;thW ,Ue;jd vd vd;gij
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; top mwpa KbfpwJ. tuyhw;W MrpupaHfspd; $w;Wg;gb
ngz;fspd; gzpiaf; $Wk;NghJ gy;ytH fhyj;jpy; kfspHfs; nerTj; njhopy;> E}y;
E}w;wy;> g+f;fis tpw;wy;> ghy; tpw;wy; Nghd;w gzpfisr; nra;Js;sdH.
eldf;fiyfspYk; ,irf;fiyfspYk; ngz;fs; ngUk; gq;F tfpj;jdH. Fwpg;ghf
Njtubahs;> $j;jp> jspr;NrH ngz;bH eldj;Jiwapy; kpfr; rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;sdH.
gpw;fhyg; ghz;baH fhyj;jpy; nghJ kw;Wk; murpay; tho;tpy; ngupanjhU gq;fpidg;
ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. ngz;fs; ngUkstpy; kjpg;G kpf;f kidtpauhfj; jpfo;tijNa
tpUk;gpdhHfs;. ,tHfs; jk;Kila gzpfs;> nray;fs; Mfpatw; wpf;Fj; jkJ
fztiuNa rhHe;jpUe;jhHfs;.
nghUspy;yhjtHfs;> kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpatHfs; Fbirj; njhopypYk; gpw
njhopypYk; <Lgl;lhHfs;. Vo;ik epiyapy; ,Ue;j ngz;fs; $yp Ntiy nra;jhHfs;.
gha;Kiljy; nerT> japH> NkhH tpw;wy;> cg;G kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs; tpw;wy; Nghd;w
gzpfisr; nra;jdH.
ghz;baH fhyj;jpy; “ngz;fis NfhtpYf;F ~nghl;Lf;fl;b| mHg;gzpf;Fk;
tof;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ" vd;gij MrpupaH lhf;lH Nf>jpahfuh[d; (~ngz;zpay;| vd;w
E}ypy; g.54) $wpAs;shH. Njtjhrp Kiw tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. mg;ngz;fs;
,iwgzpf;Fj; jk;ik mHg;gzpj;J nfhz;ldH. ngz;fs; mbikfshf tpw;fg;gl;L
nry;te;jHfspd; ,y;yq;fspy; gzpahsHfshfTk; gzpr; nra;Js;sdH.
gpw;fhyr; NrhoH fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; mbikfshf Nfhtpypy; gzpfs; nra;J
te;jdH. “taY}H Nfhtpypy; gzpfs; nra;jdH vd;Wk; Nfhtpypy; jpUg;gjpfk;
ghLtjw;Fk;> ,iwtDf;F ntz;rhkuk; tPRtjw;Fk; ngz;fs; mbikfshf


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
thq;fg;gl;ldH" vdTk; mwpfpNwhk; (NkyJ g 55). gpw;fhyr; NrhoH fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs;
tptrhaf; $ypfshfg; gzpr; nra;Js;sdH.
ehaf;fH fhyj;jpy; rKjhaj;jpd; mbj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;j kfspH Ntshz;ikNahL
neUq;fpa njhlHGila gzpfis tptrha Ntiyfspy; Mz;fNshL ,ize;J>
ghLgl;ljha;g; gs;S E}y;fs; $Wfpd;wd. Ntshz;ikj; njhopNyhL tPl;bypUf;Fk;
nghOJ uhl;ilapd; %yk; E}y; E}w;wjhfTk;> fha;fwpfs; gapupl;ljhfTk;>
kPd;gpbj;jhfTk; Nfhop tsHj;jhfTk;> jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd rl;b> ghidfisj;
jahH nra;jjhfTk; jpUkiyKUfd; gs;S njuptpf;fpd;wJ.
“my;yp gPw;wy; tPl;ilAk;
njw;Wg; gy;yp ew;w uhl;ilAk;
md;daps; gLf;Fk; ghk;igAk; ngha;if
,ilapy; mLf;Fk; Nrk;ikAk;....
ez;l mtpr;r rl;bAk;”
vd;W ehaf;fH fhyk; ,yf;fpaKk;> tuyhWk; vd;w E}ypy; (g 164) m.uhkrhkp
Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;LfpwhH. NkYk; guj;ijikg; gzpapYk; ngz;fs; <Lgl;Ls;sdH. ,tHfs;
cliy %yjdkhf nfhz;L tho;tNjhL r%f epfo;Tfspy; gq;F nfhz;Ls;sdH.
mg;Jy; u]hf; vd;w ghurPfg; gazp Fwpg;gpl;lthW ngz;fs; guj;jik
njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH. ,tHfSf;nfdj; jdpr; rpwg;Gupikfs; jug;gl;ld. (NkyJ. g
59) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
ngz;fs; Nfhtpypy; jpde;NjhWk; g+i[ Neuq;fspy; ,iwtd; Kd;
Mbg;ghbdhHfs;. tpohf; fhyq;fspy; Nfhtpy; rg;guj;jpd; Kd; flTs; rpiyfisr;
Rke;J nry;Yk; nghWg;Gk; mtHfSilajhapUe;jJ. ,j;jifag; gzpg;ngz;fSf;F
Cjpak; Nfhtpypd; gzj;jpypUe;J jug;gl;lJ. ,tHfSf;F ~NjtuhaH| vd;w ngaUk;
,Ue;jJ.
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; gy;ytHfs;> gpw;fhyg; ghz;baHfs;> gpw;fhyr; NrhoHfs;>
gpw;fhyg; gy;ytHfs;> ehaf;fHfs; Nghd;NwhH jkpofj;jpy; Ml;rpg;Gupe;jhy; me;je;j
murHfspd; fhyj;jpw;Fk; Vw;wthW kfspH gzpGupe;Js;shH.
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; kfspupd; gzpfs;
Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; kfspH gyH Rje;jpu Nts;tpapy; <Lgl;lij mwpa
KbfpwJ. mtHfspy; Fwpg;glj;jf;ftHfs; md;dpngrd;l;> rNfhjup epNtjpjh> gz;bj
ukhgha;> rNuh[pdp ehAL> Uf;kzpNjtp mUz;Nly;> khHf;nul; frpd;];> f];J}upgh
fhe;jp> fkyhNeU tp[anyl;Rkp gz;bl;> Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b> rhtpj;jpupgha; g+Ny>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nkupfpdl; thyh [hjt;> nrse;jpuk; ,uhkr;re;jpud; ,yl;Rkp vd;Nkdd;> rushNjtp
Nghd;NwhH tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;F nfhz;Ls;sdH.
jkpofj;ijr; NrHe;j mQ;riyak;khs; vd;w ngz;kzp fhe;jpabfis Neupy;
re;jpj;J ~nts;isaNd ntspNaW| vd;w ,af;fj;jpy; gq;F nfhz;lhH. jd;Dila
mdy; gwf;Fk; Ngr;rhy; nrd;id cl;gl gy efuq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W ,af;fj;jpd;
tsHr;rpf;F cjtpdhH. FLk;gr; nrhj;Jf;fisAk FbapUe;j tPl;ilAk; tpw;W
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhfr; nryT nra;jhH. ,tiug; NghyNt ~mk;G[j;jk;khs;|
vd;w ngz;kzpAk; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J jk;ik tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;L ehl;bd;
Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf ghLgl;lhH. ,tH ghujpapd; ghly;fisg; ghb njUKidg;
gpur;rhuj;jpy; <Lgl;L tpLjiyAzHit kf;fs; kj;jpapy; cUthf;fpdhH. ,Wjpapy;
rpiw nrd;whH. jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lkpd;wp ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J $l ,e;jpa
tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;l kfspUk; cs;sdH.
jw;fhy kfspupd; gzpfs;
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; ,d;W ngz;fs; ,y;yhj JiwfNs ,y;iy vdyhk;.
,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpy; cyfpy; ngz;fs; rhjidahsHfshfp tUfpwhHfs; Kfk;
njupe;j ngz;kzpfis tpl Kfk; njupahj ngz;kzpfs; gyH ,e;jg; nghUshjhu
tsHr;rpapy; fzprkhfg; gq;fhw;wpAs;sdH. ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; xt;nthUj;JiwapYk;
kfspupd; tsHr;rpia fPo;fhZk; gl;baypy; lhf;lH gp.re;jpuNrfH> lhf;lH
v];.godpr;rhkp MfpNahH ngz; ,ay; fy;tp vd;w E}ypy; jUfpd;wdH.
1. Mz;Lf;F 1.25 NgH kUj;JtH gl;lk; ngWfpd;wdH. ,jpy; 50 rjtpfpjk; ngz;
kUj;JtHfs; MthHfs;.
2. Mz;Lf;F 50 rjtpfpjk; ,sq;fiy gl;lk; ngWgtHfs; ngz;fs; cs;sdH.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; fzpdpj; Jiwapy; 21 rjtpfpjk; ngz;fs; cs;sdH.
4. mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gj;Jiwapy; 25 rjtpfpjk; ngz;fs; cs;sdH>
5. 638 yl;rk; NgH cWg;gpdHfshf cs;s gQ;rhaj;jpy; 77210 NgH rpwg;G gQ;rhaj;Jg;
ngz; jiytHfs; cs;sdH.
6. xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;l Jiwapy; Ntiy nra;gtHfspy; 18 rjtpfpjk; ngz;fs;
cs;sdH.
7. tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF 13 ngz;fs; khepyq;fspy; Kjy;tuhfpAs;sdH.
8. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s 21 caHePjp kd;wq;fspy; cs;s 647 ePjpgjpfspy; 19 ngz;fs;
cs;sdH. (ngz; ,ay; fy;tp g 163) Nkw;$wpa gl;baypd; %yk; midj;Jj;
Jiwfspy; ngz;fs; gzpGupfpd;wdH vd;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Jiwapy;yh epWtdq;fshd gapHnjhopy; 29.6% ngz;fSk;> tptrhaf; $ypfs;
50.4% ngz;fSk;> Njhl;lk; kw;Wk; fhl;Lj; njhopypy; 2.5% ngz;fSk;> Ruq;fk;
fy;Yilj;jy; njhopypy; 0.4% ngz;fSk; Fbirj; njhopypy; 4.3% ngz;fSk;>
njhopw;rhiyfspy; 2.8% ngz;fSk; gpw njhopypy; 7.1% ngz;fSk; gzpahsHfshf
gzpGupfpd;whHfs; (NkyJ g 164).
gbj;jtH> gbf;fhjtH vd;w ghugl;rk; ,y;yhky; mtH mtH jFjpf;F Vw;g
,d;iwaf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; midj;Jg; gzpfspYk; kfspH cs;sdH.
KbTiu
Mjpfhyj;jpy; ngz;Nz vy;yhg; gzpfisAk; nra;Js;shs;. Mz;fSf;Fk;
ngz;fSf;Fk; r%fg; ghFghLfs; ngUksT ,Ue;jjhf njupatpy;iy. ehNlhbahf
tho;e;j kf;fs; epiyahd tho;Tfz;L jkf;nfd epyj;ijAk; nghUisAk; mikj;Jf;
nfhz;L jpUkzk; vd;w rlq;F cUthfp> xUtDf;F xUj;jp vd;w kdf;fl;Lg;ghL
kf;fspilNa epiyngwNt Mz; ngz;fSf;F cw;w Jizahdhs;. NkYk; njhlf;f
fhyq;fspy; ,df;FOf;fspilNaAk;> ehl;L kf;fspilNaAk; eilngw;w ,iltplhg;
NghUk; jk; jdpj;jd;ikia epiyehl;Lk; MHtKk; ntspAyfpy; Vw;gl;l vjpHg;GfSk;
MZf;Fj; jd; Mw;wiy tsHj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;ij cz;lhf;fpaJ.
mj;Jld; Mz; FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhuj; NjitfisAk; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. ngz;
Foe;ijfisg; ngw;W mtHfis tsHf;Fk; nghWg;Gk; jhdhfNt mike;jjhy;
ngz;fs; gzpapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. mJkl;Lkpd;wp tptrhak;> fhy;eil tsHg;G
rikaw;fiy vd;w %d;W ngUk; Jiwfs; cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtHfSk;
Mjpfhyg; ngz;fs; MthHfs;.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; gyg;gzpfisr; nra;Js;sdH. ,jw;F rq;ffhy
,yf;fpakhd ghl;Lk; njhifAk; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ngz;fs; mtHfs; epyk;
rhHe;Jk; mftho;T rhHe;Jk; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdH. me;j me;j epy kfspH
jq;fs; epyq;fspy; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis kw;w epy kfspUf;F nfhLj;J mq;F
cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUs;fis thq;fpAs;sdH. ,itNa gz;lkhw;W Kiw vd;w
kpfg;ngupa tzpfj;Jiw cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ rq;ffhy kfspH MZf;F
,izahf XusT kjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. rq;ffhyj;jpy; ehw;gj;ije;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
ngz;GytHfs; ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLk; fUj;J kpfTk; Mr;rupak; mspg;gjhfTk; fy;tp
fw;w kfspH ,Ue;Js;sdH vd;gijAk; cWjp nra;fpwJ. rq;ffhyj;jpy; midj;J
gzpfspYk; ngz;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdH.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; gy;ytHfs;> gpw;fhyg; ghz;baH> gpw;fhyr; NrhoH>
ehaf;fH vd Ml;rp khw khw kfspupd; tho;tpYk; gy khw;wk; epfoj; njhlq;fpaJ.
kjj;jpd; ngauhy; kfspUf;F gy tpjpKiwfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ilf;fhy kfspH
ngUk;ghYk; NjtH mbahHfs; vd;w ngaupy; Nfhtpypy; gzpiaAk;> guj;ijaH vd;w
ngaupy; guj;jik njhopiyAk; Nkw;nfhz;ldH. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; ngUk;
mstpy; ve;jj; JiwapYk; tsHr;rpg; ngw;wjhfj; njupatpy;iy.
Rje;jpuf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; njhlf;fkhf ngz;fSk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l gzpfis
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdH. ,jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfs; jkpofj;ijr; NrHe;j mQ;riyak;khs;.
mk;G[j;jk;khs;. Uf;FkzpNjtp> MthHfs;. cg;Grj;jpahfpufk;> nts;isaNd
ntspNaW Nghd;w ,af;fq;fspy; kfspH gq;F ngw;Ws;sdH. ,e;j Rje;jpu
Kd;Ndhbfspd; %yk; mtHfs; mikj;Jj; je;j mbj;jskhd ,af;fq;fNs ,d;W
ngz;zpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F Jiz Gupfpd;wJ.
19Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu kfspH Nkk;ghl;by; ke;jkhd Nghf;F ,Ue;jJ. gy
jiytHfspd; Kaw;rpahy; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L kfspH ,d;W midj;J
JiwfspYk; fhy;gjpj;Js;sdH. ,jid ,d;iwa ehty; ,yf;fpaKk; $w
jtwtpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf ngz; vOj;jhsHfs; jq;fs; gilg;Gfspy; kfspupd;
rpf;fy;fis vLj;Jf;$wp mjw;fhd jPHTfisg; gjpT nra;aTk; jaq;Ftjpy;iy.
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. lhf;lh; e.Rg;gpukz;ad;> rq;ffhy tho;tpay;> epA+nrQ;Rhp Gf;`T];> nrd;id-600098.
2. Kidth; e.,uhzp> rq;f ,yf;fpaj; njhFg;G newp> epA+nrQ;Rhp Gf;`T];>

