Volume 2

E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TAMIL LANGUAGE
AND LITERARY STUDIES (Ijtlls)
A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TAMIL STUDIES
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Archaeological Evidence and Tamil Culture
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SPECIAL ISSUE : VOL – 2, 27, APRIL 2019
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CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
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Kidth; Nfh. tprauhftd;> Dr. G. Vijayaragavan,
,af;Feh; (K.$.ngh)> The Director,
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> International Institute of Tamil Studies,
nrd;id - 600113. jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Chennai- 6000113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh j.kNf];thp
cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> ,af;Feh; IJTLLS,
jkpo;nkhop (k) nkhopapay; Gyk;> jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> Ma;tpjo;>
nrd;id – 600113> tpUJefh; - 626001>
jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Dr. N. Sulochana, Ms. D. Maheswari,

Assistant Professor, Director cum Editor-in Chief
Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics, International journal of Tamil Language and
International Institute of Tamil Studies, literary Studies,
Taramani, Chennai-600113, IJTLLS, Online Journal
Tamil Nadu, India. Virudhunagar- 626001,
Tamil Nadu, India.
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Qh. me;Njhzp RNu\; Mr. G. Antony Suresh,

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}hp> Sadakathullah Appa College,
u`;kj; efh;> Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.
jpUney;Ntyp-11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu,
India
tp.tpky;> Ms. V.Vimal,

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
kJiuf; fy;Y}hp> The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,
kJiu- 11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu, India.
R. ma;adhh;> Mr. S. Ayyanar,

cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> Assistant Professor of Tamil,
gp\g; `Pgh; fy;Y}hp> Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.
jpUr;rp – 17> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu, India.
Kidth; jp.ghpksh> Dr. T. Parimala,

kd;dh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp> Mannar Thirumalai Nayakkar College,
kJiu- 18> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Madurai-18,
Tamil Nadu, India.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Special Issue Editors’
Kidth; Nfh. tprauhftd;> Dr. G. Vijayaragavan,

,af;Feh; (K.$.ngh)> The Director,
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> International Institute of Tamil Studies,
nrd;id - 600113. jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Chennai- 6000113, Tamil Nadu, India.
Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh j.kNf];thp

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> ,af;Feh; IJTLLS,
jkpo;nkhop (k) nkhopapay; Gyk;> jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;>
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> tpUJefh; - 626001>
nrd;id – 600113> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Dr. N. Sulochana, Ms. D. Maheswari,

Assistant Professor, Director cum Editor-in Chief
Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics, International journal of Tamil Language and literary Studies,
International Institute of Tamil Studies, IJTLLS, Online Journal
Taramani, Chennai-600113, Virudhunagar- 626001,
Tamil Nadu, India. Tamil Nadu, India.
Associate Editors
Qh. me;Njhzp RNu\; Mr. G. Antony Suresh,

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}hp> Sadakathullah Appa College,
u`;kj; efh;> Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.
jpUney;Ntyp-11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu,
India
tp.tpky;> Ms. V.Vimal,

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
kJiuf; fy;Y}hp> The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,
kJiu- 11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu, India.
R. ma;adhh;> Mr. S. Ayyanar,

gp\g; `Pgh; fy;Y}hp> Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.
jpUr;rp – 17> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu, India.
Kidth; jp.ghpksh> Dr. T. Parimala,

kd;dh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp> Mannar Thirumalai Nayakkar College,
kJiu- 18> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Madurai-18,
Tamil Nadu, India.
Mr. M.Vinoth Kumar,
Head & Assistant Professor, Department of English,
MSUC College,
Nagalapuram, Thoothukudi Dist, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: vinothkumar@ijtlls.com, vinoth5082@gmail.com
Advisory Editorial Board
Dr.Mohana Dass A/l Ramasamy, Dr. Sasi Kumar, Department of Tamil Language
Head of the Department, Indian Teaching Fellow, and Translation Studies,
Studies, Asian Languages & Cultures (Sangam Literature & Traditional
Faculty of Arts and Social Academic Group, Grammar, Telugu, Hindi &
Sciences, National Institute of Education, Japanese, Tamil, English)
University of Malaya, Malaysia. Nanyang Technological Dravidian University, Kuppam-
Tel: +603-79675629, Fax: +603- University, Nanyang Walk, 517425,
79675460. Singapore- 637616. Andra Pradesh, India.
Email:rmohana-dass@um.edu.my, E-mail: sasikumar.p@nie.edu.sg E-mail:
rmdassa@gmail.com arpudharambai@gmail.com
Dr. J.B.Prashant More,
Dr. Sascha Ebeling, Professor of Social Sciences, Dr. V. Raman,
Associate Professor, Institute of Research in Social Dean- Department of Visual
College Senior Adviser in the Sciences and Humanities, Communication,
Humanities, Inseec, Paris, Rathinam Arts and Science
Chair, Readings in World France. College,
Literature Collegiate Core E-mail: morejbplee@aol.com Eachanari, Coimbatore,
Sequence, Tamilnadu- 641021, India.
Department of South Asian Ms. Punitha Subramaniam, E-mail:
Languages and Civilizations, P.G. Assistant in Tamil, dean.viscom@rathinamcollege.co
Department of Comparative SJKT Ladang Temerloh, m
Literature, 34800 Trong, Perak, Malaysia.
The University of Chicago, E-mail: kashnitha@gmail.com, Dr. S. Manimaran,
1130 East 59th Street, Foster 203, punitha.su@moe.edu.my Associate Professor, Department
Chicago, IL 60637, USA. of Tamil,
E-mail: ebeling@uchicago.edu Mr. K. Raguparan, N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar
Senior Lecturer Gr.II in Tamil, College, Madurai-19.
R. Venkatesh, Department of Languages, Tamil Nadu, India.
(PLM Leader in FORD, Faculty of Arts and Culture, E-mail:
Michigan) South Eastern University, Sri manimaransvn@gmail.com
President and Secretary, Lanka,
Tamil Academy, Canton, E-mail: Dr. T. K. Vedaraja,
Michigan – 48187, kanagasabai.raguparan1@gmail.co Assistant Professor of English,
America. m Alagappa Govt. Arts College,
E-mail: vradhak1@ford.com Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,
Dr. A. Boologarambai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Assistant Professor, E-mail: tkvraja@gmail.com
PUBLISHER: D. Maheswari,
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Virudhunagar – 626001.
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Mail: maheswari@ijtlls.com
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Maheswari Publishers, patronized by Pandian Educational Trust, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu,
India. It also publishes Literary Druid, for English Language and Literature (Online) to foster
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International Journal for Tamil Language and Tamil Studies is an online Peer-reviewed
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D. Maheswari
mzpe;Jiu
முனைவர் க ோ.விசயரோ வன், எம்.ஏ., எம்ஃபில்., பி.எட்., பிஎச்.டி.,
இயக்குநர் (மு.கூ.பபோ.)
உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைம்
தரமணி, பசன்னை – 113.
தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமயோை வரலோற்னையும் பண்போட்னையும்

அைிந்துப ோள்ள பபோிதும் துனணநிற்பது பதோல்லியல் சோன்று களயோகும். சங் ப்
போைல் ளின் உறுதிப்போட்னை வரலோற்று அடிப்பனையில் அ ழோய்வு ளின் மூலம்
பவளிக்ப ோணர்வகத பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வின் கநோக் மோகும். இந்த அடிப்பனையில்
வரலோற்று அைிஞர், பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர், மோனுைவியலோளர், பமோழியியலோளர்,
பண்போட்டு ஆய்வோளர், இலக் ிய ஆய்வைிஞர், ல்பவட்டியல் அைிஞர் எைப்

பல்கவறு புலனம பபற்கைோர் ளின் ஒத்துனழப்பிைோலும் துனணயிைோலும்
பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு ள் தமிழ த்தில் நனைபபற்று வரு ின்ைை.
பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு ளில் ினைத்த பபோருள் னளக் ப ோண்டு தமிழர் ளின்

பதோன்னம உறுதி பசய்யப்படு ிைது. பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வோளர் ளின் ஈடுபோட்டின்
ோரணமோ பவளிவரும் பல்கவறு தைிக் ட்டுனர ளும், ட்டுனரத் பதோகுப்பு ளும்,
ள ஆய்வு ள் பற்ைிய சிைப்பு நூல் ளும், இதழ் ளும் பதோல்லியல் சோர்ந்து புதிய
ண்டுபிடிப்பு னள உைனுக்குைன் பவளியிட்டு பண்னைய மக் ளின்
பண்போடு னளயும் வோழ்க்ன முனை னளயும், வோணி முனை னளயும் நமக்குத்
பதோிவிக்கும் தையங் ளோ த் தி ழ் ின்ைை. முப்பதுக்கும் கமற்பட்ை பதோல்லியல்

ளங் ள் உள்ள தமிழ த்தில் ஒரு சில இைங் ளில் மி க்குனைந்த அளகவ
அ ழோய்வு ள் நைந்கதைியுள்ளை. ளங் ள் முழுவதும் அ ழோய்வு ளுக்கு உட்படுத்தி
அங்கு ினைக்கும் பபோருள் னளக் ோல முனைப்படுத்திைோல் தமிழோின் பதோன்னம
இன்னும் பழனமயோைது என்பது புலப்படும். தமிழ் பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலத்தின்
இன்னைய ோல ட்ைத்திற்கு கதனவப்படும் வன யிலும் தமிழர் ளின்
பதோன்னமனயயும் பண்போட்னையும் உல ைியச் பசய்யும் வன யில் உல த்
தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைத் தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலத்துைன் தமிழ் பமோழி (ம)
இலக் ிய பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்வு இதழ் (IJTLLS) இனணந்து ‘பதோல்லியல் சோன்றும் தமிழர்
பண்போடும்’ எனும் பபோருண்னமயில் பன்ைோட்டுக் ருத்தரங் ம் நைத்துவது ோலத்தின்
கதனவயோகும்.
பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர் ள், பதோல்லியல் னல ள், ல்பவட்டியல், ைல் சோர்
ஆய்வு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், பசப்கபடு ள், நோணயங் ள், அ ழோய்வு ளில் ினைத்த
பபோருள் ள் எைத் தமிழோின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோகும் வன யில் பல்கவறு
தனலப்பு ளில் பதோல்லியல் சோர்ந்து ஆரோய்ந்து ட்டுனர ள் வழங் ிய தமிழ்நோடு
மற்றும் இலங்ன யிலுள்ள பல் னலக் ழ ப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், ல்லூோிப்
கபரோசிோியர் ள், தமிழோசிோியர் ள், தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் எைக் ட்டுனர ள்
வழங் ிய அனைவனரயும் போரோட்டு ிகைன்.
ட்டுனர னளபயல்லோம் பசப்பம் பசய்து ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பன்ைோட்டுத்

தரக்குைியீட்டு எண்ணுைன் (ISSN) ருத்தரங் நோளன்கை பவளியிடுவது உள்ளபடிகய
சிைப்பு. இவ் அத்தனை முயற்சி னளயும் கமற்ப ோண்டு பன்ைோட்டுக் ருத்தரங் ம்

பசவ்வகை நனைபபைவும் பல்லோற்ைோனும் உனழத்த ருத்தரங்
ஒருங் ினணப்போளர் ள் தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புல உதவிப் கபரோசிோியர்
முனைவர் நோ.சுகலோசைோ அவர் ளுக்கும் பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்விதழின் ஆசிோியர் முனைவர்

திருமதி மக சுவோி அவர் ளுக்கும் தமிழ்ப்பணினயச் சிைப்போ ச் பசய்திை
வோழ்த்து ளும் போரோட்டு ளும் ோலத்திற்க ற்ைோர்கபோன்ை பபோருண்னம ளில்
பல்கவறு நூல் ள் பவளிவரகவண்டும் என்றும் இவர் ளின் பணி கமன்கமலும்
பதோைரகவண்டும் எைவும் வோழ்த்து ிகைன்.
இைம்: பசன்னை இயக்குநர்

நோள்: 27.04.2019 (முனைவர் க ோ. விசயரோ வன்)
tho;j;Jiu
முனைவர் நோ. சுகலோசைோ
உதவிப் கபரோசிோியர்
தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலம்
உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைம்
தரமணி, பசன்னை – 113.
தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோ ச் சங் ப் போைல் னளகயக் குைிப்பிட்டு

வரு ிகைோம். அதற்ப ல்லோம் வரலோற்றுத் தரவு ளின் அடிப்பனையில் பதோல்லியல்
அ ழோய்வு ளில் ினைத்த பபோருள் ள் சங் ோலத்னதயும் முந்னதய
பதோன்னமனயயும் பண்போட்னையும் உனையது என்பனத நிரூபித்து வரு ின்ைை.
தமிழ த்திலுள்ள பதோல்லியல் ளங் ளில் அ ழோய்வு ள் மி க் குனைந்த அளகவ
நைந்திருக் ின்ைை. முழுவதுமோை ஆய்வு ள் நைத்தப்பபற்ைோல் தமிழோின் பதோன்னம
இன்னும் பல நூற்ைோண்டு ளுக்கு முற்பட்ை பழனமயோை நோ ோி ம் தமிழர் ளுனையது
என்பது உறுதியோகும்.
ல்பவட்டியல், பசப்கபடு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், நோணயங் ள், பதோல்லியல்

சோர்ந்த ஆய்வு நூல் ள் எை இதுகபோன்ை ளங் ளில் ஆய்வுக் ட்டுனர வரப்பபற்று
‘பதோல்லியல் சோன்றும் தமிழர் பண்போடும்’ எனும் பபோருண்னமயில் பன்ைோட்டுத்தரக்
குைியீட்டு எண்ணுைன் (ISSN) ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பவளிவருவது ோலத்தின்
கதனவயோகும்.
பதோைர்ந்து நோங் ள் நைத்தும் ருத்தரங்கு ளுக்கு ஆய்வுக் ட்டுனர வழங் ி

வரும் பல் னலக் ழ ப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், ல்லூோிப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், தமிழோசிோியர் ள்,
தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் மற்றும் ஆய்வு மோணவர் ள் எை அனைவோின்
ஒத்துனழப்போலும் ஒவ்பவோரு ருத்தரங் மும் சிைப்போ நனைபபற்ைது, நனைபபற்று
வரு ிைது என்பனத ம ிழ்கவோடும் நன்ைியுணர்கவோடும் நினைத்துப் போர்க் ிகைன்.
அந்த வன யில் உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவை தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல்
புலத்துைன் இனணந்து தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) இலக் ிய பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்வு இதழ் (IJTLLS)
இக் ருத்தரங்ன நைத்துவது உள்ளபடிகய ம ிழ்ச்சி.
தமிழர் ளின் பண்போட்னை உல ிற்கு எடுத்துனரக்கும் உன்ைத பணினயச்

பசய்துவரும் பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர் ளின் பணினயயும் தமிழோின் பதோன்னமக்கு
ஆவணமோ த் தி ழும் பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு னளயும் எல்கலோருக்கும் ப ோண்டுகபோய்ச்
கசர்க்கும் வன யிலும் அனைவரும் பதோல்லியல் ளங் னளயும், ஆய்வு னளயும்
அைிய கவண்டும் எனும் கநோக் த்தில் இத்தன ய ருத்தரங் ம் நைத்தப்பபற்று அதற்கு
ஆவணமோ ஆய்வுக்க ோனவயும் பவளியிட்டு உன்ைதமோைத் தமிழ்ப்பணினயச்
பசய்துவரும் ஆய்வு இதழுக்கு வோழ்த்து ள். இன்னும் இது கபோன்ை நல்ல
தமிழ்ப்பணி னளச் பசவ்வகை பசய்ய போரோட்டு ளும் வோழ்த்து ளும்.
இைம்: பசன்னை இப்படிக்கு

நோள்: 27.04.2019 (முனைவர் நோ. சுகலோசைோ)
gjpg;Giu kw;Wk; ed;wpAiu
jpUkjp. j.kNf];thp>
,af;Feh; kw;Wk; gjpg;ghrphpah; - IJTLLS,
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;>
tpUJefh; - 626 001.
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhf vkJ jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk;

,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo; (Ijtlls); jk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp
mUk;gzpia nra;J tUfpd;wJ.
njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk; vd;w nghUz;ikapy;

fUj;juq;fk; elj;j mDkjp je;j cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdj;jpd;
,af;Fdh; Kidth;. Nfh. tprauhftd; kw;Wk; Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh
MfpNahh;f;F vdJ ed;wpia chpj;jhf;FfpNwd;.
,t;nthU ehs; gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;fj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhf

jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo; nrk;ikaha;
nray;gl;L Ma;Tf; fl;Liufis ,izaj;jpy; gjpg;G nra;J cs;sJ.
vjph;fhyj;jpy; jkpo; Muha;r;rpfis cyf muq;fj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;
nry;y Xh; Ma;Tf;fskhf vkJ ,jo; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. mjw;F
jkJ cWJiz mspj;j midtUf;Fk; ed;wp.
gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;fpy; jkJ Ma;it nrk;ik epWj;jp

jkpo;nkhop> jkpoh; ehfhpfk;> jkpoh; gz;ghL kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk; Nghd;w
nghUz;ikapy; ele;j mfo;thuha;r;rpfs; %ykhf fpilj;j juTfs;
fl;Liufis toq;fp rpwg;gpj;j jkpo; Nguhrphpah;fs;> Vida midj;J
Jiwg; Nguhrphpah;fs;> vOj;jhsh;fs;> jkpo; Mh;tyh;fs; kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rp khzth;fis kdjhu ghuhl;LfpNwhk;.
ed;wp
jpUkjp. j.kNf];thp
,af;Feh; kw;Wk; gjpg;ghrphpah; - IJTLLS
nghUslf;fk;
t.vz; jiyg;G / ngah; gf;f vz;
S.No Title / Author Name Page No
54. jkpoh;fspd; tuyhW $Wk; rjpf;fy;
Stonehenge of Sati in Tamil People’s Culture 308
Kidth; gh. espdpg;hpah
55. mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsk;
Unresolved Archaeological Sites 311
Kidth;.fp.ehNfe;jpud;
56. jkpou; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;
Tamilar Archaeological Excavations 315
M.ep\he;jp
57. njhy;ypay; Nghw;Wk; jpUkapiyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy;
jkpofgz;ghL
Tamil Culture from the Culverts of Archaeology Famed 322
Thirumayilai Culverts
KidtH.jp.ney;iyag;gd;
58. fy;ntl;L mikg;Gk; jkpof fy;ntl;LfSk;
Tamil Culverts and its Structure 326
m.guj;Fkhh;
59. eLfy; czh;j;Jk; jkpohpd; tho;tpay;
Tamilar Social life Instructed by Erecting Stonehenges 333
Kidth;.Nf.ghpksk;
60. mofh;Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; mwpag;gLk; murh;fSk;
nfhilfSk;
338
The Kings and the Donations through the Culverts of Alagar Kovil
Kidth;.jp.ghpksh
61. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; eLfw;fs;
Stonehenges in Ettutthokai 343
Kidth; f.r.gthdp
62. jpUr;nrq;NfhL fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpayhFk; jkpou; gz;ghL
Tamil Culture comprehended through the Culverts of
347
Thiruchencode
Kidtu;. muq;f. ghup
63. fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk;
Culverts and Copper Plates
351
mk;ig Rtn.M.ghyruRtjp
64. jhsp(op)A+u;-ngUq;fw;fhyj; njhy;nyr;rq;fs; fsMa;Tk;
Nkw;gug;gha;Tk;
Site Study of Archaeological Remnants of the Stone Age of 359
Thaliyur
Kidtu; f. ghyh[p
65. Mw;wq;fiu ehfuPf tuyhw;wpy; nghd;Ndup tl;lk;
Ponneri Taluk in the History of River Civilization 364
K.gpuG
66. fy;ntl;Lfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;
The Origins and Developments of Culverts 370
J.gpupaq;fh
67. cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - njhd;kf; fl;likg;Gk; tuyhWk;
Archaic History and Infrastructure of Uttrakosamangai 374
KidtH =. gpNuk;FkhH
68. jkpoupd; njhy;ypay; $Wfs;
Tamilar Archaeological Evidences 381
r.gpNukFkhup
69. njhy;ypaYk; fy;ntl;baYk;
Archaeology and the Study of Culverts 390
Kidth; Nkh.[.kNf];thp
70. njhy;ypay; Xh; njhlhpay;
Archaeology, a Continious Logy 395
,uh. kQ;Rsh Njtp
71. njhy;ypay; – khDltpaYld;> kugpay; rhh;e;j mwptpay;
ghh;itapy;
400
Archaeology- On Anthropological and Genetical Perspectives
g. kjpthzd;
72. fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;- Xh; ghh;it
A Glance on the Culverts and Copper Plates 409
g.nr.Kj;Jnyl;Rkp
73. fPob njhy;efu mfoha;Tf; fsk;
Keeladi Ancient Remnant City Archaeological Site 415
Kidth;. nt.Kj;Jyl;Rkp
74. Nfusf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; - NtzhL
Venad in the Culverts of Kerala 420
Kidth;.uh.Ky;iy
75. jkpoHrhh; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;
Tamil Oriented Archaeological Excavations 424
j.Kdpak;khs;
76. =tpy;ypg;Gj;J}u; tl;lhuj;jpy; neLq;fy; topghLk;
topghl;L khw;wKk;
428
Stonehenge Worship and its Change in the Srivilliputtur District
KidthH; ,uh. %u;j;jp
77. njhy;jkpou;fspd; czTj;NjlYk; gz;ghl;L cUthf;fKk;
Search of Food and Cultural Origins of the Ancient Tamil People 434
KidtH g.R. %Nte;jd;
78. jpUNthj;J}u; (NrahW) jpUj;jyf; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
The Facts of the Thiruvothoor (Seyar) Culverts 440
ikj;jpupmd;G
79. tpUJefh; khtl;lj; njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
Archaeological Sites in Virudhunagar District 445
Kidth; F.Nkdfh
80. njhy;nghUs; khdpltpaypy; rq;F
Sangu in Archeo-Anthropology 449
,uh.Nkhfd tre;jd;
81. ‘fz;zfp kz;zpy;’ nghUz;ikapy; njhy;ypay; Xh; ghh;it
Archaeology in the Land of Kannagi 453
,uh. aNrhjh
82. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; epyk; gw;wpa njhd;kf;$Wfspd; Gyg;ghLfs;
The Traces of Land Donations and Revenue in Culverts 457
Kidth; V.Nahfrpj;uh
83. gz;ila fe;jNuhilapd; ,d;iwa RtLfs;
Remnants of the Ancient Kandharodai 463
Nfh. uFtud;
84. rpe;Jrkntsp vOj;Jf;fs;
The Scripts of Indus Valley Civilization 467
uh.u[{yh
85. GwehD}w;wpy; eLfw;fs;
The Erection of Stonehenges in Purananooru 472
Kidtu; ngh.uhzp
86. nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; njhy;ypay; fsk;
Kollankondan Archaeological Site 475
Nfh.uh[d;jh];
87. fl;llf;fiy thapyhf mwpag;gLk; jkpopd; njhd;ikAk;
jkpoH ngUikAk; - xU kPs;ghHit
A Bird Eye Study on the Eminence of Tamil Culture and Antiquity 479
through Architecture
ng.uh[h
88. [t;thJ kiy- kiyahspg; goq;Fbapdupd; nja;t
ek;gpf;iffs;
484
Deity Beliefs of Javathu Hills Malayali Tribes
m. uhN[\;
89. ts;StH etpYk; jkpoh; gz;ghl;L tho;f;if eyg;gz;Gfs;
Life Ethics of Tamil Culture by Valluvar 488
=. nu[pyh Fkhhp
90. Nrhoh; fhyj; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs;
Bronze Idols of the Chola Period 491
Kidth; [h.tsh;kjp
91. NrhoNfusd; fy;ntl;Lfs; ciuf;Fk; jkpoH gz;ghl;Lr;
nra;jpfs;
495
Tamil Cultural Facts as Revealed in the Culverts of Cholakeralan
KidtH.r.tdpjh
92. fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; khz;G
The Nobility of Karantai Copper Plates 499
lhf;lh; Nt. tpf;NdR
93. ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; eLfy; nra;jpfs;
Stonehenge shown in Literatures 504
rP.tpky;
94. kUj epyj;jpd; tho;Tk; tPo;Tk;
The Life and Fall of the Marutham Land 508
lhf;lh;.R.tpNtfyjh
95. njhy;ypay; rhd;WfSk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk;
Archaeological Evidences and Tamilar Culture 513
J. tp[afyh
96. jkpof njhy;ypaypy; ,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;bd; gq;F
The Contribution of Robert Bruce Foote in Tamil Archaeologial
516
Study
Kidtu; jpUkjp K. tp[arhe;jp
97. fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngz;fs;
Women in Culverts 521
KidtH V. tPug;gd;
98. njhy;ypay; gjpTfspy; fy;ntl;L tuyhW
Culvert Cronology in Archaeological Registration 526
Kidth; M.NtzP=
99. iff; $yp rPjd xg;ge;jf; fy;ntl;L - XH Ma;T
A Study on Dowry and Wages Agreement Culverts 531
nry;tp n[ [_ypal; Nkup> KidtH ngh guNk];tup
100. khad; gz;ghL
Mayan Culture 535
KidtH ,uh. [Pthuhzp
101. njhy; goq;fhy rkaKk; gz;ghl;L; epiyf;fsDk;
Primordial Religion and Cultural State 539
n[. n[akjp
102. fPob mfoha;T
Keeladi Archaeological Excavation 544
Kidth;. ng.n[akhhp
103. njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoH tho;Tk; nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
Tamil Life in Kodumanal and Archaeological Substantiation 551
vk;.n[anyl;Rkp
104. nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
Kodumanal Archaeological Excavation 555
g.n[anyl;Rkp
105. njhy;goq;fhy ghid XLfSk; gz;ghLk; Xh; ghh;it
A Glance on Ancient Pots and Culture 560
Kidth; gh.n[ah
106. nfhq;F kz;lyk; nghpahh; khtl;lf; fy;ntl;Lk;> nrg;NgLk;
gjpTk;
Culvert and Bronze Plate Inscriptions in Kongu Area of Periyar 564
District
rh. n[dpgh;
107. jkpoHfspd; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk;
Tamil People’s Traditional Habits and Beliefs 568
v. \`Pyh
108. The Origins of Tamil Civilization
572
M.Arul Darwin & Dr. S. Suresh Pandi
109. Archaeological Vestiges of Palur
577
Mrs.R.Brinda Kumari
110. Political Condition during the Chola’s as Gleaned from
Inscriptions of Thirunavalur 581
E. Jeeva
111. A Bird View about Ravana’s Sigiriya Palace as an Archeological
Evidence 586
S. Meenaatchi
112. Marine Archaeological Museum at Poompuhar
590
Dr.B. Murugeswari & Dr.A. Muniyandi
113. Archaeological Vestiges of Kannur
593
Dr. (Mrs) J.D.Patrishiya Fernando
114. Lord Siva as Candrasekharamurti - A Study
596
M.Srilatha
115. Adichanallur Artifacts: An Ancient Tamil Civilization of Great
Elegance 599
Mr. B. Thangamarimuthu
116. Inscriptions of Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, Madurai-A
Historical Study 607
Dr.D.Uma
117. Tamil Civilization- A Glance
612
Mr. R. Vinayagamoorthy & R.Ganeshkumar
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 308

E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
jkpoh;fspd; tuyhW $Wk; rjpf;fy;

Stonehenge of Sati in Tamil People’s Culture
Kidth; gh. espdpg;hpah> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mtpdhrpypq;fk; kidapay; kw;Wk; kfspu; cau;fy;tp epWtdk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;-43.
Abstract
The paper purports the facts of the archaeological sites of the Sati Stonehenges in the
areas of Tamil Nadu. It is customary to erect stones for the women who did Sati with her
dead husband and the people believe that the women who commits Sati is of good cadre and
a woman of morals. She is considered as a woman os chastity. Therefore, the study brings out
the stonehenges erected for the women who had committed Sati.
Keywords: Stonehenge of Sati, Tamil People, Tamil Culture
Nghhpy; tPukuzk; mile;j tPudpd; kidtp cld;fl;il Vwp ,we;jhy;

mg;ngz;zpd; epidthf elg;gLk; fy; rjpfy; MFk;. fztd; ,we;jTld; jhDk;
caph;tpl;l tPukfsph;f;F mf;fhy kf;fs; rjpf;fy; vLj;J topghL nra;J te;jdh;.
,jid k`h]jp fy; vd;wioj;jdh;. ,f;fy; elg;gLtjw;F mbg;gil tPuh;fspd;
kuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. mth;fspd; epidthf eLfw;fs; kw;Wk; tPuf;fw;fs; elg;gl;ld.
kd;dDf;fhfTk; Mepiufis ghJfhf;fTk;> Ciug; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk; caph;ePj;j
tPuh;fspd; epidthf elg;gLk; fy;yhFk;. ,we;J Nghd tPuidAk; mtdJ ,wg;ghy;
JaUw;W ,we;j kidtpiaAk; topgl;lhy; mth;fspd; rf;jp topgl;ltUf;F
fpilg;gjhf Kd;Ndhh;fs;; ek;gpdh;. ,g;gbg;gl;l tof;fj;jpd; thapyhfNt
eLfw;fSf;Fk; rjpf;fw;fSf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig ek;khy; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
rpy rjpf;fw;fspy; cUtKk;> vOj;JfSk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. rpy fw;fspy;
cUtk; kl;LNk ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L
tiu rjpf;fw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rjpf;fw;fs; ,we;jth;fspd; fy;yiw
kl;Lky;yhky; ,we;J tpOe;j ,lq;fspYk;> ,we;jth;fspd; Ch;fspYk; mth;fspd;
cwtpdh;fs; tho;e;j gFjpfspYk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,we;j ngz;zpd; cwtpdh;fNsh>
Ch; kf;fNsh my;yJ ,df;FO kf;fNs rjpf;fy;iy eLfpwhh;fs;.
jPg;gha;e;J ,wg;gth;fSf;F rpy tpjpKiwfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jPg;ghaf;$bag; ngz; mtshf tpUg;gg;gl;L caphpof;f Ntz;Lk;. tPud; ,we;J
NghdTld; mtdJ kidtp jPg;gha;e;jhy; mth;fsJ ,Uthpd; cUtKk; fy;ypy;
nghwpf;fg;gLk;. mt;tuP d; tzq;Fk; nja;tj;jpd; cUtKk;> tPud; vjw;fhf
,we;Jgl;lhd; vd;w nra;jpAk; mf;fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. rjpGhpAk;
ngz;zhdts; Neha;tha;g;gl;ltshf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. fztd; ,we;jgpwF ,g;gb
,we;JNgha; tpl;lhNd vd;w tUj;jk; jPg;ghAk; ngz;zpw;F ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
midj;J r%fj;jpYk; jPg;ghAk; tof;fk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. NkYk;
mg;ngz;iz kw;wth;fs; ahUk; fl;lhag;Lj;jpNah> Jd;GWj;jpNah jPg;gha;e;J ,wf;f
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
typAWj;jkhl;lhh;fs;. gjpdhW tajpw;F cl;gl;ltshf rpW ngz;zhfj; jPg;ghAk;

ngz; ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. mtshf tpUk;gpj; jPg;gha Ntz;Lk;. fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhy;
mJ nfhiyf;F rkkhfTk;> mjh;kkhfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. fztd; ,we;J gj;J
ehl;fs; Kjy; gjp%d;W ehl;fs; tiu kidtp jPg;ghAk; fhykhFk;. mg;gb
me;ehl;fSf;Fs; mg;ngz; jPg;gha;e;J ,we;Jtpl;lhy; mj;jifag; ngz;fis kq;fyg;
ngz;fshfNtf; fUJth;. fztd; ,we;J ,UgJehl;fs; gpd;Dk; thof;$ba
ngz;fis mkq;fyg; ngz; (tpjit) vd;Wk; mioj;J te;jdh;.
,yf;fpaq;fspy; cld;fl;il VWk; epfo;T
rjp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F fw;Gila kidtp vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. rjpf;fy;iy
k`h]jp vd;W mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp (gf;.560) $Wfpd;wJ. fztd; ,we;jTld;
kidtp jPg;gha;e;J ,wj;jiyf; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; ,yf;fz E}yhd njhy;fhg;gaj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ.
“ey;Nyhs; fztndhL edpmoy; GfP,r;
nrhy;ypil apl;l ghiy epiyAk;” (njhy;.Gwj;.1025:30-31)
vd;w E}w;ghtbfs; ,jid nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. ,t;tifahd nra;jpfs; GwehD}w;wpYk;
,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
“caty; ngz;bNuk; my;Nyk; khNjh>
ngUq;fhl;Lg; gz;zpa fUq;Nfhl;L <kk;
Ekf;Fmhp jhFfjpy;y> vkf;Fvk;
ngUe;Njhl; fztd; kha;e;njd> mUk;Gmw
ts;,jo; mtpo;e;j jhkiu
es;,Uk; ngha;ifAk; jPAk;X uw;Nw!” (Gwk;. 246:10-15)
vd;Dk; mbfs; ‘ifk;ik Nehd;G ,Uf;Fk; ngz;fisg; Nghd;W my;y ehd;.
<kg;gLf;if cq;fSf;F mhpjhfj; Njhd;wyhk;. vdJ fztd; ,we;Jtpl;lhd;
vdNt vdf;F jPahdJ jhkiuf; Fsj;jpy; cs;s ePh;Nghy ,d;gk; jUtjhFk; vdf;
$wp’ G+jg;ghz;badpd; kidtpahd ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L jdJ fztd; ,we;j nra;jp
mwpe;J jhDk; jPg;gha;e;J caph;ePj;j nra;jpiaf; Fwpg;gLfpd;wd.
“Nrhiy kapyd;dhs; jd; fztd; nrhy;ypanrhy;
khiy epidah kdq;fil,f; - fhiy
Gifaoy; NtNyhd; Gzh;g;ghfp epd;whs;
mifaoy; <kj; jfj;J” (Gw.nt.kh.-266)
vd;W Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
“fhjyd; tPaf; fLe;Ja nua;jpg;
Nghjy; nra;ah TapNuhL Gye;J
edpapUk; ngha;if ahLeh; Nghy
Kspnahpg; G$ KJFbg; gpwe;j
gj;jpdpg; ngz;b uy;Nyk;” (kzp.18:11-15)
vd;W kzpNkfiyapYk; jPg;gha;e;J ,wj;jiyg;gw;wpaf; Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
NkYk; Mjpiu vd;gts; jdJ fztdhd rhJtd; ,we;Jtpl;lhd; vd;w nra;jp Nfl;L
jPapy; tpOe;jhs;. jP mtisr; Rltpy;iy Mjyhy; ‘jPAk; nfhs;shg; ghtpahNdd;’


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;W Mjpiu tUe;jpa nra;jpia kzpNkfiyapy; Mjpiu gpr;irapl;lf;fhijapd;

top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,uhtzd; ,we;j gpwF kz;Nlhjhp ,we;jjhff;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; fk;gh;. ,jid
“epide;jJk; kwe;jJk; ,yhj neQ;rpdhs;
nghd;j ioj;j nghUsU khh;gpid
jdjiof; iff shy;fO tpj;jdp
epd;w ioj;Japh;j; jhs;caph; ePq;fpdhs; (fk;g.Aj;j.111)
vd;w mbfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
fy;ntl;by; rjpf;fy;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; thdNthY vd;w Chpy; fd;dl nkhopapy; mike;j
rjpf;fy; xd;W cs;sJ. mjpy; fztd; ,we;j ngDnfhz;lhtpy; kidtpahd
fq;frhzp vd;gtSk; cld;fl;il Vwpdhs; vd;w nra;jp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
kfhuh\;bu khepyk; nfhy;yhg;G+h; khtl;lk; rq;frpapy; fy;ntl;Lld; cs;s rjpf;fy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,uz;lhk; guhe;jfdhfpa Re;juNrhod; ,we;Jtpl;l gpwF mtd; kidtpahd
thdtd;khNjtp jPapy; tpOe;J caph;ePj;j nra;jpia jpUf;NfhapY}h; fy;ntl;Lk;>
Mz;bkiy rhrdKk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,we;j mt;tpUtUf;Fk; ,uh[uh[d; jQ;ir
nghpa Nfhapypy; Ik;nghd;dhy; rpiyfs; epWtpAs;shd;.
jtp vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; Nehd;G vd;gJ rjpAld; njhlh;GilajhFk;.
‘xUq;Fld; kha;e;j ngz;bh;f;F MapDk;’ vd;W kzpNkfiy Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
rjpf;fy;iy fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; kfhrjpf;fy; my;yJ kh];jpfy; vd;W
toq;Ffpd;wdh;. jkpofj;jpYk; ,t;tifahd rjpf;fy;iy fhzyhk;.
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fDila Ml;rpapd;NghJ jhkiug;ghf;fj;jpy; cld;fl;il
VWjy; epfo;it xUfy;ntl;L ciuf;fpd;wJ. Nrhkd; gpujpfq;fd; vd;gtdpd;
je;ijahd $j;jhLk; Njth; ,we;Jgl mtDila Njtpahd ghbdpAk; cld;fl;il
Vwp ,we;Jtpl;lhs;. ,jid cld;gs;sp nfhz;lhs; vd;W fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,we;j mg;ngz;zpd; FLk;gj;jhh;fF ; xUNtypepyk; toq;fg;gl;l nra;jpAk;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; fp;.gp.910,y; tPuNrho ,sq;Nfhtd; ,we;j gpwF mtdJ
kidtpAk; cld;fl;il Vwpa epfo;it my;Y}hpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L xd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,t;thW mf;fhy kf;fspd; tPuTzh;it ntspf;fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpy; jPg;gha;e;J
caph;ePj;j rjp vd;Dk; tof;fk; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sJ. ,jw;F kwf;fw;G vd;w ngaUk;
cz;L. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad; caph; tpl;lJk; mtd;
kidtpahd ghz;bkhNjtp caph;ePj;jhs;. ,jid mwf;fw;G vd;W toq;fpdh;. MfNt
,t;tifahd nray;fs; ahTk; mf;fhy ngz;bhpd; fw;Gf;F Gfohuk; #l;Lk;
nray;fshfNt ,Ue;Jte;jikia mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
E}w;gl;bay;
1. GwehD}W %yKk; gioa ciuAk;

2. FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk; - c.Nt.rhkpehja;ah;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsk;
Unresolved Archaeological Sites
Kidth;.fp.ehNfe;jpud;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

kJiuf;fy;Yhhp> kJiu - 11.
Abstract
The paper purports the facts of the unresolved archaeological sites of Tamil Nadu. It
is the present need to bring out the such measures to proclaim that the Tamils had a cultured
life to the world. Therefore, the study brings out the messages regarding to the topic.
Keywords: Unresolved, Archaeological Sites, Tamils, Tamil Civilization
goe;jkpoh; gz;ghl;ilAk;>fiy EZf;fj;ijAk; fw;rpw;gq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs;