nrd;id-600098.
3. Qhdp> jkpo; tho;tpay; jlKk; jpirAk;> fht;ah Gj;jf epiyak;> nrd;id-600024.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
FkuFUguh; ghh;itapy; - Kaw;rpAk; gapw;rpAk;
KidtH.rP.khypdp>
fpU\;zrhkp kfspH mwptpay;> fiy
flY}H.
Kd;Diu
‘Kaw;rp ’ vd;w nrhy; ntWk; vOj;Jf;fspd; $l;likg;G md;W. cjhuzkhf ‘K’
vd;w nrhy;ypidf; nfhz;L gpwf;Fk; NeHkiw nrhw;fisg; gw;wp ghHg;Nghk;.
 Kd;NdW
 Ks;
 %r;R
 Kid
 %ytH
vd;W gl;baiy ePl;lyhk.; Mdhy; mjd; jhj;ghpak; vd;d? ‘K’ vd;w vOj;J Kjypy;
tUtjhy; kl;Lkd;W. mjd; nray; tbtj;ijAk; kdf;fz;zpy; fhZk;NghJ
midj;jpw;Fk; Kjd;ikahdjhfj; njhpAk;. v.fh. Ks; tbj;jpd; Kid Kd;Ndwp
Kjd;ikahdjhfj; njhpfpwJ. ,J xU fhuzg;ngaH. rhp mw;nfd;d ,g;NghJ? –
vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpwJ my;yth? mj;jifa K-%-Kaw;rp gw;wpa xU Njly; ,Njh!
Kay; Mik fij njhpAk; mjpy; Kay; Vd; Njhw;wJ? mjDila myl;rpaj;jpdhy;
Md Kayhikahy; jhd;. Kad;why; KbAk;. ,J ek; md;whl tho;tpy; gonkhop
tbtpYk; ,lk; ngWk;.
“vWk;G Cu fy;Yk; NjAk;”
“mbNky; mb mbr;rh mk;kpAk; efUk;”
vd;W njhlupy; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; Kaw;rpapidg; gw;wp gjptpl;Ls;sdH.
ts;StUk; “Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;” vd;w rj;jpa thf;fpidg; giw rhw;wp
epw;fpwhH. ehk; vz;zpaij mila kdk; my;yJ cly; jpz;ikahf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. kpff; fLikahdg; Nghuhl;lkhdr; #oypy; kdij miygha tplhky;
tplhKaw;rpNahL Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;. filrp nrhl;L ,uj;jk; ,Uf;Fk; tiuAk; ehk;
Kaw;rp nra;J ghHj;jy; ed;whk;. ,Wjpahf %r;Rg;gphpag; NghfpwJ vd;W njhpe;Jk;
ehk; Rk;kh ,Uj;jy; $lhJ mg;NghJk; VjhtJ Kaw;rp nra;J capHf;fhf;Fk;
kUe;Njh! my;yJ VNjh xH capH fhf;Fk; nraypy; Kay Ntz;Lk;. mJ ntw;wpiaj;
juty;yJ. rpy Neuq;fspy; ed;ik jUk; nray;fs; Kbtjw;Ff; fhyk; flg;gpDk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mjidf; iftplhky; ,Wjp tiu Kaw;rp nra;J Kbg;gJ mwpAilahH nrayhFk;.
FkuFUguuh;>
“cWjp gag;g gilNghfh VDk;
,Wtiu fhWk; Kay;g - ,Wk; capHf;Fk;
MAs; kUe;njhOf;fy; jP jd;why; my;ydNghy;
MtdTk; cz;Lrpy. ” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-48)
vd;w nra;Aspd; top tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
elg;gJ elf;fl;Lk; vy;yhk; tpjpapd; gad; vd;W tho; ehis rypj;Jf;nfhz;L
rpyH ,Ug;gH. Mdhy; rhd;NwhHfs; mj;jifa nraiyr; nra;akhl;lhHfs;. Vnddpy; >
tpjpia Nrhjpf;f vz;zp ed;whf vhpAk; tpsf;F xd;iwf; fhw;W tPRk; jpirapy;
itj;J tpl;L vhptJk;> miztJk;> tpjpapd; nray; vd;W mwptw;w epiyapy;
rpe;jpf;ff; $lhJ. NkYk; ekf;F fpilf;f Ntz;baJ fpilf;fhky; ,Uf;fhJ. fpilf;f
$lhjJ vg;NghJk; fpilf;fhJ vd;W tpahf;fpahdk; NgRtJk; rhd;NwhH kw;Wk;
mwpTilNahH kuG md;W. mtHfs; vg;NghJk; Co;tpidahy; tuf;$ba ed;ikfs;
Kaw;rp nra;ahky; ,Ue;jhy; iftpl;Lg;NghfhJ vd;w vz;zk; itg;gjpy;iy. ,jid>
“KayhJ itj;J Kaw;wpd;ikahNy
cayhfh Co;j;jpwj;j vd;dhH – kayhAk;
Cw;whkpy; J}tpsf;fk; Cod;ik fhz;Lnkd;W
Vw;whH vhpfhy; Kfj;J” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-49)
vd;w FkuFUguhpd; nra;As; mbfs; czHj;jpw;W.
Kaw;rp jUk; $yp
“nja;tj;jhd; MfhJ vdpDk; Kaw;rpjd;
nka;tUj;jf; $yp jUk;" (Fws;-619)
vd;Dk; FwspypUe;J> tpjp trj;jhy; xU fhhpak; if$ltpy;iy vdpDk; ehk;
mjw;fhfg; gl;l nka; tUj;jk; tPzhfhJ. Kaw;rpapd; ew;gaid mile;Nj jPUNthk;.
Kaw;rpNa ekf;F ngWk; $ypahfptpLk;. Kaw;rpapd; ngUik vd;dntd;why; mJ xU
fhhpaj;jpy; ntw;wp ngWk; top> mJ KbahJ NghapDk; ehk; nra;j Kaw;rp ek;Kila
kdk;> cly;> ,uz;bd; gyj;ij caHj;Jk;. mJNt nghpa yhgk;. ve;j ey;y
Kaw;rpAk; ek;Kila Md;k rf;jpia tsHf;fpwJ. vz;zpa fUj;J gad;
ngwtpy;iyahapDk;> Md;k rf;jpia tsHj;j gad; cz;L. mJNt ngUk; gad;.
tpjpapd; Nghf;if fz;L kaq;f Ntz;lhk;! vd;fpwhH ts;StH. ,J:
1. nghUs; NjLk; Kaw;rp>
2. kdij mlf;Fk; Kaw;rp vd midj;J tif Kaw;rpf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
,jidf; fPijapy; fz;zDk;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“flikiar; nra;! gyid vjpHghuhNj”
vd;w Nehf;fpy; njhlH Kaw;rpia typAWj;JfpwhH.
NkYk;>
“cd; [Ptjhfk; vJNth
mjd; gpd;Nd nry;
kw;witj; njhlUk;......” - khHj;jh irdplh
vd;w ntspehl;L jj;Jt QhdpAk; Kaw;rpNa tho;f;ifia topelj;Jk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;
Moq;fhy; gl;l epiyapy; $wpAs;shh;;. vq;NfNah Nfl;l ,f;fUj;J> ,q;F
nghUj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. vz;zpaJ vz;zpahq;F va;j Ntz;Lnkdpy; vz;zpatH
jpz;zpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ts;Sthpd; thf;F. ,q;F jpz;zpa vd;w
nrhy; - cWjp – njhlHKaw;rp – tplhKaw;rp vd;W mjd; ePl;rpiaf; $wyhk;.
FkuFUguUk; tpjpia nty;Yk; Mw;wy; “Kaw;rp ” – vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fz;L
vd;fpwhH. NrhHtpy;yhj Kaw;rpiaj; njhlHe;J gw;wpf; nfhz;lhy; Kd;tpidapd;
typikia mopf;fpd;w typik cz;L vd;fpwhH. cyfk; mwpe;j goikahdg; Guhzf;
fijahd> tpidapd; Njhw;wkhfpa Kidiaj;jpd;W ,akdpd; capiuAk; vLj;j
khHf;fz;NlaNd ,jw;Fr; rhd;whthd;. vdNt Kaw;rp nra;jhy; fLikahd tpjpiaAk;
nty;yKbAk; vd;gijf; fPo;f;fz;l nra;As; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
“ciyah Kaw;rpfis fidfzh Copd;
typrpe;Jk; td;ikAk; cz;Nl – cyfwpag;
ghy; Kid jpd;W kwtp capHFbj;j
fhy; KidNa NghYq;fhp” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-50)
Kaw;rp ntw;wp ngw fhyk;> ,lk;> Jiz ,it midj;Jk; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. xU
tpidiar; rhpahf Kbf;f vz;ZNthh;> vr;nraiyAk; nra;tjw;Fr; rhpahd fhyj;ij
czHe;jpUj;jy;> nraiy ntw;wpAld; Kbg;gjw;Fr; rhpahd ,lj;ijj; NjHT nra;jy;>
nraypd; xt;nthU ghfj;ijAk; ftdkhf Muha;jy;> nrayhy; tpisAk; gaid
mwpjy;> mjd;gpd; Muha;e;J njsptila Ntz;batw;iw Muha;e;J njspT ngWjy;>
nraiy Kbf;fj; Jizahf ,Ug;gtHfspd; typikia mwpe;jpUj;jy;> vdg; gy
tpA+fq;fis tFj;J> jhk; vz;zpagb tpid Kbf;f vz;ZNthhpd; nray;fshff;
nfhs;thh;. ,jidNa FkuFUguH>
“fhyk; mwpjhq; fplkwpe;J nra;tpidapd;
%yk; mwpe;J tpistwpe;J – NkYk;jhk;
#o;td #o;e;J Jizik typnjhpe;J
Ms;tpid Msg;gLk;” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-51)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;Dk; nra;Aspd; topahf epWtpAs;shh;. ,jd; %yk; ntw;wpapd; tpA+fq;fis
vspikahf tFj;jspj;Js;shH.
,jid ek; Kd;NdhHfs; md;whl tho;tpy; “gUtj;Nj gapH nra;” vd;w xw;iw
mbahy; fhyj;jpd; gaid vLj;J ,ak;gpAs;sdH. ,J Nghd;w gonkhopfspd;
thapyhf jj;Jtq;fis vspjhf Ghpa itj;Js;sdH. xU nraiyf; ifapy;
vLj;Jf;nfhz;L nra;a Kd;tUk; NghJ gytifahd ,lHghLfs; ek;ik jhf;Fk;.
mjw;nfy;yhk; ehk; mire;J tplf;$lhJ. ehk; nfhz;l ,yf;fpy; Kad;W nfhz;Nl
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ehk; vg;NghJk; vLj;J nfhz;l xU fhhpaj;jpy; grpAlDk;>
jdpj;Jk;> tpopj;Jk;; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk.;
FkuFUguH ngUkhd; $Wifapy;- xUth; jhk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nraiyj;
jpwk;gl Kbf;Fk; ty;yik nfhz;ltHfshfTk;> clyhy; Vw;gLk; NrhHitf;
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s khl;lhHjth;fshfTk;> NkYk; grpiaj; Jd;gkha; fUjp mjd;
Nky; ftdk; nfhs;s khl;lhHfs;. cwf;fk; nfhs;s khl;lhHfs;. jdf;F ahH Jd;gk;
nra;jhYk; mtw;iw xU nghUl;lhf epidf;f khl;lhHfs;. fhyj;jpd; mUikapidAk;
ghHf;f khl;lhHfs;. flikia Kbf;f fUjpatHfs; mjidNa fz;zhff;
nfhz;bUg;gH. Jd;gq;fisf; fz;L gpd;thq;f khl;lhHfs; vd;W Kaw;rp mjw;fhdg;
gapw;rp Kiw cj;jpfisg; gjptpl;Ls;shH. rhd;W:
“nka;tUj;jk; ghuhH grpNehf;fhH fz;JQ;rhH
vt;nttH jPikAk; Nkw;nfhs;shH – nrt;tp
mUikAk; ghuhH mtkjpg;Gq; nfhs;shH
fUkNk fz;zhap dhH” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-52)
,r;R+oiyj; jhd; gpd;dhspy; te;j tpNtfhde;jUk; ,uj;jpdr; RUf;fkhf:
 grpj;jpU
 jdpj;jpU
 tpopj;jpU
vd;W $WfpwhH. ,jd; %yk; ,k;%d;Wk; ek;Kila %r;R – fhw;W Nghy;
ek;ikj; njhlHe;jhy; ek;Kila ,yf;fpid vspjhf vl;btplyhk;. NkYk; gjtp vd;w
fdpiag; gwpf;f Njitapy;iy> mJ jhNd gOj;J kbapy; tpOk;.
Kaw;rp – gapw;rp
xU nraiyr; nra;tJ Kaw;rp vdpy; mr;nray; ntw;wpngw gapw;rp Ntz;Lk;.
rhd;whf> kfhghujj;jpy; kdij gpirAk; xU epfo;T> Vfiytd;; JNuhzhr;rhhpahhplk;
tpy;tpj;ijf; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. mjw;fhf mtd; tpltpy;iy njhlH
Ntl;ifapdhy; Kaw;rp nra;J mtiuNa jd; FUthf vz;zpf;nfhz;L jd; mUfpy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Ue;J fw;Wf;nfhLg;gJ Nghd;w vz;zij cUthf;fp ek;gpf;ifNahL gapw;rp nra;J
mHr;RdDf;F epfuhdhd;. vdNt ,jpypUe;J Kaw;rpAk; - gapw;rpAk; xd;Wf;Fs;
xd;WNghy; njhpAk;. Mdhy;; xd;W ,y;iynadpy; kw;nwhd;W ,y;iy.
ve;j xU nraYk; Kaw;rp nra;jTld; fpl;lhJ. mr;nraiy Nehf;fp rPuhd
Kiwapy; gapw;rp nra;Ak;NghJ mjDs; ,Uf;Fk; #l;rkq;fisg; Ghpe;J ntw;wp ngw
KbAk;. xU tpisahl;L tPud; ntw;wp nfhs;s Kaw;rp Ntz;Lk;. ,J kWf;f Kbahj
cz;ik. Mdhy; mtd; tpisahLtjw;F Kd;Gk;> tpisahl;bd; ,ilapilNaAk;>
cliyAk; kdijAk; GJg;gpf;f Kiwahdg; gapw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;L tpisahbdhy;>
ftdr; rpjwy; ,d;wp vz;zpa ,yf;if vspjhf milayhk;. ek; ehl;bd;
vy;iyg;gil tPud; xUtd; gdpkiyg; gFjpapy; gzpahw;w jFe;j gapw;rpngw;W gpwFg;
Nghhpl Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,t; tpjp vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; nghUe;jhJ. rpy
Neuq;;fspy; vjpHghuhj jhf;Fjiyr; re;jpf;Fk; Ntisapy; “ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk;
MAjk;” vd;gJ Nghy vg;gbahtJ Kaw;rp nra;J ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lk;. me;j
,lj;jpy; epd;W nfhz;L gapw;rp nra;j gpd;G jhf;fyhk; vd;W vz;ZtJ capUf;F
,Wjpahfp tpLk;.
vy;yhtw;wpf;Fk; Nkyhf ,lk; - nghUs; - Vty; vd;gij kdjpy;
gjpaitj;Jf;nfhz;Lg; gazpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,j;jUzj;jpy; jhd; FkuFUguhpd;>
 “grpNehf;fhH ”
 “fz;JQ;rhH”
 “fUkNk fz;zhapdhH”
vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp ek;ik cs; Nehf;fp ,Oj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. Nkw;$wpa nray; epfo
gaw;rp Ntz;Lk; vd;gij czHj;JfpwJ. Vnddpy; ,r;nrhy;yhl;rpapd; cl;nghUs;
Gwj;Nj epfOk; epfo;ty;y> kdjpd; mfj;Nj epfo;tJ. ve;j xU ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jhYk;>
me;j ,yf;ifr; Rw;wpAs;s mfg;Gw fhuzpfis Muha;e;J> mjd; gpd; jd;
typAzHe;J Kaw;rpAk;> gapw;rpAk; nra;jhy; ntw;wp vd;w nrhy; ek; tpuy;
mirtpw;fhff; fhj;jpUf;Fk;. vdNt> fhhpaj;jpy; ftdNkhL Kay Ntz;Lk; vd;w
kiwnghUs; nghjpe;Js;sJ. vdNt ,iwtd; NjtHfs;> KdptHfs;> rpj;jHfs;>
Qhdpfs;> kfhd;fs;> rhd;NwhHfs;> GytHfs; vd midtUk; Kaw;rp nra;Ak;NghJ
tUk; ,d;dy;fisj; jFe;j gapw;rp %yk; Nrhh;TwhJ tplhKaw;rp nra;J ntw;wp ngw
top$Wfpd;wdH.
Kaw;rp rpwpnjdpDk; - gapw;rpapdhy; gad; nghpjhff; fpl;Lk;
“ rpWKaw;rp nra;jhq; FWgad; nfhs;sg;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngWnkdpy; jho;tNuh jhohh; - mwdy;y
vz;ika thapDq; iftpl; lhpnjdpDk;
xz;ikapy; jPh;e;njhOf yhh; ” (ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;-69)
vd;w FkuFUguhpd; nra;As; mbfs; - rpW Kaw;rpapdhy; fpl;Lk; nghpa gad; Fwpj;J
tpsf;fp epw;fpwJ>
nra;;tjw;F vspaitahf ,Ug;gpDk; mwkw;w nray;fis xJf;fpAk;>
nra;tjw;F mhpjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mwtopapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpg; Nghfhky;> gadilfpd;w
rhd;Nwhh;fs; Fiwe;j msT Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L mj;jifa Kaw;rpapdhy;
mjpfkhd gaidg; ngw KbAkhdhy; mj;jF Kaw;rpapid Nkw;nfhs;sg; gpd;thq;f
khl;lhh;fs;.
ek; md;whltho;tpy; epfOk; gy; NtW epfo;Tfs; thapyhf rpW Kaw;rpapd;
nghpa gad; Fwpj;J czuyhk;. rhd;whf> xspjUk; tpsf;F Jhz;Ljy; vd;Dk;
Kaw;rpapd; %yk; ePz;l Neuk; Rlh; tpl;L ntspr;rk; jUk;. mJNghy;
,uhkhazj;jpy;> ,uhkgpuhDf;F mzpy; cjtpaJ Nghy rpW Kaw;rpapdhy; fpl;Lk;
nghpa gad; Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.
FkuFUguhpd; tho;tpYk; mtH Ie;J taJ tiu NgrhjpUe;j NghJ tpjpia
nehe;J nfhz;buhky; mtuJ ngw;NwhHfs; jq;fspd; topghL flTshd jpUr;nre;J}H
KUfdplk; njhlH gpuhj;jid nra;jdH mjdhy; Ngr;R te;jJ. ,jd; %yk; rpW
Kaw;rpapd; nghpa gad; Fwpj;J czuyhk;. mjd; gpd;;G FkuFUguhpd; Kaw;rpdhYk;
KUf ngUkhdpd; mUshSk; jpUr;nre;J}H KUfd; kPJ mj;jyj;jpNyNa fe;jH
fypntz;gh ,aw;wpdhH. mjd;gpd; kJiuapy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; jiyikapy;
kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo; vd;Dk; E}iy muq;Nfw;wk; nra;ifapy; me;E}ypy; ,lk;
ngw;w tUifg; gUtj;jpd; xd;gjhk; ghlyhd. “njhLf;Fk; flTl; gok;ghly;” -
vd;Dk; ghliyg; ghbaNghJ kPdhl;rpak;ik rpW ngz; Foe;ijahfj; Njhd;wp>
jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fOj;jpy; ,Ue;j kzpkhiyiaf; fow;wp> FkuFUguhpd; fOj;jpy;
mzptpj;J kiwe;jhs;. kPdhl;rpapd; mUs; ngw;W kPdhl;rpak;ikFwk;> kPdhl;rpak;ik
,ul;ilkzpkhiy kJiuf; fyk;gfk;> vd ,d;Dk; gy E}y;fs; ,aw;wpa ngUik
mtuJ Kaw;rpahy; jhd; vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.
KbTiu
FkuFUguh; jk; tho;ehspy; ey;Kaw;rpahy; mwj;jpypUe;J tOthky; njhlh;e;J
,iwg;gzp thayhfj; jkpo;j;njhz;L nra;jikia ahUk; Nghw;whky; ,Uf;f
KbahJ. Kad;why; KbahjJ cz;Nlh? Kaw;rp – gapw;rp = caHr;rp. ,e;j
ghijapy; cz;ikNahL cioj;jhy; midthpd; tho;tpYk; ntw;wp epr;rak;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
JizE}y; gl;bay;
1. Fku FUguh;> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;> %yKk; ciuAk;> fjph; KUF (c.M) (rhujh
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id: 2007)
2. jpUf;Fws;> (1999)> ehkf;fy; ftpQh;> (c.M) (th;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id:
vohk; gjpg;G 2000)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,yf;fpa jpwdha;Tf; nfhs;if
Kidth;. nr.tpy;rd;>
cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>
muR fy;tpapay; fy;Y}hp>
xuj;jehL.
Kd;Diu
,yf;fpak; Xh; ,y;yk; vd;why;; mjw;Fhpa Kfthp ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;j jpwdha;T
vdyhk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; juk;> ghLnghUs; gw;wpa epiw> Fiwfisf; fz;Lzh;e;J
Fiwfisf; fisAk;> fUtpNa jpwdha;T> Fiwfs; cs;s ,yf;fpaj;ij “Cd
,yf;fpak;” vd;gh;. ,e;jg; ngah; khw Ntz;Lkhdhy; td;Kfj;jd;ikAld; jpwdha;T
nra;tJ kl;LNk rpwe;jtop. jkpopy; gy;NtW JiwfspYk; ciueil E}y;fs;
Njhd;wpd. NkYk; Nky;ehl;lhhpd; $l;Lwthy; Nkiy nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpa tiffSk;
jkpopy; Gfj; njhlq;fpd. mtw;Ws; xd;Nw ehty;. E}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd; vl;fhh;
Myd; Ngh mnkhpf;fhtpy; rpWfij vOjj; njhlq;fpdhh;. mth; tpijj;j tpj;J
ed;whf tsh;e;J cyfk; KOtJk; gue;J ,d;W Mykukhf tphpe;Js;sJ. ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaKk;> gaz ,yf;fpaKk; jkpo;nkhop tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpaJ. fzpdp top
fw;wy;;> fw;gpj;jy; ,d;W Ntfkhf gutp tUfpd;w njhopy;El;gkhFk;.
Nehf;fq;fs;
1. jpwdha;tpd; Njhw;wk; tiffs; Nghd;wtw;wpid mwpe;J nfhs;tPH;fs;.
2. fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jypy; jpwdha;tpd; Njhw;wk; tiffs fzpg;nghwp> ,izaj;jpd;
gad;fis mwpe;J tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;j mwpe;J nfhs;tPH;fs;.
,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T
Xh; ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;gth; xU nghUspy;; rpe;jpj;J vOjp ,Ug;ghh;.
mjidg; gbg;gth;; xU tifahf mwpe;J nfhs;thh;. ,yf;f pag; gilg;ghspiaAk;
mth; gilj;j ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; jpwdha;thsh;fs; gbg;gth;fSf;F kpfTk; neUf;fj;jpy;
nfhz;L tUfpd;whh;fs;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; gioa
ciufs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mtw;iw ek;khy; KOikahf mwpe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fhzg;ngWk; muq;Nfw;W fhijr; nra;jpfs; GhpahkNy Ngha;
,Uf;Fk;. jpUf;Fwspy; mt;tsT Ez;ikahd nra;jpfs; ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; gj;Jg;Ngh;
mjw;F ciu vOjp ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;. njhy;fhg;gpak; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpw;F Ie;J
ciuahrphpah;fs; ciu vOjp ,Uf;fpd;;whh;fs;. vdNt ciuahrphpah;fs; xU E}Yf;F
ciu vOjp ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fSk; jpwdha;thsh;fNs Mth;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
1. jpwdha;Tf; fiy
Nkiy ehLfspy; fpNuf;f nkhop Nghd;wtw;wpy; jpwdha;Tf; fiy vd;gJ xU
jdpf; fiyahfg; gd;ndLq; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng tsh;e;Js;sJ. jkpopy;;
jdpf;fiyahf tsutpy;iyNa jtpu ciuahrphpahpd; ciufspy; jpwdha;Tf;
$Wfis epiwaf; fhzyhk;. jpwdha;Tf; fiy njhlh;ghfg; gy E}y;fs; ,d;W
jkpopy; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
K. tujruhrd; : ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rp
m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; : ,yf;fpaf; fiy
jh. V. Qhd%h;j;jp : ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;
njh.K.rp.uFehjd; : ,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;
f.ghyre;jpud; : ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T
jkpotd; : jkpo;f; ftpijAk; nkhopjy;;
Nfhl;ghLk;
n[aNkhfd;; : etPdj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa
mwpKfk;;
2. jpwdha;tpd; Njhw;wk;
,yf;fpak; vt;tsT goikahdNjh mt;tsT goikahdjhFk; mjd;
jpwdha;Tk;> ahuhtJ xUth; xU ghliyNah> ciueiliaNah gilj;jpUg;gpd;
mjidf; fw;w xUth; mJ rpwe;;jJ vd;Nwh> kl;lkhdJ vd;Nwh $Wk;nghOJ
jpdwha;T mq;Nf Njhd;wptpLfpwJ. MfNt> jpwdha;T vd;W $wpdhy; ‘KbT $wy;’
mjDs; mlq;fpapUj;jy; fz;$L. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsd;> Xh; ,yf;fpaj;ij ed;F
fw;Wj; jdJ $h;e;j mwptpdhYk;> mf; fiyia mDgtpf;fj; jdf;Fs; jdpg;gl;l
czh;tpdhYk;> ed;F Muha;e;J> mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpd; Fiw> epiwTfis kjpg;gpl;L> mJ
rpwe;jJ vd;Nwh kl;lkhdJ vd;Nwh $Wgtdhthd;. ,j;jpwdha;T vd;w nrhy;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; gad;gLk;NghJ> FiwT-epiwT $Wk; E}y;fis kl;Lk; Fwpf;fhky;
,yf;fpaj;ijg; gw;wpf; $Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> mJgw;wp ntWk; Muha;r;rp nra;Ak;
E}y;fisAk;> mjd; NgUiufisAk; cl;nfhz;L Fwpf;fpwJ. vdNt> jpwdha;T
nra;Ak; E}Yf;Fk;> vjidg; gw;wp ,j; jpwdha;T epfo;fpwNjh me;j ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk;
cs;s NtWghL vd;dntd;W mwpa Ntz;Lk;. tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp Muha;e;J mjd;
rpwe;j gz;Gfisf; $WtJ ,yf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. mt;tpyf;fpaj;ij Muha;tJ
jpwdha;T vdg;gLk;.
,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tk; Xh; ,yf;fpakhfyhk;. xU E}iyj; jpwdha;T nra;ag;
GFe;j E}y; mk; %yE}iy ehk; fw;fj; J}z;l Ntz;Lk;. %yE}iyg; gw;wp mwpa
ek;ik mJ J}z;bdhYk; J}z;lhtpl;lhYk; eLTepiy gpwohky; vOjg;gl;bUe;jhy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mj; jpwdha;thsd; fUj;ijf; $Wfpd;wikahy; mJTk; Xh; ,yf;fpankd;Nw $Wjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fUj;ijg; goe;jkpoh; ed;F czh;e;jpapUe;jdh;.
3. ,d;iwa jpwdha;tpd; epiy
,d;W jkpo;nkhopapy; Njhd;wpAs;s jpwdha;T E}y;fisg; ghh;j;Jtpl;lhy;>
goe;jkpod; KiwNa kpfr; rpwe;;jJ vd;w vz;zk;$lj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ‘E}y;
kjpg;Giufs;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy;; gj;jphpf;iffspYk;> thndhypapYk; ntsptUk;
jpwdha;Tfisf; fhz;fpw jkpod; vth;;jhd; tpag;;gilahky; ,Uf;f KbAk;?
ngUk;ghYk; E}iyg; gbahkNy jpwdha;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ. E}y; vOjpj; jpwdha;Tf;F
mDg;gpath;f;Nf ,t;tDgtk; njhpAk;. xUNtis mjid xU jpwdha;thsh;
gbj;Jtpl;lhYk;> mth; Ma;T> xNu Gfo;khiyahf ,Uf;Fk;> my;yJ xNu xg;ghhpahf
,Uf;Fk;. Kjy; tifiar; Nrh;e;jth;> ed;F mr;rpaw;wk;; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ mofhd
Gj;jfrhiyf;Fk; iff;Fk; mzpfyk; vd;w KiwapYk; ,jidtplr; rpwe;j xU E}y;
Njhd;w KbahJ’ vd;Wk; ‘tpkh;rdk;’ nra;thh;. ,uz;lhtJ tifahh; ‘Vd; ,e;E}y;
Njhd;wpw;W vd;W njhpatpy;iy’ vd;ghh;.
,t;thW $Wtjdhy; jpwdha;T E}Ny Njhd;w Ntz;lhk; vd;W $Wtjhf
ahUk; epidj;Jtpl Ntz;lhk;> jpwdha;T E}y;fs; ,y;iynad;why;; ,yf;fpa cyfpd;
rpwe;j Xh; cWg;G ,y;iy vd;Nw $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkiyehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu
,f;FiwghL NtW tifapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mq;Fj; Njhd;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fisf;
fhl;bYk; jpwdha;T E}y;fs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. jpwdha;T E}Yf;Fk; xU jpwdha;T
E}y; Njhd;Wk; epiy$l mq;Nf rhjhuzk;.
4. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; gad;:
jpwdha;tpdhy; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G tuyhw;wpw;Fk; gad;fs;
cz;lhfpd;wd. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy; fPo;f;fhZk; gad;fs; cz;lhfpd;wd.
1. rpwe;j fiyg;gilg;Gj;; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffs; cUthfpd;wd.
3. Gjpa ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilf;fg; gilg;ghspfs; J}z;lg;gLfpd;wdh;.
4. ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpw;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T tuyhW cUthfpwJ.
6. ,yf;fpag; gpiofs;> ,yf;fzg; gpiofs; ePq;Ffpd;wd.
7. r%f tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
8. fiyapd; rpwg;Gk; mjidf; fw;Nghh;f;F cz;lhFk; kfpo;Tk; r%f tsh;r;rpf;F
cjTfpd;wd.
9. fiy> fiyf;fhf kl;Lkd;W. fiy r%fj;jpw;fhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij
ntspg;gLj;jy;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
10. jdpkdpjhpd;; MSik> jdp ,yf;fpar; rpwg;G Kjypad mwpe;J
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
5. jpwdha;thshpd; jFjpfs;:
,d;iwa epiyapy; vz;zw;w ,yf;fpa kyh;fs; kyh;fpd;wd. Clfq;fspd;
topNa mjpf mstpy; kf;fspilNa kzk; gug;Gfpd;wd. ‘E}y; tpkh;rdk;’ gw;wpNa
jdpgj;jphpiffs; njhlq;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. E}yfk;> cq;fs; E}yfk;;> Gj;jfk; NgRJ>
E}y; tpkh;rdk; Nghd;w rpw;wpjo;fs; E}y; tpkhprdj;jpw;fhf ntsp tUfpd;wd. jpdkzp
Nghd;w ehspjo;fs; E}y; tpkhprdq;fis vOjp tUfpd;wd. jw;fhyj;jpy; ntq;fl;rhkp>
mNrhfkpj;jpud;> m.khh;f;]>; ngh. NtYr;rhkp> gh.kjpthzd;> j.KUNfrghz;bad;>
f.gQ;rhq;fk;> uh[;nfsjkd; KjypNahh; ey;y jpwdha;thsh;fshfTk; tpkh;rdk;
nra;gth;fshfTk; cs;sdh;. jpwdha;thsh;fspilNa mika Ntz;ba jFjpfs;
fPo;f;fz;lthW jug;gLfpd;wd.
1. jpwdha;thsh;> gy E}y;fisf; fw;wwpe;jtuhfTk;> gOj;jg; Gyik
cilatuhfTk;> GjpJ Gjpjha;g; gapd;W ,d;GWk; ,ay;GilatuhfTk;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tphpe;J gue;Jgl;l E}ywpT mtUf;F kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjJ.
2. xU nkhop E}y;fspy; kl;Lkd;wpg; gynkhop E}y;fspYk; ,yf;fpa mDgtk;
ngw;wtuha; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. mg;NghJjhd; ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfisj;
jpwk;gl ntspapl KbAk;.
3. ftpij> ehlfk;> Gjpdk;; Nghd;w ve;j
; j; Jiwiag; gw;wpj; jpwdha;T
nra;fpd;whNuh me;jj; Jiw rhh;e;j kw;Wk; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila gy
E}y;fisAk;> fiy EZf;fr; nra;jpfisAk; ed;F njhpe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
4. jhd; Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gd;Kiw gapd;W mjd;
caph;g;ghd gFjpiaj; njs;sj; njspa czh;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5. E}ypd; epiyahd gFjpfs; vit> epiyapy;yhj gFjpfs; vit vd;gijg;
gFj;jwpa Ntz;Lk;.
6. ,yf;fpak; gilj;jth; rpy fiy EZf;fq;fshYk;> mwf;Nfhl;ghLfshYk;
,af;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mtw;iwj; jpwdha;thsh;; njhpe;J njspa Ntz;Lk;.
7. fhy nts;sj;ijf; fle;J xU E}y; tho;tjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fis>
E}yhrphpahpd; gilg;ghw;wiy kw;wth;fSk; fz;L kfpOk; tifapy; ntspf;
nfhzu Ntz;Lk;.
8. E}yhrphpahpd; jdpr; rpwg;gpidAk;> cs;sj;J czh;TfisAk;> fw;gidj;
jpwidAk; fz;lwpa Kida Ntz;Lk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
9. tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiaNah> Fwpg;gpl;l r%fr; #oiyNah ikakhff; nfhz;L
gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mg;gpd;dzpia my;yJ #oiyj; jpwdha;thsd; ed;F
Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
10. khdpltpaypd; fle;j fhy tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp mwpT njspT kpf;ftuhfTk;>
mUs; xOf;fk; G+z;ltuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,it Nghd;wd jpwdha;thsUf;Fhpa ,d;wpaikah jFjpfshff;; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
6. jpwdha;thsUf;Fhpa gzpfs;:
“,yf;fpaj;ij ed;F Ghpe;J mDgtpf;Fk; ,ay;ig tsh;g;gNj ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;tpd; ,d;wpaikahg; gzpahFk;” vd;W jpwdha;Tg; gzp Fwpj;J b.v];.vypal;
vd;ghh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ,d;wpaikahg; gzpapidf;
fhZk;NghJ ciuahrphpah;fspd; gzp jpwdha;Tg; gzpNa vd mwpayhk;.
1. jpwdha;thsh;fs; nra;Js;s gzpfisf; fPo;tUkhW gFj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.
2. %yE}w; nghUisj; njspthff; fhl;Ljy;.
3. nrhy;yhl;rp> nrhw;nwhlh;fspd; rpwg;ghd nghUis ed;F tpsf;fpf; fhl;ly;.
4. E}y; fUj;Jfisj; njhlf;fj;jpy; njhFj;Jr; nrhy;Yjy;.
5. gpioahd fUj;Jfisj; jf;fr; rhd;Wld; kWj;jy;.
6. Fwpg;gpl;l E}w;nghUspd; gpd;dzpapy; ekf;Fj; njhpahtz;zk; kiwe;J fplf;Fk;
mhpa nra;jpfis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
7. %yE}ypy; ,ilr;nrUfy; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iwf; fise;J vwpa Kw;gLjy;.
8. fhg;gpak; Nghd;w ,yf;fpa tifapy; tUk; fijf; Nfhg;igAk;> gy;tif
kdpjhpd; gy;tifg; gl;l gz;GfisAk; nray;KiwfisAk; fhtpaf;
fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;F Vw;w tz;zk;gLj;jpf; fhl;ly;.
9. E}ypd; Nghf;fpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdit ,it vd;Wk;> nghUj;jkw;wit ,it
vd;Wk; Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy;.
10. ctik> cUtfk;> cs;Siw> ,iwr;rp Nghd;wtw;iw eaKld; tphpj;Jf;
fhl;Ljy;.
11. %yE}ypy; kiwe;Jtpl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; nra;As;fisf; fz;lwpe;J $Wjy;.
12. ,ir> ehlfk; Nghd;w Jiwfisg; gw;wpa mhpa fiyr; nry;tq;fis
Mq;fhq;Nf nfhz;L te;J ntspg;gLj;jy;.
Nkw;fz;l gzpfs; jpwdha;thsuJ gzpfshfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
jpwdha;tpd; tiffs;
1. tuyhw;W Kiwj; jpwdha;T
2. gilg;Gtopj; jpwdha;T
3. kuGtopj; jpwdha;T


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
4. tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T
5. mofpay; jpwdha;T
6. tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T
7. %yg;ghlj;; jpwdha;T
8. gFg;GKiwj;jpwdha;T
9. xg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T
10. kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T
vdg; gy gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fpd;wdh;.
1.tuyhw;W Kiwj; jpwdha;T
,j;jpwdha;tpid ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. 1. ehl;L tuyhw;wpid mwpjy; 2.
Mrphpah; tuyhw;wpid mwpjy;
,yf;fpak; Xh; fhyf; fz;zhb. ,yf;fpaj;jpid KOikahfr; Ritf;f
Ntz;Lkhdhy;; me;j ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpa fhy tuyhw;iw mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gilg;ghsp VNjh #o;epiyf; fhuzpfshNyNa xU gilg;gpidg; gilg;ghd;. vdNt
mtd; tho;e;j fhy #oiy mwpa Ntz;Lk;. Mrphpah; jd; cs;s czh;r;rpfisAk;>
fpsh;r;rpfisAk; gilg;gpyf;fpaj;jpy; tbj;jhy;> mtdJ tho;tpid Muha;e;J mwpjy;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. tpLjiy fhy kf;fspd; tuyhw;iwAk; czh;itAk;
mwpe;jhy;jhd; ghujpapd; ghly;fis ehk; KOikahf Ritf;f KbAk;. xU
fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l rKjhak; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lduh ,y;iyah vd;gijAk;
mwpa Ntz;Lkhdhy; tuyhw;wwpT ekf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
2.gilg;G topj; jpwdha;T
xU ,yf;fpaj;jpid me;j ,yf;fpaj;jpd; mbg;gil mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;Nl
Muha;tJ gilg;G topj; jpwdha;thFk;. fk;gh;> thy;kPfp Nghd;w ngUk; Gyth;fspd;
rpwe;j gilg;Gfis MuhAk;NghJ xt;nthUthpd; gilg;gpYk; mike;Js;s mbg;gil
mikg;gpidAk;> Nehf;fpidAk;> Nghf;fpidAk; mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbahdhy;; jhd;
mg;gilg;gpd; jd;ikapid ehk; czuKbAk;. ,j;jpwdha;T gilg;ghspapd; gilg;Gf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpd;wJ. Mrphpah; ,e;j Nehf;fpy; gilg;gpid mZfp khzth;fSf;F
fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3.kuG topj; jpwdha;T
Kd;Ndhh;fshy; tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz kuGfis mbg;ilahf
itj;Jf;nfhz;L xU gilg;gpid Muha;tJ kuG topj; jpwdha;thFk;. rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; gpw;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fisj;; jpwdhAk;NghJ KiwNa njhy;fhg;gpak;>
ed;D}y; ,yf;fz tpjpfis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nghUe;jp tUk; jd;ik
gw;wp jpwdha;tJ kuG topj; jpwdha;thFk;. xt;nthU fhyq;fspYk; xt;nthU


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tifahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; kyh;e;jd. rka tsh;;r;rpapy; kf;fs; mjpf Mh;tk;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd. fijfspYk; fw;gidfspYk;
fspj;jpUf;Fk;NghJ Guhz ,yf;fpaq;fs; gpwe;jd. kWkyh;r;rp> fhyq;fspy; Gul;rpg;
gilg;Gfs; kyh;e;jd. fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; tpjpfisAk; kPwp ,d;W GJf;ftpijfs;
Gwg;gl;ld. fl;Lg;ghl;il typAWj;jp ,j;jpwdha;T miktjhy; ,J kpFjpahfg;
Nghw;wg; gLtjpy;iy.
4.tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T
,yf;fpak; vt;thW mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,yf;fpak; tFf;Fk;
newpKiwfis msTNfhyhff; nfhz;L miktNj tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;thFk;. xU
,yf;fpak; ,d;d tifapy;jhd; mika Ntz;Lk;. ,d;d tifahd fiy
EZf;fq;fisj;jhd; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;;Lk;. ,d;d Nghf;fpy;jhd; mjd; eil mika
Ntz;Lk; vd;gd gilg;ghspia tpjpg;gLj;jp mjd;top elj;jpr; nry;tNj ,j;jpwdha;T
Kiw. ,k;Kiwg;gb ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;Lk;> Muhag;gl;Lk; te;jhy; xU
nkhopapd; xOq;fikg;G Fiwahky; ghJfhf;f KbAk;. ekJ rq;f ,yf;fpag;
ghly;fs; ,t;tifiar; rhh;;e;jit. gilg;ghsp cUthtjpy;iy. khwhf
cUthf;fg;gLfpwhh;. Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy ,t;tifapy; vOe;j E}yhFk;.
5. moF (m) KUfpay; Kiwj; jpwdha;T
,yf;fpaj;; jpwdha;tpy; ,JNt Neubj; jpwdha;T vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpwdha;T
Kiwapid mwpQh;fs; nfhs;ifapy; jpwdha;T vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdh;. xU
,yf;fpaj;jpd; nrhw;Rit> nghUl;Rit> mzpeyk;> czh;r;rp> fw;gid tbtk; Kjypa
moF mikg;Gfis MuhAk; KiwNa KUfpay; Kiwj; jpwdha;thFk;.
6.tpsf;f Kiwj; jpwdha;T
xU gilg;gpd; gilg;ghsidAk;> mtdJ gilg;gpy; mike;Js;s gy;NtW
tifahd $WfisAk; tpsf;fkhd Kiwapy;; Ma;T nra;jy;; tpsf;;fKiwj;
jpwdha;thFk;. ,d;W ,t;tifj;; jpwdha;Nt nghpJk;; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpwdha;T
Kiwapy; gilg;ghspapd;; gilg;G tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gilg;gpd;; gy gFjpfSk;;>
mikg;GfSk; gFj;Jf;; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. RUq;fr; nrhd;dhy; gilg;gthpd; gilg;Gf;;
fUt+yj;ij jpwe;J fhl;;bg;; gbg;gth;fSf;Fg; gy nra;jpfSk; ed;F njhpAk;gbahf
tpsf;FtNj tpsf;;f Kiwj;;jpwdha;thshpd;; flikahFk;. Mrphpah;; ,t;tifj;
jpwdha;tpid Nkw;nfhz;L ghlg;nghUs;; Fwpj;j $Ljy;; jfty;fis khzth;fSf;F
toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
7.%yg;ghlj; jpwdha;T
xU Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;gpy; ghlNtWghLfs; kpFjpahd epiyapy; mtw;wpid
Muha;e;J ,d;d fUj;Jfs; gilg;ghsdhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W fz;lwptJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
%yg;ghlj; jpwdha;thFk;. E}iy kw;nwhUth; gb vLg;gjhYk;> gy;NtW gjpg;Gfs;
ntsptUk; NghJk; Vw;gLk; mr;Rg; gpiofshYk;> rka> fho;g;Gzh;r;rpfshYk; ghl
NtWghLfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,jdhy; gbg;gth;fSf;F Fog;gk; Vw;gLk;.
,f;Fog;gj;ij jtph;f;f ,j;jpwdha;T gad;gLk;. kNdhd;kzpak; vOjpa Re;juk;
gps;is tho;j;Jg; ghlyhf “ePuhLk; vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliy vOjpdhh;. mJNt
jkpo;jha; tho;j;jhfTk;; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. %y E}yhrphpah;; “jputpl ey; jpUehLk;”
vd vOjpaJ ,d;W “jpuhtpl ey; jpUehLk;” vd mr;rplg;ngw;W ghlg;gLfpwJ.
8.gFg;G Kiwj; jpwdha;T
E}ypd; xt;nthU $wpidAk; gFj;J MuhAk; KiwNa gFg;G Kiwj; jpwdha;T
MFk;. mjpfhuj;jpw;F gj;J gj;J ghly;fshf jpUts;Sth; ghbdhh;. ,J Xh;
xOq;fhd Kiwitg;G. rpe;jhkzp ,yk;gfq;fshfTk;> fk;guhkhazk; glyq;fshfTk;
gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jifa mikg;gpidAk; njhlh;gpidAk; Muha;jNy gFg;G
Kiwj; jpwdha;thFk;.
9.xg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T
,jidj; jkpopy; jPH;g;G ciuf;Fk; jpwdha;T my;yJ KbTepiy $Wk;
jpwdha;T vd miof;fpd;wdh;. ,U NtW ,yf;fpaq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L xg;gpl;L
Muha;jy; ,j;jpwdha;T Kiw MFk;. xw;Wik Ntw;Wikf;fhd gl;;bayplyhNk xopa
,t;tpyf;fpak;; jhd; rpwe;jJ vd fUj;J $Wjy; $lhJ. xU fhyj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l
,yf;fpag; Nghf;Ffis kw;nwhU fhyj;jpd; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;NfhL xg;gpl;L Muhayhk;.
topE}y; my;yJ nkhopngah;g;G E}iy %y E}Yld; xg;gplyhk;. jpwdha;T nra;Ak;
,U E}y;fSf;fpilNaAk; xU nghJj;jd;ik ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. Njrpa czh;tpid
kf;fspilNa gug;Gtjw;Fk; ,k;Kiwj; jpwdha;T gad;gLk;.
10.kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T
rpwe;j gilg;Gfs; Fwpj;J ,U jpwdha;thsh;fspilNa NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs;
Njhd;wpdhYk; mt;NtWghLfspilNaAk; rpwg;ghd $Wfs; gw;wpAk;> mjd; kjpg;gPL
gw;wpAk; mbg;gilahd xw;Wik ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. xU gilg;ig
cz;ikahfNt kjpg;gpLtjw;F tpUg;G ntWg;gw;w eLepiyahd Muha;r;rp kdg;ghd;ik
mtrpakhFk;. xU gilg;igg; gyUk; ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;fs; vd;gjw;fhf MrphpaUk;
ghuhl;lf;$lhJ. gyUk; J}w;Wfpwhh;fs; vd;gjw;fhf MrphpaUk; Fiw nrhy;yf;
$lhJ. xU gilg;ig Ritf;Fk; thrfh; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; mij
rpwe;jjhfff; nfhs;syhk;. rpy gilg;Gfis ed;F GyikAilNahh; kl;LNk
mZfKbAk;. vdNt mg;gilg;G juk; ;jho;e;jjhfhJ. xU ,yf;fpak; jUk; ,d;gk;
jFjpAilajhfTk;> juKilajhfTk; mikAkhdhy; mt;tpyf;fpaj;ij rpwe;j
,yf;fpakhff; nfhs;syhk;. Mrphpah;fSf;F ,yf;fpaj;jpid jpwdhAk; Gyik kpf


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mtrpak;. xt;nthU ,yf;fpa tiffSf;Fk;; xt;nthU tifahd ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;T Kiw gad;gLk;. Mrphpah; tpsf;Fk; nra;jpapid khzth;fSf;F
tpsf;fkhfr; nrhy;y ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tg; gapw;rp MrphpaUf;Fg; gad;gLk;.
gy;NtW nkhopfspy; gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; GJik
Nehf;NfhL md;whlk; ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;GfisAk;> mwpe;J
rpwe;jtw;iw khzth;;fl;F ciuf;f Ntz;Lk;. vjph;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;F mwpTf; fz;
jpwf;Fk; Qhd #hpah;fshfpa Mrphpah;fs; ey;y jpwdha;thsh;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nrhw;fSf;fhf jtpf;Fk; Gytd; ntw;wp ngWtjpy;iy. jkpo; jpwdha;T nrk;ik
ngw;W nrOikahd E}y;fs; jkpopy; kyu Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fhpa mbj;jsj;ij
Mrphpah;fs; khzth;fs; kdjpNy tpijf;f Ntz;Lk;. ew;wkpo; gapw;wYf;F
JiztUtNj ,t; ,yf;fpaj;;j jpwdha;Tf; fiy MFk;.
njhFg;Giu
,yf;fpak; ,y;yk; vd;why; mjw;Fhpa Kfthp ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;j jpwdha;T
vdyhk;. ,yf;fpak; vt;tsT goikahdNjh mt;tsT goikahdJ jpwdha;T.
,yf;fpak; kdpjDf;Fj; jUk; ,d;gq;fs; mstw;wtdthFk;. kfpo;r;rpaspg;gNjhL
kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; mwpt+l;LtJk; ed;ndwp Gfl;LtJkhfTk; ehty; tpsq;FfpwJ.
fhye;NjhWk; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tbtq;fs; khwpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. rpWfij
,yf;fpak; cyfj;jpy; Njhd;wp tsh;e;J xU E}w;whz;Lfshfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
Kjd;Kjyhf tq;fhs nkhopapy; rpWfij ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpaJ. ,d;W Foe;ij
,yf;fpak; jdpj;njhU ,yf;fpakhf jpfo;fpwJ. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk;
kf;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fs; gz;ghLfs; ek;gpf;iffisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
gaz,yf;fpaKk; ,yf;fpaj;ij rpwg;G nra;fpwJ. ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;F mr;R
Clfq;fSk; gpw njhlh;G Clfq;fSk; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.
ghpe;Jiu E}y;fs;
1. milf;fyrhkp (1997) ,yf;fpatuyhW> ehy;epiy gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.
2. fzgjp.tp. (1999) ew;wkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs>; rhe;jh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.
3. NtZNfhghy; ,.gh.(1991) ige;;jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> rFe;jyh gjpg;gfk;>
NtY}h;.
4. Nfhfpyh jq;frhkp (2000) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy;> mdpr;rk; ntspaPL> fhe;jpfpuhkk;.
5. Mh;. vl;tpd; n[ah> jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; GJikfs;. nuj;jpdh gjpg;gfk;>
fd;dpahFkhp.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpo; tsu;j;j irtk;
Kidtu;. kh. tPuKUfd;>
cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>
jkpo;ehL kj;jpag;gy;fiyf;fofk;>
jpUth&u;- 610005.
Kd;Diu
nkhop> ,dk;> rkak; Mfpad kf;fs; rKjhaj;jpid ,af;Fk; fhuzpfs;;.
,itfs; kf;fis ,af;FtNjhld;wp ,it midj;Jk; xd;wpizAk;NghJ xU
rKjhaj;ij typik kpf;fjhf khw;WfpwJ. xU rKjhaj;jpd; cz;ik kjpg;Gfs;
(Real Social values) mjd; nghUshjhu tsikapdhy; mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,Ue;jnghOjpYk; mJ kf;fSf;Fs;shd cwit epiygLj;Jk; my;yJ xw;Wik
Vw;glr; nra;Ak; g+uzf; fhuzpahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. r%fk; vt;tsTjhd; nghUshjhu
typikAk; tsikAk; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; kf;fis vspjpy; mZFk; fhuzpfshf
nkhopAk;> kjKNk jpfo;fpd;wd. fhuzk; ,itNa mjpf czu;r;rp Cl;lf;$ba
mk;rq;fisg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; kjk; czu;Trhu; r%fj;ijf; fl;likf;fpwJ.
mwpT> czu;T ,uz;Lk; fye;j epiyapy; nkhop rhue;jr; r%fk;
fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,jidj; jkpo;ehl;bw;Fg; nghUj;jpg; ghu;j;jhy; ‘jkpo;nfO %tu; fhf;Fk; nkhop
ngau;Njvk;| (mfk;. 31:14) vd;w jkpo; Fbfs; thOk; vy;iyia nkhoptopf;
fl;likj;jJ Kjy;epiy. rq;fr; rhd;Wfis itj;J muha;e;jhy; mjd; jiyikAk;
nghJikAk; czu;Tfspd; topapy; fl;likf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,j;jhf;fj;ij
mbg;gilfhff; nfhz;Nl> maytu;fspd; tUifapdhy; rPu;NfL mile;JjpUe;jj;
jkpofj;ijg; gf;jpf;fhyk; Gjpa ghijf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;wJ. ,jw;Fj; jkpo; vLj;j
tbt khw;wk; Kjw;fhuzkhFk;.
mt;tbtkhw;wk; jkpNohL rkak; ,ize;J Gjpa jkpofj;ij cUthf;fp
ntw;wpfz;ljhFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; jkpo; jd;idr; rkaj;jkpohf khw;wpf;nfhz;L
ntw;wpf;F tpj;jpl;lJ. Kj;jkpOk; xUNru mope;Jnfhz;bUe;jr; #oypy; jkpo; jd;idr;
rkaj; jkpohf> Fwpg;ghfr; irtj; jkpohf khw;wpf;nfhz;L jkpofj;jpy;
ntw;wpfz;lNjhL jkpo;nkhop ,d;wsTk; capu;g;Gld; ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;gij
,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liu epWTfpwJ.
Xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; Gjpa rpj;jhe;jj;Jld; ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
mit kf;fsplj;jpy; jq;fspd; rpj;jhe;jq;fspd;%yk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp
ntw;wpailfpwd;wd. mjd;fhuzkhf mt;tpaf;fj;jpd; ,Ug;G xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;
tiuapy; jf;fitf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpwe;j ,yf;fpa tsik> nrwpthd ,yf;fz


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tud;Kiw> ePz;lnjhU ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;r;rp midj;Jk; nfhz;l jkpo;nkhop ,e;jpa
nkhopfspy; jdpr;rpwg;ghdnjhU ,lj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sNjuL> kuGrhu; nray;ghLfspy;
caupag; gz;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,JNt jkpou;fisAk; jdpj;jd;ik
cs;stu;fshf milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ. jkpofk; jtpu;j;J ,e;jpahtpd; gpw gFjpiar;
rhu;e;j kf;fspilNa ,Ue;JtUk; njsptw;w kuGfs;> Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu NtW cau;thd tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fpilahJ1. vd;w
thdkhkiyatu;fspd; $w;wpidf;nfhz;L kw;w ,e;jpa nkhopfNshL xg;gpl;L
mwpaKbAk;. fhyk;fhykhfj; jkpofj;Jld; ,ize;jpUe;j jpuhtplf; FLk;gq;fspd;
Gtpf;FwpaPL nkhoptopf; fl;likf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. nkhopapd; jd;ik mjd; ,yf;fzk;
Mfpatw;iwf;nfhz;L mk;nkhop Goq;Fk; rKjhak;> Njrk;> mtw;wpd; gz;ghL
Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ikfisAk; tuyhw;iwAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk2; vd;fpwhu;
`k;Nghy;l;.
tuyhw;wpy; jkpo;nkhopapd; gq;fspg;G xU Njrj;jpid tiuaiw nra;Ak;
mstpw;F mjd; ,iwahz;ikj; jpfo;e;Js;sJ. jkpo; kf;fs; jhk; Ngrpa nkhopAld;
,ize;J tho;e;jdu;. jkpou; NtW> jkpo;nkhop NtW vdg; gpupf;f KbahjsT
mk;nkhopahdJ kf;fspd; tho;NthL ,ize;jpUe;jJ3 vd;fpwhu; Nf.Nf.gps;is.
jkpofj;jpy; ,t;Tzu;T rq;f fhyk; njhlq;fp %Nte;ju;fspd; Ml;rptiuapy;
tsu;e;jte;j czu;thFk;. %Nte;ju;fspd; Mjutpdhy; jkpo; gue;j jsj;jpy; epiyj;J
epd;wNjhL> ehfuPf milahsj;ij cyfpw;F toq;fpaJ. jkpoupd; tho;T> Ngrpa
nkhop> tho;e;j epyk; ,;k;%d;wpw;Fk; ,ay;ghdj; njhlu;nghd;W jkpo; ehfuPfj;jpd;
mbg;gilj; jj;Jtkhf mike;jpUe;jJ4 vd;fpwhu; Nf.Nf.gps;is. rq;ffhyj;
jkpofj;jpy; nkhopNa kf;fs; r%fj;ij xd;wpizf;Fk; Kjw;fhuzpahfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
rq;ffhyj;jpypUe;Nj jkpou;fs; xU nrt;tpay; jd;ikAld; nkhopia tsu;j;Js;sdu 5;
vdf; fkpy; Rtygpy; $WtijAk; ,izj;Jg;ghu;ff
; KbAk;. ;nkhopiag; Nghw;wpaj;
jkpou;fs; flTl;nfhs;ifiaAk; tpl;Ltpltpy;iy. fLikahd %l ek;gpf;iffisg;
NgrhJ flTisAk; mtu;Nky; nfhz;l ek;gpf;ifiaAk; fiy ,yf;fpaj;NjhL
,izj;J tho;e;jdu;. Xt;nthU #oypYk; jkJ gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;Gfis cau;
mq;ff
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1. jkpo; nkhopapd; rpwg;Gfis vLj;Jf;$Wk; nghUl;L Mupa murd;
gpufjj;jDf;F FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vd;w mfE}iyf; fgpyu; gilj;jhu;.
2. Faf;nfhz;lhd; vd;gtd; Mupak; ed;W jkpo; jPJ vd mbf;fbf;
$wpte;jhd;. mjidg; gyu; fLikahff; fz;bj;Jk; mtd; jpUe;jtpy;iy. xU ehs;
ef;fPuuplk; gyu; nrd;W $w mtUk; ,jidf; fz;bj;jhu;. mtNdh mt;thW
$Wtijj; njhlu;e;J nra;jNjhL> jkpo; tlnkhopiatpl cau;Tilanjd ep&gpf;f


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
KbAkh? vdf; Nfs;tp vOg;g> mjw;F ef;fPuu; ep&gpf;f KbAk; vdf;$wp jkpopy; mwk;
ghb mtid kha;j;jhH6 vd;fpwJ rk];fpUj Mjpf;fk; vd;w E}y;.
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ntspg;ghlhFk;. mit jkpOf;F Mjuthdr; #oy;fspy; epfo;e;j epfo;TfshFk;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; gue;j kdg;ghd;ikAld; $ba nghJg;gz;Gfs; epiwe;jpUe;j jkpofk;
mjid ,yf;fpaq;fspd; top ntspg;gLj;jpAJ. gioaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; vkf;Ff;
fhl;Lk; ehfuPfk; thdpd;W jpBnud;W tOf;fp tpOe;jjd;W> ahJk; CNu ahtUk;
Nfspu;| vd;w nghJ Nehf;fhdJ fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhupd; fw;gidapy; gpwe;jjd;W. Fy
kuGfs; jdpj;jdpahf FWfpa tuk;Gf;Fs; tho;e;j epiy Nghd gpd;G muRfSk; Njr
czu;Tk; cau;e;jNghJ mf;$w;W gue;j kdg;ghd;ikapdhy; Vw;gl;bUf;f KbAk7; vd;W
ifyhrgjp $w;iw Mjhukhff; nfhs;syhk;. ,J maytu;fs; jkpo; vy;iyfis
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jkpou;fs; vy;iyia kl;Lky;yhJ jkpo; nkhopiaAk; gue;j kdg;ghd;ikAld;
fhj;Jte;Js;sdu;. ,k; kdg;ghd;ik kf;fshy; kl;Lk; vOg;gg;gl;ljd;W. kd;dd;
capu;j;Nj kyu;jiy cyfk; vd;w jiyikg; gz;ig Nghw;Wk; Gytu;fshYk;
kf;fshYk; ,ize;J cUthdJ. kd;dDk; kf;fs; top ele;jhd; vd;gjw;F md;iwa
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gilf;fg;gl;ld. kd;dd; flTshfNt khw;wg;gl;L> Nghw;wg;gl;l #oypy;> flTspd;
Kd;dpiyapy; ,yf;fpak; gilg;gJ tof;fkhapw;W. jkpo;f; Fykugpd; Kjy;
jiytdhd jpupGuk; vupj;j tpuprilf; flTs; jiytdhf ,Uf;f mtd; Kd;dpiyapy;
jkpo;nkhopapd; gilg;Gfs; ,aw;wg;gl;L mq;ff
P huj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
mt;tifapy; jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fis ,aw;Wk; rq;fj;jpd; jiytdhf
rptngUkhDk;> jiykfdhf KUff; flTSk; ,Ue;J elj;jp te;Js;sdu; vd;w
nra;jp ehk; tuyhw;wpy; mwpe;j fijr; nra;jpahFk;. ,jd; njhlu;r;rpNa rkankhop
jkpofj;jpy; cUthf mbg;gilahdJ. ,J gf;jpf;fhyj;jpy; cau; newpahf kf;fs;
P upj;J irt newp vdg; ngUikgLj;jg;gl;lJ. rptk;
NgRk; nkhopAld; ,izj;J mq;ff
- rptd; - irtk; - nrk;ik - nre;jkpo; vd;gjw;nfy;yhk; Xu; ,izg;;G epyTtij
Ma;T Nehf;fpy; mwpa KbAk;. mt;tpizg;G xU rpy E}w;whz;lstpy; epfo;e;jjd;W>
gyE}w;whz;Lj; njhlu;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.
jkpofj;jpy; Ntw;wpdj;jtu;spd; muR Vw;gl;lg;gpd;G (,Uz;lfhyk;) rq;ffhy
kuGfs; mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;ld. kf;fspd; mwpTrhu; nrhj;Jf;fs; gpwnkhopapduhy;
kilkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ld. rkzj;jpd; gpuhfpUjKk;> ngsj;jj;jpd; ghypAk; gz;ghl;L
kuGfspy; mjpfhuj;jpd; topapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd. me;epaupd; mjpfhur;
#oypdhy; khWjy;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lj; jkpof kf;fSf;F mJNt gofpg;Ngha;tpl;lJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Gwr;rkaNk midj;Jkhf epd;w epiyapy;; gf;jpf;fhyk; mfr; rkaj;jpd;top khw;wk;
nra;;a Kw;gl;lJ. fj;jpapd;wp> ,uj;jkpd;wp khWjy;fisf; fisa Kw;gl;l jd;
tpisthf czu;r;rpa+l;lf;$ba rkanewp NgrpathW jho;e;jpUe;jj; jkpio
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jkpo; newpahsu;fs; czu;r;rpa+l;Lk; rkaj;ij Clfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpajd;
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gPlj;ijf; ftu;e;Jnfhz;l tlnkhopahdJj; jkpio ,uz;lhk; nkhopahf khw;wp
itj;jpUe;jNjhL> midj;Jj;jsj;jpYk; mJNt Ml;rpnra;jJ. jkpofj;jpy; muR
kw;Wk; muRrhH mikg;Gfs; gf;jpf; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G md;dpa nkhopfSf;F
midj;Jj; jsj;jpYk; mq;fpfhuk; toq;fpapUe;jd8 vd;fpwhu; g.fpU\;zd;. kf;fs;
nkhopahd jkpo; %lek;gpf;ifahYk;> Gupjy; ,y;yhj kj newpfshYk;
tof;nfhope;Jnfhz;bUe;j epiyapy; mjpypUe;J tpLgl Kad;Wnfhz;bUe;jr; #oypy;
jpuhtplj;ijg; gpuhf;fpUjKk; ghypAk; gilnaLg;gpd; fhuzkhf trkhf;fpf;nfhz;L>
jkpo; kl;Lky;yhJ Mupaj;ijAk; xLf;fpaJ. rw;Nwuf;Fiwa %d;W E}w;whz;Lfs;
jkpou;fs; mbikj;jisapypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpj;jdu;. mk;Kaw;rp gf;jpf;fhyj;jpy;
ntw;wpngw;wJ. gf;jpf; fhy irt newpahsu;fs; kf;fis vspjpy; mZFk; tz;zk;
czu;r;rpa+l;lf;$bar; rka tbtj;NjhL jkpo; vOr;rpiar; nra;jdu;.
mr;rkatbtj;jpy; itjPfk; rhuhj rptd; vdg; ngau;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l jpupGuk;
vupj;j tpuprilf; flTNs Kjd;ikahdhu;.
murpypUe;J Mz;bfisAk; khw;wp itj;jpUe;j rkz ngsj;jr; rkaq;fis
tPo;j;Jtjw;F mtu;fspd; topNa irtnewpahsu;fSf;Fk; Njitg;gl;lJ. mt;thW
irtnewp jdf;fhdj; jd;tag;gLj;Jk; nray;fis ntw;wpfukhf;fpaJ. rptd; jkpo;
fhf;Fk; nja;tkhf khw;wg;gl;L njd;dhLila nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhu;. rptd; vd;w
jkpo;fhf;Fk; nja;tj;jpd; Jiznfhz;L mf; FwpaPl;LlNd rkz> ngsj;jk; kl;Lkd;wp
tl nkhopahsu;fisAk; Gwe;js;sNtz;bar; #oy;fis gf;jpf;fhy ,af;fk; rpwpJ
rpwpjhf cUthf;fpf; fl;likj;jJ.
r%fg; ghuk;gupaj;ijf; fhf;f KaYk; midj;J ,dKk; nkhopia
Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;Lg; NghuhLfpd;wd. ePz;l tuyhw;iwg; ngw;W tpsq; Fk; xt;nthU
rKjhaKk; jdJ kugpidAk; goikapidAk; vspjpy; tpl;LtpLtjpy;iy. jkpo;r;
r%fKk; mj;jifa jsj;jpNy nray;gl;lf; fhuzj;jpdhy; nkhopapd; kPJ
,aw;ifahfNt gw;Wzu;T Vw;glf; fhuzkhapw;W. mg;gw;Wzu;T ehsiltpy; mjPjg;
gw;whf khwp nkhopapy; nja;tj;jd;ikia Vw;wpf;$w fhuzkhapw;W9 vdf; ifyhrgjp
$Wtij xg;gpl;L mwpaKbAk;. mj;nja;t czu;Nt jkpo;nkhop kPz;Lk; jd;dpiy
milaTk; khngUk; gf;jpnkhopahf khwTk; fhuzkhdJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mt;ntw;wpapd; gpd;dhy; xUrpy GidTfs; ,Uf;fr; nra;jd. jkpo;nkhop
nja;tnkhop vdf; fUjpaJ> jkpo;nkhopiaf; flTs; gilj;jhu; vdf;$wpaJ.
mg;GidTfs; flTSk; nkhopAk; ,izf;fg;ngw;w fw;gid tho;f;ifiaj; jkpou;fs;
Nghw;Wk;gbr; nra;jd. ,jdhy; ,iwtDk; ,iwj;jkpOk; xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;J
gpupf;f Kbahj mstpy; xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;J> mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhLj;Jg;;
10
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s top nra;jd vd Rkjp uhkrhkp mtu;fs; $Wtij xg;gpl;Lg;ghu;ff
;
KbAk;. ,j;jifag; gupkhw;wj;jpd; tpisthfj; jkpoupd; njhd;ikj; jiytd; jpupGuk;
vupj;j tpuprilf; flTs; rptd; vd;w ngaupy; gpw;fhyr; rka ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
Kjd;ikf; flTshf rpj;jupf;fg;gl;lNjhL> mtNu jkpohfTk; fhl;l g;ngw;whu;. ,jd;
%yk; nkhopiag; Nghw;Wk; kdepiyia midj;J jug;G kf;fsplKk; vspjhf
cUthf;Fk; Nghf;F mlq;fpapUe;jJ. ,t;Tzu;Nt gy;fpg; ngUfpj; jkpopdj;jpd;
$l;Lzu;thfg; gpujpgypj;jJ.
,f;$l;Lzu;tpd; ntw;wpahy; irt newpahsu;fs; Kjy; Ntiyahf ,Uz;lfhy
muRfshy; jilnra;ag;gl;ltw;iwg; nghJikahf;fpdu;. ,jpy; Kf;fpakhdJ
,irtbtq;fshFk;. ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;w Kj;jkpo; czu;itj; jpl;lkpl;L
ntspf;nfhzu;e;jdu;. gf;jpAzu;tpy; jkpioAk; ,iriaAk; xd;whf;fpdu;.
njd;dhLila rptdhf irt newpapd; flTisf; $Wfpd;wNghNj ,irj; jkpioAk;
Nru;j;Jr; nrhy;Yk; tof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. jkpiog; gf;jpapd; nkhop vdf; $wr;nra;jdu;.
rq;ff; fhyj;jjpw;Fg; gpwF gf;jpf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; jkpo; czu;T ngUik NgRk;
tpjkhf ntspg;gl;lJ. gf;jpf;fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G murpd; nkhopfshf gpuhf;fpUjk;> ghyp>
rk];fpUjk; Nghd;wit mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy; mt;tplj;ij jf;fitf;fNtz;b
kf;fsplj;jpy; jkpo;g; ngUikiag; NgrNtz;baf; fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ. ntWk; ngUik
Ngrpdhy; nkhop mupaiz VwhJ vd;gjhy; jd;Ndwpy;yhj; jiytdhf tpsq;fpa
rptngUkhdpd; nkhop jkpo; vdg; ngUik NgrNtz;baf; fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ.
mNjhly;yhky; rka ,yf;fpaq;fspd; %yk; r%f kuGfs;> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsk;>
nkhopapd; njhd;ik Mfpatw;iw xg;gPl;L Nehf;fpy; NgrpaJ 11 vd f.rptj;jk;gp $w;wpd;
top mwpaKbAk;. gf;jp ,af;fk; nkhopia midj;Jj; jsj;jpYk; ,aq;fitj;jJ.
Fwpg;ghf ,irnts;sk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ngUfpaJ. jkpo;nkhop ,irf;Fupa
nkhopahdNjhL ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,irf; $Wfs; ntspg;gl;ld. rkaf; fhyj;jpy;jhd;
jkpopy; ,irnts;sk; ghaj;njhlq;fpaJ12 vd;W fpU~;zd; Fwpg;gpLtJk; Nkw;$wpa
fUj;jpw;Fj; JizahFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpaq;fisj; jkpou;fs; ngUikf;Fupa
xd;whff; fUJk; epiyAk; Vw;gl;lJ. %d;W E}w;whz;Lf; fhyq;fspy; (6> 7> 8) Vw;gl;l
rka kWkyu;r;rpapd; jhf;fk; ,d;Wtiu jkpo; tho;tjw;Fupar; rf;jpiaf;
nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ. nkhopf;F ,yf;fpak; mtrpak;> rkaj;jpw;F nkhop mtrpak; vd;gij