>fl;blq;fs; top mwpaKbfpwJ. njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh; vj;jidNah fsq;fis
Ma;e;J juTfisj; jpul;bj; je;j NghjpYk;> rpy ,lq;fs; Ma;Tf;F cl;glhky;
cs;sJ. mg;gb mfog;glhj kjpg;gDhh; fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s rpw;rpy nra;jpfis fs
Ma;T thapyhfj; njhFj;Js;Nsd;.
kjpg;gDhh;
Nrhsj;jl;il> fk;ke;jl;ilapy; kjpg;Gfs; epiwe;j Kj;Jf;fs; ntbj;Jr;
rpjwpa Ch; kjpg;gDhh; vd;W $Wfpwdh;.
,t;T+hpy; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; xd;W cs;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; vl;Lg;gl;bf;F nrhe;jkhd
Nfhapy; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;. ,f;NfhapYf;F njw;Fg;Gwk;. rPikf;fUNty Kw;Gjh; mjd;
eLtpy; xU Ntg;gkuk; Ntg;gkuj;jpd; fPo; Jhz;fw;fSk;> rpw;gq;fs; epiwe;j fw;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. mijg;gw;wp fs Ma;T nra;j NghJ vt;tpjkhd jftYk;
mwpag;gltpy;iy. ,q;Fs;s rpw;gq;fisg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ eLfw;fyhf ,Uf;fyhk;
vd;w fUj;J tUfpwJ. Crp tbtpy; neba JHZk; JHizr; Rw;wpYk; tl;l vOj;J
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. FWf;Fk; neLf;Fkhf fy;ntl;L fw;fs; rpw;gq;fs;
nrJf;fpa fw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rpw;gq;fisf;fhZk; NghJ xNu fy;ypy; ,uz;L rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
mjpy; xd;W ngz; rpw;gKk; kw;nwhd;W Mz; rpw;gKk; cs;sJ. Nghh; thSld;>
Nflak; itj;J> Nty; fk;Gk; itj;J> Mz; rpw;gKk;> mjd; gf;fj;jpy; ifia
klf;fpa epiyapy;> xUngz; rpw;gKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mij mLj;j rpw;gj;jpy; NghUf;F nry;tJ xU tPudpd; rpw;gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;T+hpy; tPLfl;l epyj;ijj; Njhz;Lk;NghJk;> coT nra;fpd;w nghOJk;>
jhopg;ghidfs;> kz;ghidfs;> kz;ghid> xLfs;> gg;glg;ghrp fpilg;gjhf
fpuhkkf;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wdhh;. ,t;T+hpy; Kd;G fTz;lh; ,d kf;fs; tho;e;J
te;jjhfTk;> gpd;G ,k;kf;fs; ,t;T+iu tpl;L ntspNawpajhfTk; $Wfpd;wdh;. Mdhy;
,t;T+hpy; eilngUk; Nfhapy; nfhil tpohtpw;F fTz;lh;fSf;Nf Kjy; khpahij
vd;w nra;jpAk; njhpatUfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Kj;JehifahGuk; ,t;T+h; kjpg;gDhh; fpuhkj;jpy; gf;fj;J Ch; rhg;^h; [kPd;

vy;iyf;F cl;gl;lJ. ,q;F cs;s ngj;jz;z Rthkp Nfhapy; Fsj;ij Jhh;thUk;
nghOJ VOfd;dpkhh; rpiy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j Ch; Mjpfhyj;jpy; Mj;JHh;> GypA+h; vd;w Ch; ,Ue;jjhfTk; ,g;nghOJ Mw;wpy;
nts;sj;jpy; me;j Ch; mope;Jtpl;ljhfTk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.
Nkw;F rilaf;fTz;ld; gl;b> njw;F Fopg;gl;b> tlNkw;F kjpg;gD}H>
tlfpof;F Nkl;Lg;gl;b> fpof;F ehifahGuk;> eLtpy; NgiuA+H tl;lk; rhg;^H [kPd;
cl;gl;l vy;iyapy; ehifahGuk; kf;fshy; tzq;fg;gLfpd;w nja;tk;
ngj;jz;zRthkp MFk;. Nfhapy; mUfpy; rpWFsk; cs;sJ. ,e;jf; Fsj;ijr; Rw;wp
Ntg;gkuk;> ehty; kuk;> kUjkuk;> ,Yg;gkuk;> murkuk;> Mykuk; Mfpa kuq;fs;
mlHe;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. Fsj;jpw;F Nkw;Ff; fiuapy; fpof;F Nehf;fp Mykuj;jpd;
epoypy; rq;fk; GjH Xukhf ,uz;L kzpthrYld;> Mrhdf;fy;Y kl;Lk; fpof;F gf;fk;
jpUk;gpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tuyhW
jpUkiy ehaf;fH Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; rhg;^H [kPd; Gfo;ngw;W ,Ue;Js;sJ.
me;jr; rkak; rhg;^H [kPd; Fjpiu Nghl;L mtH vy;iyiag; ghHf;f ehifahGuk;
tUk; NghJ> tUk; topapy; XH Cuzpf;fiu mlHe;j kuq;fs; epiwe;J G+Q;Nrhiyahf
,Ue;Js;sJ. Cuzp topapy; jhd; ehifahGuj;jpw;F ghij ,Ue;Js;sJ. Cuzp
Nkl;bw;Fs; tUk; nghOJ Fjpiu kz;bapl;L ,we;J tpLkhk;. ,g;gbNa ,uz;L> %d;W
Kiw ele;J ,Uf;fpd;wJ. clNd CH kf;fisj; jpul;b [kPd; Nfl;bUf;fpd;whH. mJ
Mj;J}H nrd;dk;k nul;b> GspA+j;J Fg;ghnul;b Mz;l G+kp. rhkp mJjhd;
vq;fSf;Fj; njhpAk; vd;W CH kf;fs; $wpapUf;fpd;wdH.
ehifahGuk; rhkpahb rq;fuypq;f nul;bahUila %jhijaH kidf;fhl;by;
fliyg;gaphpl;L> fhtYf;fhf ngj;jz;zrhkp NghFk; ghijapy; ,tH gLj;J
,Ue;jhuhk;. me;jr; rkak; ngj;jz;zrhkp Fjpiuapy; te;J ,Uf;fpwhH. vOg;gp
,Uf;fpd;whH. vOe;J ghHj;jhy; Fjpiuapy; uhrh te;jJ Nghy; ,Ue;jjhk;. mtUf;F
mthplk; ehd;jhd; ngj;jz;zRthkp vd;W $wp jd; ifia itj;Jj; jiyapy;
mbj;J ,Uf;fpd;whH. ,tUf;F mUs; te;J tpl;ljhk;. gpd;G [kPd; mNj Nghy;
kWKiwAk; Fjpiu Nghl;L te;juhk;. me;j KiwAk; Fjpiu kz;bapl;L ,we;jjhk;.
,e;j jlitAk; $l;lk; Nghl;L tprhuiz nra;Js;shH. tprhhpf;Fk; nghOJ rhkpahb
rq;fuypq;fk; nul;bahhpd; %jhijaH rhkp te;J Mbdhuhk;. me;j rkaj;jpy; ehe;jhg;gh
ngj;jz;zcd; Fjpiu kz;bapl;L ,we;j ,lj;jpy; Njhz;bg;ghH. mq;F vd; rpiy
,Uf;Fk; vd;W $wpdhuhk;. clNd [kPd;jhH G+kpiaj; Njhz;l cj;juT ,l;lhuhk;.
G+kpiaj; Njhz;bajpy; xU rpiy ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;jr; rpiyia itj;J topghL
nra;Js;sdH. ngj;jz;zrhkp ry;ypf;fl;L rhw;wp> ry;ypf;fl;L tplr; nrhd;dhuhk;.
mtw;wpypUe;J ry;ypf;fl;L tpl;L topgl;bUf;fpd;wdH. ngj;jz;zrhkp rpiy
itj;jjpw;Fg; gpd;G nrUg;G Nghl;L ele;jhNyh> iftPrp ele;jhNyh ngj;jz;zrhkp
fhR Nff;Fkhk;. fs;tHfs; fsthlr; nrd;why; mtHfisj; jpUl tplhky; gaKWj;jp
kpul;Lkhk;. ,ij CHkf;fs; [kPdplk; vLj;Jf; $wpAs;sdH.
[kPd; rhkpahbaplk; cj;juT Nfl;L ,Uf;fpd;whH. rhkpahb> ey;ytHfis
vJTk; nra;a khl;Nld;. jPq;F nra;gtHfisj;jhd; gaKWj;JNtd; vd;W $wpdhuhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mjdhy;jhd; [kPd;jhUk; fz;L nfhs;tJk; ,y;iyahk;. cly;epiy rhpapy;yhjtHfs;>

CdKw;wtH> Ntiyf;Fr; nry;y KbahjtHfs; MfpNahH te;J ngj;jz;zrhkpaplk;
rhkp vd;dhy; ,d;iwf;F Ntiyf;Fg; Nghf Kbatpy;iy vd;W kdk; cUfp epd;why;
mtHfSf;F> md;iwf;Fhpa FLk;gj;jpw;F mhprp> gUg;G thq;f vt;tsT fhR
gpbf;FNkh me;jf; fhR kl;Lk; rq;fk; Gjhpy; ,Uf;Fkhk;. mij vLj;J FLk;gr; nryT
nra;thHfshk;. ,g;gbAk; ,e;jr; rhkp kdpjHfSf;F cjtp nra;J cs;sjhff;
$wg;gLfpwJ.
Nkl;Lg;gl;b gf;fj;jpy; ngUkhs;gl;bf;Fk;> G+ryg;Guj;jpw;Fk; eLtpy; fUrg;gl;b
vd;w CH ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,e;j Chpy; fTz;lH> fs;sH ,dkf;fs; tho;e;J te;Js;sdH.
,e;jf; fs;shpy; xUtd; jpdKk; fsthl rpd;dnul;bagl;b> fy;Yg;gl;b Mfpa
CHfSf;Fg; Nghthuhk;. me;j topahfg; NghFk; NghJ ngj;jz;zrhkp> fs;sidg;
Nghf tplhky; fhiy thhpg; Nghl;L tpLkhk;. ,g;gbNa rpy jpdq;fs; ele;Js;sJ.
,e;jf; fs;sH NtW topapy; Nghdhy; kf;fs; ghHj;J tpLthHfshk;. ,e;j topahfg;
Nghdhy; rhkp tplhJ. vd;d nra;tJ vd;W Nahrid nra;Js;sdH. kJiuapy;
gl;LE}y; nrl;baplk; Ngha; Nfl;Ls;shH. gl;LE}y; nrl;b> re;jpufpufzk; md;W rhkpia
FopNjhz;bg; Gijj;J tpLNthk; vd;W $wpdhuhk;. mNjNghy; re;jpufpufzj;J md;W
gl;LE}y; nrl;bAk;> fs;sUk; NrHe;J rhkpiaf; Fop Njhz;bg; Gijj;J tpl;lhHfshk;.
md;Nw kio nghope;J fUrg;gl;b vd;w CNu ,y;yhky; mope;J tpl;ljhfTk; fs;sH
FLk;gk;> gl;LE}y; nrl;bFLk;gk; ,uz;Lk; mope;J tpl;ljhfTk; gpd;G [kPd;jhhplk;
kf;fs; Kiwapl [kPd;jhH rhkpahbaplk; Nfl;f rhkpahb> Gijj;j rpiy Gijj;jJ
Nghy; ,Uf;fl;Lk;. vdf;F Mrhdf;fy;Yk; kzpAk; mbj;Jg; NghLq;fs; vd;W
$wpajhk;. mNjNghy; [kPd;jhH nra;Js;shH.
fhl;Lf;Fop mk;kd;
kjpg;gD}H gQ;rhaj;jpw;F cl;gl;L> fhl;Lf;Fop mk;kd; kjpg;gD}Uf;F tlf;Fk;
G+ryg;Guj;jpw;Fj; njw;Fk;> ngUkhs; gl;bf;F Nkw;Fk; mike;Js;sJ.
mikg;G
Gspakuk; ntl;lg;gl;l epiyapYk;> ntl;lntspapy; NkilAk; Nkilapd;Nky; XH
cUz;ilahd> ePskhd> ,uz;L mb cauj;jpw;F fy; cs;sJ. me;jf; fy;ypy;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fy;ypd; cr;rpapy; Fop ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jf; Fopia
itj;Jj;jhd; fhl;Lf;Fopak;kd; vd;W miof;fpd;wdH.
tuyhW
Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;> gpwkiyf;fs;sH ,dj;jtHfis nts;isaHfs;
kJiuapy; Fw;wg; guk;giur; rl;lj;jpy; ifJ nra;jdH. ,uT KOtJk; XH miwapy;
milj;J itj;Js;sdH. mjpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; fTz;lH ,dj;jtHfs; tho;e;j
kjpg;gD}H vd;w CUf;F te;Js;sdH. mtHfs; gpd;dhNyNa nts;isf;fhuH Juj;jp
te;Js;sdH. me;j ,dj;jtH tUk; topapy; xU Gspakuk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;jg;
Gspakuj;jpy; jg;gpj;J te;j kf;fs; midtUk; Vwptpl;ldH. nts;isf;fhud; ghHf;Fk;
nghOJ mtHfs; fz;fSf;Fj; jg;gpj;J xbdtH njhpatpy;iy. rpwpJ J}uk; Nghd
gpd;G> fs;sH ,dkf;fs; ,wq;fpg; Ngha;tpl;lhdh vd;W ghHj;Js;sdH. nts;isf;fhud;
Nghapl;lhd; Nghy vd;W midtUk; kuj;ij tpl;L ,wq;fp te;Js;sdH. ,tHfs;
,wq;fp tUtijg; ghHj;J nts;isad; Juj;jpAs;shd;. kWgbAk; te;J kuj;jpy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
VwpAs;sdH. kuj;jpy; Vwpaijg; ghHj;j nts;isf;fhud; midj;J nts;isf;fhuf;

fhtyHfisAk; $g;gpl;L kuj;ijg; ghHj;J ,Uf;fpwhd;. mtHfs; fz;fSf;Fg;
gpwkiyf;fs;sH ,dkf;fs; kuj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ njhpatpy;iy. nts;isf;fhud;
xd;Wkpy;iy vd;W jpUk;gp te;Jtpl;lhd;. fs;sH kuj;ij tpl;L ,wq;Fk; NghJ xU
fy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;j fy;ypy; xU Fop ,Ue;Js;sJ. mg;nghOJ ,q;F xU
nja;tk; cs;sJ. me;jj; nja;tk; jhd; ek; midtiuAk; fhg;ghw;wpAs;sJ vd;W
ek;gpAs;sdH. me;jf; fy;iyg; ghHj;J fhl;Lf;Fopak;kd; vd;W ngaH itj;J tzq;fp
te;Js;sdH. ,e;j ,dkf;fs; kjpg;gD}H> ngUkhs;gl;b> Nkl;Lg;gl;b Mfpa CHfspy;
tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH.
topghL
fhl;Lf;Fop mk;kDf;F FatH ,dkf;fs; G+rhhpahf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wdH.
Gul;lhrp khjk;> tsHgpiw nrt;tha;ff ; poik md;W rhl;b> kW nrt;tha; topghL
eilngWk;. topghL eilngWtjw;F %d;W ehl;fSf;F Fopg;gl;b rf;fpypaH ,d
kf;fs; jg;G mbf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G topghL eilngWk; ehs; md;W jg;ig mbj;Jg;
nghq;fy; ghidia mioj;J tu Nkl;Lg;gl;b> kjpg;gD}H kf;fs; nghq;fy;
itg;ghHfs;. ngUkhs;gl;b kf;fs; nghq;fy; ghidAld; rpyk;ghl;lk; Mb> GypNtlk;
mzpe;J Mbf;nfhz;L tUthHfs;. midj;J kf;fSk; nghq;fy; itj;J topgl;L
fplha; ntl;bg; gyp nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;G topghL md;W nghpaNjtH>
rpd;dj;NjtH> nghpaG+rhhp> rpd;dg;G+rhhp MfpNahUf;F Kjd;ik jug;gLfpd;wJ.
xg;ghhp topghL
kio nghopatpy;iy. fhl;by; tpijj;j tpijg;G fUFfpd;wJ vd;why; ,e;j
CHg; ngz;fs; midtUk; fhl;Lf;Fopak;kdplk; xg;ghhp itj;J> mOJ kdjhu
topgl;lhy; clNd kio nghopAk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdH. fhl;Lf;fhspak;kd;>
fhl;Lf;Nfhtpy; mk;kd; vd;w NtW ngaHfSk; ,jw;F cz;L.
epiwTiu
kjpg;gDhh; fpuhkk; Nghd;w mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsq;fis Ma;T nra;tjd;
%yk; mstplw;fhpa gad; ngUFk;.
jftyhsp gl;bay;
1. ng.rPdpthrd;> taJ – 50> kjpg;gD}H.

2. k.khaf;fhs;> taJ – 70> kjpg;gD}H.
3. m.jq;fKj;J> taJ – 60> kjpg;gD}H.
4. K.Mus;nkhop> taJ – 48> kjpg;gD}H.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpou; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;

Tamilar Archaeological Excavations
M.ep\he;jp> Kidtu; gl;l Ma;thsu;

jopo;j; Jiw> khepyf;fy;Y}up (jd;dhl;rp) nrd;id-600005.
Abstract
The paper gives the details of the orgins of archaeology and its development. It also
traces the world archaeological sites and the foundsers of the method. Then it discusses the
calculating methods of the system. Finally is focuses on the Tamil origin and the sites related
to the past civilization of the Tamil people. The collected sources related to the the kinds and
types of archaeology and exvacations are a good idea to know about the facts of the field.
Hence, the paper traces to find the Archaeological Excavations of Tamilar region.
Keywords: Venad, Culverts, Kerala, Kings of Venad
Kd;Diu
xU ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikia mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy;
Kf;fpakhdNjhu; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,jid fw;gjhy; ek; ghujj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lg;
ngUikiaAk; jkpofj;jpd; jdpr;rpwg;igAk; ehk; mwpaKbfpwJ. njhy;goq;fhy
kf;fspd; tho;f;ifg; gazk;> mtu;fspd; gbg;gbahd Kd;Ndw;wk;> jkpofj;jpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfoha;Tfs;> mtw;why; mwpag;gLk; cz;ikfs;> ehzatpay;>
fy;ntl;bay; Mfpait gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gLtd MFk;. njhy;ypay; Jiwapd;
mUk;gzpfs;> ,j;Jiuapd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ghLgl;l njhy;ypay; mwpQu;fspd; gzpfs;>
gz;ila kdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa gz;ila njhy;nghUs; ghuk;gupaj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ.
kdpjFyk;> fle;J te;j ghijia mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk;> jw;Nghija tsu;r;rpf;F Kd;G
mtu;fs; epiyia Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;> cjTgit mtu;fs; md;whlk; gad; gLj;jpa
gok; nghUl;fNs MFk;. ,j;njhy;ypay; fy;tpapd; %yk;> Kiwahf xU
tiuaiwf;Fs; kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf>
vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhj njhy;goq;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ek; Kd;Ndhu;fspd;
tho;f;if epiyia Cfpf;f cjTgit> mtu;fs; gad; gLj;jp tpl;Lr; nrd;wg;
gok;nghUl;fNs MFk;.
,g;nghUl;fs; njhy;nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. njhy;ypaiy>
njhy;nghUl;fNs my;yJ njhy;nghUsha;T vdTk; miog;gu;. ,JNt Mu;f;fpahy[p
(archaeology) vd Mq;fpyj;jpy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mq;fpyr; nrhy; fpNuf;f
nkhopapy; ,Ue;Jjhd; gpwe;jJ. ‘Mu;f;fa];’ (archaios) vDk; fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypw;Fg;
goik vd;gJ nghUs;. ‘Mu;f;Nf’ (archae) vd;Dk; nrhy;> njhf;fk; vd;Wk;> ‘Nyhfh];’
(logos) vd;gJ mwptpay; my;yJ Nfhl;ghL vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. ,t;tpU nrhw;fSk;
,ize;Nj Mu;f;fpahy[p (archaeology) vDk; nrhy; kyu;e;jJ. Mu;f;fpahy[p vd;gJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
goikahd nghl;fisg; gw;wpa gbg;G MFk;. ,J tuyhW vDk; ghlj;Jld; kpfTk;