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
czu;e;jjhy; gf;jpf;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; rkaj;jNjhL nkhopia ,izj;J ,U
epiyfisAk; rkkhf;fp fhf;fr;nra;jd.
gf;jpf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopf;F irtj;ij kpQ;rpa njhz;bid Ntnwe;j kjg;
gpupTk; nra;atpy;iy. jkpo; czu;it nja;t czu;thf khw;wpaJ irt newpapd;
Kjy; khw;wkhFk;. njd;dhl;bd; flTshfg; Nghw;wg;gl;l rptid ghLtjw;F
tlnkhopahsu;fSk; cld;gl;l fhyk; ,Jjhd;. ngUntw;wp fz;LtUk; irtnewpNahL
jq;fisj; J}aj; jkpou;fshfj; jkpopdk; rhuhjtu;fSk; nrhy;yj; Jtq;fpa fhyKk;
,JNt. mJtiuapy; Ntw;Wikg; Ngrpatu;fs; gpd;dhspy; njd;nkhop tlnkhop vd
epiykhw;wpf;nfhz;L ,uz;ilAk; xg;gpl;Lk; cwTgLj;jpAk; fhl;Lk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ13
vdf; g.fpU~;zd; $Wtjd;%yk; mwpaKbAk;. gf;jp ,af;fj;ij topelj;jpa
Qhdrk;ge;ju; cs;spl;l %tu;fs; Gwr;rka E}y;fisAk; gpuhf;fpUjf; fUj;Jf;fisAk;
vjpu;j;jNghjpYk; rpy rkaq;fspy; NtjNts;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs; mlq;fpa tlnkhop
E}y;fis xJf;ftpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa itztj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tlfiy -
njd;fiyg; Nghuhl;llk; itztu;fs; rhu;e;jpUe;jj; jkpo; - rk];fpUjk; Mfpa
,UnkhopfSf;Fs; Vw;gl;lf; fUj;J Nkhjy;fs; vdf;fUj ,lKz;L. Muk;gf; fhyj;
njd;fiy itztj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopr; rhu;ghsu;fshf ,Ue;jtu;fs; tlnkhopapYk;
ed;Fg; Gyikg; ngw;wpUe;jhu;fs;14 vd;W ,uh.jz;lhAjk; $Wfpwhu;. mtu;fspy; rpyu;
ehy; tUzg; Ngjj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tlnkhopahsu;fSld; Nru;e;J jhKk; cau;Fbg;
gpwg;G vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L tlfiy itztg; gpuptpid Vw;gLj;jpdhu;fs; vd;gJ
tuyhW. mJNt gpd;dhspy; tsu;e;J> epiyj;jnjhU gpstpid nfhz;Lte;jJ15
;
,r;#oiyr; Rl;bf;fhl;b ntWg;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu; njd;fiyiar; rhu;e;j
kzths khKdpfs;. NkYk; nkhopiag; gw;wpa tpthjq;fisAk; itztj;jpy;
Kd;itf;fpd;whu;. jkpo; tlnkhopf;F mbg;gilahFk; vdf; $WtNjhly;yhky;
tlnkhopf;F Kw;gl;lJ vdg; nghUs;gLk; tpjj;jpy; mf];jpaKk; mehjp16 vd;w
fUj;ijAk; mtu; gjpaitf;f Kidfpd;whu;.
,j;jifag; gpsTfs;> fUj;JUthf;fq;fs; irtj;jpy; ,y;iy. cjhuzj;jpw;F
fu;ehlfj;jpd; tPu irtKk;> Me;jpuhtpd; irt newpAk; jkpofj;jpd; irt
newpapypUe;J rw;W NtWgl;lhYk; tlnkhopapd; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
NkYk; jkpo;ehl;bd; irt newpfisNa jq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wjhfj; jpUj;jpaikj;Jf;
nfhz;ld17 vd;gij Kidtu; rpj;jypq;ifahtpd; tPuirtk; vd;w E}ypd; top mwpa
KbfpwJ. jkpofj;ijg; NghyNt kw;w gFjpiar; rhue;j irt newpahsu;fs; rhjp
kWg;gpidr; nra;jijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ. jkpofj;jpd; 63 ehad;khu;fs; 9
njhifabahu;fspd; tuyhW> mjidj;jhd; kiwKfkhfr; nrhy;fpwJ. irt
newpahsu;fs; rhjpNtw;Wikg; Ngrpa tlnkhopAld; rkhjhdg; Nghf;ifNa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
filgpbj;jjw;F gpd;dzp murpay; ,Uf;fr; nra;jJ. xUfhyj;jpy; tlnkhop murpd;
MjuTngw;w nkhopahf ,Ue;jNghJ mJ jd; ,Ug;gpidj; jf;f
itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; jkpio ePr;rnkhop> fhl;Lkpuhz;bfspd; nkhop vdf;$wp
xJf;fpaNjhly;yhky; tlnkhop Njtnkhop> mjd;topr; nrd;why; flTis
milaKbak; vd;W czu;T uPjpahf Ml;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. ,g;gb gy Mz;Lfhyk;
czu;T uPjpahf kf;fisr; rpe;jpf;f tplhky;; jkpofj;jpd; mjpfhur; #oiyj; jd;
fl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUe;j epiyapid rkz> ngsj;jk; rhu;e;j Ml;rpahsu;fs; te;jgpwF
Gwe;js;spdu;. tlehl;by; ,Ue;J te;j rkzg; ngsj;j kjq;fs; mq;Nf
tlnkhopahsu;fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ghFghLfisAk;> mtu;fshy; filgpbf;fg;gl;lr;
rhjPaj; J}z;ly;fisAk; Kd;Ng mwpe;jpUe;j fhuzj;jpdhy; jkpo;ehl;by; mk;nkhopia
mq;ff
P upf;f kWj;jNjhL fLikahf vjpu;ff
; Tk; nra;jdu;. njd;dhl;by; tlnkhop
kw;Wk; cau;rhjpapdu; vjpu;g;G vd;gJ tlehl;by; epfo;e;jgpwFjhd; njd;dhl;by;
18
epfo;fpwJ vd;gij Fu;Na mtu;fspd; fUj;Jtop xg;gplKbfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; kf;fspd;
czu;tpy; fye;Jtpl;l tlnkhop - itjPf newpfis Neubahfg; gifj;Jf;nfhs;shky;
mtu;fis ,izj;Jf;nfhz;L gf;jpapaf;fk; rkz ngsj;j kjq;fSf;F vjpuhdg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lJ.
itjPf newpahsu;fSk; rkz-ngsj;j kjq;fs; mfd;why; ,oe;j mjpfhuj;ij
kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;w KbAk; vd;w Nfhzj;jpy; jkpo; newpahsu;fNshL ,ize;J Nghuhl
Kide;jdu;. rkak; fye;j jkpo; newp cUthtjw;F mg;NghJ Vw;gl;lr; rkurk;
fhuzkhFk;.
mJtiuj; jkpio xg;gpl;L> jd;id kl;Lk; cau;T gLj;jp Ngrpte;j epiykhwp
tlnkhopahdJ ruprkkhfg; ghu;fF
; k; epiy ,f;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ 19 vd;fpwhu;
g.fpU~;zd;. ,e;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;Gyj;jpid czu;e;jpUe;j irtnewpahsu;fs;
gf;jpf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopapd; ngUik Fd;whky;; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;lNjhL>
tlnkhopahsu;fs; filgpbj;j rhjPa NtWghLfs;> ngz;fspd; jho;Tepiyfs;> fy;tp
fw;gjpy; ,Uf;Fk; Ngjq;fs; Mfpatw;iw ehRf;fhf mfw;w Kw;gl;ldu;.
fy;tp midtUf;Fk; nghJ vd;w fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jNjhL> fw;wtu;fs;
midtUk; rigNawp ghly; Gidayhk; vd;w nghJik kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;ag;gl; lJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; kjr; rhu;G nfhz;litfshf ,Ue;jhYk; nkhopfhf;Fk;
,yf;fpaq;fshf mit muq;Nfwpd. gf;jpf;fhyk; ,irf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jJ.
jpUQhdrk;ge;juhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l ,t;tpaf;fk; ,ir gug;gp jkpopid
thoitj;jNjhly;yhky; rhjPa Ngjq;fis mopj;njhopj;jJ. Jg;GuT> nrg;gdpLjy;
vspikahd Kiwapy; G+ir Kiwfisf; ifahSjy;> kf;fSf;Fg; Gupahj nkhopapy;
nrhy;yg;gLk; ke;jpuq;fis mfw;wp vspa jkpopy; mofpaj; jkpo;g;ghf;fis mg;gu;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nghd;wtu;fs; ghlitj;jdu20; vd;fpwhu; jkpoz;zy;. NkYk; fPohd kf;fs; vd xJf;fp
itf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fq;fs;> ,irf;$Wfs;> nrhy;tbtq;fs; Nghd;wit
gf;jpg; ghly;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld21 vd tpsf;Ffpwhu; g.fpU\;zd;. ,j;jifar;
nray;ghLfshy; irt newp ,e;jpahtpy; Ntnwq;Fk; ,y;yhj tifapy; jkpofj;jpy;
czu;Tld; fye;J kpf Ntfkhf tsu;e;Jj; jkpio thoitj;jJ.
KbTiu
gf;jpapaf;fk; czu;tpdhy; fl;likikf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk;. mwptpdhy;
fl;likf;fg;gl;ljy;y. vdNtjhd; irtnewpahdJ kjr;rhak; g+rpf;nfhz;L ,d;Wk;
jkpio tsu;f;fpwJ. mt;tifapy; fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp. 9 Mk;
E}w;whz;L tiuapy; tho;e;j 63 ehad;khu;fs; 9 njhifabahu;fSk; nra;j
kWkyu;r;rpahdJ jkpo;fhj;j mupar; nrayhFk;. Kg;Guk; vupj;j tpuprilf; flTs;|
vd;w FwpaPl;il Kd;dpWj;jp. irt newp vdf;nfhz;L ,tu;fs; nra;j msg;gwpar;
Nrit> jkpio kPz;Lk; mupaiz Vwr;nra;jJ. jkpo; irtnewpahsu;fs; Neubahfr;
rkz ngsj;ju;fSlDk;> kiwKfkhf itjPfj;jhUlDk; MAjk; Ve;jhky; Nghupl;L;
nkhopfhf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; tho;ehl;fis ,oe;J> fLk; Jd;gq;fis mDgtpj;J
jkpofj;jpy; jkpo; kWkyu;r;rpia cz;lhf;fpdu;. mtu;fs; md;W nra;j
mk;kWkyu;r;rpapd;; tPupakhdJ jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fs; ,e;j E}w;whz;by; nra;j
kWkyu;r;rpiaf; fhl;bYk; E}W klq;F tPupak; nfhz;lJ. xU E}w;whz;bNyNa
fyfyj;Jg; NghFk; #oYf;F te;Jtpl;l jpuhtpl ,af;ff; Nfhl;ghLfistpl
rw;Nwwf;Fiwa 3 E}w;whz;Lfs; Nghuhbajd; tpisthfg; ngw;w ntw;wp ,d;Wtiu
ePu;j;Jg;Nghfhky; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. jkpou;fshy; jkpou;fSf;fhf
cUthd mg;Gul;rp ve;j kjj;jpw;Fk; Nrit nra;tjw;F Vw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy> khwhfj;
jkpo; r%fj;jpd; cau; jdpr; nrk;nkhopia md;iwar; #oy;fSf;F Vw;wthW czu;T
uPjpahff; fhf;f Vw;gl;l nkhop fhf;Fk; Gul;rpfu ,af;fk; vd Nkw;fz;l fUj;Jf;fspd;
top gf;jpf;fhy ntw;wpiaf; $wKbAk;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. thdkhkiy. eh.> goq;fijfSk; gonkhopfSk;. gf;.10.>1984.
2. Humpolt., The Language Activity. p. 28., 1972.
3. gps;is. Nf.Nf.> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;.> gf;.129.>2000.
4. gps;is. Nf.Nf.>K.E}.gf;.129.
5. Kamil.Swalabil., The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India., p.2.,
1973.
6. rk];fpUj Mjpf;fk;.> ngupahu; jpwe;j ntspg; gy;fiyf;foFk;.> gf;. 17.>1985.
7. gz;ilaj; jkpou;fspd; tho;Tk; gz;ghLk;.> gf;.39.1998.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
8. fpU\;zd;. g> jkpo;E}y;fspy; jkpo; ,dk; jkpo;nkhop jkpo;ehL.> gf;.132.1984.
9. ifyhrgjp.f.> gz;ilj; jkpou; tho;Tk; gz;ghLk;.> gf;..119.1998.
10. Sumathy Ramaswamy., The Passions of the Tongue; Language Devotion in tamil
India., p.33.1998.
11. rptj;jk;gp.>fh.> gz;ilj; jkpo;r; r%fk; tuyhw;Wg; Gupjiy Nehf;fp.>
gf;.87.1998.
12. fpU\;zd;> g. jkpo;E}y;fspy; jkpo; ,dk; jkpo;nkhop jkpo;ehL.> gf;.135.1984.
13. fpU\;zd;> g. Ke;E}y;.> gf;.140.
14. jz;lhAjk;.,uh.> Mya topghLk; nkhopAk;.> gf;.46.1985.
15. Mr;rhu;a`pUjak;.>E}w;gh.40).
16. Mr;rhu;a`pUjak; - E}w;gh.40> 41.
17. rpj;jypq;ifah.b.gp.> tPuirtk;.> gf;.27.1998.
18. Ghurye.G.S., Cast and Race in India., p.72.1976.
19. fpU\;zd;. g.> gz;ilj; jkpopyf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo;nkhop jkpopdk; jkpo;ehL.>
gf;.140.1984.
20. jkpoz;zy;.> jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW.> gf;.229.1992.
21. fpU\;;zd;. g. gz;ilj; jkpopyf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo;nkhop jkpopdk; jkpo;ehL.>
gf;.135.1984.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,df;FOr; r%fKk; th;f;fr; rKjhaKk;
Kidth;. e. ntz;zpyh>
flY}H.
Kd;Diu
jkpo;r;rKfj;jpy; Itif epyk; rhh;e;j ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;ijf; fle;J th;f;f
rKjhak; Njhd;wpaJ. cz;Nghu; cONthu; vdg; gy;NtW th;f;fg; gbepiyfs;
tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;fpy; mike;J tpl;ljidr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
rKjhaj;ijf; fl;likj;Jf; fliyAk;> Mw;iwAk; ntd;W MSik nrYj;jpdh;
vd;gijr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk;> gz;ilj;jkpoh;fs; tpz;Nfhs;fisAk;
mtw;wpd; epiykhw;wq;fisAk;> gUtkhw;wq;fisAk;> fz;lwpe;jdh;. Ntshz;ik>
thzpgk;> ifj;njhopy; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdh;;. Nghu;> Mly;> ghly;> Xtpak;>
fl;llk;> miz> Gidnjg;gk;> Xlk;> ehtha;>fg;gy; fl;Ljy;> ghidtidjy;> nerT>
cOf;fUtpfs;> Nghu;fUtpfs; gilj;jy; Nghd;W gy;NtW fiyfisAk; fw;Wj;
NjHe;jdH vd;gijAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; njs;sj; njspthff; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
kdpj rKjha tuyhW xt;nthU rKjhaj;jpYk; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l
fhyj;jpy; muR vd;gJ ,Ue;jjpy;iy vd;gij rq;f ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
goq;Fbf; FOf;fSf;Fk;> Fy mikg;GfSk; ,Ue;J kf;fs; $l;lq;fis
newpg;gLj;jp topfhl;bd. mit rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; topfhl;bahfTk;> tho;tpay;
newpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpjpfisAk;> cwTfisAk;> xOfyhWfisAk;> gz;GfisAk;
gilj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. muR Njhd;wpa gpwF mit mwnewpfshfTk;> gof;f
tof;fq;fshfTk;> fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g khwp tUfpd;wd. ciog;G> Neu;ik> mwk;> tha;ik>
cz;ik> ,d;dh nra;ahik> xg;GuT Nghd;w gz;Gfs; vy;yhk; cUg;ngw;Wj;
njhlu;e;J tUfpd;wd.
,Uk;G fz;Lgpbg;Gk;> Ntshz;ikAk; mjd; gz;ghLk; ehfupfj;ijAk; tu;f;fr;
rKjhaj;ijAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. me;j cz;ikiag; gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fs;
rhd;Wf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; Ntshz;ikAk; iftpidj; njhopy;fSk;
thzpgKk; ifNfhu;j;J ,ize;J tsu;e;jd.
,df;FOf;fSk; - jiyikfSk;
njhlf;ffhy kdpjd; xd;Wg;gl;l> epiyahd r%f mikg;gpidg;
ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. ehNlhbfshf kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; tho;tpaiy njhlq;fpdh.;
tho;f;iff;nfd;Wk;> jk; czu;r;rpfSf;nfd;Wk; tiuaiwapy;yhky; tho;e;jdu;.
mtu;fs; Kiwg;gl tho;ifia tFj;Jf; nfhy;tjw;F fhyq;fs; Mfpd. fhy


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tsh;r;rpapy; kdpjapdk; gz;ghl;L ehfuPf epiyia mile;j fhyj;ijAk;>
,df;FONthL xd;Wg;gl;L cz;L tho;e;j cau;g;gz;Gila tho;tpaiyAk; tho;e;jdu;.
gz;ilf;fhyr; rKfj;jpy; %yjdj;ij xNu ,lj;jpy; Ftpf;ftpy;iy.
midtUf;Fk; fpl;Lk;tifapy; mike;jJ. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; Nkd;ikg;
gLj;jg; gl;ldu;. fy;tpapy; ngz;fs; rpwe;jpUe;jdu;. jpizf;Fbfs; jk; jk;
nghWg;Gfis ,ay;ghf Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Mltu;f;F tpidNa capu; vd;gjw;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jdu;. jk; gpwtp gad; ,JNt vd;W vz;zpdu;. xUtu;
kw;nwhUtiu mbikg;;gLj;Jk; epiyapy;iy. ,jdhy;Fbfs; xOf;f newpfNshL
tho;e;jdu;. Kd;NdhiuAk; nkhopiaAk; epyg;gug;igAk;> xd;Wg;gl;l gz;ghl;ilAk;>
tuyhw;iwAk;; cila kdpju;fNs ,df;FOthFk;. xU kdpjd; etPd ehfuPf
epiyia mile;j xUtd; jd; thoplk;> jhk; rhu;e;j rKjhak; Nghd;w
tof;;FfisNa Kd;dpWj;Jthd;.
rKjhaj;jpd; mikg;G> gz;ghl;L mikg;Gfs;> kdpju;fs; thOk; ,lq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; njhFg;ghf ,df;FO mikfpwJ. ,f;FOtpdu; xU KO fl;likg;gpid
cila r%fg; gz;ghl;L tho;tpid Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ> ,r;r%fj;ij elj;jpr;nry;Yk;
tifapy; FOj;jiyikfs; mikfpd;wd.
tpidNa Mltu;f;F capu; vd;Dk; nghUz;ikf;Fapzq;f> FOj;jiyikfs;
nghUsPl;Lk; tof;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ld. Ie;jpizf;Fb khe;ju;fspd; tho;tpay;
NjitfSf;F jiyikfNs nghUsPl;Lk; nghWg;ig ngw;Ws;sd. mt;thW mikAk;
jiyikfspd; gz;Gfis rq;f,yf;fpaq;fs; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
,dFOr; rKfq;fs; jq;fsJ tsu;r;rpapy; ,lg;ngau;T> njhopy; Kiw>
cwTKiwf; fsg;G> Nkhjy;fs; Mfpatw;whYk;> fhy khWjy;fspdhYk;;> rpy jdpj;j
milahsq;fisf; iff;nfhz;L gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. rpy ,df;FOf;fs; jkJ gok;
jdpj;Jtq;fis ,of;fpd;wd. rpy jkJ jdpj;Jtq;fisg; gpwtw;Wldhd fyg;gpdhy;
JzpTld; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. Mf> ,g;gb rpy muR> rkak;> fhy khw;wk; Nghd;wtw;why;
jphpG epiyf;F cs;shfpd;wd. rpy ,t;thwhd jhf;Fjypdpd;Wk; jd; jdpj;Jtj;ij
tplhky; gpd;gw;Wk; ,df;FOr; rKfq;fspilNa Vw;gl;l khWjy;fs; gz;ghl;Lg;
gbkyu;r;rpapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisAk;> murpay;> rKf> rkar; #oy;fspd;
jhf;fj;ijAk; etPd cyif Nehf;fpa kdpj mwptpd; tpupthf;fj;ijAk; ,t;thwhd
#oy;fspYk; milahsj;ijf; fhf;Fk; ,df;FOj; jd;ikapd; jdpj;Jtg;
gz;igAk;fhl;LtdthFk;.
vdNt> ,df;FO r%fk; jkpof tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cilajhFk;.
gbg;gbahf kdpj Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijia tFj;jspj;jjpy; ,df;FOf;fs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpwg;GngWfpd;wd. ,df;FOf;fSk; jiyikfSk; epiwthd tho;tpaiy
fl;likj;Js;sdu;.
,df;FOr; rKjhak;
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thOk; rPW}upy;> ,ilad; nfhSj;jpa tpsf;nfhspapy; ghzu; #o;e;jpUf;f ehZil
neLe;jif tPw;wpUe;jhd; vd;W (Gwk;.324) $Wfpd;wJ. neLe;jif fhf;Fk; Fbfs;
thOk; rPW}u;> ,y;iy vd;W ,ue;J epd;wtUf;F> <Ak; jd;ikAk; tsikAk; cilaJ
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,r;nrhy;yhl;rpAk; GwehD}w;Wg;ghly;fs;> 197>299>308>319>328 Mfpatw;wpy; tUfpd;wJ.
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njhd;W ,ay; rpWFb kd;W epow; gLf;Fk;
mz;zy; neL tiu
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$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. (mfk;.7>110>192>229>232>250>284>300>312>315>318>320>351)
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rpWFbf; Fwtd; ngUe;Njhl;L FWkfs;
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NkYk;> 108>145>184>228>232>355>373 Mfpa FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspy; ~rpWFb’
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. rpWFb gw;wp ew;wpiz gpd;tUkhW ciuf;fpd;wJ.
fhzy; mk; rpWFbf; fly; Nkk; gujtu;.
gL Rlu; mile;j gF tha; neL tiu
Kuk;G Nru; rpWFb
kWFnjhW GyhTk; rpWFb mutk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
itfpf; Nfl;Lg; igahe;jprpNd
eWtPa edQ; rhuy; rpyk;gypd;> fJnkd>
rpWFb Japy; VOck; Nrz; cau; tpwy; ntw;g
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jhsj;jpw;Nfw;w Fuitf; $j;J epfo;j;Jtu;> Njd;kpf;f nghjpia kiyia
cilatdpd; rpWFbapy; thof;$batu;fs; Mau;fs;>
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kd;wk; gue;jJ ciu
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Njk; nfhs; nghUg;gd; rpWFb vk; Mau;
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mlq;fp tho;e;jhu;fs;. FwpQ;rp epyj; jiytd; ntw;gd; vd;Wk;> Ky;iy epyj;
jiytidf; FWk;nghiw ehld; vd;Wk;> kUj epyj;jiytid Cud; vd;Wk; nea;jy;
epyj; jiytidj; Jiwtd; vd;Wk; toq;Fjy; kuG. ,j;jiykf;fshy; Msg;gLk;
rpw;W}uhl;rpNa Kjd;Kjy; Njhd;wpaJ. xt;nthU rpw;W}u; kf;fSk;> jq;fshy; ed;F
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khkuj;jpd;Wk; Kiwahf Kw;wpf; fdpe;J cjpu;e;j nts;spa goj;ij tise;j
fhypidAila ahik jd; ghu;g;NghL ftu;e;J cz;Zk; ngha;iffs; #o;e;jJ>
ngha;ahj GJtUthiaf; nfhz;lJ. mt;T+u;f;F tlghYs;s ,dpa ePupidAila
fhl;lhw;wpid cilaJ. rpWFb fhtpupapd; tlghy; cs;s ,t;T+u; thzd; vd;ghDf;F
cupaJ@ flw;fiur; Nrhiy #o;e;jJ@ ePu; tsQ;rhd;w ney; tay;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
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ngha;if #o;e;j> ngha;ah ahzu;>
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jPk; ePu;f; fhd;ahw;W mtpu;mwy; Nghd;Nw
fha;new; glg;ig thzd; rpWFbj;> jz;liy


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngU ePu;f; fhdy; joP,a ,Uf;if
thzd; rpWFb tzq;Ffjpu; ney;ypd;>
ahzu;j; jz;giz
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kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; mjpau; Fb> Ma;Fb> Ntspu;Fb Nghd;w FW epymikg;GfSk;
,Ue;jikia rq;f ,yf;fpak; gjpT nra;fpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,df;FOtpd; khw;WUthf;fk;
rq;ffhyj; jkpofj;jpd; murpay;> cupik tho;tpid tsh;j;jw;Fupa
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neLQ;nropad;> fj;jpupifapy; eWf;Fz;l gplupkapupidAila Fjpiufs;
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Cupd; gue;Jgl;l ,lnky;yhk; rptf;FkhW Nrud;> Nrhod;> rpdk; kpFe;j jpjpad;
Nghupy; typahd ahidg; gilfisAila nghd;dhyhd G+z; mzpe;j
vopdp>gd;dhilahy; mupf;fg;ngw;w fs;spidAila vUikA+u;f;Fj;; jiytd;> khu;gpNy
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nry;Yk; jd;ik tha;e;j NjupidAila nghUed; vdf; $wg;gl;l vOtiuAk; NghupNy
ntd;whd;@ mtu;fSila typiknay;yhk; mlq;FkhW xUehs; xU gfypNy mtu;jk;
KurNkhL ntz;nfhw;wf; FilfisAk; xUNru tag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;@ jd; ntw;wpg;
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nropadpd; ntw;wp rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
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Myq;fhdj;J mfd; jiy rptg;g>
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Nghu;ty; ahidg; nghyk; G+z;; vopdp
ehu; mup ewtpd; vUikA+ud;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Njk; fko; mfyj;Jg; Gyu;e;j rhe;jpd;
,Uq;Nfh Ntz;khd; >,ay; Nju;g;nghUed; >vd;W
vOtu; ey;tyk; mlq;f >xU gfy;
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kw;Wk; ew;wpiz 387 Mk; ghlYk; ,df;FOf;fs; muR mikg;gpd; fPo; te;jikf;Fj;
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rq;ffhy ,Wjpapy; kJiuia ikakpl;l xU tpupe;j muR cUg;ngw;wpUe;jikiag;
gpd; tUk; rhd;Wfshy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
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nra;fpd;wd.
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itf;fpwJ.
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kJiuia ikakpl;l ,lq;fshFk; vd;fpwhu; f.g.mwthzd;.
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gw;wpa Gwr;rhd;Wfs; epuk;g fpilf;fpd;wd. ,r;rhd;Wfs; ahTk; kJiuia ikakpl;l
tpupe;j muR xd;W rq;f fhy ,Wjpapy; Njhd;wpaijg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
vQ;rpa ,df;FOf;fs; muNrhL Kl;b Nkhjp ,ize;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,df;FOf;fSf;Fk;> muRf;Fk; njhlu;e;J Nghu; ele;J te;jijr; rq;f ,yf;fpak;
gythW rhd;W gfu;fpd;wd. kfs; kWj;J nkhopjy; vd;Dk; Gwj;Jiw kiwKfkhf
,df;FOf;fs; muNrhL ,ize;jikia tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,df;FOj;jiytdJ kfis>
kd;du;fs; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tjd; %yk; mf;FOf;fs; muNrhL
,izf;fg;ngw;wd.
muR cUthf;fKk; r%f khw;wKk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
muR vd;Dk; r%f epWtdk; ngupa mstpy; cUg;ngw;w NghJ %d;W gpuptpdu;
ngUk; jpwDld; jkpofj;jpy; Njhd;wyhapdu;. ,df;FO Ml;rp mikg;gpw;Fk; tpupe;j
muR Ml;rp mikg;gpw;Fk; ngUk; NtWghLfs; cz;L. kf;fs; njhifapd; ngUf;fk;>
,lg;gug;gstpd; $Ljy; Kjypad muR mikg;gpy; mbj;jsq;fshf mike;jd.
mt;thW mike;j gy;NtW ,df;FO kf;fs; midtiuAk; xU fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;Fs;
nfhz;L tUtJ Njitahapw;W@ fl;lhakhapw;W@ ,k;kf;fspd; jj;jk; jiyikia
tpLj;Jf; Fwpg;gpl;l murd; xUtid Vw;f Ntz;Lkhapd; murj; jiyik
,iwikNahL njhlu;Gilajhff; fw;gpf;fg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOjhd; murj;
jiyik kjpf;fg;ngWk;@ kf;fshy; Vw;fg;ngWk;.
,df;FO mikg;gpy; jiyik vg;nghOJk; typikAk; mwpTf; $u;ikAk;
cilajhf ,Ue;jJ. muR> jiyKiwr; nrhj;jhf;fg; ngw;wNghJ typikAk;>
mwpTf; $u;ikAk; ghuk;ghpaj;ijj; je;J tplKbahJ. mt;thW typikAk;>
mwpTf;$h;ikAk; jutpy;iy vd;gjhy; typikf;Fj; jsgjpfSk; mwpTf;$u;ikf;F
mikr;ru;fSk; Njhd;wpdu;. ,jid vz;Nguhak; Ik;ngUq;FO Mfpa mikg;Gfs;
tpsf;FfpwJ. ,e;j muR mikg;G kf;fisj; jd; fl;Lg; ghl;Lf;Fs; itj;Jf;nfhs;s
Kad;wJ. ,k;Kaw;rpapy; rkaq;fSk;> Mupag; gz;ghLk; gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;ld.
gq;Nfw;fNt rka Mupag;gz;ghl;Lf; fyg;Gj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
muR Njhw;wj;jhy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
muR Njhw;wj;jhy; nghUshjhu cw;gj;jp ngUfpa cw;gj;jpf;F xUrpyu;
cupikAilatuhf khwpdu;. nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; cs;s ,df;FOf;fs;
,ize;jNghJ Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; kiwe;jd. ciog;Gr;rf;jp ngUfpaJ. kUj epy
tUtha; xUGwk; epw;f> ehl;bd; tpupe;j gug;gsthy; tzpfk; nropj;J tsu;e;jJ.
Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; ,lj;jpw;F cw;gj;jpg; nghUisf; nfhz;L nry;tJ
vspikahdJ. ,jw;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhiy mikg;Gfs; Jizahf mike;jd.
,df;FO mikg;gpd; vy;iyfspd; jLg;Gfs; cilf;fg;ngw;wjhy; tzpfh;fs; ePz;l
njhiyT nrd;W nghUsPl;l Kaw;rpj;jdh;. fly; jhz;ba thzpgk; rq;f fhyj;jpy;
epfo;e;jJ njspTg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;> nry;ttsk; xNu ,lj;jpy; Ftpaj; njhlq;fpaJ.
murDf;F ,izahd nry;ttsk; gilj;jtu;fs; r%jhaj;jpy; Njhd;wpdH. mt;thW
Njhd;wpajhy; Nky;epiyapy; ,Ue;j murUk; nry;te;ju; gpwUk; jk;ik
epiyepWj;jpf;nfhs;sg; gy;NtW Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
Nky;kl;l gz;ghl;Lj; Njhw;wk;
,df;FOf;fs; ,ize;J muR cUg;ngw;wNghJ murg;gpupT> tzpfg;gpupT
typikg;ngw;wNjhL ,tw;iw KiwAWj;j vOe;j me;jzg; gpupTk; epiyg;ngw;wJ.
,jd; tpisthf murd; flTsNuhL ,izj;Jg; Ngrg;ngw;whd;. epiyahd gil


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mikg;Gj; Njhd;w kwtu;fspd; jpahf kdg;ghd;ik Njitahapw;W. ,jdhy;
tPunrhu;ff
; k; gw;wpa rpe;jidfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfis
epiyepWj;j kWgpwg;Gr; rpe;jidfs; Ntz;bjhapw;W. ,it ahtw;iwAk;
jkpopdj;jtu;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. mur ,dKk; tzpf ,dKk; gpwg;G topj; jk;
cupikia epiyehl;l tpUk;gpd. vdNt njhopy;top ,dg;gpupTfs; epytpa
jkpofj;jpy; gpwg;G topg; gpupTfs; Vw;gl;ld. muru;>me;jzu;>tzpfu; Mfpa tUzhrpuk
Kiw Vw;fg; ngw;wikf;Fk; kWgpwg;G Kjypa Nfhl;ghLfisg; gug;Gtjw;Fk;
Mupau;fhuzpfshapdu;. vdNt Mupag; gz;ghL vspjhfj; jkpofj;jpy;
fyf;fj;njhlq;fpaJ. Mupau;fs; muru;fF
; k;> tzpfu;fF
; k; ,ilNa epd;W fPo;kl;lr;
r%fj;ijj; Jz;bj;jdu;. ,jdhy; Nky;kl;l gz;ghL gutpaJ. gpd;dhspy; midj;J
kf;fSk; Nky;kl;lg; gz;ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;wpdu;.
KbTiu
jkpofj;jpy; r%f khw;wq;fs; epfOj; jkpo;r; rKjhak; jhNd ,lk; nfhLj;jJ
vd;gij czuKbfpwJ. r%f khw;wj;ij tpistpf;Fk; fhuzpfshfr; rKjha
rpe;jidahsu;fs; gpd; tUk; fhuzq;fis $Wfpd;wdu;. ghuk;gupak;> #o;epiy> ,dk;>
gz;ghL> ehfupfk;> r%fj;jug;gpupT Mfpad r%f khw;wf;fhuzpfshf; fUjj;jFtd.
ngw;Nwhu;fsplkpUe;J Foe;ijfs; caupag; gz;GfisAk; cs;sg; gz;GfisAk;
ngWtJ cw;gj;jpr; nra;ifapd; ,ay;ghd Nghf;fhFk;. ,t;thW guk;giuahfg;ngw;w
gz;Gfspd; KOikiag; ghuk;gupak; vd;gu;. xU nghUisr; #o;e;jpUe;J ghjpf;fpd;w
jd;ikiar; #o;epiy vd;gu;. ,J> ,aw;ifr; #o;epiy> nraw;ifr; #o;epiy> r%ff;
#o;epiy> cstpay; #o;epiy vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. khu;fr
; paf; nfhs;if
nghUshjhu #o;epiyf;F Kjd;ik nfhLf;fpwJ. ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk;> #o;epiyf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l xU gpur;ridahd ,dk; vd;gij mwpQu; fUJtu;. ghuk;gupaj;jpd; %yk;
top topahff; nfhz;L nry;yg;glf;$ba Gydhff; $ba nghJthd clw;$w;W
mikg;Gg; gz;Gfis cila kdpjf; FONt ,dk; vdg;gLk;. kdpjd; jd;Dila
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mila cUthf;fpa nghUs; rhu;e;j> nghUs; rhuhj tpidj;jpl;lq;fs;
Mfpait gz;ghL vdg;ngWk;. kdpjd; jd; Mo;e;j tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;s cUthf;fpa njhopy;Jiw> nghUshjhuk;> murpay;> gy;NtW tpidj;jpl;lq;fs;
Kjypatw;wpd; KOikNa ehfupfkhFk;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. gf;jtj;ryghujp. 2005-289-90.
2. jl;rzh%u;j;jp.m- fhtpah ,jo.;
3. r%ftpay;. Nky;epiy Kjyhkhz;L. 152.
4. mfk;. 75