neUf;fkhd njhlu;G nfhz;lJ. tuyhw;Wld; gpd;dpg;gpize;jJ. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l
kdpjdpd; tho;ifiaf; fzpg;gjw;F njhy;ypaNy Njhd;whj; Jizahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
Njhy;ypay; gbj;j njhy;ypayhu; mupjpd; Kad;W gz;ilf;fhy kf;fspd; rKjhy;
tho;f;ifia XusT cUthf;fpAs;sdu;.
njhy;ypay; vd;gJ
gz;ila kdpjd; tpl;Lr; nrd;w gytpjkhd nghUl;fs;> fUtpfs;
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L goq;fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gNj njhy;ypay; vd;gjid Kd;Ng
fz;Nlhk;. Gz;ila kdpjdpd; tuyhw;iw> mtd; tpl;Lr;nrd;w nghUs;fspd;
mbg;gilapy;> mwptpay; Kiwg;gb cUthf;FtJjhd; njhy;ypay; MFk;.
gz;ilf;fhyr; rKjhj;jpdu; tpl;Lr; nrd;w vr;rq;fspypUe;J fle;j fhyj;ij
cUthf;Fk; KiwNa njhy;ypay; (“archaeology is essentially a method of reconstructing
the surviving traces of former societies.”) vd;W mwpQu; $Wtu;. vdNt “jhd;
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l tuyhW> njhy;ypaypd; xU gFjpahfNt fUjg;gLfpwJ’’
kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l vspikahd MAjq;fspypUe;J> rpf;fy; kpFe;j
,ae;jpuq;fs; tiu> njhlf;f fhyf; Nfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; fy;yiwfspypUe;J –
muz;kidfs;> khjhNfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; gpukpLfs; tiu – midj;Jg; gok;
nghUl;fisAk; Ma;T nra;tNj njhy;ypay; MFk;. njhy;ypay; vd;gJ fle;j
fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;tJ vd;W nghUs;gl;lhYk;> ,d;W njhy;ypaypd; gug;Gk;>
vy;iyAk; kpfTk; gue;J> tpupe;J nry;fpwJ. vdNtjhd;> ypNahdhu;L fhl;nuy; vd;ghu;
njhy;ypay; vDk; njhlu;fij “,g;G+Tyfpy; Kjd;Kjypy; kdpjd; Njhd;wpafhyj;jpy;
njhlq;fp kdpjFyj;jpd; ,Wjp mopTf;fhyj;jpy; jhd; KbTngWk;” (lt is a continuing
story which begins with the first appearance of man on earth and will only end with the final
extinction of the species) vdj; njhy;ypaypd; ePz;l gug;igf;Fg;gpLthu;. vdNt>
njhy;ypaYf;Nfhu; vy;iyapy;iy. ,uz;L kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;G jahupf;fg;gl;l
fw;fUtpfs;> Gjpa fw;fhykdpjd; fl;ba goq;Fbfs; my;yJ nrg;Gf;fhy kdpjdpd;
nrk;Gf; fUtpfs;> ngUq;fw;fhy kdpju;fspd; <kr;rpd;dq;fs;> ghidNahLfs;> Fif
Xtpaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhy ehzaq;fs;> fp.gp.17> 18-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Mz;l
kd;du;fspd; Nfhl;il nfhj;jsq;fs;> muz;kidfs;> jpUf;Nfhapy;fs;>
fiyr;nry;tq;fs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d gyJiw Ma;TfSk; njhy;ypaypy; mlq;Fk;
vd;Wk; fpspd;Nldpay; (Glyn Daniel) Kjyhd mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. Kd;G
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; vd;gJ njhy; nghUl;fspd; gl;bayhf kl;LNk ,Ue;Js;sJ.
Mdhy; jw;nghOJ njhy;ypay; Ma;thsu;fs;> mj;njhy; nghUl;fisg; gw;wp> tpupthd
Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhz;L> mtw;iw xj;j nghUl;fs;> cyfpd; gy;NtW mlq;fspy;
fpilg;gtw;iw xg;gha;T nra;J> mjd; %yk; mtw;iwg;gad;gLj;jpa kf;fspd;
tho;f;if kiwiaf; fzpf;f Kw;gl;ldu;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk; mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jpa kf;fspd; fhyk; ahJ? mit cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s
kf;fshy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld vd;gd Nghd;w gy todhf;fSf;F tpil
gfu;tdthf njhy;ypay; cs;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypaypd; tiffs; (Kinds of Archaeology)

tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ijf; fhl;bYk; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l njhy;goq;fhyk;> gy
yl;rk; Mz;Lfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,jd; fhy vy;iyAk;. Gug;Gk;> fsKk;
,f;fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j gy;tifahd njhy;nghUs;fSk; (artefacts) fUtpfSk;
NgustpdjhFk;. vdNt me;j Ma;Tfis xU njhy;ypayhu; kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;s
,ayhJ. vdNt Gtpapay; mbg;gilapYk;> fhy mbg;gilapYk; kw;Wk; NtW rpy
mbg;gilapYk; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gtpapay; kw;Wk; kz;ly mbg;gilapy; ,jid
kj;jpaj;jiuf;fly; njhy;ypay; (Mediterranean archaelogy) vd;Wk;> rPu;kpF ,yf;fpa
fhyj;njhy;ypay; (Classical archaeology) vd;Wk; gFf;fpd;wdu;. vdNt jhd; fpuP];>
cnuhkhGup njhy;ypay;> mnkupf;fj; njhy;ypay;. ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay;> goq;fhy
vfpg;Jj; njhy;ypay;> Mg;gpupf;fj; njhy;ypay; Kjyhd gpupTfs; Vw;gl;ld.
Gtpapay; mbg;giliag; Nghd;w> (pe-riod or chronology) KiwapYk; ,jid
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;lj; njhy;ypay;> njhlf;f tuyhw;Wf;fhy njhy;ypay;> tuyhW
rhu;r;j njhy;ypay; (pre-historic, proto historic & historical archaeology) vDk;
ghFghLfs; Njhd;wpd. ,k;%d;W gpupTfSs; njhy;goq;fhy tuyhw;iw Ma;tjw;Fj;
njhy;ypay; kl;LNk Njhd;whj;Jizahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Vnddpy; tuyhw;Wf;F
Kw;gll fhyk; vd;gJ> vOj;jg;nghwpg;Gfs; (lnscriptions) my;yJ Mtzq;fs;
(records) Njhd;Wtjw;F Ke;jpa fhyk; vd;gjid Kd;Ng fz;Nlhk;. vdNt ,e;ePz;l
neba fhy Ma;Tfs;> mf;fhy kdpju;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w nghUs;fs; (artefacts)>
fUtpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwNa Mjhukhff; nfhz;lit. vdNt njhy;ypayhu; kl;LNk
,tw;iw Ma;Tnra;aj; jFjpAilatuhfpwhu;. Tuyhw;Wj; njhy;ypaYk; (medieval
archaeology)> etPdj; njhy;ypay; Nghd;W fhy mbg;gilapy; gy gpupTfshfg;
gFf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nghUs;> gpur;id (subject problem of study) mbg;gilapYk; ,J>
nghUshjhuj; njhy;ypay;> ,d kuGj; njhy;ypay; (economic archaeology, ethno
archaeology) jpUf;Nfhapy; njhy;ypay; (temple archaeology)> Gj;jrkaj; njhy;ypay;>
,e;J rkaj; njhy;ypay; vd gy tiffshfg; gFf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
1. nghUshjhuj; njhy;ypay; (Economic archaeology)
2. ,dkuGj; njhy;ypay; (Ethno archaeology)
3. ePub mfoha;T (Under- water archaeology)
4. Mfha epow;glj; njgy;ypay; (Aerial archaeology)
5. mopT kPl;Gj; njhy;ypay; (Disaster archaeology)
tuyhw;wpw;F Mjhukhd njhy;ypay;
tuyhw;iw cUthf;fg; gad;gLk; gytpjkhd %yq;fSs; njhy;ypay; Kjd;ik
tfpf;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf mjpYk; rpwg;ghf tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpa kdpjdpd;
tho;f;if Kiw gw;wpa tptuq;fis mwptjpy;> njhy;ypaNy njhd;whj;Jizahf
tpsq;FfpwJ. Tuyhw;wpd; fz;fSf;F vl;lhj njhy;goq;fhyk; vDk; ,Ul;bw;F
xsptpsf;fha; jpfo;tJ njhy;ypay;. vOj;Jr; rhd;WfNs ,y;yhj fw;fhy kf;fspd;
tuyhw;iwf;fzpf;f> mtu;fsJ tho;tplq;fisj; Njhz;bj; Njhz;b mtu;fs;
gad;gLj;jp goq;fUtpfisf; fz;Lgpbj;J> mtw;wpd; %yk; gbg;gbahf kdpjd;
vt;thW ehfupfj;ij Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwpdhd; vd;gjid mwptpg;gJ njhy;ypay;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gz;ila kdpjdpd; 5>00>000 Mz;Lf; fhy ePz;l neba tho;f;ifg; gazj;jpy;

xt;nthU fhyf;fl;ljljpYk; cyfpd; xt;nthU gFjpapYk;> kdpjd; vt;thW
,aw;ifr;rthy;fisr; re;jpj;jhd;> ntw;wp ngw;whd;-vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;JtNj
njhy;ypay;. kdpjdpd; tho;f;if tuyhW> mtd; jd Gwr;#oy;fSld; elj;jpa
Nghuhl;lq;fspd; fijNa vd;gJ ,jdhy; GydhfpwJ. ,aw.ifr; #oYf;Nfw;g
gz;ila kdpjd; vt;thW jd;id khw;wpf; nfhz;L> njhopy; El;gq;fisf;
fz;Lgpbj;J Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;lhd; vd;gij mwpaj; JizGuptJ njhy;ypay; Ma;T.
gioa fw;fhyk;> ,ilf;fw;fhyk;> Gjpa fw;fhyk;> nrk;Gf;fhyk;> ,Uk;Gf;
fhyk;> ngUq;fy; fhyk; Kjyhd fhyk;kl;lq;fspy; kdpjdpd; gy;NtW rhjidfisg;
gl;k; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ njhy;ypay;. gz;ila kdpjdpd; tuyhw;iw
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; cynfq;fpYk; mfoha;TfNs (excavation) Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpj;Js;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nkh`Q;rjhNuh> ùg;gh> ghlypGj;jpuk; (gP`hu;)>
ehfhu;[Pdnfhz;lh (Me;jpuh)> ehse;jh (gP`hu;)> mupf;fNkL> igak;gs;sp> fhtpupg;
G+k;gl;bzk;> mofd; Fsk;> nfhw;if> f&u; kjyhd tuyhw;Wg;Gfo;kpf;f ,lq;fspy;
eilngw;w mfoha;Tfs; tuyhw;wpy; Gj;njhspg; gha;r;rpAs;sd. ,it tuyhw;wpd;
fuyj;ijNa gpd;Ndhf;fpj; js;sptpl;ld. nkh`Q;rjhNuh - ùg;gh mfoha;Tfs;
,e;jpa tuyhw;wd; njhlf;f fhyj;ij gd;D}W Mz;Lfs; gpd;Ndhf;fp vwpe;jij
ehkwpNthk;. Ehfhu;[Pdnfhz;lh mfoha;Tfs; ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; tuyhw;wpy; xu
iky; fy; vdyhk;.
Mupf;fNkL (1945)> mofd; Fsk; mfoha;Tfs; rq;f fhyj; jkpoupd; rpwg;ig
ntspg;gLj;JtJld; jkpof- cNuhkhdpaj; njhlu;igAk; mwptpf;fpd;wd.
,jidg;Nghd;W Mjpr;rey;Y}u; mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;j ,Uk;G> ntz;fyg; nghUl;fs;
jkpoupd; gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikia cyfpw;F czu;j;Jfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
$wg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfs; mfoua;Tfshy; cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. G+k;Gfhu;> nfhw;if>
f&u;> ciwA+u; mfoha;Tfs;> ,f;Nfhefuq;fspd; njhd;ikr;rpwg;igAk; mit
may;ehLfSld; nfhz;bUe;j tzpf cwTfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. rpe;J
rkntsp ehfupj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fhyk; njhlq;fp tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fk;
tiuapyhd ,e;jpa kdpjdpd; ehfupff; $WghLfs; gw;wp mwpe;j nfhs;sTk;
njhy;ypaNy Jiz Gupe;Js;sJ. ,e;j ,Uz;l fhyj;jpy; nrg;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghL>
fq;if- aKid ejpg;gs;sj;jhf;fpy; epytpa> tz;zk; jPl;lg;gl;l rhk;gy; epw kl;fyg;
gz;ghL (painted grey ware culture of the Ganga-Yamuna valley)> kj;jpa ,e;jpah> tl
jf;fhzk;> ,uh[];jhd;> njd;dpe;jpah Kjyhd kz;lyq;fspy; epytpa gjpa fw;fhy
nrg;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghL Mfpait gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjpYk; njhy;ypay; ntw;wp
fz;Ls;sJ.
,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; kdpjd; vt;thW Nka;r;ry; njhopiy tpl;L Ntshz;ikf;F
khwpdhd;? vt;thW Neu;j;jpahd kl;ghz;lq;fis ngUkstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;jhd;?
nrk;G> ,Uk;G Nghd;w cNyhfq;isf; nfhz;L vt;thW tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fs;>
Nghu;f;fUtpfs; Mfpstw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;af; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;? vt;thW tPLfis
mikf;ff; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;? fhl;L tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahba kdpjd;> vt;thW
mtwiw tPl;L kpUfkhftsu;f;ff; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;? ,we;jtu;fisj; jpwe;j ntspapy;
J}f;fpnawpe;j mtd; vt;thW ,we;Njhiu mlf;fk; nra;a fw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;?


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jhdpaq;fis vt;thW Nrkpj;J itf;fj; njupe;J nfhz;lhd;? jq;f mzpfyd;fis

vt;thW nra;af; fw;Wf;nfhz;L mtw;iw mzpe;J kfpo;e;jhd;? Kjyhd ,d;dgpw
rpf;fyhd tpdhf;fSf;F tpil fz;Lgpbj;jtu; jhd; njhy;ypayhu;.
mfoha;tpd; tiffs; (Types of excavation)
mfoha;T - (excavation)
Moj;Njhz;Lk; Kiw
Rw;wfoha;T
ePs;Fop mfoha;T
Fif mfoha;T
Rtf;Fop mfoha;T
jz;zPUf;fbapy; mfoha;T
Mfohtpd; Nehf;fk; (The purpose of excavation)
xU ehl;bd; fyhrhu- gz;ghl;L tutw;iwf; fzpg;gjw;Fj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;
gads;sjhf mike;Js;sd. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpa kf;fs; tho;f;ifia
mwpa njhy;ypay; klLNk mbg;gilr;rhd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ. vOj;Jr;rhd;Wfs;
fpilf;fg;ngwhj fhyj;jpa tuyhw;iw mwpa cWJizahf epw;git mfoha;Tfspy;
fpilf;Fk; mwpa njhy;nghUl;fns MFk;. ,j;njhy;nghUl;fSs; vYk;G> fupk
fUtpfs; kw;Wk; goikahd nghUl;fis> mwptpay; Kiwfshd fhu;gd; my;yJ
NubNah fhu;gd; fhyf; fzpg;GKiw (radio carbon dating), fhe;j rf;jp
Kiw (archaeo magnetism)> nju;NkhYkpdpnrd;]; Kiw (thermoluminesense method)>
nghl;lhrpak; Mu;khd; fhyf;fzpg;G Kiw (pottassiumargon dating) Nghd;w ma;Tfs;
%yk; mit gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyj;ijj; Jy;ypakhff; fzpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
NkYk; tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;kpf;f> xU njhd;ik rhd;w efuk; my;yJ tho;tplj;jpd;
goikiaAk;> rpwg;igAk; mwptjw;Fj; njhy;ypay; Ma;TfNs Jiz epw;fpd;wd.
njhy;ypayhu; gy ehLfspy; mfoha;tpd; NghJ vLf;fg;gl;l gok; nghUl;fis
xg;gha;T nra;J> xU ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; kw;w eufupfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlu;ig cj;Njr
xg;gPlL
; Kiwapy; (relative chronology) fhyf;fzpg;G nrsa;a ,aYk;. ,j;jifa
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfshy; ve;j ehfupfk; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ? ve;j ehfupfk;
gpw;gl;lJ? ve;j ehfupj;jpypUe;J> ve;j ehfupfk; tsu;e;jJ? me;ehfupf kf;fs;
Xuplj;jpypUe;J gpupe;J xt;thW Gjpa ehfupfj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpjdu;? mtu;fspilNa
cs;s xj;j $WghLfs; ahit? Nghd;w tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ. mLj;j> xU Fwpg;gpl;l murpd; jiyefu; ahj? mjd; gpw;fhyj;jpa
jiyefu; ahJ? me;j ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; vq;fpUe;J Mz;lhu;fs;- Nghd;w gy
rpf;fyhd gpur;ridfSf;Fk; jPu;T fhz;gJ njhy;ypaypd; Nehf;fkhFk;. (rhd;W) Nru
ehl;bd; jiyefu; thQ;rp vd;hJ ,yf;fpaq;fs; thapyhf mwpag;gLk; nra;jpahFk;.
,e;efuk; vq;fpUe;jJ? Nkiyf; flw;fiuapyh? (Nfush) jkpo;ehl;bd; f&upyh? vDk;
rpf;fiy vj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. ,U Nfhl;ghlfisAk; typAWj;Jfpd;w ,yf;fpar;
rhd;Wfis ,yf;fpatpayhu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. Mdhy;> njhy;ypayhu; Nfushtpy;
cs;s jpUtQ;irf;fsj;jYk; (fpuhq;fD}u;)> f&upYk; mfoha;T Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
Kbthf jkpo;ehl;bd; f&Nu> Nruu; tQ;rp vd;gjw;F> cupa fy;ntl;L> ehzatpay;>
mfoha;Tr; rhd;Wfisf; fz;lgpbj;jdu;. vdNt> ,Wjpahf f&Nu tQ;rp vd;Wk;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,JNt Nruupd; Nfhefu; vd;Wk; mWjpapl;L $wpAs;sdu;. mLj;J> kw;nwhU

vLj;Jf;fhl;ilAk; fhz;Nghk;. <NuhL khtl;lj;jpYs;s nfhLkzy; vd;w Cupy;>
jkpo;ehL njhy;ypay; JiwAk;> jQ;ir jkpo; jkpo; gy;fiyf; fofKk; ,ize;J>
mfo;tha;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ld. ,jd; tpisthf< ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpa> mjhtJ
,Uk;Gf; fhyj;jpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiyiaAk;> nf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mwpa
Kbe;jJ. ,t;tfo;tha;tpy; 6000 tpiyAau;e;j kzpfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
,t;tfo;tha;thy; gj;w;Wg;gj;jpy; (ghly; 74> tup 5-6)
‘nfhLkzk; gl;l tpidkhzUq;fyk;
ge;ju;gae;j gyu;Gfo; Kj;jk;;’
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Cu; nfhLkzNy vd;gJ cWjpahapw;W. kdpj rKjhak;.
ele;J te;j ghijiaj; Mjhuq;fshfj; jpfOk; vOjg;gl;l rhd;Wfs;> ngUk;ghYk;
mf;fhy Nte;ju;fspd; murpay; epiyiaAk;> mtu;fSf;Fj; Jiz epd;w rkjha
epiyiaAk; mwptpf;fpd;wd Mdhy; mfo;tha;tpy; fpilf;Fk; njhy;nghUl;fs; kl;LNk
rhjhuz epiyapy; tho;e;j jdpkdpjdpd; tho;f;if epiyiag; glk; gpbj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. vdNt> mf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j nghJkf;fspd; tuyhw;iw mwpa
cjTgit njhy;ypay; rhd;WfNs vd;gJ GydhFk;. ekJ gz;gila ghuk;gupag;
ngUikia mwptjw;Fk; ,j;njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; Jiz Gupfpd;wd. Xu; ,dj;jpd;>
xU ehl;bd; ehfupf tsu;r;rpia kl;Lkd;wp> cyfpd; midj;J ehLfspd; ehfupf
gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpiag; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ njhy;ypay; MFk;. xU ehl;bw;Fk;
mjd; mz;il> may; ehLfSf;Fk; epytpa gz;ghlL> tzpfj; njhlu;gpif mwpaj;
njhy;ypaiyNa ehLfpNwhk;. n[u;kd; ehl;ilr; Nrhu;e;jtUk;> je;ij vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wtUkhd mwpQu; n`d;upr; rpypnkd; (Henrich Schliemann 1822-1890)
,ypal; fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l buha; (Troy) vDk; goikahd efuk; mfnkk;dhd;
(Agememnon) vDk; kd;ddpd; jiyefuhd irNrNd (Mycenae) efuk; Mfpatw;iw
mfo;njLj;jJk; ru; Mu;ju; ,thd;]; (Sir. Arthur Evans)> ngl;up (Petrie) Nghd;Nwhu; gok;
gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikia czu;j;jpaJk;> mfoha;tpdhy; jhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
vdNt ekJ gz;ila tuyhw;iw> ehfupfj;ij mwpa cjTk; ,ayhfj; njhy;ypay;
tpsq;FfpwjJ. mJfhWk; $wpatw;whd; njhy;ypay; gy gpur;ridfSf;F tpsf;fKk;>
KbTk; $Wk; rf;jpahf cs;sjif mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mLj;J njhy;ypay;> tuyhw;iw
Xu; mu;j;jKs;s gbg;ghf khw;wpAs;sJ: goik ehftpy;iy vd;gJ njhy;ypayhy;
ep&hzkhfpAs;sJ. 5 ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l tuyhw;iwAk; ca;j;Jzuj;
njhy;ypay; Jiz epw;fpwJ.
KbAiu
NkYk;> jkpo;j; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfis mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;l midj;Jj;
njhy;nghUl;fisAk;> epue;jug; gjpNtl;by; gjpT nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ
fzpdp cjtpAld;> b[pl;ly; Kiwapy; epow;glj;Jld; mUk;nghl;fis gjpT
nra;ayhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghu;it E}y;
1. njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2014.

2. jkpo;ehLk; njhy;ypaYk;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2008.
3. GJr;Nrup njhy;ypay; RtLfs;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2017.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; Nghw;Wk; jpUkapiyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; jkpofgz;ghL

Tamil Culture from the Culverts of Archaeology Famed Thirumayilai Culverts
KidtH.jp.ney;iyag;gd;> cjtpg;NguhrphpaH- jkpopay;Jiw>

mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> mz;zhkiyefH-608 002.
Abstract
The objective of the paper deals with the finding of the edicts from the culverts found
at Thirumayilai. This is now called as Mylapore. The culverts found here are aged to the
nineth century. These culverts are authentic evidences of the Tamil culture existed before
many thousand years. From these edicts the taxes levied on the people and the taxes unlevied
for some places are able to understand through the study. Hence, the paper gives a clear idea
on Tamil culture by deciphering the culverts of Thirunayilai.
Keywords: Tamil culture, Culverts, Thirumayilai, Chennai.
nrd;idapy; cs;s jpUkapiy tuyhw;Wg; GfOk; ngUikAk; nfhz;l efH.

kapyhg;g+H vd;wJk; epidTf;F tUtJ fghyPRtuH Nfhapy; jhd;. jpUkapiyapy;
fpilf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit jpUthd;kpa+H> jpUtpilr;Ruk; Mfpa
CHfs; gw;wpajhf cs;sd. Rpy fy;ntl;Lfspy; ~kapiy| vd;w thrfNk ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sik fUjj;jf;fJ. jpUnthw;wpa+H MjpGuP]t ; uHNftpy; jpUnthw;wpa+upy;
cs;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; fUg;gf;fpUfj;jpw;F Kd;Ds;s kz;lgj;jpy; fy;ypy; fhzg;gLk;
fy;ntl;L fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; fk;gtHkd; Ml;rpapy; kapiy ,Ue;jij
czHj;JfpwJ.
jpUnthw;wpa+H kfhNjtH NfhtpYf;F fk;gtHkDila Vohk; Ml;rpahz;by;
tpsf;nfupf;f kapyhHg;gpy; ,iwahd; Nrupntk;gd; FDq;fdk;kd; gjpide;J
foQ;Rnghd; mspj;j nra;jp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jdhy; Nfhtpy;fspy; tpsf;nfupf;f
MSk; kd;dHfs; nghd;dspj;Jjtpa gz;ghL ,Ue;jij czHj;JfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd
kd;dHfs; Nfhtpy;fspy; tpsf;nfupf;f nghd; mspj;j nra;jpfs; njd;dpe;jpaf;
fy;ntl;Lfs; gFjpapy; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd (S.I.I. Vol.XII AR.No.189 of 1912).
fly; thzpfHfs; re;jpf;Fk; gz;G gy;ytH Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpapy; njhz;il
kz;lyj;ij epUgJq;ftHkd; mguh[pjtHkd; MfpNahUld; NrHe;J fk;gtHkd; Ml;rp
Gupe;jhd;. mg;NghJ nghd;Ndupf;F mUfpy; cs;s fhl;ûpy; fpilj;j fy;ntl;by;
kapyhHg;gpy; vDk; Cupy; ehdhNjrpfd; vDk; fly; thzpfHfs; xd;W $b
KbntLj;j nra;jp nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; tzpfHfs; Xuplj;jpy; $b tHj;jfk;
nra;a jpl;lkpl;bUe;jdH. thzpfHfs; vg;NghJk; xd;W $b tpahghuk; nra;Ak; kuG
tzpfg; gz;ghFk;.
Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;L>rhe;Njhk; Nguhyaj;Jj;
njd;de;Njhg;gpypUe;Jfz;nlLf;fg;gl;lxU J}zpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,uhruhrd;
nka;f;fHP j;jpapy; xUgFjpNacs;sJ. fp.gp.10-11Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,t;thNwnrapz;l; jhk]; kiyapYs;s J}a mg;gh];y;]; fd;dpkhlj;jpd;

cztUe;Jk; miwapd; gf;fj;jpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L kapyhg;g+upYs;s
jpUk;g+k;ghitf;Fr; rpy tupfspypUe;J fpilf;f ngWk; tUkhdj;ijf; nfhilahf
mspj;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; gj;J gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tupr;rYif
mspf;Fk; gz;G kd;dHfsplk; ,Ue;jikia ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ. Tupahf thq;fpa
nghUl;fis nfhilahfj; je;Jjtpa ngUnewpg; gz;Gk; vz;zj;jf;fJ.
rhe;Njhk; Nguhyaj;jpy; cs;sgf;fj; jpUr;Rw;wpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L
,uhNre;jpuNrhodpd; nka;f;fHP j;jpg; gFjp. fp.gp.gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;L
tlnkhopapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; mike;Js;s nra;jp fUg;gf;fpUfk; cl;gl
vy;yhf; fl;llq;fSk; kayhg;g+upy; cs;s rptDf;Fk; ghHtjpf;Fk; cupaitahFk;.
(R.uh[Nrfud; jpUkapiyj; jpUj;jyk;> g.128)
kw;nwhU fy;ntl;by; kapyhg;g+H <r;ruKilaH Nfhapypy; $j;jhLe; NjtHf;F
xU re;jptpsf;F vupaitg;gjw;F ,iwapyp epyk; mspj;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
jpUty;ypf;Nfzp ghHj;jrhujp Nfhtpypd; Kd; cs;s Fsj;jpd; gbf;fl;Lfspy; xU
fy;ypy; jpUg;g+k;ghit vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tlf;Fr; Rtupy; cs;s
FyNrfughz;bad; fy;ntl;by; jpUkapyhg;g+H CutHf;F epyk; tpw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpUkapiyf; fghyPRtuH Nfhapy; fw;gfhk;ghs; Myaj; jpUr;Rw;wpd; tlGwr;
Rtupy; cs;s Re;jughz;baNjtH fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;L fghyPRtuH NfhapYf;F
epyf;nfhil mspj;j nra;jp gjpthfpAs;sJ. fw;gfhk;ghs; Myaj;jpd; Nkw;Fr; Rtupd;
cl;Gwj;jpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L kapyhg;g+ir; NrHe;j jz;bgpbf;Nfhd; vd;ghdplkpUe;J
,Ugj;jpuz;L ML ngw;Wj; jpUthd;kpa+H cyfhSila ehadhHf;F ,uz;L tpsf;F
vupaitj;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ahuplj;jpy; vd;d cs;sJ vd;gij mwpe;J
mtHfsplj;jpy; mtw;iwg; ngw;Wtpsf;F vupf;f cjtpaijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
kapiyf; Fwpj;jnrg;Gg; gl;laq;fs;
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; Nfhtpy;gl;b tl;lj;jpy; cs;s jstha;Guk; fpuhkj;jpy;
Gwntspapy; 1967fSf;F Kd;G g+kpf;fbapypUe;J rhrdk; fpilj;jJ. ,J VO
nrg;NgLfSld; jkpo; tlnkhop Mfpa ,uz;L gFjpfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;jr; rhrdj;jpy; tPuehuhazdpd; jhahHjha;topg; ghl;ld; MfpNahiug; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhz;ilaH jiytDk; eLf;fkpy;yhjtDk;
$HikahdMAjj;ij cilaDkhd khdhguzDila kUkfd; kapiyia
Mz;lkd;dd; nghj;jg;gpf; Fyr;Nrhod; rPupfz;luhrDila mofpa Gjy;tp
mf;fsepkbapDila jpUtapw;wpy; Njhd;wpatd; =guhe;jfkfhuhrd; vd;W gl;laj;jpy;
cs;sJ. ,td; je;ijapd; ngaH =khwty;ygd;. ,e;jrhrdk; tPuehuhazdpd; 45Mk;;
Mz;by; fute;jpGuk; (fsf;Fb) jq;fp ,Ue;j NghJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
kJuey;yHNrhkhrpf;Fwpr;rp vd;Dk; CHfis ,iwapyp Cuhfr; nra;jik ,e;jr;
rhrdj;jpy; $wg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;g; gz;ghl;by; %Nte;jHfs; mtHfSf;Fg; gpd; te;j
kd;dHfSk; CHfis ,iwapyp vd;w tupapy;yh CHfshf toq;fpdH.
kapyhg;g+upy; tzpfr; re;ijf; $ba epfo;it fy;ntl;Lfspy; fz;Nlhk;. ,jw;F
muzhf fp.gp.119-161 fhyg; gFjpapy; tho;e;j Nuhk; ehl;Lg; Gtpapay; mwpQUk;
vfpg;jpd; xU gFjpia Mz;l murUkhd jhykp vOjpa Gtpapy; E}ypy; ,e;jpahitg;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; kl;LNk nfhz;lJ. mjpy; mUthehL vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; kypahHgh

vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; CH kapyhg;g+H MFk;. kapiyapy; mf;fhyj;jpy; thzpfr; re;ij
$bw;W. mjw;F kypahHgh vk;Nghupak; vd;W ngaH. (tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>jhykp> g.88)
ntdpR efu tzpfH khHf;NfhNghNyh gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jtH.
mtH vOjpagaz E}ypy; ,e;jpa mDgtq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ nrapz;l; jhk];
kiwe;j tuyhw;iwf; $WfpwhH. jhk]; ,ij topghl;by; ,Ue;jNghJ mtiur; #o;e;J
kapy;fs; epd;wd. xUNtl;ilf;fhud; xU kapiy kha;fF ; k; vz;zj;NjhL tpl;l mk;G
KdptH kPJ gha;e;jJ. ,e;j epfo;rr ; p ele;j ,lk; kapiyahapUf;Fk; vd;W
tp.v];.uhftd;> khHf;NfhNghNyh E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.(g.40-41).
mwg;gzpfspy; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; jpUkapiyapy; tho;e;j kf;fs;
mwg;gzp nra;Ak; cs;sk; nfhz;ltHfshf ,Ue;jdH vd;Wk; jpUkapyhg;g+H
,iwahd; Nrup ntk;gd; Fzq;fdk;kd;> jpUnthw;wpa+H kfhNjtH NfhtpYf;Fj;
jpUtpsf;F itf;fg; gjpide;J foQ;R nghd; nfhLj;jhH vd;Dk; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp
mwpaj;jf;fJ. fp.gp.gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; jpUkapiyapy; rkz rkak; ,Ue;jijj;
jpUf;fyk;gfk; vd;Dk; rkz ,yf;fpaKk;> NekpehjH Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L
czHj;Jfpd;wd (nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> njhFjp vz;.1967/245).
fhuzpRtuH Nfhapy; jpUkapiyapy; filj;njU rhiyapy; mike;Js;sJ.
,f;Nfhapy; Ke;E}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH fl;lg;gl;lJ. fhuzk; vd;w nrhy;
flTisAk; rptidAk; czHj;Jk;. ,f;Nfhapypy; gd;dpnuz;L fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd.
jpUthd;kpa+H NfhapYf;Fupad MWk; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; mwpag;gLk;
nra;jp jpUthd;kpa+H ,iwtDf;F ee;jhtpsf;F itj;j nra;jpfisg; gjpT
nra;Js;sJ. gy;yhtuj;ij gy;yHGuk; vd;Wk; fy;nyOj;Jr; nra;jp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
(,uh.ehfrhkp> (gjp)>nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs; njh.vz;.1967/159> 161> 16> 164> 165>
167> 168).
thypRtuHNfhapy; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
thyp vd;gtd; jpUkapiyf;F te;J gHzrhiy fl;bf; nfhz;L fghyPRtuiug;
g+rpj;J te;jhd;. mjdhy; mtd; ngauhNyNa ,f;Nfhapy; thypRtuH Nfhapy; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;Nfhapypy; ,Ugj;njhU fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws;
jpUthd;kpa+H NfhapYf;F cupait ehd;F. Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDila
nka;f;fHP j;jpg; gFjp mlq;fpait ,uz;L cs;sd. Kjy; ,uhrhjpuhrdpd;
nka;f;fHP j;jpg; gFjp xd;Wk; njYq;FNrhoH tp[afz;lNfhghy Njtiuf; Fwpf;Fk;
fy;ntl;L xd;Wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspy; jPgk; vd;w epte;jk;
mspf;fg;gl;l epfo;T gjpT nra;ag; ngw;Ws;sJ (,uh.ehfrhkp> (gjpg;G)
nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs; 1967/137> 138> 146> 148> 149> 153> 156).
,t;thW jpUkapiy> mijr; Rw;wpa CHfspy; fhzg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lr;
nra;jpfspy; epyjhdk;> CHjhdk;> ,iwapyp epyq;fs;> epte;jq;fs; mspj;jik>
Nfhapypy; tpsf;F vupf;f tupia thq;fp mg;gj;ij mspj;jik Nghd;w jkpoHfspd;
gz;ghl;L kuGfs; nkhopag;gl;Ls;sd.
gad;ik E}y;fs;
1. R.uh[Nrfud;>jpUkapiyj; jpUj;jyk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
2. ,uh.ehfrhkp>nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs;.
3. S.I.I. Vol.XII.
4. tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>jhykp
5. tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>khHf;NfhNghNyh.
6. jstha;Guk; nrg;NgLfs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;L mikg;Gk; jkpof fy;ntl;LfSk;

Tamil Culverts and its Structure
m.guj;Fkhh;> cjtpg;Nuhrpupau;>
jkpo;j;Jiw> ehrNuj; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> Mtb> nrd;id-62.
Abstract
It is the historcal evidences that affirm the loyalty and relics of a civilization or an
existing culture. In relation to that Tamil culture has it own innateness in its historical glory.
The present study fosters to explain the Tamil Culverts and its structures to find out the
genuineness in the culture’s lofty state. It deals with the types and structures of culverts, the
era in Tamil Culture and the ancient culverts in many regions of Tamil nadu. There are many
culverts decreed by the Tamil Triumvirs. Hence, the paper evinces the need of understanding
arcaeologicel sources to know the truths on it.
Keywords: Tamil Society, Culvert Structures, Tamil Culverts
Kd;Diu
juzpahz;l jkpoh;fspd; ngUikkpf;f tuyhw;Wr; rhd;whf jpfo;tJ
fy;ntl;LfNs MFk;. gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk; mopahJ ,Uf;fTk;
tUq;fhyj;jth; mwpAk; tz;zKk; fUjg;gl;l nra;jpfis fw;fspy; ntl;b itj;jdh;.
,t;thW fw;fspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpNa fy;ntl;L vdg;gl;lJ. jkpo; r%fj;jpd;
milahskhf ,Uf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; tl;nlOj;J> gpuhkp> goq;fhyj;
jkpo; vOj;Jfshyhdit fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; kd;dd>; kf;fs;> nkhop kw;Wk;
Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;j ngl;lfkhFk;.
jkpofj;jpd; gioikahd fy;ntl;Lfs; ahTk; eLfw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;lit
MFk;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf njhy;fhg;gpak; Kjy; midj;J goe;jkpo; E}y;fSk; mjpy;
$wg;gl;l nra;jpfSk; $wyhk;. vLj;Jfhl;lhf njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Nghh;fsj;jpy;
tPukuzk; mile;Njhh;f;F fy;nyLj;jYk>; mf;fy;ypy; mth;Fwpj;j tPur;nra;jpfSk;
nghwpf;fg;gl;lij fhzyhk;. ,t;thW fy;ntl;Lg; gw;wpAk; mjd; mikg;G>
fhyf;fzf;fPL kw;Wk; jkpof fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpj;J gpd;tUk; fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
fy;ntl;L mikg;G
xU Nfhtpy; vd;L vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; NfhGuk;> fUtiw Kd; kz;lgk;> kfh
kz;lgk;> mh;j;j kz;lgk;> jpUr;Rw;W khspif vd;W nghJthd mikg;G ,Ug;gJ
Nghy fy;ntl;Lf;nfd;W xh; mikg;G cz;L. mjid Kfg;Giu> Fwpg;Giu
Xk;gilf;fpstp %d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
Kfg;Giu
fy;ntl;L mikg;gpy; Kfg;Giu ngUk;ghYk; kq;fy Jtf;fkhfNt mikAk;.
Ipjk;gftjh, eNkh ehuhazha> xk; ];t];jp=> mUspr; nray;> `hp ed;whf FUNt
Jiz> `hpRgk];J> `hp=fzjpNa ek rptkak;> rpj;jk;> Gj;jha ehNk> gftNj