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
5. mfk;. 103
6. FWe;. 93
7. FWe;.100
8. ew;. 4
9. ew;. 33
10. ew;. 114
11. fyp. 45
12. fyp. 102
13. fyp. 108
14. mfk;. 117
15. mfk;. 204
16. mfk;. 269
17. ew;. 240
18. mfk;. 54
19. ew;. 367
20. FWe;. 293
21. mfk;. 36
22. rpyk;G. eh. nry;tuhR. gf;: 69-70
23. irdhpd; jkpopyf;fz ed;nfhil. g. 36
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. rq;f ,yf;fpak; c.Nt.rh. ciu fof ntspaPL> nrd;id.
2. rq;f ,yf;fpak; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; ciu. fof ntspaPL> nrd;id.
3. rpyk;G eh.nty;tuhR Ma;Tf;fl;Liu GJr;Nrhp nkhopGyk; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;.
yh];Ngl;il> GJr;Nrhp.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpyk;gpy; gjpe;j rkzk;
,uh. aNrhjh>
KidtHgl;lMa;thsH>
jkpoha;Tj;Jiw>
gp\g; `PgH fy;Y}hp>
jpUr;rp.
Kd;Diu
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; fhg;gpakhfTk;> mePjpf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLtjpy; Gul;rpf;
fhg;gpakhfTk;> kf;fspd; vspa tho;f;if Kiwia tpsf;Ftjpy; Fbkf;fs;
fhg;gpakhfTk; tpsq;FtJ rpyg;gjpfhukhFk;. ngz;zpd; ngUikapidAk;> gpwHkid
ehLk; Mz;kfdhy; ehl;bw;Fk;> tPl;bw;Fk; Vw;gLk; ,d;dy;fisAk; rpj;jhpf;Fk;
,f;fhg;gpak; Nfhtyd;> fz;zfpapd; tho;f;if KiwapidAk; gythW Muha;fpwJ.
,jpy; rkz rkak; rhHe;j nfhs;iffs;> topghLfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rlq;Ffs;>
ek;gpf;iffs;> njhlHghd gy jfty;fSk; ,jpy; gjpag;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jF rkzr;
nra;jpfs; rpyk;gpy; gjpe;j tpjj;ij ,f;fl;Liu thapyhf Muhayhk;.
rkzk;
kf;fs; thOk; tho;f;if newpNa rkzkhFk;. ,J jiyKiw jiyKiwahf
,e;jpa kf;fshy; Nghw;wpf; fhf;fg;gl;L> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;w xU
Gjpa r%f mikg;gpw;F mbj;jskhf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. “rkz rkaj;jpw;F i[d
kjk;> MUfj kjk;> epfz;l kjk;> mNefhe;j thjkjk;> rpahj;thj kjk; vd;Dk;>
ngaHfSk; cs;sd. rkzk; vd;gJ ‘r;ukz’ vd;Dk; ghfjr; nry;ypypUe;J
Njhd;wpaJ vd;gH. (j.uNk\;> eLehl;Lr; rkzf; Nfhapy;fs;> g.9) “rk];fpUj ‘r;ukz’
jkpopy; ‘rkz’” MfpwJ vd;gJ fhQ;rpg; nghpatH re;jpuNrfNue;jpu ruRtjpapd;
fUj;jhFk; (nja;tj;jpd; Fuy; njhFjp 2> g.39). mjhtJ vy;yh capHfisAk;>
epiyikfisAk; rkkhff; fUjp kjpg;gtd;> jd; Kaw;rpahy; tPLNgW mila Kaw;rp
nra;gtd; vd;Dk; nghUspy; “]kNdh” vdg; ghfj nkhopapy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;
“]kNdh” vd;fpw nrhy; ‘rkzk;’ vd;gjpd; nghUj;jr; nrhy;yhFk;.
,j;jifa rkz rkakhdJ mfpk;ir> tha;ik> fsT nra;ahik> gpukrhpak;>
jtk; vd;Dk; 5 tpujq;fshf rkzHfSf;Fhpa xOf;fq;fis thpirg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
,ij gpd;gw;wp tho;f;if elj;JgtHfisNa mwnewpapy; thOk; rkzHfshf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdH.
rpyk;gpy; rkzk;
Nfhtyd;> fz;zfpapd; tho;f;ifapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jkpoH


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kuigAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk; rhHghf mikj;J ,ilapilNa rkz rkaf;
nfhs;iffisg; GFj;jp rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij mikj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shH ,sq;Nfhtbfs;.
Gfhiutpl;L kJiuf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; ,ilg;gl;l gpw rkaf; flTsHfs;> 7
,e;jpu tpfhiufs; Nghd;wtw;iw kzptz;zd; Nfhl;lj;jpy; tyk;te;J tzq;fpr;
nry;fpd;wdH. mNj Neuj;jpy;>
“cyf Nehd;gpfs; xUq;Fld; ,l;l
,yF xspr; rpyhjyk; njhOJ tyq;nfhz;L” (rpyk;G. 10> 24-25)
vd rkzf; flTis tyk;te;J tzq;fpr; nrd;wdH. mNjhL> kJiuf;Fr; nry;tk;
topapy; Nfhtyd;> fz;zfp> fTe;jpabfs; %tUk; gQ;r ek];fhu rkz ke;jpuj;ij
“nkhopg;nghUs; nja;tk; topj;Jiz Mf” (rpyk;G. 10> 100) vd jpahdk; nra;J
nfhz;bUe;jdH. gpd;dH rhuziuf; fz;lJk; “gz;ilj; njhy;tpid ghWf” (rpyk;G.
10>164) vd;W $wp fTe;jpapd; fhypy; tpOe;J tzq;fpdH. rhuzHfs; mUff; flTs;
Jjpapid Nkw;nfhz;L “gte;jUghrk; fTe;jp nfLf” (rpyk;G> 10> 213) vd;W
tho;j;Jfpd;wdH.
,t;thW NfhtyDk;> fz;zfpAk; rkzf; flTisj; njhOtJk;> rkz
ke;jpuq;fisj; Jjpg;gJk; mtHfis rkzj;ij gpd;gw;wp mwnewpapy;
xOFgtHfshff; fhl;LfpwJ vd mwpa KbfpwJ.
rkz tpujq;fs;
rkzHfspd; tho;f;ifapy; gpd;gw;wf;$ba 5 tpujq;fshd xOf;f newpfis
mwpayhk;.
mfpk;ir (nfhy;yhik)
mfpk;ir vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fkhf “ahNjhH capUf;Fk; CW
nra;ahik” vdg;nghUs; fhz;gH. vy;yh capHfisAk; rkkhfg; ghtpj;jy; vd;w
nghUisAk; mwpQHfs; $WtJ kpfTk; nghUj;jNk” (Nrh.e.fe;jrhkp> ,e;jpaj;
jj;Jtf; fsQ;rpak;> g.181) vd;W Nrh.e.fe;jrhkp $Wfpwhh;.
“nfhy;yhf; Nfhyj;J capH ca;e;NjhH” (rpyk;G. 28> 93).
“mkHf;fsk; murd jhfj; Jwe;J
jtg;ngUq;Nfhyk; nfhz;NlhH” (rpyk;G. 28> 104-105)
vd;w rpyg;gjpfhu ghlw;thpfs; nfhy;yhkNyNa capH gpioj;Jg; Nghd rkzHfisg;
Nghd;W jtNtlk; nfhz;L capH gpioj;J murh;fs; Xba nra;jpia tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
ngha;ahik (mrj;jpaj; jpahfk;)
ngha;ah tpuj;jpidNa tha;ikapd; tOthj epiyahf fTe;jpapd; top
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH ,sq;Nfhtbfs;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“tha;ikapd; tohJ kd;DapH Xk;GeHf;F
ahtJk; cz;Nlh va;jh mUk;nghUs;” (rpyk;G. 11> 158-159)
,j;jF mfpk;ir> ngha;ahik vd;w ,U tpujq;fisAk; filgpbg;gtHfis
“,l;lrpj;jpfs; va;j ty;ytH” vd;W fTe;jp $Wk; tpjk; rkz rkaj;jpd; newpahff;
fhl;lg;gLfpwJ vd mwpayhk;.
fs;shik (m];Njak;)
rpyk;gpy; fs;tHfisj; jz;bg;gjw;F nts;spil kd;wq;fs; ,Ue;jjhf
$wg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; Nfhtyid ghHj;jhy; fs;tdhfj; njhpatpy;iyNah vd;W
fhtyd; xUtd; nrhy;fpd;whd;. mjw;F nghw;nfhy;yNdh fs;tDf;fhd ,yf;fzk;
fsT E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sij vs;sp eifahb vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whd;. nfhiyfsf;
fhijapy;>
“ke;jpuk; nja;tk; kUe;Nj epkpj;jk;
je;jpuk; ,lNd fhyk; fUtpnad;W
vl;Lld; md;Nw ,of;Fil kugpy;
fl;Lz; khf;fs; Jiznadj;jphptJ
kUe;jpd; gl;Buhapd; ahtUk;” (rpyk;G. 16> 166-170)
vd;W ,opthd njhopiyr; nra;Ak; fs;tHfs; ke;jpuk;> nja;tk;> kUe;J> epkpj;jk;>
je;jpuk;> ,lk;> fhyk;> fUtp vd;w vl;Lr; #o;epiyfisAk; Jizahff; nfhz;L
nra;gtHfs;. ,jpy; ke;jpuj;ij filgpbg;gjhy; NjtFkhuHfs; Nghd;W ahH
fz;fSf;Fk; mfg;gl khl;lhHfs;. ,JNghd;W ,e;j vl;Lr; #o;epiyfisAk;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; mtHfis tpiutpy; fz;lwptJ mwpJ vd fsT E}ypy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sij vs;sNyhL nghw;nfhy;yd; tpsf;Ffpwhd;. ,J fs;shik capHf;
nfhiyf;F xg;ghd mwr;rl;lk; vd rkz mwk; Nghjpg;gjhf rpyk;G ekf;F
czHj;Jtij mwpa KbfpwJ.
gpwdpy; tpioahik (fhkk; ,d;ik)
Nfhtyd; jdf;F chpikahd fz;zfpia tpLj;J gpwH kidahd khjtpia
ehbr; nry;fpd;whd;. ,jdhy; jdJ thd; nghUs; midj;ijAk; ,oe;j nghUis
kPl;gjw;fhf kJiuf;Fr; nrd;W kuzj;ijj; jOTfpwhd;. ,jpy; xUtd; gpwHkid
ehLtjhy; tPl;bw;Fk;> ehl;bw;Fk; ve;j msT ghjpg;gpid cz;Lgz;Zk; vd;fpw
cz;ikia rkz mwf;fUj;Jfspd; top rpyk;G ekf;F njspTgLj;JfpwJ vd
mwpayhk;.
nghUs; tiujy; (kpFnghUs; tpUk;ghik)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
xt;nthU kdpjDk; jd; tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs; midj;ijAk;
mwnewpapy; <l;LjNy kfhtPuhpd; NghjidahFk;. mjd;top rpyk;gpy; kpFe;j nghUs;
<l;Ltjw;fhd nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;whYk; jhk; <l;ba nghUis gpwUf;Fj;
jhdk; nra;Ak; epiyia mjpfkhff; fhzyhk;. me;j tifapy; Nfhtyd;>
fz;zfpapd; ngw;NwhHfs; jhq;fs; NrHj;j nry;tq;fis gpw kf;fSf;F thhp toq;Fk;
tpjk; mtHfspy; mwnewpia fhl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ vdyhk;.
fs;sj;jdkhf> Nguhirahy; nghUs; <l;l vz;zp Nfhtyidf; nfhiy nra;j
nghw;nfhy;yd; mtNdhL NrHe;J jd; FyKk; mopaf; fhuzkhapdhd;. MfNt
Kiwjtwp <l;Lk; nghUisf; fhl;bYk;> tiuaiwf;F cl;gl;L <l;Lk; nghUNs kpfr;
rpwe;j tho;f;ifiaj; jUk; vd rpyk;G czHj;Jk; rkzf; fUj;J
Nghw;WjYf;Fhpajhf mwpa KbfpwJ.
,J Nghd;W 5 tifahd tpujq;fshd xOf;ff; $Wfis rkz rkakhdJ
rpyk;gpd; top ekf;F czHj;JfpwJ vd;gij mwpayhk;. ,J kl;Lky;yhJ jpir
tpujk;> jpahd tpujk;> kfhtpujk;> nksdtpujk;> mspj;jy; tpujk; Nghd;w gy
tpujq;fisAk; rkz mwnewpapd; top kf;fs; gpd;gw;Wtjhf rpyk;gpy;
vLj;Jiug;gijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
rkzj;jpd; top gf;jp newp
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; rhuzHfs;> fTe;jpabfs; $w;Wfspd; thapyhf mikAk;
ghly;gFjpfs; rkzhpd; gf;jp newpf;F Mjhukhf mikfpd;wJ.
“mwptd; mwNthd; mwpTtuk; gpfe;Njhd;
nrwptd; rpNde;jpud; rpj;jd; gftd;
....... tpz;ztd; NtjKjy;td; tpsq;F xsp” (rpyk;G. 10>176-189)
mUfNjtd; midj;Jg; nghUs;fisAk; mwpaf; $batd;> midj;J
capHfsplj;Jk; mUSilatd;> vl;L tpidfis ntd;wtd;> fHkq;fis fotpatd;>
jUkq;fs; nra;af;$batd;> vy;yhTapUf;Fk; jiytd;> Fz tpujq;fis mUspatd;
vdg; gy;NtW rkzg; gz;Gfis cilatd; mtdJ Mfk tpjpfis gpd;gw;whtpby;
gpwtp vd;Dk; rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiyg; ngwkhl;lhHfs; vd;W rhuzH jiytH
cgNjrk; nra;tJk;>
“rhuzH tha;nkhop Nfl;Lj; jtKjw;
fhTe;jp ifjd; ifjiy Nkw;nfhz;L
xU%d; wtpj;Njhd; Xjpa Qhdj;
....... ge;jk; mWnfdg; gzpe;jdH Nghe;J ” (rpyk;G. 10>192-213)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rhuzH jiytH $wpa mwpTiufisf; Nfl;l fTe;jpabfs; jkJ ,U
fuq;fisAk; Ftpj;J> “vdJ nrtpfs; fhkk;> ntFsp> kaf;fk; d;w %d;wpidAk;
nfLj;jtdhd mUfNjtd; mUspa mwpTiufisj; jtpu gpwtw;iw Nfl;fhJ> vdJ
ehthdJ mUf Njtdpd; 1008 ngaHfs; jtpu Ntnwhd;wpid XjhJ> fz;fNsh
mUfNjtdpd; jpUtbfisj; jtpu NtnwhU flTisf; fhzhJ vdg; gythW
mUfNjtdpd;> rkz gf;jp newpia vz;zp tpae;J NgRk; fTe;jpapd; thpfs; ekf;F
rkz newpapd; cr;rf;fl;l rpwg;gpid njspTgLj;Jtij mwpa KbfpwJ.
rkzj;jpd; top Kf;jp newp
gw;Wjy; jhd; gpwg;gpw;Ff; fhuzk;. gw;W vd;Dk; Mirapid tpl;lhy; tPLNgW
vd;Dk; Kf;jp epiyahdJ vspjpy; fpilf;Fk; vd vy;yhj; jj;Jtq;fSk;
tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ngsj;jkhdJ MirNa Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;fpwJ.
jpUke;jpukhdJ “<rNdhL MapDk; Mir mWkpd;” vd ciuf;fpwJ. vdNt Mir
ePq;fpdhy; jhd; Jd;gk; jPUk;> ghrk; ePq;fpdhy; ghtk; jPUk; vd rhuzHfs;
fTe;jpabfSf;F mwpTiu toq;Fk; NghJ>
“gte;jU ghrk; fTe;jp nfLnfd;W
me;juk; Mwhg; glHNthHj; njhOJ
ge;jhk; mWnfdg; gzpe;jdH Nghe;J ” (rpyk;G. g.102> 10 fhij)
vd Nfhtyd;> fz;zfp> fTe;jpabfs; vd %tUk; ‘ghrk; nfLf’ vdr; nrhy;yp
rhuziu tzq;fp tpil ngw;wdH. ,t;thW rkz newpapd; top gpd;gw;Wk; midj;J
capHfSk; Nkhl;rk; vd;Dk; Kf;jp epiyia miltH vd;W rpyk;gpd; thapyhf mwpa
KbfpwJ.
rpyk;G fhl;Lk; Mrptfk;
,sq;Nfhtbfspd; fhyj;jpy; rkzkhdJ gy gphpTfshf ,Ue;jd. mjpy;>
 Mil mzpahjtHfisj; jpfk;guH vd;gH.
 J}a nts;shil mzpe;j Jwtpfis RNtjhk;guH vd;gH. kzpNkfiyapy;
,JNghy; ,uz;L gphpT cs;sJ.
 MrPtfk;
 epfz;l thjk; vdTk; ,U gphpTfshf gFf;fpd;wdH. (Jiurhkp. K.>
,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaj;jpy; rkzk;> g.145)
mrPtfk;
jhdq;fs; gy Ghpe;J MrPtfj;jpy; ,ize;J mwtho;f;if Nkw;nfhz;ltdhd
kheha;fdpd; kidtp> fz;zfpapd; Jauepiy fz;L cly; tUe;jp capHtpl;lhs;.
,jid>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“fz;zfp jhij flTsH Nfhyj;J
mz;zyk; ngUe;jte;J MrP tfHKd;
Gz;zpa jhdk; Ghpe;J mwk; nfhs;sTk;
jhdk; Ghpe;Njhd; jd;kidf; fpoj;jp
ehs; tp^c ey;YapH ePj;J nka; tplTk;” (rpyk;G. 27> 98-102)
,t;thW tpsf;FfpwJ rpyk;G. ,jpy; MrPtfk; vd;gjw;F mbahHf;F ey;yhH
rkz rkaj;jpd; ghFghLfSs; xd;W vd;Wk; ,k;kjj;jpdHf;Fj; nja;tk; kw;fyp
vd;Wk;> E}y; etfjpH vd;Wk; $WtH (Jiurhkp.K.> ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaj;jpy; rkzk;>
g.145).
kw;fyp
“vd;wYk; kw;fyp jhNd apiwapdp
xd;gJ thq;fjpH E}y;ah Kilad
kd;ngU Ez;nghU ise;jpay; ghait
,d;g epfo;r;rpAq; fho;gh nldr; nrhy;” (rpyk;G. mb. ey;yhH> g.547)
vd;W $Wtjd; thapyhf MrPtf rkzk; mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ngU
tof;fj;jpypUe;jjhf mwpa KbfpwJ. mNjhL kw;fypia “kfhtPuiu kPwpj; jdpr;
rkzk; Vw;gLj;jpa khztH” vd;W mwpQH N`Hd;Ny rka xOf;fj;Jiwg; Nguwpj;
njhFjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH vd;gH. epfz;l thjk; vd;gJ kw;nwhU gphpT. ,jidj;
jpfk;gu rkzk; vd;gH (Jiurhkp. K.> ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; rkzk;> g.146).
,t;tpU Fwpg;GfSk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngWtjhy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
fhyj;jpNyNa rkz rkaj;jpy; ,U gphpTfs; ,Ue;jnjd mwpa KbfpwJ. mNjhL
kzpNkfiyapd; ,U gphpTfspd; jj;Jtq;fSk;> “rkaf; fzf;fhjk; jpwk;Nfl;l
fhijapy;” tphpthf tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ vdTk; mwpayhk;.
rpyk;gpy; fhzyhFk; rkz topghL
mUfNjtd; Nfhapypy; tz;Lfs; NrUk;gb Njd; epiwe;j G+tpidAk;> eWkzg;
GifapidAk; fhl;b ,y;yj;jhH topgLk; tpjj; jpid kJiuf;fhQ;rp vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
“tz;Lglg; goepa NjdhH Njhw;wj;Jg;
G+Tk; GifAQ; rhtfH gopr;r ” (kJiu fhQ;rp> mb 475-476)
,JNghy; rpyk;gpy;> gRikahd mUl;ghHitapidAila ,af;fp vd;Dk; af; \p
Njtijf;F ghy;NrhW gilf;fg;gLk; topghl;bid>
“GwQ;rpiw %J}Hg; G+q;fz; ,af;fpf;Fg;
ghy;kil nfhLj;Jg; gz;gpd; ngaHNths;
MaH KJ kfs; khjhp vd;Nghs;” (rpyk;G. 15> 116-118)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
(ghy;kil = ghy; NrhW) ,jpy; MaH Fyg;ngz;zhd khjhp vd;gts; rkzH
topghl;bd; gb af;\pf;Fg; ghy;NrhW gilf;Fk; tpjk; kw;w rka topghLfSf;F
Vw;wjhf fhl;ltjhf mikfpwJ.
af;\p vd;gJ
rpyk;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; “af;\p” vd;Dk; khjhp topgLk; flTshdJ ,q;F
‘,af;fp’ vd;Dk; nghUspy; mikfpwJ. mjhtJ ,af;fp vd;gjd; nghUs;
Mhpahq;fid vd;gjhFk;. Mhpahq;fid vd;gJ ngz; Jwtp ahUk; “fztd; ,Uf;Fk;
nghOJ Jwe;jts;” (rpyk;G. 15> 115-118) fztd; capNuhL ,Uf;fpd;w
fhyf;fl;lj;jpNy jd; ,y;yw tho;tpidj; Jwe;J> JwT tho;f;if thOk; ngz;fspd;
Jwtp epiy Fwpg;gjhFk; mj;jifag; ngz; Jwtpf;F ghy;NrhW gilaypl;L khjhp
topgLk; epiyahdJ rpyk;gpy; rkzH topghlhff; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ vd mwpayhk;.
rpyk;gpy; fhZk; gQ;r guNkl;bfs;
gQ;r guNkl;bfis rkzHfs; Nghw;wpf; fhj;jdH. ,tHfsJ Nfhapy; ,Ue;j
nra;jpfisAk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; ekf;Fj; njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
“GyT+z; Jwe;J> ngha;ah tpujj;J>
mtyePj;J> mwpe;J mlf;fpa nfhs;if>
nka;tif czHe;j tpOkpNahH FoP,a
.......... cyf Nehd;gpfs; xUq;Fld; ,l;l
,yF xspr; rpyhjyk; njhOJ” (rpyk;G. 10> 15-25)
GfhH efhpy; mUfjhdKk;> gQ;rguNkl;bfs; Nfhapy;fSk;> rhtf Nehd;gpfs;
$bapUe;J rhuzHfs; tUiff;Ff; fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; rpyhjyKk; ,Ue;j
nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,jpy; gQ;r guNkl;bfs; vd;W $wg;gLtJ mUfH>
rpj;jH> Mr;rhhpaH> cghj;jpahaH> rhJf;fs; Nghd;NwhHfNs MtHfs;. ,tHfSf;fhd
Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;j nra;jpAk;> rkzj;ijg; Nghw;Wk; ,tHfis nja;tkhf topgLk;
KiwAk; ,Ue;jij rpyk;G ekf;F czHj;JfpwJ vd mwpayhk;.
rkz rPyq;fs;
rpyk;gpd; ,Wjpf;fhijapy; rkz jUkq;fs; midj;ijAk; njhFj;J rkz
rPyq;fshf ,sq;Nfhtbfs; mikj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sJ kpfTk; Nghw;WjYf;FhpajhFk;.
“ghpTk; ,Lf;fZk; ghq;FwePq;Fkpd;
nja;tk; njspkpd; njspe;NjhHg; NgZkpd;
ngha;Aiu mQ;Rkpd; GwQ;nrhy; Nghw;Wkpd;” (rpyk;G. 30> 186-202)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rkzHfs; kl;Lkpd;wp gpw kf;fSk; ey;tho;T thoTk;> ey;ytw;iw Ngzp cyf
mwq;fis fhf;fTk; nrhy;yp Kf;jp cyFf;F top fhl;Lfpd;whH ,sq;Nfhtbfs; vd
mwpayhk;.
KbTiu
rkzHfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xOf;ff; $Wfshd nfhy;yhik> ngha;ahik>
gpukr;rhpak;> jtk;> gpwd;kid Ngzhik Nghd;w tpujq;fisg; gw;wpAk;> rkzHfspd;
tho;f;if epiyiaAk;> mtHfis topgLk; Kiwfisg; gw;wpAk; rpyk;gpd;top
,f;fl;Liu ekf;Fj; njspTgLj;JfpwJ. mNjhL rkzj;jpd; top gpd;gw;Wk; kf;fs;
milAk; gyidAk;> Kf;jp epiyiaAk; gw;wp fTe;jpabfs;> Nfhtyd;> fz;zfpf;F
ciuf;Fk; mwpTiufspd; thapyhfTk; rpyk;gpd; khe;jHfs; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %ykhfTk;
,sq;Nfhtbfs; rkzj;ij ek; kdf;fz; Kd; gjpar; nra;tij mwpa KbfpwJ.
ghHit E}y;fs;
1. rhkpehijaH. c.Nt.> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> E}y; epiyak;> nrd;id> 1978.
2. JiuRthkp.K.> ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; rkzk;> ehk; jkpoH gjpg;gfk;>
jpUty;ypf;Nfzp> nrd;id> 2016.
3. uNk\;.j.> eLehl;Lr; rkzf;Nfhapy;fs;> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;> rpjk;guk;> 2005.
4. fe;jrhkp.Nrh.e.> ,e;jpaj; jj;Jtf; fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp-I> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;>
rpjk;guk;> 2003.
5. mq;fKj;J.jp.eh.> rq;f ,yf;fpak; rpyg;gjpfhuk;> n[akzp KjypahH
ntspaPLfs;> nrd;id> 2009.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpo; nkhopapd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;
Kiith; F. ujP]t ; hp
cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> tpOkf; fy;tpj; Jiw>
jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
fhug;ghf;fk;> nrd;id-600097.
Kd;Diu
kdpj tho;tpy; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiuapYk; nkhop nghpJk;; gad;gl;L
tUfpwJ. tho;tpy; nghpJk; gad;gLk; nkhopiaj; jpwikAld; ifahs nkhopf;;fy;tp
,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ. Nfl;ly;> NgRjy;> gbj;jy;> vOJjy; Nghd;w nkhopapd;
mbg;gilj;jpwd;fis tsh;f;f nkhopf;fy;tp gad;gLfpwJ. nkhopj;jpwd;fspy;
fw;wth;fNs kw;wth;fsplk; ,Ue;J NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. cyfpd; goikahd
nkhopfSs; jkpo; nkhopAk; xd;whFk;. nkhopahdJ fUj;Jg; khw;wj;jpw;Fk;
rpe;jidia tsh;g;gjw;Fk; vz;zj;ij ntspapLtjw;Fk;; fw;gjw;Fk; fw;gpg;gjw;Fk;
gad;gLfpwJ. kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fSf;F Vw;g xyp tbtq;fSk;> thp
tbtq;fSk; Njhd;wpd. nkhopapd; tsh;r;rpapy; Ngr;Rnkhopia mLj;J vOj;Jnkhop
Njhd;wpaJ. nkhop gy;NtW jdpj;jd;ikfis nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ. ehl;bd; Njrpa
,yf;if ikakhf itj;Nj fiyj;jpl;lq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij
gad;gLj;jpNa jkpo; ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Njrpaf; fy;tpf;
nfhs;iffis ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; kWkyh;r;rpailfpwJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
nkhop
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;Ng jdf;nfd xU tho;itAk; tuyhw;iwAk;
tFj;Jf;nfhz;l ngUik nfhz;lJ jkpo;nkhop. ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; ,yf;fzj;jpYk;
jdf;nfdj; jdpnahU ghuk;ghpaj;ijf; nfhz;L tho;e;jJ jkpo;nkhop. ,uz;lhapuk;;
Mz;Lfl;F Kd;Ng njhy;fhg;gpaiug; ngw;nwLj;jJ jkpo;nkhop. jkpo; nkhop ePz;l
xU tuyhw;wpidAk; neba Xh; ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpag;ghuk;ghpaj;;ijAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
jkpo;nkhop rPdk;> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk;> vgpNuak; Nghd;wJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfSs; jkpo;
nkhopNa gz;ilf; fhyk; Kjy; gapd;W tUtJ. goikf;Fk; goikaha;g;
GJikf;Fk; GJikaha; tpsq;Fk; ekJ jkpo;nkhop cyf muq;fpNy jdpnahU
epiyia va;jp epw;fpwJ. ,e;jpaj; Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; kl;Lkpd;wp ,yq;if> kNyrpah>
rpq;fg;g+h;> khyj;jPT> njd;dhg;gphpf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy; Ngrg;gLfpd;w epiyapYk;
cah; jdpr; nrk;nkhopahf tpsq;Fk; epiyapYk; jkpo; nkhopia cyf nkhopahff;
fUjyhk; vd mwpQh;fs; gyh; fUJfpd;wdh;.
Ngr;rhYk; vOj;jhYk; kdpjd; jdJ fUj;ijg; gpwUf;Fj; njhptpf;Fk; fUtp
nkhopahFk;. mtd; tho;e;jJk; thog; NghtJk; nkhopahNyjhd;. kf;fs; tho;tpy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpwe;J kf;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;L kf;fspd; tho;it ehfhpfKilajhf cah;j;jp tUk;
mhpa fiy nkhopNa. MwwpT ngw;w kdpj rKjhaj;ijAk; Ie;jwpT nfhz;l
tpyq;FfisAk; NtWgLj;JtJ nkhop. epidg;gpw;Fk; vl;lhj neLq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj
mtNdhL gpd;dpg; gpize;J tho;e;J tsh;e;J tUk; nkhop> kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifapy;
,y;iyNay; kdpjd; kdpjdhf thoKbahJ. nkhop ,y;yhtpl;lhy; kdpj ehfhpfNk
,y;iy. nkhop ,y;yhj kdpj rKjhaj;ijNah> rKjhak; ,y;yhj nkhopiaNah
fhz;gJ mhpjhFk;. nkhop r%fr; nrayhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ekJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; tp;l;Lr;
nrd;w mwpTf; fUt+yq;fis ehk; fz;L Ja;; g;gjw;Fk; ehk; ,d;W ngw;Ws;s mwpTr;
nry;tj;i
; j ekJ topj;Njhd;wy;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;Fk;; nkhop ngUe;Jizahf
mike;J cs;sJ. kdpj tuyhw;wpd; njhlf;f fhyj;jpypUe;N j kdpjd; jd;
fUj;ijg; gpwUf;Fj; njhptpf;f Ntz;ba czh;NthL Kad;W te;j Kaw;rpapd;
Kw;wpa tsh;r;rpNa ,d;iwa nkhopahFk;.
nkhopapd; gz;Gfs;
nkhop kdpjd; cUthf;fpa mhpa fiy. kdpjidg; gpw caphpdq;fspypUe;J
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ nkhopNa. kdpjh;fisr; rKjhakhf ,izg;gJk; nkhopNa.
xUth; jk;Kila vz;zq;fis ntspaplTk;> gpwUila vz;zq;fisg; Ghpe;J
nfhs;sTk; nkhop thapyhf tpsq;FfpwJ. rpe;jid> fw;gid Mfpatw;Wf;Fk;
mbg;gilahf miktJ nkhop. xU rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghL> jj;Jtk;> rkak;> ek;gpf;if
Kjypatw;NwhL ,uz;lwf; fye;jjhf nkhop tpsq;FfpwJ. ,d milahskhfTk;>
Njrpaj;ijf; fl;likg;gjw;fhd mbg;gilahfTk; nkhop mikaf;$Lk;.
xU nkhop Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyj;jpy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l $l;lj;jpduhy; vt;thW
Ngrg;gLfpwJ vd;gjid> cs;sJ cs;sthNw Muha;e;J tpsf;Fk; Kiw>
tpsf;fKiw nkhopapay; vdg;gl;lJ. nkhopapd; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; Vw;gLk;
khWjy;fis Muha;tJ tuyhw;W nkhopapay; vdg;gl;lJ. cwTila
nkhopfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; cwtpdh; neUf;fk;> xd;wpypUe;J xd;W gphpe;j fhyk;
Kjyhdtw;iwf; fzf;fpLtJ> xg;gPl;L nkhopapay; vdg;gl;lJ. ,ir tsh;r;rpAw;w
gpd;dh; ,uz;L nkhopfisAk; xg;gpl;L mitfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; xw;Wik>
Ntw;Wikfis fzf;fpLtjw;fhf> NtWghl;L nkhopapay; vDk; gphpT tsh;e;jJ.
nghUs; nghjpe;j Ngr;Nr nkhop vdg;gLfpwJ. tpyq;Ffspd; fUj;Jg;ghpkhw;w
Kiwapy; gy;NtW tifahd xypfs; cs;sd. tpyq;Ffs; ntt;NtW tifahd
Fuy;fis vOg;Gfpd;wd. ,tw;iw ehk; nkhop vdf; fUJtjpy;iy. nkhopahdJ
tpyq;Ffspd; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;w KiwfspypUe;J ve;nje;j Kiwapy; NtWgLfpwJ
vd;gijg; gz;Gfs; rpytw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fyhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tsh;g;Gj; jd;ik
nkhop xypfshy; MdJ. xypfisf; nfhz;L nrhw;fSk;> nrhw;fisf;
nfhz;L njhlh;fSk; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ kdpjg;Ngr;ir xypahfTk;>
nrhy;yhfTk; gFj;Jf; fhl;l ,aYk;. xypfisAk;> nrhw;fisAk; ,lk; khw;wp
NtWtifahf mikf;f KbAk;. tpyq;Ffs; nghUs; nghjpe;j Fuy;fis
vOg;gpdhYk; mtw;iw mirfshfNth> nrhw;fshfNth gFj;J tpsf;f ,ayhJ.
Mf;fj;jpwd;
xypfisAk;> nrhw;fisAk; gy;NtW tifapy; ,izg;gjd;; %yk; Gjpa
nrhw;fisAk;> njhlh;fisAk; kdpj nkhopapy; cUthf;f ,aYk;. ,yf;fz
epajpfis kdjpy; nfhz;L xt;nthU kdpjDk;> xt;nthU ehSk; Gjpa Gjpa
nrhw;nwhlh;fis nkhopapy; gilf;f KbfpwJ. ,j;jifa Mf;fj;jpwDf;fhd
rhj;jpak; tpyq;Ffspd; fUj;Jg;ghpkhw;w Kiwapy; FiwT.
,LFwpj;jd;ik
nghJthf nrhy;Yf;Fk;> me;jr; nrhy; Rl;Lk; nghUSf;Fk; cs;shh;e;j njhlh;G
,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,itfSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;G kuG topg;gl;lJ. fhfk; “fhf;fh”
vdj; jkpopy; toq;fg;gLtJk;> Fapy; “Ff;$” vd Mq;fpyj;jpy; toq;fg;gLtJk;
,jw;F tpjp tpyf;Ffs; MFk;.
#oy; rhuhj jd;ik
tpyq;Ffs; vOg;Gk; FuNyhirf;Fk;> mtw;wpd; czh;tpw;Fk; Neubahd njhlh;G
cs;sJ. grpapy;yhj Ntisapy; grpg;gJ Nghy FunyOg;g tpyq;FfSf;Fj;
njhptjpy;iy. ngha;Ak;> GidTk; tpyq;Ffspd; nkhopapy; ,y;iy. fhyk;> ,lk;
Mfpa #o;epiyfisr; rhh;e;Nj mtw;Wf;Fhpa mDgtq;fis tpyq;Ffshy; ntspapl
KbAk;. #oy; rhuhJ xd;iw ntspg;gLj;j kdpj nkhopapy; kl;Lk; KbAk;.
khWk; jd;ik
tpyq;Ffspd; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;w Kiw fhyq;fhykhf xNu tpjkhf ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ. Mdhy; kdpj nkhopapy; fhye;NjhWk; khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;Jnfhz;Nl
,Uf;fpd;wd. rpy nrhw;fs; nkhopapy; Gjpjhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. rpy tof;fpoe;J
Nghfpd;wd. kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;g ,k;khw;wq;fs; nkhopapy; epfo;fpd;wd.
gz;ghL NgZk; gz;G
xU rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW fiyfSk; tho;tpay;; $WfSk; me;je;jr;
rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;ilAk;> gz;ghl;Lf; $WfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nkhopapd;
,yf;fzf; $Wfs; rKjha cwTfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. tzf;fk; njhptpj;jy;>
khpahijahfg; NgRjy; gw;wpa nkhop tof;Ffs; me;je;jr; rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;ilf;
fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nkhopAk; r%fKk;
jdp kdpjh;fis ,izg;gjw;Fk;> rKjhaj;jpd; ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; nkhopNa
mbg;gilahf tpsq;FfpwJ. rKjhaj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; fz;zhbahfTk; nkhop
jpfo;fpwJ. kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ehfhpfj;jpw;Fk; nkhopNa
mbg;gilahFk;. nkhopapd; thapyhf rKjhaj;jpd; vy;yh tifahd gzpfSk;
epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd. rKjhar; #oYf;Nfw;g nkhopg; gad;ghLfSk; NtWgLfpd;wd.
nkhopahdJ rKjhaj;jpd; fUj;Jg;ghpkhw;wr; rhjdkhf kl;Lkpd;wp> rKjhaj;jpd;
gad;ghl;L> murpay;> rka> ,d> milahskhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ.
tzf;fk; njhptpj;jy;> tpilngWjy;> kq;fy tof;Ffs;> kuGj; njhlh;fs;
Nghd;wit me;je;j nkhopr; r%fj;jpd; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;F cl;gl;L mikfpd;wd.
nkhopg;gad;ghLfs; rKjhaj;jpd; #o;epiyf;F Vw;gf; ifahsg;gLtijAk;
fhzKbfpwJ. toptopahf tUk; rpe;jidfisg; NgZtjw;Fk;> gad;ghl;L>
gof;ftof;fq;fis mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;tjw;Fk; nkhopNa
mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ. gad;ghl;L hPjpahfNth> murpay; hPjpahfNth xU
rKjhaj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; jpzpf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjpypUe;J jk;ikf; fhj;Jf;nfhz;L
kPl;rp ngWtjw;fhd Mjhug; nghUshfTk; nkhop tpsq;Ftij tuyhw;wpy;
fhzKbfpwJ.
nkhopapd; Njhw;wf; nfhs;iffs;
nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp xt;nthU r%fj;jpYk; xt;nthU fij toq;FfpwJ.
nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa fijfs; gy rkar; rhh;Gilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
rptngUkhd;> jkpio mfj;jpaUf;Fk; gilj;Jf;nfhLj;jhh; vdg; Guhzq;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Nkiy ehLfspYk; ,jidnahj;j ek;gpf;iffs; gy epyTfpd;wd.
Kjd;Kjypy; rkar; rhh;gw;w epiyapy; nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp
Muha;e;jth;fSs; mhp];lhl;by; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;. nkhopahdJ kughYk;>
cld;ghl;lhYk; cz;lhdJ vd mhp];lhl;by; $wpdhh;. ,tuJ Mrphpauhd gpshl;Nlh
ngaUf;Fk;> mJ Rl;Lk; nghUSf;Fk; njhlh;G ,Ug;gjhff; fUjpdhh;. rhf;uB];
xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;;fNs nkhopj; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;whh;. fpNuf;fh;fsJ
Ma;TKiw Cf KiwapYk;> jj;Jt KiwapYk; mike;jJ. tuyhw;W hPjpahf
nkhopapd; Njhw;wj;ij tpsf;f ,ayhJ.
irif nkhop
kdpj r%fk; FOf;fshf tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; iriffs;> Kfghtq;fs;
Nghd;wit fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,it NghJkhdjhf
,y;yhj epiyapy; Fuy; thapyhff; fUj;ijj; njhptpf;Fk; Kiw Vw;gl;bUf;f