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
thR Njtha eNkh th;j;j khd];a eNkh> ,uhkn[ak; Nghd;w gpw kq;fyr;
nrhw;fis rhd;whf $wyhk;. rpy fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,WjpapYk; kq;fyr; nrhy; ,lk;
ngWtJz;L kq;fy thrfj;ijj; njhlh;e;J kd;dd; ngah; rhrdk;> rhrdk;
ntspaplg;gl;l ,lk;> rhrdk; ntspaPl;lhshpd; ngah; mtuJ tpUJg;ngah;fSk; kuGk;
tUk;.
Fwpg;Giu
Fwpg;Giuapy; jhdk; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,jpy; nfhilgw;wpa
Fwpg;G> nfhilahspapd; ngah;> nfhil toq;fg;gl;l #oy; nfhil toq;fg;gl;l
fhuzk; kw;Wk; nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;lJ epykhf ,Ue;jhy; mjd; ehd;F vy;iyfs;
gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf epyj;ijg; ngWk; nfhilahspf;Fhpa chpikfs;> chpikaw;w
gFjpfs>; thp nrYj;Jtjw;F chpikAs;s gFjpfs; vit> thp ePf;fk; ngw;w gFjpfs;
vit vd;gd Nghd;w tptuq;fSk; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jdhy; mg;gFjpapy;
“,e;E}w;ghw; nfy;iyf;Fl;gl;l cz;zpyk; xoptpd;wp”> “cLk;nghb Mik jtOk;
,lk”> “fPo; Nehf;fpa fpzWk; Nky;> Nehf;fpa kuKk;> kPd;gLgs;sKk;> Njd;gL
nghJk;Gk;> Gw;Wk; njw;wpAk; Nghd;w thrfq;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspypUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
Xk;gilf;fpstp
Xk;gil vd;gJ ghJfhg;G vd;Wk; fpstp vd;gJ nrhy; vd;Wk; Fwpj;J
Xk;gilf; fpstp vd;gJ ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;Lr; nrhy;yg;gLk; nrhy;Ny MFk;.
fy;ntl;L mikg;gpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpahd ,jid “KbTr;nrhy;” vd;Wk; $Wth;.
fy;ntl;by; $wg;gLk; jhdq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F ahh; nghWg;G. ,j;jhdj;ijg;
ghJfhg;gjhdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; mt;thW nra;ahky; tpLtjdhy; my;yJ
mj;jhdj;jpw;F ,ilA+W nra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; Nghd;w tpguq;fs; ,lk;
ngWk; ,t;tpisTfs; Fe;jfk; nra;NthUf;F mr;rj;ijNah> mtkhdj;ijNah
Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
“fy;Yk; fhtphpAk; cs;skl;Lk;”
“Gy;Yk; G+kpAk; cs;skl;Lk;”
“Mj;JkzYk; Mthuk;G+Tk; cs;skl;Lk;”
Nghd;w $w;Wf;fis Xk;gilf;fpstpapy; mikg;gJ cz;L.
fhyf;fzf;fPL
fy;ntl;bd; fhyj;ij fzpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; mjpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
vOj;Jfspd; thptbtj;ij itj;Nj fzpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; rhpahf fzpf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;why; mJ vk;kd;ddpd; Ml;rpapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W mwpa Ntz;Lk;.
mJ fypahz;lh> rf Mz;lh> nfhy;yk; Mz;lh> `p[php Mz;lh> fq;f Mz;lh>
`pg;Urf Mz;lh> ghz;lth Mz;lh cjp~;buh; Mz;lh> <rhd Mz;lh> Fg;jh; Mz;lh
vd;gij mwpa Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw fhz;Nghk;.
fypahz;L
fypahz;L vd;gJ #hpad;> re;jpud; kw;Wk; gpw Nfhs;fs; Nkr uhrpapy; $ba
ehshd fp.K. 18.02.3101 ,Ue;J njhlq;FfpwJ. ehk; fhZk; fy;ntl;by; fypahz;L
vd;wpUe;jhy; mjw;F ,izahd fpwpj;jt Mz;il fz;lwpa mjNdhL 3101I fopf;f
Ntz;Lk; (rpy rkak; 3100) jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy; KUfd; Nfhapyhf topg;gl;L tUk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Filtiuf; NfhapYs;s fy;ntl;by; fyp Mz;L 3874 vd;Ws;sJ. 3874 ypUe;J 3101
I fopj;jhy; tUk; 773 fpwpj;jt Mz;lhFk;.
rf Mz;L
rf Mz;bid fy;ntl;Lfspy; rfhg;jk;> rhypthfd rfhg;jk; rf tU~k;>
rffhyk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. “Nyhftpghfk;” vd;Dk; rkz E}iy rpk;k#hp
vd;w rkzKdptu; vOjpa NghJ gy;yt kd;dd; rpk;kth;kdpd; 22-Mk; Mz;by; rf
Mz;L 380 ,y; Kw;Wg; ngw;wjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,JNt jkpofj;jpy; rf Mz;L
Fwpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; E}yhFk.; rf Mz;Lfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfs; vz;zpf;ifapy;
tp[a efu fy;ntl;LfspYk; ghly; tbtpy; njd;fhrpf; fy;ntl;LfspYk; fhzyhk;.
nfhy;yk; Mz;L
Nfushtpy; cs;s nfhy;;yk; efuk; cUthd Mz;Nl nfhy;yk; Mz;L vd;W
xU rpyUk; Fkhp Mw;wpd; njd;fiuapy; Kd;gpUe;j nfhy;yk; efh; flyhyope;j gpd;dh;
kf;fs; Gjpjhf nfhy;yk; efh; mikj;J FbNawpa Mz;L vd;W xU rpyUk; $Wth;
fp.gp.822 ,y; gioa nfhy;ykope;J fp.gp.825 ,y; Gjpa nfhy;yk; cUthdjhy;
nfhy;yk; Mz;L md;Wjhd; njhlq;fpajhf $Wth.; fy;ntl;by; nfhy;yk; Mz;L
vd;wpUe;jhy; mjNdhL 825 I $l;bdhy; mjw;F ,izahd fpwpj;jt Mz;L tUk;.
khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;L
kJiuf;F tlfpof;fpy; Rkhh; 20 fP.kP njhiytpy; khq;Fsk; fpuhkk; cs;sJ.
,f;fpuhkj;jpy; fOFkiy vd;w kiyg;gFjp cs;sJ. ,jd; Nkw;gFjpapy; Ie;J
Fifj;jsq;fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; ehd;fpy; fy;ntl;Lfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,JNt
rkzf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpait vd;w Xh; jdpr;rpwg;G cz;L. ,jid
rpyh; kPdhl;rpGuk; fy;ntl;L vd;Wk; mhpl;lhgl;b fy;ntl;L vd;Wk; $Wth;.
fOFkiyapy; jq;fpapUe;J rka gzpahw;wpa rkzrkag; nghpNahh;fSf;fhff;
fw;gLf;iffSld; $ba rkzg;gs;spfs; nrJf;fpaikj;Jj; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
nra;jpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; MW gz;ila jkpo; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,f;Fifg;gFjpapy;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd ,jpy; Kjy; fy;ntl;by;
“fzpa;ee;j m]phpa; ,Ft;md;Nf
jkk; ,j;jhm neLQ;nropad;
gz md; flymd; toj;jpa;
nfhl;Lgpj;jm gsp,a;”
vd;w thrfk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ,J “fzp ee;j; ];hpa;Ft; md;” vd;gtUf;Fg;
gztd;> flyd;> tOj;jp Nghd;w rpwg;Gg; ngah;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd neLQ;nropad;
Kdptuhrpukj;ij nrJf;fpj; jhdkhf toq;fpAs;shd; vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpy; tOjp
vd;w nrhy; ghz;bah;fspd; Fyg;ngaiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
GfOh; fy;ntl;L
f&hpypUe;J Nryj;jpw;fr; nry;Yk; NgUe;J topj;jlj;jpy; tlNkw;fpy; Rkhh; 14
fP.kP njhiytpy; cs;sJ GfOh;. ,t;T+Uf;fUfpy; Gfopkiy cs;sJ. ,k;kiyapy;
jhd; mUzfphpehjuhy; ghlg;gl;l GfopA+h; KUfd; Nfhapy; cs;sJ. ,k;kiyapy;
nkhj;jk; 12 jkpopf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,it 1927-28 Mk; Mz;bNyNa
fz;lwpag;gl;lhYk; njspthfg;gbf;fg; glhky; ,Ue;jd jpU.Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mth;fs; 1965 Mk; Mz;L fs Ma;T nra;J ,it Nrukd;dh; ,Uk;nghiw kugpdhpd;
fy;ntl;L vd;W $wpdhh;.
Kjy; ,Ufy;ntl;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiwNa
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; Vohk; gj;jpd; nry;tf;fLq;Nfh thopahjdhfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;shd;
vd;gJk;. ,f;fy;ntl;by; Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiwapd; kfdhfr; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;s
ngUq;fLq;NfhNd gjpw;Wg;gj;J Rl;Lfpd;w ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw vd;gJk;
ngUq;fLq;Nfhdpd; kfdhff; fy;ntl;by; Fwpf;fg;gLk; “,sq;fLq;Nfh” Nt
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; xd;gjhk; gj;jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhd ,sQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw
vd;gJk; njspthfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;;s ngUq;fLq;NfhNt ghiy ghba
ngUq;fLq;Nfh vd;Wk; ,sq;fLq;NfhNt kUjk; ghba ,sq;fLq;Nfh vd;Wk;
$Wfpd;wtUk; cz;L.
mwr;rY}h; fy;ntl;L
<NuhL efuj;jpypUe;J 20 fp.kP njhiytpy; mty;G+e;JUj;jpf;Fj; njw;Nf 7 fp.kP.
njhiytpy; mwr;rY}h; cs;sJ. ,jw;F Nkw;Nf mike;Js;s ehfkiyapYs;s
Mz;bg;ghiwg; gFjpapYs;s ghz;lh;Fop vd;wtplj;jpy; ,aw;ifahd Fifj;jsk;
cs;sJ. ,q;Fjhd; fw;gLf;iffSk;> fw;gLf;iff;F eLNt ,irf; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;
cs;sd. Fifapd; ,lJGwk; fw;gLf;ifapd; kPJ ,irf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;sJ. 5
thpfspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fy;ntl;L Ma;thsh;fshy; gbj;J mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
j ij jh ij j
ij jh Nj jh ij
jh Nj ij Nj jh
ij jh Nj jh ij
j ij jh ij j
,ir xir vOj;Jf;fs; rJuf; fl;l mikg;gpy; cs;sJ rpwg;ghFk;. NkypUe;J
fPohfg; ghh;j;jhYk;> ,lkpUe;J tykhfg; ghh;j;jhYk; xNu khjphpahf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ,irj;JiwapYk;> $j;Jj;JiwapYk; ghlty;y
vOj;Jf;fis epidTg; gLj;Jf;fpd;wd. mbahh;fF ; ey;yhh;> rpyg;gjpfhu ciuapy;
,irf;Fwpg;Gfis tl;lg;ghiy> rJug;ghiy vd;W tFj;jhh;. mij Nghd;W
,f;fy;ntl;by; cs;sdt rJug;ghiyahf ,Uf;fyhnkd;W ,irawpQh;
v];.,uhkehjd; $wpfpwhh;.
nefD}h;g;gl;b fy;ntl;L
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk; nrQ;rp tl;lj;jpypUe;J tlfpof;fhf 10 fp.kP
njhiytpy; njhz;^h; nfy;Yk; topapy; cs;sJ nefD}h;g;gl;b. ,jw;F Nkw;F
gFjpapy; 3 ngUq;fw;fis mLf;fp itj;jJ Nghd;W mLf;fd;;fy; vd;w rpwpa Fd;W
cs;sJ. ,jw;F fPoLf;fpy; jhd; jkpop fy;ntl;L cs;snjd;W Kidth;.
,uhrNtY.R. 1992 Mk; Mz;L fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
ngUk; nghfo;
Nrf;fe;jp jhapaU
Nrf;fe; jz;zp nr
ap tpj;j gs;sp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,jpYs;s ‘ngUk;Gfo;’ vd;gJ mUfpYs;s ‘ngUk;Gif’ vd;w Cupid

Fwpg;gjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; gioa fw;gLf;iffs; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,t;T+h;
kpfr; rpwe;j rkz ikakhf ,Ue;jJ mwpag;gLfpwJ. Nrf;fe;jz;zp vd;gJ Nrf;fe;jp>
mz;zp vdg;gphpj;J mjpy; Nrfe;jp vd jdpahf gphpf;fyhk;. Nr vd;gJ Nrf;fpohiuAk;
je;jp vd;gJ rptfrpe;jhkzpapy; ngz; JwtpiaAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. mz;zp vd;gJ
%j;Jth; vd;w khpahijahf fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ nkhj;jj;jpy; ngUk;Gif rkz rkak;
epiyj;jpUe;jikAk; mjpy; ngz; Jwtpfs; ,Ue;jikAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
mk;kd; Nfhapy;gl;b Ridf; fy;ntl;L
Nryk; khtl;lk;> XkY}h; tl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l rpw;W}h; mk;kd; Nfhapy;gl;b MFk;.
,r;rpw;W}hpd; cg;ghw;wpd; tlfiuapy; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;ghiw cs;sJ. ,jpy;
“Njg;ghyp” vd;w RidAs;sJ. ,jw;fUfpy; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fshy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l
fy;ntl;il 1979 Mk; Mz;L GJ Ngh.nrq;fluhkd; mth;fs; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
“guk;gd; Nfh$h; fpohh; kfd; tpaf;fd
Nfhgd; fzNjtd; njhl Rid”
,J Fwpj;J Nguhrphpah; jpU.tP khzpf;fk; mth;fs; mf;fy;ntl;by; Nfh$h; fpohd;
tuk;gdpd; kfd; tpaf;fd; Nfhgd; fzNjtd; vd;gtd; xh; ePUw;iwj; Njhz;bdhd;
vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd;Wk; ,e;ePUw;W rkzj; JwtpfSf;F nfhilahf
toq;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; nfhq;fpy; rkzj;jpd; nry;thf;if Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;Wk; mth;
$Wfpwhh;.
G+yhq;Fwpr;rpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
G+yhq;Fwpr;rp rptfq;if khtl;lk;> jpUg;gj;J}h; tl;lk;> nghd;dkuhtjpf;Fr;
nry;Yk; topapy; mike;Js;sJ. 1979 Mk; Mz;L njhy;ypay; Jiw mYtyu;
J.Jsrpuhkd; mth;fs; ,t;T+hpYs;s ghrdf; Fsj;jpd; mUfpy; ghiwapd; rhptpy; xh;
fy;ntl;ilf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh; Kjd; Kjypy; Mz;L Fwpf;fg;gl;lJk; kd;ddpd;
ngaUld; Jtq;Ffpd;w fy;ntl;L vd;w jdpr;rpwg;Gk; ,jw;Fz;L. ,uz;L
fy;ntl;Lf;fSs; xd;W Nre;jd; $w;wd;. vd;w murd; Ml;rpapy;; 192 Mk; Mz;by;
gjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Nty; KUfDk; kfDk; flyfg; ngUk; gilj;jiytd; vd;w
gl;lj;ijg; ngw;wtDkhd vq;Fkhd; vd;gth; ,U Njt Fyq;fSk;> xU Nfhl;lKk;
vOg;gpa nra;jpiaf; $WfpwJ. me;j NjtFyj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; mjpy;
topghLfs; nra;tjw;Fk; xU Fwpgpl;l kf;fSf;F kl;LNk chpik toq;fg;
ngw;ws;sJ.
G+yhq;Fwpr;rp kiyNky; vOg;gl;l NjtFyk; my;yJ Nfhapy; nfhilg;
nghw;Ws;sijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mf;NfhapYf;F Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l epy chpikfNshL
ghz;ba ehl;bYk; nfhq;F ehl;bYk; fhuhz;fpoik> fsf;fpoik. Nkyhz;ik
cupikfSk;> fhyhrKk;> Njhl;lq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. mitathw;iwAk; mtUila
FbfisAk; gpuk;kjhaKilahh;> ehLfhg;ghh;> Gwq;fhg;ghh>; Kg;GUf;fhg;ghh; KjypNahh;
Ngzpf;fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; jPq;fpioj;jth;fSf;F 1600 fhzk; jz;lk; tpjpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; mf;fy;ntl;by; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
itiff; fiuf; fy;ntl;L
itiff; fiuapy; 1961 y; xh; fy;ntl;L fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L jw;NghJ kJiu
kPdhl;rp Nfhapy; Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgj;jpy; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ fp.gp 690


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,y; ghz;ba kd;dd; mhpNfrhp fhyj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ,f;fy;ntl;by; cs;s 9

Kjy; 12 thpfs; nghpa ghrdj;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lij njhptpf;fpd;wd.
itiff; fiuapy; xU kjF fl;b mjpypUe;J mhpNfrhp vd;w ngahpy; xU
thaf;fhy; ntl;b mij xU fhl;lhw;Wld; Nrh;j;J ePh;j;Njf;fk; cUthf;fp rhzhL
gUj;jpf;Fb ehL tiu fz;kha;fSf;F ePh; toq;fpaijj; njhptpf;fpwJ. fy;ntl;by;
Fwpf;fg;gl;l rhzhL gUj;jpf;Fb ehL vd;git jpUg;Gtdj;jpw;Fk; njw;fpy; fy;Y
kil Gy;tha;ff ; iu> tPuNrhod;> gUj;jpA+h; vd;w fpuhkq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf fUjyhk;.
fy;ntl;by; ghz;ba kd;dd; cUthf;fpa efuk; kq;fyGuk; vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
,J Fwpj;J njhy;ypay; Ma;thsh;fspilNa gy fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd.
khD}h; kfhrigf; fy;ntl;L
khD}h; vd;w rpw;W}h; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; jpUney;Ntyp tl;lj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,q;F mk;gythzehj Rthkp Nfhapypy; xh; fy;ntl;L cs;sJ.
,f;fy;ntl;L fhyq; fhykhf nray;gl;L te;j gpukNjaj;J kfhrigapd;
mq;fj;jpdhpd; jFjp kw;Wk; chpikfs; nfhz;l jPh;khdj;ij gw;wpajhFk;. jkpofj;jpy;
xh; Ch;r; riggw;wpa thpthd nra;jpfisf; nfhz;l xNu fy;ntl;L ,JNtahFk;>
guhe;jf neLQ;rila tuFzd; vd;w kd;did gw;wp ,f;fy;ntl;L $Wfpd;wJ. mtuJ
fhyk; fp.gp.768-815 MFk;.
cj;jpuNk&h; - FlNthiyj; Njh;jy; fy;ntl;L
fhQ;rpGuj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s cj;jpuNk&hpy; ,uz;L fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd.
,it jkpofj;jpy; Kjd; Kjypy; Cuf rig eph;thfk; vt;thW eilngw;wJ vd;gJ
Fwpj;j nra;jpfis mlq;fpajhFk;. ,it rJh;Ntjp kq;fyj;jpy; mike;j me;jzh;
rigapd; Ch; eph;thfKk; thhpaq;fs; eph;thfKk; Nkw;nfhs;s Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfisf; $Wfpd;wJ.
‘kwq;nfo Nrhoh; cwe;ij ataj;J
mwk;epd;W epiyapw;whfypd;’ (Gwk; 39)
‘Muq;fz;zp mLNghh;;r; Nrhoh;
mwq;nfo ey;yit Awe;ij’ (mfk;-93)
Nghd;w rq;fg;ghly; thpfs; rq;f fhyj;jpy; Nrhoh; jiyefh; ciwA+hpy; nray;gl;l
Cuit gw;wpa nra;jpfisj; jUfpd;wd. Cuitf;F Ntz;ba cWg;gpdh;fisf;
FlNthiy %ykhfNt Njh;Tnra;jdh; vd;gijAk; fhl;LfpwJ.
‘fapW gpzpf;Foprp xiynfhz;khh;
nghwpfz;L mopf;Fk; Mtzkhf;fspd;
caph; jpwk; ngau ey; mkh;f; fle;j
jWfzhsh; Flh; jhP, njWtu
nrQ;nrtp vUit’ (mfk; 77)
Nghhpy; ,we;j tPuh;fspd; clypypUe;J gUe;Jfs; Fly;fis vLj;Jg; NghLtijg;
Nghy Mtzkhf;fs; vDk; muR mjpfhhpfs; Flq;fspypUe;J Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;l
xiyfis vLj;jdh; vd;w ctikNa ,jw;F jf;fr; rhd;whFk;.
KbTiu
Nfhapy;fs;> kiyfs; vd jkpo; kd;dh;fs; vq;F vq;nfy;yhk; fhy;
ghjpj;jhh;fNsh mq;nfy;yhk; fy;ntl;Lfis nghjpj;J itj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs>; ,Jtiu


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gy Mapuk; fy;ntl;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lfs; gbf;fg;gl;L

mr;rhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd> ,d;Dk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd fy;ntl;Lfs;
gbf;fg;gltpy;iy gy fz;Nlgpbf;fg;gltpy;iy ,j;jF rpwg;GfisAk; tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpfisAk; jhq;fpapUf;fpd;w fy;ntl;Lfisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba flik
midtUf;Fk; ,Uf;fpwJ. tuyhw;W Mh;tk; cs;s midtUk; ,jid gbj;J
mwpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; fy;ntl;L gw;wpAk; mjd; mikg;G fhyf;fzf;fPL kw;Wk;
jkpof fy;ntl;Lfs; gw;wp tphpthfTk; njspthfTk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; fz;Nlhk;.
gad;ik E}y;fs;
1. ,uz;lhk; cyfj;jkpo; vOj;jhsh; khehl;L kyh; - ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;

2. The Thiruvalankadu plates of Rajendrachola 1. South India Inscription Vol.II.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
eLfy; czh;j;Jk; jkpohpd; tho;tpay;

Tamilar Social life Instructed by Erecting Stonehenges
Kidth;.Nf.ghpksk;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw