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Ntz;Lk;. ,J gbg;gbahf nkhopahf tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUf; f Ntz;Lk; vdf;
fUJgth;fs; cz;L.
Foe;ij nkhop
,ay;ghfNt Foe;ijfsplkpUe;J nkhop ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,aw;ifahf>
jhkhfNt ntsptUfpwJ vd;W fUJgth;fSk; cz;L. Mdhy; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ij>
jhd; tsUfpw #oypy;jhd; nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. rKjhaj;NjhL nkhop
,uz;lwf; fye;jJ.
nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;j Itiff; Nfhl;ghLfs; NkiyehLfspy;
$wg;gLfpd;wd. Ml;Nlh n[];gh;rd; jk;Kila E}ypy; ,tw;iw tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
1. Nghyp nkhopf;nfhs;if
2. czh;r;rp nkhopf;nfhs;if
3. gz;G nkhopf;nfhs;if
4. njhopy; xypf;nfhs;if
5. ,d;gg;ghl;L nkhopf;nfhs;if
Nghyp nkhopf;nfhs;if
Nghyr;nra;jy; fhuzkhfr; nrhw;fs; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd
,f;nfhs;ifahsh;fs; fUJth;. fh..fh vdf; fiuAk; gwit “fhf;fh” vd;W jkpopy;
miof;fg;gLtijAk;;> “$f;$” vdf;$Tk;; gwitia “Ff;$” vd Mq;fpyj;jpy;;
toq;fg;gLtijAk; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whff; Fwpg; gpLth;. vfpg;jpah; G+idia “kpah” vd;w
nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;JtJk; ,k;KiwapNy mikfpwJ. MapDk; nkhopapdh;
msg;ghpa nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;jpd; ,j;jifa nrhw;fs; kpff;FiwT. vy;yhr;nrhy;Yf;Fk;
,g;gbg;gl;l njhlh;Gg;nghUs; miktjpy;iy.
czh;r;rp nkhopf;nfhs;if
kdpjd; gy;NtW tifahd czh;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. xt;nthU
tifahd czh;r;rpf;Fk; Vw;g ntt;NtW tifahd xypfis mtd; vOg;Gfpwhd;.
,j;jifa xypfspypUe;Nj nkhopapd; njhlf;fk; mike;jJ vd;gJ czh;r;rp
nkhopf;nfhs;ifahFk;.
gz;G nkhopf;nfhs;if
Xt;nthU nghUSk; xUtif Xirg;gz;ig ,ay;ghfNt ngw;Ws;sJ vd;w
vz;zj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,f;nfhs;if $wg;gLfpwJ. xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;
,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. MapDk; nghUSf;Fk;> mijr; Rl;Lk; nrhy;Yf;Fk;
,ilapyhd Xiria vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; tpsf;f ,ayhJ. ,f;nfhs;ifia
Kd;nkhope;j khf;]; Ky;yNu gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,jid kWj;jhh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhopy; xypf;nfhs;if
FOthf cly; ciog;gpy; <LgLNthh;; jhk; <LgLk; njhopYf;Nfw;g rpy
xypfis vOg;GtJz;L. VNyNyh> Iyrh Nghd;w nrhw;fisg; glfpiidr;
nrYj;JNthh;; vOg;Gfpd;wdh;. ,JNghd;Nw Vw;wk; ,iwg;gtUk;> ney; Fj;Jk; kfspUk;
jdpj;jdp tifahd xypj;njhlh;fisg; gad;gLj;Jth;. ,j;jifa njhopNyhL
njhlh;Gila xypj;njhlh;fNs nkhopj;Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhff; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
MapDk; ,j;jifa nrhw;fs; nkhopapy; kpff;FiwthfNt cs;sd.
,d;gg;ghl;L nkhopf;nfhs;if
kdpjg;Ngr;Rf;F Ke;ijaJ ghl;lhFk;. kfpo;r;rpahd Ntisfspy;
kdpjh;;fSf;Fg; ghl;L njhlf;fj;jpy; nghUsw;w Fuypirahf ntspg;gl;lNghjpYk;
gpd;dh; nghUSzh;j;Jk; nrhw;fshfg; gbg;gbahf khwpd vd;gJ ,d;gg;ghl;L
nkhopf;nfhs;ifahFk;.
nkhopawpT %isapd; nray;ghl;NlhL njhlh;GilaJ. kdpjdpd; nkhopg;Gyk;
,lg;gf;f %isapy; mike;jpUg;gij mwptpay; Ma;Tfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. kdpj
%isapy; gilg;gpNyNa nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ,ay;a+f;fk; mike;jpUg;gijAk;>
mjdhNyNa Foe;ijfs; jhk; thOk; #oypypUe;J nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd
vd;Wk; mz;ikf;fhy Ma;Tfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd.
nkhopapd; tsh;r;rp
,dp xU Fwpg;gpl;l nkhop ed;F tsh;e;j nkhop vd;Wk;> kw;Wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
nkhop tsh;e;JtUk; nkhop vd;Wk; - tsh;r;rpailahj nkhopnad;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thW xU nkhopapd; tsh;r;rpia kjpg;gPL nra;tJ mk;nkhop nfhz;Ls;s nkhopg;
gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mikfpwJ. xU nkhop> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
rKjhaj;jpd; md;whl ,af;fj;jpd; gzpfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; ve;j msTf;Fg;
gad;gLfpwJ vd;gijAk; xU rKjhaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j kf;fs; jq;fsJ md;whl
,af;fj;jpw;F ve;j mstpw;F me;j nkhopiar; rhh;e;Js;sdh; vd;gijg; nghWj;JNk
mk;nkhopapd; nkhhopg; gad;ghl;bd; jd;ikAk; ,d;wpaikahikAk; mwpag;gLfpd;wd.
,jpypUe;J mk;nkhop nfhz;Ls;s tsh;r;rpAk; ntspg;gLfpwJ. Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;R
Nghd;w nkhopfs; ,d;W cyf nkhopfshf tpsq;Ftjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,k;nkhopfspd;
nrhy;tsk; mk;nkhop NgRk; kf;fspd; md;whlg; Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J tof;Fj;
NjitfSf;F NghJkhdjhf cs;sJ. NkYk; Ntfkhf tsh;e;JtUk; mwptpay;
Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk; rKjha Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk; ntspapLTjw;F Vw;w tifapy; mk;
nkhopfspd; nrhy; tsk; Nghd;wit ngUfpAs;sd. ,j;jifa xU tsh;r;rp ,e;jpa
nkhopfspy; ngUk;ghYk; Vw;gltpy;iy vd;Nw fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ,e;epiyf;Fg; gy


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhuzq;fisf; $wyhk;. KjyhtjhfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhfTk; cs;s fhuzk;
nkhopapd;ghy; ehk; nfhz;Ls;s kdg;ghq;FfNs vd;W nrhy;yyhk;.
,e;jpa nkhopfSs; rpy kpfTk; njhd;ik tha;e;jdthFk;. vdpDk;
,k;nkhopfs; ehSk; khwptUk; rKjha> mwptpay; R+o;epiyfSf;Nfw;gj; jk; jpwid
tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;W $wyhk;. my;yJ> mk;nkhop NgRk; rKjhak;
mk;nkhopiaj; jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; gad;gLJ;jpf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;Wk;
nrhy;yyhk;. ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; tuyhw;wpid Nehf;fpd; gy nkhopfs; jj;jkf;Fhpa
nkhopg; gad;ghl;by; chpa gq;fpidg; ngwhky; ,Ue;J te;jjid ehk; fhzyhk;.
Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wNtz;Lnkd;why;> fy;tpj; Jiw> Ml;rpj; Jiw> nra;jpj; njhlh;Gj;
Jiw Nghd;w kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd Jiwfspy; ,e;jpa nkhopfs; kpfTk; Fiwe;j
msT nkhopg; gaidNa ngw;wpUe;jd. ,e;epiy ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;; Kw;gFjp
tiu ePbj;jJ. tsh;r;rp Fwpj;Jj; jpl;lq;fs; rpy jPl;lg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;Lk;
tUfpd;wd. ,j;jifa nkhop tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; ahTk; ehl;;bd; nkhopf;
nfhs;iffisr; rhh;e;Nj mtw;wpw;F Vw;whw;NghyNt jPl;lg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. jw;NghJ
nkhop tsh;r;rpapy; murhq;fKk; NtW rpy epWtdq;fSk; Xustpw;Fj; jdpahh;
epWtdq;fSk; <Lgl;Ls;sijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
nkhopj; jpl;lkpLjypd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs; nkhop tsh;r;rp vd;W $wyhk;.
,f;Fwpf;Nfhis mbg;ilahff; nfhz;L xU nkhopia> Ntfkhf tsh;e;J tUk;
mwptpay;> rKjhatpay; Jiwfspd; Njitf;F <LnfhLf;Fk; tifapy;
Kd;Ndw;wkilar; nra;ag; gy jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. nkhopfs; gy;NtW
epiyfspy; ehSk; khwp tUfpd;wd. ,k;khw;wq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit ,ay;ghfTk;
rpy Mf;fg;gl;Lk; Vw;gLgit. rKjhaj;jpy; ehSk; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;Fk;>
Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l rKjhaq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nkhopf;$Wfs;
nkhopNgRk; rKjhaj;jpd; NjitfSf;Nfw;g mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW
nra;ag;gLtjdhy; Ngr;R tof;fpYk; vOj;J tof;fpYk; cs;s nkhopf;$Wfs;
ngUf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
nkhopg;gz;ghl;by; cs;s nkhopf;$Wfs; mit cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; rKjhar;
R+oy;> Jiw Nghd;wtw;wpw;Nfw;gr; RUf;fg;gl;Nlh> tphpf;fg;gl;Nlh> nkhopg;gad;ghl;by;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfr; rpy rkaq;fspy; xU nkhopapd; njhlhpay;
mikg;G Kiwfs; rKjhaj; NjitfSf;Nfw;g vspjhf;fg;gLfpwJ. NtW rpy
rkaq;fspy; gz;ila ,yf;fz tuk;Gfs; kPwg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ vspjhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,d;Dk; rpy rkaq;fspy; fiyr; nrhw;fSk; ,d;Dk; rpy nkhopf;$WfSk;
gad;ghl;by; tphpthf;fg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ RUf;fg;gLfpd;wd vdyhk;. ,JNghd;W
nkhoptsh;r;rpf;fhdj; jpl;lq;fs; nkhopapd; tsj;ijAk; jpwidAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtdthf


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd ,d;iwa rKjha nkhopapyhUk; nkhopj; jpl;lkpLNthUk;
fUJfpd;wdh;.
nkhop tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; ahTk; ehl;bd; nkhopf; nfhs;iffisr; rhh;e;Nj
mtw;wpw;F Vw;whw;NghyNt jPl;lg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. jw;NghJ nkhop tsh;r;rpapy;
murhq;fKk; NtW rpy epWtdq;fSk; Xustpw;Fj; jdpahh; epWtdq;fSk;
<Lgl;Ls;sijf; fhz;fpd;;Nwhk;.
rpy rkaq;fspy; gpwnkhor; nrhw;fs; mg;gbNa ehl;L nkhopfspy; fld;
thq;fg;gl;Lg; gpwFnkhopg; gad;ghl;by; <LgLj;jg;gl;L tUtij ehk; mwpNthk;.
,t;thW gpwnkhopf;$Wfis fld;thq;Fjy; nkhoptsh;r;rpf;F kpfTk; Jiz GhpfpwJ.
vdpDk; ,t;thW fld; thq;fg;gl;l nkhopf;$Wfs; ehl;L nkhopfspd; jhf;fj;jpdhy;
mk;nkhopfspd; xypapay; Nghd;w mikg;GfSf;F Vw;wthW khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sijAk;
ehk; mwpNthk;.
ehSk; tsh;e;J tUk; mwptpay; Jiwapd; gy Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;F
mt;tg;NghJ Njitg;gLk; nrhw;fs; Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,t;thW gy
Gjpa nrhw;fs; Mf;fg;gl;L nkhopg;gad;ghl;by; <LgLj;jg;gl;L tUtij
nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> thndhyp xypgug;Gfs;> thu> khj ,jopfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nkhop
eiliaf; $h;e;J ftdpf;Fk;NghJ ekf;F ed;F GydhfpwJ.
xU nkhopapd; tsh;;r;rpf;Fj; jpl;lq;fs; tiuag;gLk;NghJ me;ehl;bd; nkhop
rk;ge;jkhd gy gpur;rpidfisAk; kdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW kdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba gpur;rpidfspy; Kf;fpakhditfshfg; gy nkhop tof;Fr; R+oy;>
Ml;rpj;Jiw> fy;tpj;Jiw> nra;jpj; njhlh;Gj;Jiw Nghd;wtw;wpy; nkhopg; gad;ghl;by;
Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfs; Mfpadtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. nkhop tsh;r;rpf;F vd;W
tFf;fg;gLk; jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;$wpa Jiwfspy; vOk; gpur;rpidfisj;
jPh;f;ff;$badthf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.
jkpo; nkhop tuyhW
jkpo; nkhop jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; goikahd ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;
,yf;fzq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. goikf;Fg; goikaha;g; Gjikf;Fg; GJikaha;
tpsq;FfpwJ. rq;ffhyj; jkpOf;Fk; jw;fhyj; jkpOf;Fk; epiwa NtWghL cz;L.
nkhopahdJ fhyj;Jf; fhyk; khw;wkile;J nfhz;NlapUf;fpwJ. ‘fb nrhy; ,y;iy
fhyj;Jg; gbNd’ vd;whh; njhy;fhg;gpah;. ‘gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk; tOty
fhy tifapdhNd’ vd;whh;; ed;D}yhh;. nkhop ghpzhk tsh;r;rpahYk;> fld;
thq;fyhYk; tsh;fpwJ. nkhop tuyhW vd;gJ nkhopapy; Vw;gLk; xypadpay; khw;wk;>
cUgdpay; khw;wk;> nrhw;nwhluikg;G khw;wk;> nrhw;nghUs; khw;wk;> nrhw;Nfhit


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
khw;wk; Nghd;w khw;wq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. jkpo; nkhopapd; tuyhw;iw ,yf;fpak;>
,yf;fzk;> fy;ntl;L Nghd;w rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; Muhayhk;.
jkpo; nkhopapd; tuyhw;iw %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpj;J fhzyhk;.
1. goe;jkpo;
2. ,ilf;fhyj;jkpo;
3. jw;fhyj;jkpo;
goe;jkpo;
(m) Kd; goe;jkpo; my;yJ njhy;; goe;jkpo; – jkpo; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;
njhy;fhg;gpaKk;.
(M) kj;jpa goe;jkpo; gj;Jg; ghl;Lk>; vl;Lj;njhifAk;;
(,) gpd; goe;jkpo; jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Kjypad.
,ilf;; fhyj;;jkpo;
(m) Kd; ,ilf;fhyj;; jkpo;
(M) kj;jpa ,ilf;fhyj;; jkpo;
(,) gpd; ,ilf;fhyj;;jkpo;
,ilf;; fhyj;;jkpiog; gy;yth; fhyj; jkpo;> Nrhoh; fhyj; jkpo;> ehaf;fh;
fhyj; jkpo; vd;Wk; gphpj;J Muha;th;.
jw;fhyj; jkpo;
(m) Kd; jw;;fhyj;; jkpo;
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;> klq;fspd; njhz;L Kjypad
(M) gpd;; jw;;fhyj;; jkpo;
Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;> lr;R> gpnuQ;R> Mq;fpNyah;; tUifahy; Vw;gl;l nkhop
tsh;r;rp 20- Mk; E}w;whz;L – fpid nkhop Ma;T Kjypad. jw;fhy
jkpopy; ehlfk;> rpWfij> Gjpdk;> GJf;ftpij> Foe;ijg; ghly;fs;>
ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
vOj;Jr;rPh;jpUj;jk;
kdpj rKjhak; nkhopahy; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. kdpj
rKjhaj;jpy; Ngr;R nkhop> vOj;J nkhop vd ,U tifAz;L. Ngr;R nkhopdpd;W
tsh;e;jNj vOj;J nkhop. Ngr;R nkhop MW Nghd;wJ. vdpd; vOj;J nkhop
mt;thw;wpy; kpjf;Fk; gdpf;fl;b Nghd;wJ vd nkhopapayhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w dh;. cyfpy;
ngUk;ghyhd nkhopfs; vOj;J tbtk; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. rpy nkhopfNs thp
tbtk; ngw;w nkhopfshf cs;sd. ,Ugj;J ,uz;L jpuhtpl nkhopfspNy jkpo;>
njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; Kjypa nkhopfSf;Fj;jhd; vOj;J tbtk; cz;L.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,yf;fpa tskpy;yhj JS nkhop Kjypy; kiyahs vOj;jpYk; gpd;G fd;dl
vOj;jpYk; vOjg;gl;lJ. goq;Fb nkhopahd $ap nkhopia xypah vOj;jpy;
vOJfpd;wdh;. kw;w goq;Fb nkhopfSf;Fk; thp tbtk; fhz Kaw;rpfs;
eilngWfpd;wd. Ngr;R nkhopapid thptbtpy; fhl;LtJ jhd; vOj;J nkhop.
Mdhy;> Ngr;R nkhopf;F ,y;yhj rpy gz;Gfs; vOj;J nkhopf;F cz;L. ehL fle;J
fhyk; fle;J epw;fpd;w gz;G vOj;J nkhopf;F cz;L. ekJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; tpl;Lr;
nrd;w mwpTf; fUt+yq;fis ehk; fz;L Ja;g;gjw;Fk; ehk; ngw;Ws;s mwpTr;
nry;;tj;;ij ekJ topj; Njhd;wy;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;Fk; vOj;J nkhop
ngUe;Jizahf cs;sJ. ek;NkhL cld; thOk; neQ;rq;fisAk; ekf;F Kd;G
tho;e;j neQ;rq;fisAk; ,izf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;wJ vOj;J nkhop. Xh; ,dj;jpd;
mwpTk;> gz;ghLk;> fiyAk; ehfhpfKk; mt;tpd vOj;J nkhopapy; nghjpe;J fplf;Fk;.
vOj;J nkhop ,y;iyNay; kdpj tho;tpy; n;jhlh;r;rpahd Kd;Ndw;wk; ,Ue;jpUf;fhJ.
,d;iwa kdpjd; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L kdpjdhf tho;e;jpUf;f KbahJ. Ngr;R nkhop
kdpjid kdpjdhf;fpaJ vOj;J nkhopNah kdpjid ehfhpf kdpjdhf>
,a;wifiaNa nty;Yk; xU rf;jpahf khw;wpaJ vd;why; kpifahfhJ. goikiaAk;
GJikiaAk; nfhz;L goikf;Fk; GJikf;Fk; xU ghykhf vOj;Jnkhop epw;ff;
fhzyhk;.
vOj;JUtk; ngw;w nkhopfisNa ehfhpf nkhopfs; vd;Wk; rpwe;j nkhopfs;
vd;Wk; fUJfpd;Nwhk;. mjpYk; kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpy; vOj;J cUtj;jpidg; ngw;w
nkhopfisg; goikahd nkhopfs; vd;Wk; ehfhpfj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;j nkhopfs;
vd;Wk; $Wtijf; fhzyhk;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspNy jkpo; nkhopapNyNa kpfg;
goikahd vOj;JUtj;ijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,J kw;w jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;
vOj;JUtj;jpw;Fk; kpf Ke;jpaJ vdf; $wyhk;. njYq;F nkhopapd; vOj;JUtk;
fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;hz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ. fd;dl nkhopapd; vOj;JUtk; fp.gp Ie;J my;yJ
Mwhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ. kiyahs nkhopapd; cUtk; ,d;Dk; gpe;jpaJ.
,e;epiyapy; jhd; ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; jkpo; nkhopf;Fj; jdp ,lk; ,Ug;gJk;
rk];fpUjj;jpw;F Vw;g ,jw;Fg; ngUikAk rpwg;Gk; css;ikAk; ,q;Ff;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. vOj;J Kiwapid %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
1. gl vOj;J Kiw
2. vz;z vOj;J Kiw
3. xyp vOj;J Kiw
1) mirnaOj;J Kiw
2) mfu vOj;J Kiw


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vOj;J Kiwapy; Kjd;Kjy; Njhd;wpa Kiw ‘gl vOj;J KiwNa’ vdf;
fUJth;. #hpaidf; fhl;l xU tl;lj;ij tiue;J fhl;bdh;. glq;fis tiue;J
nra;jpiaf; fhl;Ljy; ‘gl vOj;J Kiw’ ahFk;. ,k;Kiwapid vk;nkhopapdUk;
czuyhk;. Fwpg;gpl;l xUnghUisNah fUj;ijNah czh;j;jg; gad;gLNk jtpu>
nghUspd; gytif NtWghLfisNah El;gq;fisNah czh;j;jg; gad;glhJ.
xyp vOj;J Kiwahy;jhd; Ngr;R nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; xypfSf;Fk; vOj;J
Kiwapy; cs;s thptbj;jpw;F kpilNa xU njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ. xyp tbtj;ij thp
tbtpy; fhzj; njhlq;fpa epiyapy; jhd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
mirfis thptbtj;jpy; vOjpa epiyapy;jhd; mir vOj;JKiw cz;lhdJ.
mirnaOj;J Kiwapy; gy tbtq;fspd; epiyia czuyhk;. RNkhpad; Mg;G
tbt vOj;Jf;fs;jhd; mirnaOj;J tbtq;fSs; kpfTk; goikahdjhFk;.
RNkhpad;> Vyikl;> vfpg;jpa nkhop> rPd> fpNuf;f nkhopfs; ,t;ntOj;J Kiwiaf;
nfhz;bUf;;fpd;wd.
ngUk;ghyhd cyf nkhopfs; mfu vOj;J KiwiaNa gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd.
vj;jidNah E}w;whz;L tsh;r;rpapy; jhd; ,d;iwa nkhopfs; mfu vOj;J
nkhopiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mirnaOj;J Kiwapy; Vuhskhd vOj;J nkhopiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. mirnaOj;J Kiwapy; Vuhshkhd vOj;J cUtq;fis epidtpy;
nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mfutif vOj;Jf;fspy; Xh; cU Xh; xypiaNa Fwpf;Fk;.
,t;ntOj;J Kiwfspd;%yk; vOj;Jf;fspd; Njhw;w tsh;r;rpiaf; fhzyhk;.
jkpo; vOj;J
jkpo; E}y;fs; mr;rplj; njhlq;fpa fhyj;Nj jhd; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; vy;yhk;
,g;NghJ fhzg;gLk; epiyahd tbtq;fisg; ngw;wd. xt;nthU E}w;whz;bYk;
thptbtq;fs; rpy khWjy;fSf;F cs;shfp tsh;r;rpaile;jpUf;fpd;wd. jkpo;
nkhopia vOj ,Utif vOj;Jf;fs; tof;fpypUe;jd vd mwpfpNwhk;. mhpr;rY}h;
fy;ntl;Nl ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;. ,f;fy;ntl;by; jkpo; vOj;Jk; tl;nlOj;Jk; fye;J
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo; vOj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; njhz;;il kz;lyk;> Nrho kz;lyk;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; gy;yth;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhy Kjy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fpgp7 Mk;
E}w;whz;by; Mz;l kNfe;jpudpd; fy;ntl;L KOtJk; jkpopy; cs;sJ. gy;yth;
fhyj;jpYk; epiwa fy;ntl;Lfs; fpilj;Js;sd. lhf;lh; ehfrhkp mth;fs; Nrhoh;
fhyj;jpa vOj;Jf;fis Kw;fhyr; Nrhoh; vOj;J vd;Wk; gpw;fhyr;Nrhoh; vOj;J
vd;Wk; ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fpd;whh;. Kw;fhyr; Nrhoh; vOj;Jf;fs; nghpa
vOj;Jf;fshf ,Ue;jd. uh[uh[d; fhyk;tiu Kw;fhyr; Nrhoh; fhyk; vdyhk;.
gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh; fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mofpd;wpg; gpio kype;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gy;yth; Ml;rpapy; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;lJNghy tl;nlOj;jpYk; vOjg;gl;lJ. ghz;bah;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rpy jkpopYk; gy fpue;jj;jpYk; cs;sd. mth;fsJ nrg;NgLfs;
midj;Jk; tl;nlOj;jpNyNa cs;sd. NrhouJ fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
jkpopYk; fpue;jj;jpYk; cs;sd. ghz;b ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpanghOJ
tl;nlOj;jpNyNa vOjpdh;. gpd;dh; ghz;b kz;lyj;jpYk; jkpopNyNa
vOjj;njhlq;fpdh;. tpra efug; Nguurh;fsJ fhyj;jpy; tl;nlOj;J kiwe;J jkpo;>
fpue;jk;> njYq;F> fd;dl vOj;Jf;fs; toq;fyhapd.
fpue;j thptbtj;jpw;Fk; jkpo; thptbtj;jpw;Fk; cs;s cwT kpf neUf;fkhdJ
vd;gh;. c>C>f>q>j>e>a>t vd;git ,Utbtq;fspYk; xNu tpjkhf vOjg;gLfpd;wd.
m>M><>x>xs>l>w>L>u>y>s vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fs; ,uz;L thptbtq;fspYk rpwpjsNt
khWgLfpd;wd. vdNtjhd; ,jidf; ‘fpue;jj; jkpo; tbtk;’ vd;gh;. gy;yt kd;dd;
guNk];tutuhkDila $uk; rhrdj;jpYs;s fpue;j tbtj;ijAk; jkpo; thp
tbtj;ijAk; xg;gpl;lhy;> c>l>z>j>e>a>t vd;gtdTk; caph; nka; tbtq;fspy; tUk;
M>,><>v>x vDk; vOj;Jfspd; FwpfSk; thptbtq;fSk; xd;whf ,Ug;gijf;
fhzyhk;. f>u vd;w vOj;Jf;fNs rpwpJ NtWgLfpd;wd. fpue;j tbtk; tlnkhopia
vOjg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Mhpah; jkpo; tbtj;;ij Vw;W tlnkhopf;Fhpa
vOj;Jf;fis ,izj;Jf; ‘fpue;jk;’ vdg;ngahpl;ldh; vdf; $Wfpd;whh; vy;yP];.
gy;yth; fpue;j tbtj;ijAk; jkpo; thptj;ijAk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; GFj;;jpdh; vdf;
$Wfpd;whh; jp.eh.Rg;gpukzpak; mth;fs;.
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mile;j khw;wq;fisf; fhz;Nghk; Kjypy;
fp.gp. Vohk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisAk; fp.gp.gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fisAk; xg;gpl;L Nehf;FNthk;. nka;naOj;Jfspy; rpy NkNy fpilf;NfhLk;
,lJ gf;fk; Fj;Jf;NfhLk; ngw;wikiaf; fhzyhk;. ,j;jifa khw;wk; Vohk;
E}w;whz;L thptbtj;jpypUe;J gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;L thptbtk; ngw;w vOj;Jf;fshf
f>q>r>j>e>u> Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fisf; $wyhk;. gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;L
vOj;Jf;fspy; rpy> fhy; my;yJ fPo;g;gFjp ePz;like;Js;sd. gjpNdhuhk;
E}w;whz;bNy Q>z>y>s Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fs; RopfNshL fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;
thptbt khw;wq;fSf;F myq;fhu tpUg;gKk; vspikahd Nghf;Fk; xU fhuzkhFk;.
m>M>, vd;w caph; vOj;Jf;fspYk; l>g>k vd;w nka; vOj;Jf;fspYk; tisT ePf;fp
vOjg;gl;lJ. vspikahd Nghf;fpd; tpisthFk;. fp.gp.gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;Lj;;
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisAk; fp.gp.gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisAk; xg;gpl;L
Muha;e;jhy;> ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; xU Fj;Jf;Nfhl;Lld; njhlq;Fk; f>q>r>j>e>u vd;gd
gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; Fj;Jf; Nfhl;ilr; rpwpJ tisthfg; ngw;wpUe;jd.
gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;by; Neh;j;jd;ikAs;s ePskhd Fj;Jf; Nfhl;ilg; ngw;wd.
,e;j khw;wj;jpw;Fk; myq;fhu tpUG;gNk fhuznkd;fpd;wdh;. f>r>j Mfpa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vOj;Jf;fspd; tisTfSk; Q>e>k>o Mfpa vOj;Jfspd; tyg;gf;f tisTfSk;
gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;ilf; fhl;bYk; gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;by; nrk;ikahf
mike;Js;sd. gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; rpwpjsT Ropiag; ngw;w m>M>v>Q>dh>y>s>z
vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;by; njspthf cs;sd. ,t;thW
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; epfo;e;j khw;wq;fisf; fy;ntl;Lj; Jiz nfhz;L
mwpayhk;.
njhFg;Giu
kdpjd; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiuapy; nkhop nghpJk; gad;gLfpwJ. tho;tpy;
nghpJk; gad;gLk; nkhopiaj; jpwikAld; ifahs nkhopf;fy;tp gad;gLfpwJ.
nkhop kdpjd; cUthf;fpa mhpa fiy. kdpjidg; gpw caphpdq;fspy; ,Ue;J
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ nkhopahFk;. nkhop Njhw;wf;Fwpj;J xt;nthU fijfs;
epyTfpd;wJ. jkpo; nkhop jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; gy ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;
,yf;fzj;ijAk;; nfhz;Ls;sJ. goikf;F goikahfTk; GJikf;F GJikahfTk;
cs;sJ. nkhop fhye;NjhUk; khwp tUfpd;wJ. khw;wq;fs; vOj;jpy; nkJthfTk;>
Ngr;R nkhopapy; NtfkhfTk; tsh;fpwJ. Ngr;R nkhopapy; ,Ue; J Njhd;wpaNj vOj;J
nkhopahFk;. ehl;bd; Njrpa ,yf;if ikakhfNt fiyj;jpl;lk; tbtikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fiyj;jpl;lk; khzth;fspd; vjph;fhy Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjhf cs;sJ vd;gij
,g;gFjpapy; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l E}y;fs;
1. milf;fyrhkp (1997) ,yf;fpatuyhW> ehy;epiy gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id
2. fzgjp.tp. (1999) ew;wkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> rhe;jh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id
3. NtZNfhghy; ,.gh.(1991) ige;;jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> rFe;jyh gjpg;gfk;>
NtY}h;.
4. Nfhfpyh jq;frhkp (2000) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy;> mdpr;rk; ntspaPL> fhe;jpfpuhkk;.
5. Mh;. vl;tpd; n[ah> jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; GJikfs;. nuj;jpdh gjpg;gfk;>
fd;dpahFkhp.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngUq;fijapy; A+fpad; el;G newpfs;
uh.uhjpfh>
cjtpg;Nguhrpah;> jkpo;;j;Jiw>
rPdpthrh efh;> Cj;jq;fiu.
Kd;Diu
kdpjh;fs; Kjy; tpyq;Ffs; tiu el;G vd;w cwT ,y;yhky; tho;tJ kpfTk;
fbdkhd xd;W. cyfk; Njhd;wpa ehs; Kjy; ,e;ehs; tiuapYk; el;gpd;
epiyfshdJ gy;NtW Kiwfspy; khw;wk; ngw;W tUtij fz;$lhff; fhz;fpNwhk;.
xt;nthUthpd; el;Gk; gy;NtW tifapy; rpwg;G tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. mtw;wpy;
vy;yhtifapYk; jdJ tho;it el;gpw;fhfNt mh;gzpj;jth;fSk; cz;L vd;w
nra;jpia ek; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; thapyhf; fhzKbfpwJ. mtw;Ws; ngUq;fijapYs;s
A+fpapd; el;G newpfs; ,f;fl;Liuapd; %yk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
el;G nghUs;
el;G vd;w nrhy;iy ‘Friendship’ vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy; nfhz;Lk;> jkpopy;
Njhoik> rpNdfk;> Nfz;ik Nghd;w gy;NtW nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. el;G
,UthpilNah> gyhplNkh Vw;gLk; cwthFk;. rhjp> kjk;> ,dk;> nkhop> ehL> taJ>
fy;tp> mwpT> moF> gjtp vd ve;j tpjkhd vy;iyfSk; ,d;wp tUtjhFk;. el;G
nfhs;s mtrpakhdJ ey;ynjhU GhpjyhFk;.
el;G jpdk;
ez;gh;fSf;fhd xU ke;jpu czh;T kw;Wk; nfhz;lhl;lk; Nghd;wNj el;G
jpdk;. ez;gh;fs; jpdk; 1919 Kjy; [ha;];`hy; vd;gtuhy; Kjd;Kjypy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh; If;fpa ehLfspd; rigahdJ 1958 - w;Fg; gpwF
#iy 30 md;W ez;gh;fs; jpdk; nfhz;lhl Miz gpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. ,e;j
mwptpg;gpid If;fpa ehLfspd; nrayh; Nfh/gp md;dd; mth;fsJ kidtp ehNd
md;dd; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. vdpDk; mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; ,e;jpah cs;spl;l ehLfs;
Mf];l; Kjy; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik ez;gh;fs; jpdk; nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wd.
el;G gw;wp mwpQh;fspd; $w;W
‘‘mwpthspahfTk;> xj;Jg;goff;$batdhfTk;> mlf;fj;NjhLk;>
ey;nyhOf;fj;NjhLk; xU Njhod; fpilg;ghdhfpy; vy;yh
,ilA+WfisAk; fle;J fUj;NjhLk;> kfpo;r;rpNahLk; el;Gnfhs;’’
- Gj;jh;
‘‘jha; je;ij tha;g;gJ tpjp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ez;gh;fs; tha;g;gNjh kjp’’ – n\y;yp
‘‘eP cyfpd; mjpgjpaha; ,Ug;gpDk; ez;gh;fs; ,y;yhtpby; Viojhd;’’

- aq;
el;G %d;W epiy
1. czT vg;NghJk; Njit
2. kUe;J vg;NghjhtJ Njit
3. Neha; vg;NghJk; Njitapy;iy vd ez;gh;fis juk;ghh;j;J
mikj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;. f]hyp.
tpiy kjpf;f ,ayhjJ> clYf;Fk; capUf;Fk; cWJizahtJ
,d;gJd;gq;fspy; $l;LwT kdg;ghd;ik cilaNj el;G
- Ntjhj;hp kfhp\p
el;gpd; Nkd;ik
rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjy; ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; tiu kpfTk; GfOk;
rpwg;Gk; Nkd;ikAk; nfhz;l el;G newpfisg; gw;wp mwpe;jjpy; xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU
tifapy; rpwe;jjhf ,Ug;gij Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;sKbfpwJ. Mdhy; el;G vd;gJ
midj;J epiyfspYk; rpwe;jJ vd;w Kiwapy; mika Ntz;baJ. el;gpw;fhf
tho;e;J jhDk; tho;tJ vd;wpy;yhky; el;gpw;fhf kl;LNk tho;tJ vd;gij fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L mt;topNa tho;e;J el;gpw;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jth;fs; rpyh; vd;gij
,yf;fpaq;fs; rhd;Wfhl;Lfpd;wd.
jw;fhy el;G epiy
jw;fhyr;#oypy; el;G vd;gJ thbf;if> nghOJNghf;F> jw;ngUik vd;w
epiyapy; ,Ug;gij Clfq;fspd; thapyhf ntspahFk; nra;jpfs; %yk;
njhpe;Jf;nfhs;sKbfpwJ. NkYk; el;G vd;w ngahpy; kw;wth;fisAk;> kw;wth;fsJ
nray;fs;> vz;zq;fs;> jpwd;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ xUtuJ tho;f;ifiaNa
mopf;fj;Jzptijf; fijfspYk;> jpug;glq;fspYk; Nfl;Lk; fz;Lk; te;j ek; rKjhak;
jw;NghJ md;whl tho;tpy; fz;$lhff; fhzKbfpwJ. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; el;G vd;gJ
cyf ehLfs; midj;Jk; xw;WikAld; ey;ypzf;fj;NjhL ,Ug;gjw;fhf vd;w epiy
khwp jw;NghJ el;G ehLfs; vd jdpahdnjhU gphpTfshf ,Ug;gijAk; ehk;
fhz;fpNwhk;.
el;gpw;fhf vijAk; ,of;fj; jahuhf ,Ue;j fhyk; khwp el;gpw;fhf vijAk;
nra;Ak; fhyk; te;Jtpl;lJ. rhd;whf ,isQd; xUtd; ez;gh;fNshL kfpo;r;rpahf
,Ug;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gzk; nfhLf;f kWj;j jha;> je;ij ,UtiuAk; nfhiy
nra;J Jz;Lj;Jz;lhf ntl;b %l;ilf;fl;b NghLk; epiyiag; gw;wp Clfq;fs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
thapyhf ehk; fz;$lhff; fz;L tUfpNwhk;. ,JNghd;w ,d;Dk; gytifahd
epfo;Tfs; elg;gjd; thapyhf jw;fhy el;G epiyiag;gw;wp njhpe;Jf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
el;gpw;F ,yf;fzkhdth;fs;
Raeyk;> gpujpcgfhuk;> Nghl;b> nghwhik> ntWg;G Nghd;w Fzq;fspd;wp
tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy;> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> nghWik> epjhdk; jtwhik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;L epiyj;J epw;ff; $baNj el;G. jPa vz;zq;fisAk;> jFjpfisAk;
Gwe;js;sp ghpRj;jkhd ew;Fzq;fNshL el;Gf;nfhs;gth;fNs el;gpw;F chpj;jhdth;fs;.
mg;gbg;gl;l el;gpw;Fhpath;fisg; gw;wp ek; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rhd;W fhl;b epw;gijf;
fhz;fpNwhk;.
kfhghujk; Fwpg;gpLk; fpU\;zh; - FNryu;> JhpNahjdd; - fh;zd; GwehD}W
Fwpg;gpLk; mjpakhd; - mt;it> ghhp-fgpyh;> Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; - gprpuhe;ijahh; NkYk;
rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh;- ,sq;Nfhtbfs; MfpNahhpd; el;Gepiyia gyNfhzq;fspy;
,yf;fpaq;fs; rhd;W fhl;Lfpd;wd.
jpUts;Sth; $Wk; el;G
cr;irapdp Nte;jd; gpur;Nrhjdd;> nfsrhk;gp kd;dd; cjazid
rpiwg;gpbj;jhd; vd;w nra;jp mwpe;j cjazdpd; ez;gd; A+fp fLk;Nfhgj;NjhL
khngUk; rgjk; nfhs;fpwhd;. mjw;fhf khfhstdf;fhsp Nfhapypy; jtf;Nfhyk;
nfhs;fpwhd;. gpd;dh; cr;irapdpapy; khWNtlj;jpy; nrd;W Nga; gpbj;jtd; NghyTk;>
gpj;Jg;gpbj;jtd;NghyTk; efnuq;Fk; ghl;birj;J miye;J jphpfpwhd;. gpd; je;jpukhf
esfphp ahidapidf;nfhz;L cjazid rpiwapypUe;J jf;f rkaj;jpy; kPl;fpwhd;.
,r;nrayhdJ>
‘‘cLf;if ,oe;jtd; ifNghy Mq;Nf
,Lf;fz; fistJMk; el;G’’ – Fws;.788.
cil nefpo;e;jtDf;F mg;nghOJ ifnrd;W cjtp nra;tJg;Nghy
ez;gDf;F Jd;gk; Neh;e;jhy; mg;nghONj nrd;W mj;Jd;gj;ij ePf;FtJjhd; el;G.
,f;Fwspidf; nfhz;Nl nfhq;FNtsph;>
‘cilaop fhiy cjtpa ifNghy
eliy jPh;jjy; ez;gdJ ,ay;G ’ – (ngUq;fij. 39-40)
vd;gij ,g;ghly; thapyhf mwpaKbfpwJ.
Jd;gk; ePf;FtNjhL tpl;Ltplhky; jdJ ez;gd; tpUk;gpa thrtjj;ijia
jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F rhpahd jpl;lk; jPl;b rhkh;j;jpakhf nray;gLj;Jfpwhd;
A+fpapd; ,r;nrayhdJ ghQ;rhypiaj; jpUkzk; nra;a ghh;j;jdpd; Njhodhd fz;zd;
$wpa cghaj;ijg; Nghd;wJ. ,jid>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
‘‘Nghd;dtph; Nkdpr; Rgj;jpiu khijg;
Gwa;nfhz;L Nghtjw;Nf -,dp
vd;d topnad;W Nfl;fpy; cghak;
,Ufzj;Nj Aiug;ghd;! ’’ – fz;zd; ghl;L
,g;ghlypd; %ykhf ghujpahh; Fwpg;gpLtJ epidT nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
cjazDf;Fk; thrtjj;ijf;Fk; jpUkzk; Kbe;jg;gpd; kidtpAld;
$bkfpo;tNj ,d;gkhd tho;T vd;W tho;fpwhd;. mg;nghOJ A+fp jdJ ez;gid
rhpahf topelj;jp nry;tjw;fhf thrtjj;ijia Ruq;fg;ghij topahf mioj;J
nrd;w gpd; muz;kidiaj; jPapl;L mopj;jNjhL thrtjj;ij ,we;jjhfTk;> jhDk;
nry;Yk; topapy; mty; tpf;fp ,we;J tpl;ljhf cjazdDf;F njhpag;gLj;JkhW
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhd;. A+fpapd; je;jpuj;jhy; cjazdpd; fhk kaf;fk; njspe;J jdf;Fhpa
murf;flikia czh;fpwhd;. ,Wjpahf A+fpapd; vz;zk; epiwNtWfpwJ. A+fp
cjazDf;F flikia czh;j;j jd;idAk; jk; tho;itAk; kwe;J nray;gLfpwhd;.
thrtjj;ij vd epidj;J gJkhtjpAld; thOk; cjazDf;F ey;ynjhU mwj;ij
vLj;Jf;$wp xU ngz;iz kdjpy; epidj;Jf;nfhz;L NtnwhU ngz;NzhL tho;tJ
rhpahFNkh vd;W $wp ey;topapy; elf;f ez;gDf;F mwpTWj;Jfpwhd;. ,jd;topahf
ts;Sthpd; thf;fpw;fpzq;f ,Lf;fz; fistjhk; el;G vd;w el;gpd; ,yf;fzkhf
tho;e;Jf;fhl;batd; A+fp vd;gij njhpe;Jf;nfhs;sKbfpwJ.
ehybahh; $Wk; el;G
‘‘#l;Lf;Nfhy; Nghy vhpAk; GFtNu
el;lhh; vdg;gL thh;;’’ - (ehyb.208)
md;Gs;s ez;gh;fs;> nghUSld; neUg;gpy; vhpAk; #l;Lf;Nfhiy Nghy jd;id
rhh;e;jth;fSf;Fj; Jd;gk; tUk;NghJ neUg;gpYk; %o;Fth;. mJNghy; a+fp jdJ
ez;gdpd; ey;tho;Tf;fhf jhd; ,we;jjhf ngha; ciwj;jNjhL jdJ ,Wjp
Cu;tyj;ij khWNtlk; ,l;L jhNd Kd;dpd;W elj;Jfpwhd;. A+fpiag; Nghd;Nw
cjazDk; ez;gd; ,we;j nra;jpf; Nfl;lTld; ‘mg;gbahdhy; vd; tho;T nfLf!’ vd
tha;tpl;Lg; Gyk;gpaij
“cjazz; khohe;J capu;tho;T xopf vdr;
rpju;nghwp nae;jpuk; Nghyr; rpju;e;J
jhUk; g+Zk; khu;gpilj; Japy;tur;
NrhUq; fz;zpdd; Jsq;fp nka;k; kwg;g” - (ngU.108-111)
,t;thW ,UtUk; xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;l el;gpd; Mok; mstplKbahj epiyapy;
jpfo;fpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
A+fpapd; nray; jpwk;
jw;fhyj;jpy; ngw;Nwhu;fs; jq;fSila gps;isfs; ez;gu;fSld; Nru;tjhy;
jlk; khwp tpLthu;fs; vd;w fUj;J epytp tUfpwJ. Mdhy; ngUq;fij thapyhf
mwpaf; $ba nra;jp cjazd; jha; kpUfhgjp jd; kfdpd; ez;gd; a+fpia
kfDf;Fk; Nkyhf fUJtij
“tpisahl;L tpUk;gp misapd thfpa
,d;Rit mbrpy; cz;gJk; xuP,
kd;ngUq; NfhtpYs; tsu;e;j fhiy
Ntf ek;gpf;F tpsf;Ff mbrpy; vd;W” (ngU – 142 -145)
,jpy; jha; kpUfhgjp ‘vd; kfd; a+fhe;juhad;!'vd a+fpia jd;Dila kfd; vdf;
$WtjpypUe;J a+fpapd; nray; jpwid mwpaKbfpwJ. ,Nj Nghd;W
rPtfrpe;jhkzpapYk; ee;jl;lid jd;Dila kfdhf tpiriaf; $WtJ el;gpd;
rpwg;ig vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
el;gpy; a+fpapd; rpwg;G
xt;nthUtuJ tho;tpYk; el;G vd;gJ vg;nghOJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; tuf;$baJ.
Mdhy; a+fp cjazdplk; nfhz;l el;ghdJ gpwe;jJ Kjy; Vw;gl;ljhFk;. Mjyhy;
“,td; fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; jiytd;
Nghy; nray;gLfpwhd;” (nj.ngh.kPdhl;rpRe;juk; gps;is)
“,tdJ el;gpd; ngUik nrhy;ypy; mlq;fhJ’’ (c.Nt. rhkpehj Iau;)
vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; tifapy; fhg;gpak; KOtJk; a+fpad; el;G newpfs; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
,Wjpapy; cjazd; JwT Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ a+fpAk; Jwit Nkw;nfhs;tjpypUe;J
Njhoikapd; Nkd;ikia rpwg;Gilajhf fhl;LfpwJ.
gifth; guhl;Lk; el;G
cw;whh;> cwtpdh;fs;> ez;gh;fs;> mwpe;jth;fs;> Ghpe;jth;fs; MfpNahUila
ghuhl;Ljiy tpl xUtUilag; Gfiog; gd;klq;F cah;j;jpf; fhl;LtJ gifth;
ghuhl;lhFk;. mg;gbg;gl;l GfOf;Fhpa el;Gld; tho;e;j A+fpapd; ngUikia gifaurh;
gpur;Nrhjdd;>
‘‘Vw;w Kfj;jpd; ,iwtDk; tpUk;gp
ez;gpd; khl;rpAk; ft;tpaJ mfyKk;
gz;gpd; njhopYk; gilj;njhopy; khz;Gk;
fhAk khe;jh; MapDk; ahJk;
jPait $wg;glhj jpz;ikAk;
,th;fsJ ,y;iy ,tdhw; ngw;w


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mth;fsJ ,y;iy murpd; khl;rp’’- (ngUq;fij-106-112)
el;gpd; ngUik> Mo;e;jfd;w fy;tpawpT gz;G khwhj epiy> tPuk;> giftUlDk;
,dpikahf NgRk; kdg;ghd;ik Mfpa ew;Fzq;fisf; nfhz;l mikr;rd; fpilg;gJ
mtNd ez;gdhf nghUe;jpUg;gJ mhpjhd nrayhFk;. Mdhy; ,J Nghd;w
ew;Fzq;fisAila ez;gid milAk; ngUk;NgW cjazDf;F md;wp NtW
ahUf;Fk; tha;f;ftpy;iy! vd kde;jpwe;J ghuhl;LtjpypUe;J A+fpapd; el;G
rpwg;igAk; GfioAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
KbTiu
jw;fhyj;jpy; el;G vd;whYk; ez;gd; vd;w cwT vd;whYk; mjid
Nghypj;jdk; tha;e;jJ vdf; fUJfpd;wdh;. mjw;F khwhf ngUq;fijapy; tUk; A+fp
cjazd; kPJ nfhz;l el;ghdJ giftUk; ghuhl;Lk; tifapy; mike;Js;sij
mwpfpNwhk;. A+fpia Nghd;w ez;gDk; el;G newpAk; nfhz;l ez;gh;fs; jw;fhy
#oypy; ,Ug;ghh;fshapd; el;G ed;kjpg;gpw;Fhpajhf khWk; vd;gij ,f;fl;Liuapd;
thapyhf njspTg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l E}y;fs;:
1. rhkpehjIau; c.Nt. - ngUq;fij
- rhkpehjIau; c.Nt
rhkpehjIau; gjpg;G - 2000.
2. =re;jpud;. n[. - ngUq;fij rpwg;gpay;G
tu;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk; - 2005.
3 gupNkoyfu; ciu - jpUf;Fws;
mk;rh gjpg;gfk; - 2013.
4. ehybahu; ehkf;fy; ftpQu ;- ehybahu;
=re;jpud;. n[.
tu;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk; - 2005.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpo;nkhopAk; ghlj;jpl;lKk;;
M. &gh
cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>
mjpakhd; kfspu; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}up>
rPdpthrh efh;> Cw;wq;fiu.
Njhw;Wtha;
ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ fy;tp Vw;ghL. fy;tp Vw;ghl;bd; $Wfs; midj;J k;
cs;slf;fpaNj ghlj;jpl;lk;. mjhtJ khztd; xU tFg;gpy; vd;ndd;d jpwd;fis
mila Ntz;Lk; vd;W fy;tpahsu;fshYk;> Mrpupau;fshYk;> murhYk;>
ngw;Nwhu;fshYk; epu;zapf;fg;fg;glf; $ba xd;W. jpl;lkpl;L nray;gLj;jf; $ba
mf;fy;tpKiwNa ghlj;jpl;lk; MFk;. mg;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ nkhop fy;tpapYk;>
fy;tpapYk; vk;khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gij Ma;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk;.
ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupj;jy;
ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupj;jypy; may; ehLfspy; Mrpupau;fisAk; ngw;Nwhu;fisAk;
itj;J jpl;lkpLfpwhu;fs;. rpy ehLfspy; khztu;fisAk; Kd;itj;J jpl; lk;
jPl;lg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,q;F murhy; kl;LNk ghlj;jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt
khztDf;F Vw;w ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mtu;fshy; gFf;f ,ayhJ. Mjyhy; fw;gpj;jypy;
rpf;fy; cz;lhfpwJ vd;W mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.
“ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; jahupg;gjpy; ngUk;ghyhd Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fis
<LgLj;jf; $ba eilKiwia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. [dehaf G+u;tkhd tpthjq;fs;
elj;jp Mrpupau;fs; khztu; fUj;Jf;fisj; jpul;b Njrgf;jp> tplhKaw;rp>
jd;dk;gpf;if> mwptpay; ghu;it Nghd;w mk;rq;fisr; Nru;j;J rpwe;j Fbkf;fis
cUthf;f KbAk;.” vd;W mwpQu;fs; fUJfpwhu;fs;. vdNt ghlj;jpl;lk; nkhopapd;
tsu;r;rpapYk; tPo;r;rpapYk; gq;fspg;ig mspf;fpwJ vd;gJ nts;spil.
kdg;ghlf; fy;tp Kiw
jw;fhyj;jpy; khztu;fSf;F mspf;fg;ngWk; fy;tp Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; mstpYk;
tho;f;iff;F cgNahfpf;Fk; mstpYk; ,y;iy. midj;Jk; kdg;ghlk; nra;Ak;
Kiwia kl;Lk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij “ciog;gtu;fis
mtkjpg;gJ> mwpTr; nrUf;F> Njr eydpy; mf;fiwapd;ik> Nrhk;Ngwpj;jdk; Nghd;w
gz;Gfs; khztu;fsplk; ntspg;glf; fhuzk; mjpfhupfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd
kdg;ghlf; fy;tpKiw ,e;jpahtpy; ePbf;fpwJ vd;gJ jhd;” vd;W mwpQu;fs;
fUJfpwhu;fs;.
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; kuG ,yf;fpak;> GJ ftpij> ciueil> ,yf;fzk;>
Jizg;ghlk; vd;W nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; mtw;iw khztu;fspd; kdepiyf;Fk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tho;f;iff;Fk; Vw;wthW nfhLj;jy; ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;. khztu;fisAk;>
Mrpupau;fisAk; ghlj;jpl;l mikg;gpy; Nru;j;J ghl jpl;lk; tFj;jhy; eyk;. Vnddpy;
Mrpupau;fSf;F jhd; njupAk; ,g;gUtj;jpy; khztDf;F Vw;wg;ghlk; vJ vd;W.
vdNt ghlj;jpl;lf;FOtpy; Mrpupau;fisr; Nru;j;jy; eyk;.
njhopw; fy;tpAld; ,ize;j ghlj;jpl;lk;
njhlf;ff; fy;tpapy; jw;nghOJ Nghjpf;fg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w
Kiwapy; KOikahf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fy;tp Nghjpg;gNjhL> gy;NtW kw;iwa
Jiwr; nray;ghLfspy; khzhf;fu;fis <LgLj;jpl Ntz;Lk;. ,J kl;Lkpd;wp fiy
kw;Wk; mwptpaypy; Fiwe;jgl;r mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;Nfw;g> ghlj;jpl;lk;
tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; fy;tp fw;w gpd;du; VjhtJ xU topapy;
clYiog;igg; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> njhopw; fy;tpAk; fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,j;jifa ,izg;Gjhd; khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; clYiog;Gg; gw;wp ,Ue;J tUk;
jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis mbNahL xopj;jpLk;.
gs;spapypUe;J fy;tp fw;W ntsptuf; $ba xt;Nthu; MZk; ngz;Zk;
kNdhuPjpahf kl;Lkpd;wp> cly; uPjpahfTk; jdJ fpuhkj;jpy; Xu; cUg;gbahd
njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s njhlf;ff; fy;tp toptif nra;tjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Vnddpy; njhopy; tsu;r;rpapy; Xq;fp epw;Fk; [g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfs; njhopw;fy;tpf;F
mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. ,k;Kiwia ,e;jpahtpYk; filg;gpbj;jhy; ehL
eyk; ngWk;. Mdhy; mit Fyj;njhopiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f
$lhJ vd;gJ mwpQu;fspd; $w;W. ,d;iwa khztu; rKjhak; gbj;J Kbj;jTld;
jdf;F Ntiy fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpwJ. mt;thW fpilf;Fk; Ntiy
cly; Nrhu;it Vw;gLj;jhJ epoypYk; Fspu; rhjd miwapYk; jd; gps;isfs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;;Lk; vd;W ngw;Nwhu;fSk; epidf;fpwhu;fs;. vdNt jhd; Mq;fpy topf; fy;tpapd;
kPJ Nkhfk; Vw;gl;L tsu;;r;rpailfpwJ. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; khw;wk; nfhz;L te;J
r%fj;jpy; ek;gpf;if vd;Dk; tpijia tpijj;jhy; mWtil ed;whf mikAk;
vd;gJ Nghy njhopw;fy;tpAld; ,ize;j ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; ju Ntz;Lk; vd;W
,r;rq;fk; tpUk;Gtjhf njupfpwJ.
jw;fhyj;jpy; cs;s ghlj;jpl;lk; fw;gpj;jypy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpwjh vd;gij
mwpa jkpohrpupau;fsplk; fs Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ> jkpo;f; fw;gpj;jypy; rpf;fy;
cz;lhtjw;F ,d;iwa ghlj;jpl;lk; fhuzkhf cs;sjh? Mk; vd;W
tpilaspj;jtu;fs; 67 Ngu; ,y;iy vd;W tpilaspj;jtu;fs; 33 Ngu;. vdNt
ngUk;ghd;ikahd Mrpupau;fs; ghlj;jpl;lk; fw;gpj;jypy; rpf;fy; cz;lhf;Ftjw;Ff;
fhuzkhfpd;wd vd;W fUJfpd;wdu;. Mk; vd;W tpilaspj;j Mrpupau;fsplk;
ciuahbaNghJ ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gjw;Fk; fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; vd;d njhlu;G ,Uf;fpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Uf;fpd;w ghlj;ij khztu;fSf;Fr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;gjpy; vd;d rpf;fy; vd;W jhNd
Nfs;tp vd;W tpdh vOg;gpa NghJ khztdpd; kdepiyawpe;J ghlk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ghlj;jpl;lk; mg;gb ,y;iyNa. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,f;fy;tpia mjhtJ
,g;ghlj;ij Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jhNd ghlj;jpl;lk; cs;sJ. mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
khztDila #o;epiy rupapy;iy vdpd; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; Fwpj;j ghlj;ij Kbf;f
,ayhJ. mg;nghOJ mg;ghlk; ,Ue;J vd;d gad;. vdNt ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ
Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ vd;W jkpohrpupau;fs; fUJfpwhu;fs;.
,d;iwa ghlj;jpl;lKk; jkpo; gw;whsu;fSk;
cyf mstpy; mq;ff
P huk; ngw;w Kf;fpakhd jkpo; nkhopapaywpQu;fs; gyu;
jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;jdu;. ,d;Dk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; ,tu;fs; ahUk; jkpo;g; giftu;
vd;w gopiar; Rkf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy. jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; jq;fs; gbkk;
rpijTwhjpUg;gjhf ,tu;fs; rw;W mlf;fpNa thrpj;jdu;. ,tu;fs; ahUk; jq;fs;
Gyikrhu; vOj;Jfspy; jtpu jkpo;ehl;by; jkpo;g; goikthjj;ij vjpu;j;Jg;
nghJNkilfspy; fyff; Fuy; vOg;gtpy;iy. ,tu;fSs; rpyu; goikthjpfSld;
rkurk; nra;J nfhz;L mtu;fspd; Fuypy; NgrTk; nra;jdu;. rpyu; jk; ghLz;L jk;
Muha;;r;rp cz;L vd;W xJq;fpg; Nghdhu;fs;.
,jdhy; etPd nkhopapay; ekJ nkhopr; rpe;jidapNyh jkpo; fw;wy;>
fw;gpj;jypNyh vt;tpjr; nry;thf;Fk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. gs;spfspy; ,yf;fzf; fy;tp
vd;gJ ed;D}y; fUj;Jfisr; nrhy;ypf;nfhLg;gjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. fw;gpj;jy;
,yf;fzk; (Pedagogic Grammar) vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fNk ekf;F mwpKfkhftpy;iy.
nkhopj; J}a;ikia> ,yf;fzj; J}a;ikiag; NgZtNj jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd;
Nehf;fkhapw;W. gs;sp> fy;Y}upg; ghlE}y;fs; ,jd; mbg;gilapNyNa mike;Js;sd.
khztu;fspd; nkhopj; Njit vd;d? jkpo;nkhopapy; Nju;r;rpiag; gbg;gbahf
mtu;fsplk; vt;thW Vw;gLj;JtJ? ve;j tFg;gpy; vijf; fw;gpg;gJ> Vd;> vg;gbf;
fw;gpg;gJ vd;gJ gw;wp ehk; mjpfk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. ed;D}ypy; cs;s ,yf;f zf;;
fiyr;nrhw;fis vy;yhk; khztu;fSf;Fr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;Jtpl tpUk;GfpNwhk;.
nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> gz;ghL gw;wpa ekJ kjpg;gPLfisnay;yhk; mtu;fspd; jiyapy;
Rkj;jptpl epidf;fpNwhk;. mtu;fSila nkhopj;jpwd; tsu;r;rpf;F ,itnay;yhk;
mtrpakh vd;W ehk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy;> gs;sp> fy;Y}upj; jkpo; NtwhfTk;
Clfq;fspYk; gilg;gpyf;fpaq;fspYk; gad;gLk; jkpo; NtwhfTk; gpsTz;L
fplf;fpwJ. ,J MNuhf;fpakhd #oy; my;y.
ekJ nkhopr; rpe;jidapYk; jkpo;f; fy;tpapYk; Gjpa> Gul;rpfukhd khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl Ntz;Lkhdhy; jkpo;f; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; nkhopapay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw
Ntz;Lk;. Nkiy ehLfspy; nkhopf; fy;tpapy; nkhopapay; gpupf;f KbahjthW


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,ize;Js;sJ. mjdhy; mj;Jiwfspy; mtu;fs; mjpf Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;bUf;fpd;wdu;.
nkhopapay; jkpOf;F mwpKfkhfp miu E}w;whz;L fope;j gpd;dUk; ehk; mij
Xuq;fl;bNa itj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. ,e;epiy khw Ntz;Lk;. jkpioj; jha;nkhopahf>
,uz;lhk; nkhopahff; fw;gpj;jy;> khztu;fspd; nkhopj;jpwd;> tsu;r;rp> nkhop>
,yf;fpa Ma;T Nghd;wtw;wpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; fhz ,J mtrpak;.
muq;fuhrd; $wpaJ Nghy nkhopapaiyAk; jkpo;g;ghlq;fisAk;
,yf;fzq;fisAk; xd;wpizj;Jg; ghu;g;gJ ,y;iy. ,f;fUj;Jk; Mrpupau;fs;
ghlj;jpl;lk; mikg;gjpy; Mrpupau;fs; gq;F ,y;iy. ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ khztu;fspd;
kdepiyf;F Vw;wthW mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpapUg;gJk; nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ.
vdpDk; nkhopapaiyAk; jkpo;f;fy;tpapy; nfhz;LtuNtz;Lk; vd;gJ Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
Muk;g gs;spfspy; fw;gpf;Fk; KiwfSk; ghlj;jpl;lKk;
“E.nre;Njhy; (Sendall) vd;gtu; Foe;ijfSf;nfd vOjpa Muk;gg;
ghlE}y;fisg; gw;wpf; $Wifapy; mbfshu; rpy jtWfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.
gs;spf;$lj;Jf;Fr; nry;yhj njhlf;fepiyapy; cs;s Foe;ijfSf;F Xs> / vd;w
vOj;Jf;fisr; nrhy;ypf;nfhLg;gJ gadw;w nray;. ,f;FwpapLfs; mf;Foe;ijfspd;
NjitfSf;Fk;> mDgtj;Jf;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;lit vd;ghu; mbfs;. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy;
fpuhkg;Gw> efu;g;Gw ,lq;fspy; tho;fpd;w vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; nghJthd xU
nrhy; njhifiaf; ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd;ghu; mbfs;. Itu;> xg;ge;jk; Nghd;w
nrhw;fs; Kjy; tFg;gpy; gbf;fpd;w Foe;ijfspd; rpe;jidf;F mg;ghw;gl;l
nrhw;fshFk;. <rd;> Xlk;> Xsit> Xsljk;> v/F> m/J Nghd;w nrhw;fs; mrhjhuz
nrhw;fshFk;. Kjyhk; tFg;gpw;Fg; gpwF ,r;nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. cwp> vUJ>
Vw;wk;> ,ujk;> <r;rkuk; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; gl;lzj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fr; rhjfkhd
nrhw;fshf ,y;iy. xl;lfk;> md;dk; vd;w nrhw;fs; fpuhkj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fr;
rhjfkhd nrhw;fhsf ,y;iy. kpUff;fhl;rpr; rhiyf;Fg;Ngha;;g; ghu;j;jpUe;jhy; $l
,r;nrhw;fs; gof;fkhd nrhw;fshf ,y;iy. Foe;ijfSf;nfdg; ghlE}ypy; cs;s 91
nrhw;fspy; 24 nrhw;fs; Nfs;tpf;Fupad. ghlE}ypy; cs;s rpy nrhw;fshd <Q;R>
MAs;> ,y;yk;> xw;wu;> Xyk;;> nfsjhup> nastdk;> nusj;jpup> nysfPfk;> nrsf;fpak;
Nghd;w nrhw;fs; Foe;ijfspd; mDgtj;Jf;Fk;> Mu;tj;Jf;Fk; mg; ghw;gl;l
nrhw;fshFk;. ,e;jj; Foe;ijfspd; Muk;g ghl E}y;fspy;
njupe;njLf;fg;gl;lhw;fnyy;yhk; ngau;r; nrhw;fshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd.
Foe;ijg;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijfspd; nraiy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;w tpidg; ngau;fs;
FiwthFk;.
,U> XL> ML> vwp> VW Nghd;w Foe;ijfspd; nraiy tpsf;F fpd;w nrhw;fs;
gytw;iw mbf;fb Foe;ijfSf;fhd ghl E}y;fspy; Nru;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;gu; mbfs;.


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Foe;ijfs; vOj;Jf;fisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhf mtw;iw mbf;fb nrhy;y
Ntz;bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.” Foe;ijfspd; Ngr;R tof;fpy; tUfpd;w nrhw;fis mjpfkhf
vOj;J tof;Ff;F gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. “Foe;ijfSf;F mwf; fUj;Jf;fis
Ez;nghUs;%yk; nrhy;yf; $lhJ. mtu;fs; fhZk; gUg;nghUs;%yk;> mtu;fs;
re;jpf;Fk; Ml;fs; %yk;> nray;fs; %yk;> epfo;r;rpfs; %yk; czu;j;jyhk; vd;ghu;
mbfs;”
Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk; jkpo;g;ghlk; fw;gpg;gjpy; cs;s rpf;fy;fis
Kd;itf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfspy; khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L
te;jhy; rpf;fy;fisj; jPu;f;f ,aYk;.
epiwthf
rpf;fy; vd;why; MrpupauhNyh my;yJ khztu;fshNyh rpf;fy; cz;lhtjpy;iy.
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l jpl;lkplg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;ljhy; cz;lhFk; rpf;fy;fs; vd;gij
jdpehafk; mbfs; $wpAs;shu;. vdNt fw;gpj;jypy; cz;lhFk; rpf;fy;fspy;
ghlj;jpl;lk; fzprkhd gq;fpid tfpf;fpwJ vd;gJ Nkw;fz;l fUj;Jf;fshy;
tpsq;FfpwJ. fs Ma;tpy; Mrpupau;fspd; gjpYk; XusTf;F xj;J Nghfpd;wd.
Mrpupau;fs; Neubahf gjpYiuf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fsplk; ciuahba NghJ mbfs;
$wpaJ Nghy; mtu;fspd; kdjpy; ,Ue;j fUj;Jf;fSk; ntspg;gl;ld. jw;fhy
ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; ,e;epiyapypUe;J khWgl;lJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ghu;it E}y;fs;
1. me;Njhdp.tp.[hd; jdpehaf mbfspd; tho;Tk; gzpAk;

jhq;Nfhu; gjpg;gfk; (Thangaor)>
,yq;if (Ceylon)> gjpg;G. 1984.
2. fy;tpg; ghJfhg;Gf; FO Raepjp gyruf;Ff; fy;tpf; fil
fy;tpg; ghJfhg;Gf; FO>
3. ,uhkRe;juk;.Nguh fy;tp
,e;jpa khztu; rq;fk;>
rTj; tpd;>
nrd;id. 02.
4. ,e;jpa khztu; rq;fk; fy;tp>
,e;jpa khztu; rq;fk;> rTj; tpd;>
nrd;id. 600002.
Kjw; gjpg;G> [dtup 2000.
5. fhyr;RtL kyu; 27> ,jo; 3>


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khu;r; - 2015.
6. kf;fs; fyhr;rhuf; fofk; Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if>
[dehafj;Jf;F xU rthy;>
kf;fs; fyhr;rhuf; fofk;> jkpo;ehL>
nrd;id. 29.


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Psychological Thoughts in Ve. Iraianbu’s Writings
E. Sekhar,
Reasearch Scholar, Department of Tamil,
Scott Christian College,
Pleasant Nagar, Nagercoil – 629 001.
Each character is hidden with lot of energy and creativity, like eminence is hidden in
each art. Whilst we take away unwanted elements from a stone we can get an excellent shape
of a sculpture; likewise and character is moulded with the aid of shaping his weaknesses.
Iraianbu exposes this trait through his writings. One cannot actually examine any art out of
compulsion; no formation will show up out of compulsion or command. Formation getting
via violence will actually create damaged hearts. Individuals who preference for
accomplishing splendid pursuits they should go through hardships and difficulties. They love
even difficult paintings and exhaustions of their lives. This is properly stated as ‘a sculpture
cannot be created unless it accepts the pain of the hammer’1 in Eazhavathu Arivu Part - I.
So, the intention of this article is to deliver the psychological mind in Iraianbu’s writings to
the more youthful technology.
Ve. Iraianbu, a perfect person, being an officer in the Indian administrative provider, Ve.
Iraianbu is famous as a creator, orator, thinker and social activist. As Bharathidhasan stated:
“vq;Fk; ghulh ,g;Gtp kf;fisg;
ghulh cdJ khdplg; gug;ig!
ghulh cd;Dld; gpwe;j gl;lhsk;!
‘vd;Fyk;’ vd;Widj; jd;dplk; xl;ba
kf;fs; ngUq;fly; ghh;;j;J kfpo;r;rpnfhs;!
mwpit tphpTnra;; mfz;l khf;F!
tprhyg; ghh;itahy; tpOq;F kf;fis!
mize;J nfhs;! cd;idr; rq;fk khf;F.
khdplr; rKj;jpuk; ehndd;W $T!”2
He evolved multifaced understanding in numerous element of existence. When he
was studying, he loved to examine books. He made books friends and so, now the books
become his pals. He has literary ability and precise persona with the desire to serve
humanity. While he served after passing his ias in kuddalore, he posted his first poetic
paintings ‘Poobalathirkoru Pullanguzhal’ (g+ghsj;jpw;nfhU Gy;yhq;foy;). He studied not
simplest our literature, however additionally world literature to expand his imaginative and


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prescient and he wrote his first novel ‘Aathankarai Oram Narmada Anai’ (mj;jq;fiu xuk;
eh;kjh miz) become on the premise of the those who had been pushed away to assemble
the river Narmada. It was given the award for Thiruppur Tamil Sangam. He posted 33 books
inclusive of the literary genres – tale, poem, novel and essays. Those display his excessive
character his writings mirror his perfection.
What means Psychology?
It's miles necessary to know the which means of psychology before reading the
mental thoughts in Iraianbu’s writings.
‘Psychology is a scientific research of one’s mental activities and behavious’ 3.
One who gets proper familiarity in this field is a psychologist.
“Basic research in psychology is linked with one’s insight, carefulness, feelings
brain activities, personality and behavious.”4
Etymological Meaning
Psychology is a word termed from the Greek word ‘logic’ which means ‘study of
mind’ 5
‘Beauty’ in Psychological Perspective
Each person wants to be beautiful. It is a choice to be beautiful in the front of other
persons. For that reason, we regularly do face-wash and decorate the face before the mirrors.
Consistent with Ve. Iraianbu, “we can’t change our face not event one president. One can
modify his style in his hair only. Naturally, everyone has his own beauty. It is needed
not to change the beautiful face into ugly one” 6 While we come upon ill-remedy or misery
in society our original face itself is a beautiful one. He desires that one have not to be silent
when unwell-remedy is done. We beautify our faces with lot of chemical substances so that
you can enhance them, however it looses our beauty.
‘Anger’ in Psychological Perspective
Anger is one among feelings of guy. It's miles one of the powerful feelings of person. It
brings hazard and destruction. Too much of anger usually offers destruction. Anger is the
reason for many killings. Thiruvalluvar stated,
“nrhy;yplj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpdk; fhg;ghd; rpdk; fhg;ghd;
my;yplj;Jf; fhf;fpd;vd; fhthf;fhy; vd;”.7
It isn't always excellent to expose anger to folks who effortlessly get fear by using the
anger of others. That is well stated by the author says: ‘Anger brings even the flower a


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dried one’8. In addition, he says: ‘we are our enemies. Our angry, haste, impatience and
greed are all acting as our enemies.’9
On the identical time, it is not; top that anger is not expressed anywhere it is wanted.
The writer says that if anger is needed anger have to be shown out. He also says: ‘laziness
and inactiveness birth yawns. But busy faces and give attractive expressions will make
others happy’ 10.
Happiness in Psychological Attitude:
We cannot borrow happiness. The things, which might be borrowed, cannot supply
happiness. Even the small deeds grow to be a factor of worship when we do it with
happiness and pride. This is nicely stated via the author as ‘strong nature is forceful than
the beautiful decorations.’11
Masses of human beings are expecting change or turning point in their life to get
happiness. All of us have own issues, problems and pains. The author asks us through his e-
Book cs;nshspg; gazk; to defeat the above and to utilize our energies for a new sunrise.
‘Happiness is not attained through outward incidents. Even the happiness that
we got by our achievements will be short lived. Happiness which arises from our inner
mind will live long. Today there are people who are running after outward incidents to
get happiness and do not get happiness or piece of mind’ 12.
The issues pressure a man away but he should be happy then best the desire reigns in
his mind. Struggling is not always the give up of human existence. It need to be the
alternative side of happiness. Shakespeare changed into humiliated by means of many whilst
he became dwelling. Thomas Greene insulted him as ‘a cock dressed in peacock’s wing’.
But times offers name and fame to Shakespeare folks that want to be glad do not sense about
the beneath-estimation of others.
There are some folks that don’t recognize their own contributions. We must no
longer worry for this. The writer states that we need to be satisfied for people to whom we
serve are happy. In short, to stay a lifestyles with truth and honest will supply us solace and
happiness. ‘Happy life is a life living with love; it brings hope in every minute; it thinks
healthy in every second 13.
Eradication of Suicide Feelings
Lifestyles is an amalgamation of reviews. However, we have a careful life,
difficulties and losses may embody us. That is the nature of human life. Those will train us


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meaning and intensity of our birth. If we calculate our existence, we forestall our cautious
residing. This life has now not use in any respect. Therefore, it does not supply happiness.
The writer says: “people who meet failure crush it as a dried leaf and improve
themselves with happiness by making the failure as manure for success. They bear even
tempest and life itself greets them”14.
Life is remarkable and exquisite. People who do not experience lives may
additionally spoil themselves. There are people who kill themselves because of wondering
failure as a give up. Person who kills himself kills others additionally. According to G.K.
Chesterton, he is the man who kills the arena.
The well-known psychologist Sigmund Freud says that every individual has fear
of death by nature. To avoid his feeling he may use violence. Robert Green Ingersoll
15
said that to commit suicide needs more courage.
Nowadays people are tormented by mental despair and mental stress in all age groups. It is
not an amazing sign that maximum of the women and men between age 15 to 44 died not
because of warfare however because of their suicides.
A person who has alienated or dealt with contempt may also lose faith in life. ‘He
16
thinks that he is useless and so he plans to die’ . Intellectual stress is the basic cause for
suicidal strive. It conjures up one to get suicide. Intellectual pressure is different from
depression. Melancholy arises for one cause. Its transient says Sigmund Freud. Intellectual
strain occurs with none purpose. Person who happens with none motive? One who tells that I
am going to get suicide must be watched, folks that are in pain without thinking the good
things in his existence ought to be taken to the psychiatrist for counseling.
“Those who are affected in childhood days may try for suicide. If there is one evil
experience in their lives it may inspire suicidal attempt. Those show are affected by
traumatic events may attempt foe suicide even 30 to 50 times” 18
The kids with fantastic mind, self assurance and desirable friend’s circle will develop
with desirable personality. Worry for failure and worry of examination need to be identified
within the formative year’s days and good counseling need to accept.
“In some houses there are hurried children. These children asked to grow soon.
These immature children get shock and impatience while they are treated with matured
children. They worry to pass in the exam. From this, they may use drugs. Sometimes
they may start to think about suicide” 19


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Every person has weak point; no person is exempted from this. Even the god has
weak point; it could be loving the man or women at the maximum. ‘The weakness of others
is the strength of ours’ says Buddhism. Knowing the weak spot of the enemies is the smooth
way the win a battle. Even the mightiest individual is also having weakness. We will not win
the enemy without knowing the weak point of him.
It is very honest that we should defeat personal weaknesses than others.
“Yesterday he might be a thorn
Today he can be a flower
Yesterday he might be a poll entrains
Today he can be honey
Yesterday he might be a colour
Today he can be an art
Yesterday he might be a filament
Today he can be a cloth
Yesterday she might be a woman
Today she can be a mother” 21
Exchange will occur at any time to each person. It is not compulsory that the day past
weakness have to stay today. We need not well as ours. A good way to safeguard our lives,
we should not recognition our weakness to our combatants.
We need lot of knowledge to indentify our electricity. If we suppose that there may be no
opposition success is impossible. Competition can also get up from all sides of the society.
“Sometimes, the weaknesses of others
will become the strength of ours.” 22
“Our strength is not to focus our weakness to others. At the same time we have to use
our total strength towards the weakness use our total strength towards the weakness of
23
our opponents” . we have to not be pessimistic even as assembly failures because each
failure is a stepping stone closer to fulfillment.
A Good Deed a Day:
If our frame and thoughts are to be energetic; we ought to do true deeds continuously. Even
the character nurtures regular at each time for the coolest of the human beings. Best humans
thinks rationally; we must now not be the trouble to others.


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‘When we do good deeds everyday it will bring the eternal bliss in us. When we
24
go to the bed the result of our good deeds bring a kind of unexperienced pleasure’. we
want not do adventures; the real adventures are helping others. Even guiding a man or
watering a plant is itself a very good deed. To eradicate our laziness and our inferiority
complex, we need to do accurate deeds. Procrastination must be avoided to get precise
consequences of our deeds. If one wants to be younger, he should preserve doing right deeds
“when we study the history of the world the great achievers were the persons who kept
themselves always busy. Their rest time as very less and they never spent their time in
unnecessary entertainments’ 25.
We use to be jealous on others; a form of terrible feeling is being created in us, while
they arrive up in life styles. To avoid this sort of terrible feelings, we have to keep on doing
exact deeds. ‘The great people never feel either inferiority complex or superiority
complex. They become sometimes as falls and sometimes as clouds’ 26
Let us Maintain the Surroundings Smooth:
If we need to keep our body and thoughts as ever inexperienced, it is far essential to
maintain our surroundings smooth. If we see inside the mental perspective, folks that live
with certain concepts and rules constantly love the cleanliness. As Vivekananda says “field is
residing without selfishness’. All of the undisciplined deeds are the out coma of selfishness.
“The cleanliness is not measured by society by us”27
The world wherein we supply is very extraordinary and beautiful. Typically we are
attracted by the social scenes, which can be within the media. But we fail to revel in the
actual nature that's around us. That is why our mind is not on stable.
It is far very painful that even we are not afflicted about our homes and monuments that are
built with gift method artwork and technology. Because of this, we're losing plenty of money,
energy time and many sources. We never respect and accept the caution of the
government. Knowingly or unknowingly we are using the common places as toilets we
should keep the common property as our own property. Cleanliness is for good health
28
. Those who abide by way of the regulations of the society becomes as super personalities.
Environment is our existence. While we disturb the character, it is going to react and wreck
brutally. So it's miles our obligation to shop the nature.
‘Those who love the nature will understand the life deeply. They are always with
confidence and very courageous. They are always aware of themselves and society. They


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are always happy in the midst of pains and sufferings. They easily adopt the nature of
accepting the entire situation.” 29
Whatever in around us is environment. So it is our inevitable duty to keep the
environment clean. Those who abide by this law are the lovers of the society and all the
environmentalists say that if we save all the living beings, we can only save the early.” 30
whilst the flood us near to human. So allow us to plant enough timber of the trees. So, let us
plant enough bushes in which we stay.
Allow us to Embody Friendship and Live Joyfully:
Nowadays, the arena will become as a small village. The world has shrunk within the
palm of a person. As the sector has shrunk, the relationship of humans additionally becomes
very small. We like media greater than courting. Nowadays our members of the family are
like things without hearts. Therefore, there may be a kind of vacuum in each coronary heart
of people. We are continually hearing the languages of things than the people. This creates a
variety of anxiety, stress despair laziness, inferiority complex, loneliness and so forth. It
creates a listing f day by day suicidal tendency is also improved inside the society.
“We should go beyond the idea that the parents are our world and friends are
31
the real guides. The friends are the measures of our heights and encourage ourselves”
Our friends ought to be off with lot of goodnesses. Then handiest, our existence is to
be fertile; loneliness will disappear. Desirable friends are the mirrors of our existence. A good
way to improvement very good character, the authentic pals are wanted. Then simplest we
can be healthful in both physically and mentally.
People who aware of live self contended will stay fortunately. The self-contended
thoughts are reduced in gift technology. They might say that for the reason that dad and mom
introduced forth, they should fulfill the wishes of them. “Nowadays, some children are
growing without knowing the value of money. For them, parents are the immediate
fulfillers. If they do not get the delicious food one day, immediately they will murmur
and react the parents. Even if they achieve anything avoiding the love of parents, they
are like the song of the grasshopper, not the song of the parrot”. 32
If we want to glorious, we have to be self-contended and live happily.
Conclusion:
After writing this article my heart is filled with joy. Every person has two facets –
thoughts and body. If our thoughts are apparent, our frame is also clear. If our frame is


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
obvious our thoughts is also clean. So, it's far like sides of a coin. Our ancestors stated this,
as ‘face is the index of the mind’. The writer, Iraianbu may be very precise about the doing
of small matters because small top deeds cause extra achievements. He may be very eager on
saying that our existence have to be framed with correct values. Hence, this article will truly
make an impact to everybody’s future.
End Notes
1. Ve. Irainabu, Yezhavathu Arivu (Part – I), Page 81.
2. S. Gowmareeswari, Bharathidasan Kavithaigal, Page 95.
3. Dr. A. Alphonse, Nee Nan Avan, Page 65.
4. How dows the APA define psychology.
5. Online Puthu Sollakkam Agarathi 2001 ‘Ulavial’.
6. Ve. Iraianbu, Yezhavathu Arivu, Part – I, Page 55.
7. P.S. Accharya, Thirukkural, Page 80.
8. Ve. Iraianbu, Yezhavathu Arivu, Part – I, Page 55.
9. Dr. Sundara Avudaippan, Iraianbuvin Chinthanai Vaanam, Page 111.
10. Ve. Iraianbu, E.A.P. Essays.
11. Ve. Iraianbu, Ulloli Payanam, Page 212.
12. Ve. Iraianbu, Ucchiyilirunthu Thodanku, Page 161.
13. Dr. Sundara Avudayappan, Iraianbuvin Chinthanai Vaanam, Page 138.
14. Ve. Iraianbu, Ucchiyilirunthu Thodanku, Page 7.
15. Ibid, Page 14.
16. Ibid, Page 31.
17. Ibid, Page 39.
18. Ibid, Page 79.
19. Ibid, Page 119.
20. Ve. Iraianbu E.A.P. Essays.
21. Ve. Iraianbu, Odum Nathiyin Osai, Part – II, Page 233.
22. Ve. Iraianbu, Ilakkiyathil Melanmai, page 326.
23. Ibid, 333.
24. Ve. Iraianbu, Unnodu Oru Nimisham, Page 33-34.
25. Ibid, Page 120.
26. Ibid, Page 76.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
27. Ibid, Page 34.
28. Ve. Iraianbu, E.Aa.Pa. Essays.
29. Ve. Iraianbu, Unnodu Oru Nimisham, Page 124.
30. Ve. Iraianbu, Ilakkiyathil Melanmai, Page 402.
31. Ve. Iraianbu, Unnodu Oru Nimisham, Page 59.
32. Ibid, Page 82
Bibiliography
1. S. Gowmareeswari, Bharathidasan Kavithaigal, Ramaiya Pathipagam, G-4, Santhi
Adukkagam, 3, Sri Krishnapuram street, Rayapettai, Chennai – 14, 2012.
2. Dr. Sundara Avudayappan, Iraianbuvin Chinthanai Vaanam, New Century Book
House P.Ltd., 41B, Chitco Industrial Estate, Ambatoor, Chennai – 600 098, 2016.
3. Dr. A. Alphonse, Uruvagum Naan, Mera Veliyeedu, Mullanganavilai, Karungal – 629
157, 1997.
4. B.S. Acharya, Thirukkural, Narmada Pathippagam, Nalla Nool Veliyeetalargal, 10,
Nana Theru, Thiyagaraya Nager, Chennai – 17, 2006.
5. Ve. Iraianbu, Uchiyilirunthu Thodanku, Vijaya Pathippagam, 20 Raja Veethi,
Coimbatore – 641 001, 2007.
6. Ve. Iraianbu, Yezhavathu Arivu (Part – I), New Century Book House P.Ltd, 41B,
Chitco Industrial Estate, Ambatore.
7. Ve. Iraianbu, Unnodu Oru Nimisham, Vikatan Prasuram, 757, Anna Salai, Chennai –
600 002, 2016.
8. Ve. Iraianbu, Ulloli Payanam, New Century Book House (P) Ltd, 41B, Chitco
Industrial Estate, Ambatore, Chennai – 600 098, 2016.
9. Ve. Iraianbu, Odum Nathiyin Osai, New Century Book House (P) Ltd, 41B, Chitco
10. Ve. Iraianbu, Ilakkiyathil Melanmai, New Century Book House (P) Ltd, 41B, Chitco
Essays
1. Online Puthu Sollakkam Agarathi 2001 Ulavial.
2. Inayathalam.
3. Ve. Iraianbu, E.Aa.Pa. Essays.
4. How does the APA define psychology.

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