= ,uhkfpUz;\;zhngz;fs; fiykw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> NfhaKj;J}h;.
Abstract
The paper plans to bring down the details regarding the life of the Ancient Tamil
people by extracting the sources from it. The tradition of erecting stonehenges is an integral
norm in the life of the tamil society. The people gave more attention to the dedicayed ones
who martyred or sacrificed their lives for the sake of the society or community. Hence the
study extract the culvert facts related to the study.
Keywords: Tamilar, Social life, Instruction, Erecting Stonehenges
Kd;Diu
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; jkpo; ,dj;jpd; tuyhW vd;gJ fhyj;jhy; mopf;f Kbahj
nghf;fp\q;fs; MFk;. kdpjdpd; Njhw;wk; Kjy; gz;ghl;bd; gbepiyfspd; tuyhw;iw
mwpaKw;gLk; NghJ rhd;Wfs; kpfKf;fpakhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa rhd;Wfisj;
NjLk; Kaw;rpfspd; thapyhf goq;fhy kf;fspd; tho;tpay; Kiwfis
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Mjhuq;fNshL tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpjdpd; tuyhW fhyj;jhy; mopf;f
Kbahj rhd;Wfshf mikfpd;wJ.
njhy;ypay; Ma;T
njhy;ypaiy Archaeolo gy vdf;$Wth;. Mjpfhyj;ijg; gw;wpa mwptpay;
vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. goik ,ay; = Archaic vd;why; goikahdJ vd;W
nghUs;. gioa fhyj;jpd; RtLfisg; gw;wp Ma;tJ vd;W nghUs;gLk;. njhy;ypay;
my;yJ njhy; nghUspay; vd;gJ fl;blf;fiy> njhy;nghUl;fs;> njhy;Yaph; vr;rk;
kdpj kpr;rq;fs; kw;Wk; epyj;Njhw;wq;s; vd;gd cs;spl;l vQ;rpa nghUl;fis
ntspf;nfhzh;e;J Mtzg;gLj;jp gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; nra;ag;gLk; kdpjg;
gz;ghLgw;wpajhFk;.
fy;ntl;bay;
fy;ntl;bay; vd;gJ fy;ypd; kPJ nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fis Muha;e;J
mtw;wpd; %yk; juTfisj; njhFf;Fk; ,ayhFk;. vOj;Jf;fs;> ehzaq;fs;>
rpiyfs;> kz;ghz;lq;fs;> XLfs;> ghiwfs;> Fiffs;> fw;fs;> ghidXLfs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fspd; %yk;
kf;fspd; rKjhag;gpd;Gyk; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifKiw Mfpatw;iw fzpj;Jf;$w KbAk;.
eLfw;fs;
eLfw;fs; tPuj;jpd; milahskhfTk;> ,wg;gpd; milahskhfTk; vOg;gg;gLk;
epidTf;fw;fs; MFk;. eLfw;fs; vd;gJ tPud; epidthf mikf;fg;gl;l fy; vd;Wk;
$wyhk;. epidTf;fw;fs; vOg;Gk; kuG ,e;jpahtpd; vy;yhg; ghfq;fspYk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhzg;gLfpwJ. “,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; epidTf;fw;fs; tPuf;fy;> eLfy;>

ghypahNfhth;j;jd ];jk;gk; ,fPh;j;jp ];jk;gk; vd;Wk; fj;hp ];jk;gk;> jpthsp vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. Rkz kjj;jpdUf;Fhpa eprPjpiff;fw;fs; ngz;bh; epidthf
vOg;gg;gl;l khrjpf;fw;fs; MfpadTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fPh;j;jp ];jk;gk;
ghypahfj;hpjpthsp ];jk;gk; Mfpa nrhw;fs; `pkhryg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk;
tpe;jpakiyf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ehLfspy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd” eLfw;fs;
tPuj;jpd; milahkhf epWtg;gLk; epidTf;fw;fshFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; eLfw;fs;
jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fSs; njhd;ik tha;e;j njhy;fhg;gpak; ,we;jth;
epidthff; fy; vLj;Jrpwg;Gr; nra;jy; gw;wpa nra;jpiaf; $Wfpd;wJ.
fhl;rp fhy;Nfhs; ePh;g;gil eLjy;
rPhj
; ;jF kugpy; ngUk;gil tho;j;jy; vd;W
,U%d;W kugpy; fy;nyhLGzu…… (Gwj;jpizapay;.5: 19-21).
njhy;fhg;gpah; MWepiyfis tPuf;fw;fSf;Fhpajhff; $wpAs;shh;.
1. rpw;gk; nrJf;fp eLjw;Fhpa nghUj;jkhd fy;iyj;Njbr; nrd;W fhZjy; fhl;rp
vdg;gLk;.
2. kiyapypUe;J tPuf;fy; nra;tjw;Fhpa fy;iy ntl;bf; nfhs;Sjy; fhy;Nfhs;
vdg;gLk;.
3. tPuDf;F vLj;jfy;iy ePuhl;bj; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jjy; ePh;g;gil vdg;gLk;.
4. mf;fy;iy eLtJ eLjy; vdg;gLk;.
5. elg;gl;l fy;ypw;Fg; ngUQ;rpwg;Gfisg; gilj;jy; ngUk;gil vdg;gLk;.
6. elg;gl;l eLfy;ypidj; njhOJ tho;j;Jjy; tho;j;jy; vdg;gLk;.
tPuj;jpd; milahskhf elg;gLk; eLfw;fis vOg;GtJ Kjy; mjid tho;j;jp
topgLtJ tiuapyhd epfo;rr ; pfisj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
gJf;iffs;
ghiy epykf;fspd; tho;tpay; topg;NghNthiuf; nfhd;W nghUs; gwpg;gJ
tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ghiy epyj;jpd; topahf gazpg;Nghiuf; nfhd;W cly;fisj;
jioapl;L %b mjd;Nky; fw;fisf; Ftpj;J NkLnra;J itf;Fk; gof;fk;
,Ue;Js;sJ. ,jid>
“…..ntz;Zidak;gpd; tpirapltPo;eNjhh;
Vz;Ztuk; gwpahctypLgJf;if” (mfehD}W.109: 7-8)
“nrj;jhilgpioahtd;fzhlth;
mk;GgltPo;e;Njhh; tk;gg;gJf;if” (GwehD}W.3: 20-21)
Nghd;w rq;fg;ghly;fs; %yk; gJf;iffs; gw;wpa nra;jpfis mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
thzpfr; rhj;Jfs;
rq;ffhyj;jpy; Ntshz;ikiag; Nghd;Nw thzpfKk; Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf
,Ue;jJ. tzpfh;fs; FOthf ,ize;Jjk; gz;lq;fisg; gy Ch;fSf;Fk;
tpw;gidf;F vLj;Jr; nry;thh;fs;. ,f;FOf;fSf;F thzpfr;rhJf;fs; vd;Wngah;.
“tpsh; Cd; jpd;wtPq;F rpiykwth;
ikgLjpz; Njhs; kyputhl;b
nghiwkyp fOij neLepiu joP,a


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpUe;Jths; tath; mUe;jiy Jkpj;j” (mfehD}W – 89)

“…………….. neQ;Nrrhj;J vwpe;J
Mjh; $l;Lz;Zk; mzq;Filg; gfopf;
nfhLtpy; Mlth; gLgif nthP,” (mfehD}W – 167)
Mfpa mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspd; top thzpfr; rhJf;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfis
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ghiyepy kwth;fis vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhb tzpfh;fsJ nry;tq;fisg;
ghJfhf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; tPuh;fs; ,we;jpUf;ff; $Lk;. mj;jifa tPuh;fspd; epidthf
tzpff;FOtpdh; tPuf;fw;fs; vOg;gpapUg;gh;.
eLfy; topghL
tPuh;fSf;F el;bafw;fis tzq;Fk; tof;fKk; rq;ffhy kf;fspilNa
,Ue;jJ. eLfw;fSf;F vz;nza; Cw;wp jPgk; Vw;Wjy; gyp nfhLj;jy; eLfw;fis
J}a;ikg;gLj;jp tzq;Fjy; MfpaKiwfspy; topgl;Ls;sdh;.
“xd;dhj; njt;th; Kd;dpd;W tpyq;fp
xspW Ve;J kUg;gpd; fspW vwpe;J tPo;e;njdf;
fy;Nygutpd; my;yJ
ney; cFj;Jg; guTk; flTSk; ,yNt” (GwehD}W – 335 9-12)
tPuh;fSf;F el;ba fy;iyj; nja;tnkd;W tzq;FNthk;;. ney;iyj;
J}tptopgLk; NtWflTs; vJTk; vq;fSf;Ff; fpilahJ vd;w fUj;J ,g;ghly; top
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
“,y; mLfs;spd; rpy;Fbr;rW P }h;g;
Gil eLfy;ypd; ehs; gypA+l;b
ed;dPh; Ml;bnea;e;JiwnfhsP,a
kq;Fy; khg;GifkWFld; fkOk;” (GwehD}W – 329 1-4)
tPLfspy; nra;Ak; fs;is eLfy;ypw;F jpdKk; gilj;J ey;y ePuhy;
mijf;fOtp eWkz vz;nza; nfhz;L tpsf;F Vw;Wthh;fs;. mjd; fUikahdngUk;
GifahdJ eWkzj;NjhL njUf;fspy; fkOk; vd;w fUj;jpd; %yk; eLfw;fSf;Fg;
gilaypl;L tzq;Fk; tof;fk; mf;fhy kf;fspilNa ,Ue;jJ GydhfpwJ.
“eLfy; gPyp #l;bj; Jbg;gLj;Jj;
Njhg;gpf; fs;nshLJ&cg;gpypnfhLf;Fk;
Nghf;Fk; mUk; ftiyaGyTehWmUk; Ruk;” (mfehD}W – 35)
eLfw;fs; kapy; Njhifahy; myq;fhpf;fg;gLk;. fs;is mjd; kPJ Cw;Wth;.
nrk;kwp MLfisg; gypnfhLg;ghh;fs; vd;w ,g;ghlypd; %yk; topghl;L Kiwfspy;
kpUfq;fisg; gypapLk; gof;fk; rq;ffhy kf;fsplk; ,Ue;Js;sJ GydhfpwJ.
,t;thwhf eLfy; topghl;L Kiwfs; rq;fg;ghly;fspd; rhd;Wfs; top
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
mz;ikf;fhy eLfy; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
 Nghpifapy; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j gj;J eLfw;fiy mwk;
tuyhw;W Ma;Tikaf;FOtpdh; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;.
 rptfq;if khtl;lk; GOjpg;gl;b Nf.GJg;gl;bapYk; kJiu khtl;lk;
nts;spkiyapYk; 12 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jtPud; tpy;ypahhpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
eLfw;fisj; jpUr;rpiar; Nrh;e;j mwpNthk; mwptpg;Nghk; ika

Ma;thsh;fs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;.
 X#h; mUNf 13 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j 6 tifahd eLfw;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpU\;zfphp khtl;lk; ey;Y}h; fpuhkj;jpy;
tuyhw;W Ma;thsh;fshy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
 jpUg;gj;J}h; mLj;jngUkhg;gl;LmUNf fp.gp. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr;
Nrh;e;jeLfw;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
 jpUg;G+h; tPuuhNre;jpud; njhy;ypay; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W Ma;Tikaj;jpdh;
Cj;Jf;Fsp f];J}hpghisak; fhq;Nfak; ghisaj;jpy; 4 eLfw;fisf;
fz;Lgpbj;jdh;.
 jiythry; mUNf Njtpahf;Fwpr;rpapy; tuyhw;W Ma;thsh;fshy; 12
Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j 2 eLfw;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;.
 fpU\;zfphpkhtl;lk; fdtha;g;gl;b kiyapd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpapy;
cs;sVOh; Fl;il vd;Dkplj;jpy; 700 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l eLfw;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk; fyrghf;fk; mUNf Mjkq;fyk; GJ}h;
gFjpapy; cs;s 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L kQ;Rtpul;L eLfy;
 Vyfphpkiyapy; fw;jpl;il tbtpyhd eLfw;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
KbTiu
tPuj;ijg; Nghw;Wk; tpjkhf eLfw;fs; eLk; tof;fk; gz;Lnjhl;Nl
,Ue;JtUfpwJ. eLfw;fs; fy;ntl;L Xtpak; rpw;gk; Mfpa midj;Jj; JiwfSf;Fk;
Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ. vOj;Jf;fspd; tsh;r;rp nkhopfspd; tsh;rr ; p
Mfpatw;iw mwptjw;F eLfw;fs; ngUk; gaid mspf;fpd;wJ. eLfw;fspy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fs; rpw;gq;fs; md;iwa Nghh;fs; gilfs; kf;fspd; tho;tpay;

rlq;FKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw njspthfg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kz;zpDs; Gije;Js;s
rq;ffhykf;fspd; tho;tpaiyj; Njhz;b ntspf;nfhzh;tjd; %yk; jkpohpd; tuyhW
gjpTnra;ag;gLfpwJ.
JizE}y;gl;bay;
1. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;.kh.> jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fpatuyhW> ghhpepiyak;> nrd;id>

gjpg;G-1963
2. ,uhkd;.Nf.tp> njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;> Nrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> gjpg;G - 1977.
3. njhy;fhg;gpah;> njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;> nrd;id> gjpg;G
- 1980.
4. Ntq;flrhkpehl;lhh;.e.K.> gj;Jg;ghl;L %yKk; ciuAk;> c.Ntrhkpehijah;
5. E}yfk;> nrd;id> gjpg;G - 1974.
6. Settar.S, Memorial Stones, Cosmo Publications,Delhi 1982.
7. jpdkyh;.
8. jpdj;je;jp.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mofh;Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; mwpag;gLk; murh;fSk; nfhilfSk;

The Kings and the Donations through the Culverts of Alagar Kovil
Kidth;.jp.ghpksh> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

kd;dh; jpUkiyehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp> kJiu.
Abstract
The objective of the paper deals with the finding of the edicts from the culverts found
at Alagar Kovil in Madurai. This the capital of the Sethupatis who got autonomy from the
Nayak rulers. There are many culverts and authentic evidences of many kings and their
donations done by them. Hence, the paper gives a clear idea on the domain theme.
Keywords: Kings, Donations, Culverts, Alagar Kovil
jkpofj;jpd; njhd;ik tuyhw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s cjtpa njhy;ypay;

rhd;Wfspy; xd;W fy;ntl;Lfs;. ghiwfspYk; fy;J}z;fspYk; Nfhtpy; Rth;fspYk;
nghwpf;fg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fs; ntWk; epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; md;W. mitrpwg;Gld; tho;e;j
xU ,dj;ijg; gw;wpa tuyhwhFk;. fy;ntl;Lf;fs; tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpf;F Kjd;epiyr;
rhd;Wfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fle;j E}w;whz;by; jkpo;ehL KOtJk;
fpilj;Js;s fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> mfoha;Tfs; jkpo;nkhopiaAk;> jkpo; kf;fspd;
rpwg;igAk; cyfpw;Fg; giwrhw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. me;jtifapy; kJiu
mofh;Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpohpd; ehfhPfj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.
,f;Nfhapypd; Fifj;jsj;jpy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;gLf;if xd;wpYk; Fifapd;
new;wpg; gFjpapy; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;s ePh;tb tpspk;gpd; NkYk; fPOkhfj; jkpo; - gpuhkp
fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd.
mofh;Nfhapy;
kJiu kf;fspd; tho;NthLk; gz;ghl;NlhLk; gpd;dpg; gpize;jpUg;gJ mofh;
NfhtpYk; mJ rhh;e;j tpohf;fSkhFk;. mofh;Nfhtpy; kJiu khtl;lk; NkY}h;
tl;lj;jpy; kJiuf;F tlf;Nf 24fp.kP njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,aw;if vopy;
nfhQ;Rk; mofh; kiyapd; Chpd; ngaUk; Nfhapypd; ngaUk; xd;NwahFk;. ,t;tofh;
Nfhapy; mlh;e;j fhLfSk; caphpdg; gy;tifikAk; gytif %ypiffSk; Ritahd
eP&w;WfisAk; nfhz;lJ. jkpoh;fspd; rpw;gf;fiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; jpfOk;
Nfhapy;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W. jpUkhypUQ;Nrhiy vd;W itzth;fshy; miof;fg;gLk;
,f;Nfhapy; Mo;thh;fshy; kq;fshrhrdk; nra;ag;ngw;w 108 jpt;aNjrq;fspy; 93tJ
jpt;aNjrkhFk;. jkpofj;jpy; rkzh;fs; tho;e;jjhff; $wg;gLk; fUj;;Jf;F Vw;wthW
,f;Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; fp.gp.9k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j fy;ntl;L ‘mr;rze;jp’ vd;Dk;
rkzj;Jwtp ,q;F tho;e;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. “rkzh;fs; ,q;F jq;Ftjw;F Kd;G
,t;tplk; goq;Fbfspd; tho;tplkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gij ,f;Fifj;
jstpkhdj;jpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s nrq;fhtpahy; Md gwit Kfkdpjh; kw;Wk; khd;
Nghd;w tpyq;Ffspd; Xtpaq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,q;Fs;s rkzj; jPh;j;jq;fuhpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cUtKk; fp.gp. 9-10Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu rkzh; topghl;Lj; jskhf tpsq;fpaikia

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. Fifj; jsj;jpid xl;bNa xU nghpa ePh;epiy Ridahf
mike;Js;s. rw;W vl;lhj cauj;jpy; Kfg;G new;wpg; gFjpapy; gpuhkp mike;Js;s
jkpo; - gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;sd.” rq;f fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpajhff;
fUjg;gLk; ghpghlypy; 15k; ghly; mofh;Nfhapy; kiyiag; ngUikg; gLj;JfpwJ.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Nfhtyd; fz;zfp MfpNahUld; jpUtuq;fj;jpypUe;J kJiu tUk;
nfse;jpmbfs; mofh; kiytopahf kJiu tUtjhfNt Fwpg;Gs;sJ.
mofh;kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fs;
mofh;kiy ‘jpUkhypUQ;Nrhiy’> ‘jpUkhypUq;Fd;wk;> ‘,Uq;Fd;W’> ‘khtpUq;Fd;wk;’>
‘Nrhiykiy’> ‘ngUk;ngah; ,Utiu’> ‘jpUtiu’> ‘Nfo;,Uq;Fd;W’> vd;Wk;
Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kiyapy; cs;s Kf;fpaj; jyq;fs; mofh;Nfhapy;>
goKjph;rN; rhiy> goKjph;rN ; rhiy KUfd;> uhf;fhap mk;kd; Nfhapy;.
goKjph;NrhiyKUfd; ef;fPuuhy;
“,Onkd ,opjUk; mUtp
goKjph; NrhiykiyfpoNthNd”
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. goKjph;Nrhiy KUff; flTspd; mWgil
tPLfspy; xd;W.
mofh;kiyAk; ,yf;fpaq;fSk;
mofh;kiy> mk;kiyapYs;s goKjph;Nrhiy> goKjph;Nrhiy KUfd; Nfhapy;
gw;wpAk; ghpghly;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil Mfpa E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
“mt;topglhPh; Mapd;>,lj;J
nrt;topgz;zpw; rpiwtz;L
muw;Wk; jle;jhy; tanyhL
jz;G+q; fhNthLflk;gyfple;j
fhLld; fope;JjpUkhy;
Fd;wj;Jnry;FtPh; Mapd;
ngUkhy; nfLf;Fk; gpyKz;L”
vd;W rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; mofh;Nfhapy; gw;wp Fwpg;gp;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;
“tpz;Nzhh; Vj;Jk; tpaj;jFk; kugpy;
Gz;zparutzk;>gtfhuzpNahL
,l;lrpj;jpvDk; ngah; Nghfptpl;L
ePq;fhtpsq;fpangha;if
Kl;lhr; rpwg;gpd; %d;WsMq;F”
vd;W %d;W ngha;iffisr; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F Kd;Ng mofh;Nfhapy; ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
mofh;kiy mbthuj;jpy; cs;s Nfhapy; fUtiwapy; Fbnfhz;bUf;Fk; ngUkhs;
=guRthkp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhh;. cw;rt%h;j;jp mofh; my;yJ Re;juuhrg; ngUkhd;
vdg;gLfpwhh;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,k;kiyab jpUkhy; fs;sofh; vd;fpd;wdh;.
“fs;szpgRe;Jstpdit>
fUq;Fd;Wmidait:
xs;nshspait:


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
xUFioait:
Gs;szpnghyq;nfhbait:
ts;szptisehQ;rpyit:
ryk;Ghpjz;LVe;jpdit:
tyk;Ghp ta Nekpait:
thprpiy ta mk;gpdit:
Gfh; ,zh; #o; tl;lj;jit:
Gfh; thsit” (ghpghly; 54-66
vd;Wghpghly; mofh; ngUkhidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Kidth; njh.gukrptk; mth;fs;
Kidth; gl;l Ma;tpw;fhf rpy Mz;L fhyk; mofh;Nfhapypy; fsg;gzpahw;wpAs;shh;.
‘mofh;Nfhapiy tphpthf Muha;e;J xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; me;j Myak; ifkhwpr;
nrd;w tpjk; kw;Wk; mjd; tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J El;gkhf tpthpj;Js;shh;. mofh;Nfhapiyr;
Rw;wp cUthd epykhdpa mikg;G> rhjpf;fl;Lkhdk;> jpUtpohf;fspy; mLf;fjpfhuk;
ntspg;gLk; Kiwfs; Fwpj;J gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fisAk; mspj;Js;shh;.
mofh;Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; mwpayhFk; nra;jpfs;
mofh;Nfhapypd; ngUikiar; nrhy;Yk; gy tuyhw;Wf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
,f;Nfhapypd; Rw;Wr; Rth;fspy; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpwpaJk; nghpaJkhf Rkhh; 200f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gLtJ
Nrhokd;dd; Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdpd; 26k; Ml;rpahz;by; ,f;NfhapYf;Fj; jug;gl;ljhdk;
gw;wpa fy;ntl;L goikahdjhFk;. mofh; NfhapYf;F jhdk; toq;fpa mur
ngUkf;fisAk; mth;fs; toq;fpa jhdq;fisAk; ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
mth;fs; gpw;fhyg; ghz;ba kd;dh;fspd; kugpy; te;j Kjyhk; khwth;k
Re;jughz;bad;> Kjyhk; [lhth;k Re;jughz;bad;> [lhth;kd; Kjyhk; FyNrfud;
Nghrhskd;dd; tPuNrhNk];tud;> jpUkhypUQ;Nrhiy epd;whd;> khtypthzhjpuhah;fs;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l FWepy kd;dh;fshfpa thdhjpuhah;fs;> ehaf;fkd;duhfpa
jpUkiyehaf;fh;> nkhd;idg;gpuhd; tpuj Kbj;j ngUkhd; MdKidajiuad;>
khwth;k Re;jughz;bad;> Re;jughz;bad; kidtp jpUTilahs;> (m.Nfh.f>g-iv)
MfpNahuhth;.
mth;jk; jpUg;gzpfs;
 Nrhokd;dh;fs;
 gpw;fhyg;ghz;bakd;dh;fs;
 Nghrhskd;dd; tPuNrhNk];tud; jd; ngauhy; Vw;gLj;jpapUe;j re;jptopghL.
 thzhjpuhah;fs; cgdhjp ];J}gpepWtpaJ.
 jpUkiyehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; Nfhapypd; %d;whk; jpUr;Rw;W fl;lg;gl;lJ.
 nkhd;idg;gpuhd; tpujKbj;j ngUkhf; MdKidajiuad; ngauhy;
jpUkz;lgk;> myq;fhu kz;lgk;>jhq;F J}z;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
 Re;jughz;bad; ngauhy; mikf;fg;gl;l FwL kz;lgk;
 Kjyhk; khwth;k Re;jughz;bad; fy;ntl;L
 Re;jughz;bad; kidtp jpUTilahs; ,f;Nfhapy; ,iwtpf;F nfhLj;j
nehe;jhtpsf;Ffs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
 ,f;NfhapYf;F tUk; re;epahrpfs;> Vfhe;jpfs;> =it\;zth;fSf;F rpw;Wz;b

nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ
 njhz;lh;fs; fl;Ltpj;j Nkl;L fpU\;z kz;lgk;> njhz;ilkhd; NfhGuk;
mth;fs; ngah; jhq;fp epiyj;J epw;gJ
 jpUkiyehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l jpUkiy ehaf;fh; kz;lgk;
Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfspy;Fwpg;gplg;g;Ls;;s gpwnra;jpfs;
 kJiuiar; Nrh;e;j nghw;nfhy;yd; mjd; mjd; vd;gtdJ ngah; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sJ. ---- fhyk; fp.K. 1k; E}w;whz;L
 dhfd; (ehfd;) vDk; ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; fp.K. 1k; E}w;whz;L
 kj;jpiuiar; (kJiu) Nrh;e;j cg;Gtzpfd; tpaf;fd; fzjpfd; vd;gtuJ ngah;
Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ ---- fhyk; fp.K. 1k; E}w;whz;L
 fzfmjd; kfd; mjd; mjd; vd;gtd; ngah; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
--- fhyk; fp.K. 1k; E}w;whz;L
 rgkpj;jh vd;w rkzg;ngz; Jwtp Fifj;jsk; my;yJ Rid mikj;jplf;
nfhil ey;fpAs;shh;. -- fhyk; fp.K. 1k; E}w;whz;L
 rh;f;fiug;ghF my;yJ gr;irf;fw;G+uk; tpw;Fk; tzpfd; neLky;yd; Fifj;jsk;
my;yJ Rid mikj;jplf; nfhil nfhLj;Js;shd;. -- fhyk; fp.K. 1k;
E}w;whz;L
 fyg;igapd; $h; gFjpahd ‘nfhOtzpfk; nra;Ak; vsre;jd; vd;w tzpfd;
nfhLj;j nfhil Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ --fhyk; fp.K. 1k; E}w;whz;L
 fOkhwd; ePh;tbtpspk;G nra;J nfhLj;jjhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (fOkhwd;
vd;gtd; ghz;ba ,sturd; my;yJ rpw;wuurdhf ,Uf;fyhk;) fhyk; fp.K. 1k;
E}w;whz;L
 jd;kz;> f];gd; vd;w ,Uth; Fifj;jsk;> Kfg;G ePh;tbtpspk;G> Rid
Mfpatw;wpy; gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;s nfhilfs; nfhLj;jjhf Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; fp.K. 1k; E}w;whz;L
 ntz;gs;sp vd;w Ciur; Nrh;e;j Jzp (mWit) tzpfd; NfhtpYf;Fj; je;j
gzj;jpd; msitf; Fwpf;fpwJ. fhyk; fp.K. 1k; E}w;whz;L
 jpahd; re;jd; toq;fpa fhrpd; msitf; Fwpf;fpwJ. fp.K. 1k; E}w;whz;L
 fzpehfd;> fzpejd; vd;w ,Uth; mikj;j fw;gLf;ifiaf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 ,jidj; jtpu mofh;Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ez;L Nghd;w FwpaPfs; Fwpf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sd. ,it. Fyf;FwpfshfNth nfhilahff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l gzj;jpd;
msthfNth ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
,f;Nfhapy; ,g;gFjpkf;fspd; tho;NthLk;>gz;ghl;NlhLk; gpd;dpg;
gpize;Js;sJ.murpdUk;>kf;fSk; ,f;Nfhapypd; tsh;rr ; papYk;>tho;tpYk; nghpJk;
mf;fiwnfhz;Ls;sdh;. kf;fspd; <LghLk;>gq;fspg;Gk; ,f;Nfhapy; Rth;fspy;
Mtzq;fshfpepiyj;Js;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. ngh.,uhNre;jpud; mofh; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfs;> Kidth; nrh.rhe;jypq;fk;

jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay;Jiw> nrh.re;jputhzd;> nrd;id – 600008> gjpg;G -
2006.
2. jp.=.=jh; ,.M.g (g.M)jkpo; - gpuhkpfy;ntl;Lfs;> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay;
Jiw> nrd;id – 600008> gjpg;G -2010.
3. jp.=.=jh; ,.M.g (g.M)> ,e;jpaf; fy;ntl;LfSk; vOj;Jf;fSk;> jkpo;ehL
muR njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id – 600008> gjpg;G -2010.
4. N[.jh;kuh[;> fy;ntl;bay;> nld;rpgg;spNf]d;];> rptfhrp. 626 123> gjpg;G–
2008.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; eLfw;fs;

Stonehenges in Ettutthokai
Kidth; f.r.gthdp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mtpdhrpypq;fk; kidapay; kw;Wk; kfsph; cah;fy;tp epWtdk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 43.
Abstract
The study of the paper finds out the facts related to messages as revealed in the book
‘Ettutthokai’. Martyrdom is considered as a noble virtue in Tamil society. The classic tamil
people gave much importance to the adventurous deeds of the warriors. So, they have given
due respect to them by erecting stonehenges. These evidences are seen in the literary sources
in detail. ‘Ettuttokai’ is one of the Sangam classics. It gives more information on the tradition
followed by the people on erecting stones to the martyrs. Therefore, the study helps to know
the cultural ethics and informations of Tamil Culture.
Keywords: Stonehenges, Ettutthokai, warriors, Tamil Culture, Reverence
rq;f fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; fhjy;> tPuk; ,uz;Lk; ,uz;lwf;

fye;jpUe;jJ. Mz;fs; jq;fspd; tPuj;ij gyg; Nghh;f;fsq;fspy; epiy ehl;bdh;.
,j;jifa tPuk; kpFe;j tPuh;fs; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; tPu kuzk; va;jpdhy; mth;fspd;
epidthf rq;f fhy kf;fs; eLfy; vd;Dk; fy;iy mikj;jdh;. njhy;fhg;gpah;
fhyj;jpw;Fk; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd; Njhd;wpa ,e;eLfy; topghL jkpofj;jpy;
gz;ghl;Lj; njhlh;rr
; piaAk;> tPur; nray;fisAk;> mr;nray;ghLfshf ,we;Jg;gl;l
kwth;fspd; GfioAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; rhjdkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,j;jifa eLfy;
Fwpj;J vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; nra;jpfis ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
eLfy; miktplk;
ngUk;ghYk; eLfw;fs; Ch;fspd; Gwj;Nj fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ch;fspd; eLtpy;
eLfw;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. xd;W ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; kl;Lk; Ch;fspd; cl;Gwj;jpy;
fhzg;gLtJ cz;L. XNug; Nghhpy; ,we;j gyg;Nghh; tPuh;fSf;Fk; eLfw;fs; xNu
,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJk; cz;L.
eLfy; mikg;G Kiw
ekJ tPuj;ij> fyhr;rhuj;ij vLj;Jf;$Wk; fhyj;jpd; fz;zhb. eLfy;
,we;jth;fspd; epidthf vLf;fg;gLk; fy;yhFk;. ,jid tPuf;fw;fs; vd;Wk;
epidTj;J}z;> tPud; fy;> Rikjhq;fpf; fy; vdgy tbtq;fspy; gytiffshf ,we;J
Nghdth;fSf;F epidTf;fy; mikj;jdh;. fUq;fw;fNs ngUk;ghYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Rkhh; 3 mbcauk; nfhz;l gyiff; fy;ypd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy;
my;yJ gf;fthl;by; fy;ntl;Lk;> ikag;gFjpapy; tPudpd; cUtKk; Gilg;Gr; rpw;gkhf
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. rpy eLfw;fspy; ,t;tikg;G khwpAk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy;
Ml;rpahz;L> kd;ddpd; ngah;> Ch;> tPudpd; ngah;> G+rypd; tptuk; Kjypad ,lk;
ngWk;. eLfy; fy;ntl;bd; vOj;Jf;fs; tl;nlOj;jpNyh my;yJ jkpopNyh ,Uf;Fk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
eLfw;fspy; tPuDila cUtk; rkh;GhpAk; epiyapy; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

iffspy; tpy;Yk;> mk;Gk; Ve;jpNah my;yJ thSk;> NflaKk; Ve;jpNah> rpy
eLfw;fspy; tPudpd; xUifapy; tpy;Yk;> kw;nwhU if ,ilapy; cs;s this
cUFk; tifapy; fhl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. GypfsplkpUe;J Ciufhj;j NghJ caph;
ePj;jtPuDf;F GypNahL rz;ilapLtJ Nghy cUtk; nghwpj;j fw;fs; mike;Js;sd.
ngUk;ghyhd eLfw;fspy; cUtq;fs; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MapDk;
rpyeLfw;fs; vOj;Jf;fSlDk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. eLfy; vt;thW
mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w ,yf;fzj;ij njhy;fhg;gpak; tiuaiw nra;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
njhy;fhg;gpah; fy; vLf;Fk; Kiwf;F>
“fhl;rp fhy;Nfhs; ePh;g;gil eLjy;
rPh;j;jF kugpd; ngUk;gil tho;j;jy; vd;W
,U %d;W kugpy; fy;” (njhy;.E}w;.)
vd;w E}w;gh top ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpwhh;. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gkpf;f tPuf;fy; my;yJ
eLfy; vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; NgRfpd;wd.
GwehD}w;wpy; eLfy;
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; xd;whd GwehD}W Gwk; rhh;e;j E}yhFk;. ,e;E}ypy;
gd;dpuz;L ,lq;fspy; eLfy; njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs; tUfpd;wd. ,jd; %yk;
tPuh;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp ehlhz;l kd;dh;fSf;Fk; vLf;fg;gl;l eLfw;fs; Fwpj;J
nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjpakhd; neLkhdQ;rpf;F eLfy; elg;gl;lij
xsitahh; fz;zPh;ky;fg; ghbAs;shh;. ,jid>
“eLfw; gPyp #l;behuhp
rpWfyj; Jug;gTk; nfhs;td; nfhy;NYh” (Gwk; - 232)
vd;w mbfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. MT+h; %yq;fpohh; vd;w Gyth; ky;yp ehl;Lf; fhhpahjp
vd;gtDf;F eLfy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mg;ghly;>
“gy;yh joP,a fy;yh ty;tpy;
ciof;Fuw; $if miog;g Ml;b
ehFKiy md;deWk; G+q; fue;ij
tpufwpahsh; kugpw; #l;l
epiuaptd; je;J eLfy; Mfpa
nts;Nty; tpliy”(Gwk; - 261)
fue;ijg; G+itr; #b epiuapid kPl;Lte;j nts;Nty; tpliy eLfy; Mdhd; vd;gij
,g;ghlypd; %yk; mwpayhk;. rq;f fhy kf;fs; Kd;Ndhh;fis tzq;fpdh; vd;gjw;F
,e;eLfy; topghL rhd;whFk;. ,jid>
“xypnkd; $e;jy; xz;Zjy; mhpit
eLfy; ifnjhOJ guTk;”(Gwk; - 306)
vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; eLfy;iy kf;fs; ePuhl;b nea;tpsf;Nfw;wp gypA+l;baijr;
Rl;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk;>
“Xq;Fepiy Ntq;if nahs;spzh; eWtPg;
Nghe;ijae; Njhl;bw; Gide;jdh; njhLj;Jg;
gy;yhd; Nfhtyh; gliy #l;lf;
fy;yhapidNa fLkhd; Njhd;wy;”(Gwk; - 265)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ehL fhty; nra;J ey;ywk; Ngzp ehdpyk; Nghw;w tho;e;j ey;yurd;

Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; tlf;fpUe;J caph;Jwe;J tPuf;fy;yha; tpsq;fpaij nghj;jpahh;
vd;w Gyth; ghLfpd;whh;.
mfehD}w;wpy; eLfy;
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; xd;whd mfehD}w;wpy; eLfy; njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;
11 ghly;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. mk;%tdhh; ghiyepyj;J topapidf; $Wk;NghJ
‘tpy;Nyh; tho;f;if tpOj;njhil kwth;> flTis top glw;F eLfy;ypd; Nky; gPyp
#l;b> fs;NshL nrk;kwpiag; gypnfhLf;fg; Nghtjw;fhpa top’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
“Kidahj; je;JKuk;gpd; tPo;j;j
tpy;Nyh; tho;f;iftpOj; njhil kwth;
ty;yhz; gJf;iff; flTl; Ngz;khh;
eLfw; gPyp #l;bJbg;gLj;jj;
Njhg;gpf; fs;nshL J&cg;gpyp nfhLf;Fk;”(mfk; - 35)
Flthapw; fPuj;jdhh; ,t;thW eLfy; gJf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,e;eLfy;
jdpf;fy;yhf Xtpaj;jpy; tiuag;gl;L Fj;Jf;fy; Nghy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. mfehD}w;wpy;
eLfy; Fwpj;j nra;jp ,t;thW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Chpy; ,y;yhky; fhl;by; ,f;fy;
,Ue;Js;sjhfTk; jz;zPNu ,y;yhj nfhbaf; fhl;by; nre;eha; grpAld; $ba
gpzTld; ,f;fy;ypd; epoypy; tjpe;jJ. eLfy; mUNf kf;fs; elkhl;lk; Fiwthf
,Ue;jJ. ,t;thpa ghly;>
“ePuw twz;l epuk;gh ePspil
ts;nsapw;Wr; nre;eha; tUe;Jgrpg;gpznthL
tpOj;njhil kwth; tpy;ypl tPo;e;Njhh;
vOj;Jil eLfy; ,d;dpoy; tjpAk;”(mfk; - 53)
vd;W rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; mofhfg; ghbAs;shh;. ghiy topapy; eLfy;ypw;F
ehl;gyp–fhiyg;gyp $l;lg;ngWfpd;w nra;jpia vapde;ij kfd; ,sq;fPudhh;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
“rpiyNa el;lfiztPo; tk;gyh;
cah;gJf;F ,th;e;j mjh;njhb mjpfy;
neLepiy eLfy; ehl;gypf; $l;Lk;
Rud;il tpyq;fpa kuNdhq;F ,aT”(mfk; - 289)
neLepiy eLfy;> neq;fy; vd;w epiyapy; eLfw;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd vd;gjw;F
,g;ghlNy rhd;W.
Iq;FWE}w;wpy; eLfy;
Iq;FWE}W vd;wrq;f E}ypy; Xjyhe;ijahh; vOj;Jil eLfy;iyg; nghpa
ahidapy; Jjpf;iff;F ctikg;gLj;jp ciuf;fpwhh;.
“tpOj;njhil kwth; tpy;yplj; njhiye; Njhh;
vOj;Jil eLfy; md;d tpog;gpzh;g;
ngUq;if ahid”(Iq; - 352)
njhFg;Giu
tPuh;fis ,d;iwar; r%fk; Nghw;Wtij tplr; rq;ffhyj;ija kf;fs;
mth;fSf;Fg; ngUk; kjpg;GnfhLj;jdh;. vdNt jhd; Nghhpy; tPukuzk; mile;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tPuh;fSf;F eLfy; topghL elj;jpdh;. mj;jifa nra;jpfis rq;ffhyg; Gyth;fs;

jq;fs; ghlypd; top ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. mtw;Ws; vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fshd
GwehD}W> mfehD}W> Iq;FWE}W Mfpa E}w;fspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s eLfy;
nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wtjhf ,f;fl;Liu mike;Js;sJ.
Jiz E}w;gl;bay;
1. gz;ila jkpofk; - rpj;uh khjtd;.

2. rq;ffhy Ml;rpKiwAk; r%f tho;Tk; - Nguhrphpah; K.ePyfz;l rh];jphp.
3. njhiyNgrp top jfty; Nrfhpg;G Dr.[pe;jh M.A., Ph.D., jpUney;Ntyp.
4. ,izajs cjtpapd; %yk; ngw;w Fwpg;Gfs;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpUr;nrq;NfhL fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpayhFk; jkpou; gz;ghL

Tamil Culture comprehended through the Culverts of Thiruchencode
Kidtu;. muq;f. ghup> Nguhrpupau; kw;Wk; jiytu;>

mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>mz;zhkiyefu; -608002.
Abstract
In Tamil Nadu temples are the main sources of archaeological evidences. They rely as
the epitome of Tamil Culture. Through the facts edicted in the culverts inside the premises or
the in around areas near to the Arthanareeswara temple of Thiruchencode, lots of evidences
are calculable to identify the titles of the Pandian and Chola kings. Their title names,
donations, philanthrophy given by them and other evidences related to the society and social
culture followed by them are evidently seen through the culverts in the Thiruchencode
Arthanareeswara temple. Hence, the article plans to decode the true facts found out from the
culverts.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Culverts, Thiruchencode, Arthanareeswara Temple.
Kd;Diu
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghfj; jkpofj;jpy; Nfhapy;fs; kpfg;ngWk; tuyhw;Wg;
gzpapid nra;Js;sd. kd;du;fspd; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;ngw;w Nfhapy;fs; jkpodp;d;
ehfupfk; gz;ghL Nghd;wtw;wpd; cau;r;rpiaf; fhl;b ep;w;fpd;wd. ,it ntWk;
topghl;Lj; jyq;fshf kl;Lk; mikahky; jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;iwAk; gz;ghl;ilAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,lq;fshfTk; jpfo;fpd;wd. jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; kf;fis
xUq;fpizj;J xw;Wik Vw;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fshfTk; Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd. me;j
tifapy; mike;Js;s Nfhapy;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Xu; Myae;jhd; ehkf;fy;
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUr;nrq;NfhL Myak;. ,e;j Myaj;jpd; ngau; mu;j;jehup];tuu;
Nfhapy; vd;gjhFk;. ,f;Nfhapypd; ntspr;Rtupy; fhq;Nfad; fy;ntl;L cs;sJ.
Ntytd; NfhapYk; mUNf mike;Js;sJ.
,iwtd; jpUNkdpNa xU gz;ghl;il nkhopfpwJ.
cyfpy; MZk; ngz;Zk; rkk; vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; cUtNk mu;j;jehup];tuh;
cUtk;. ,J Fwpj;j gz;ghl;Lg; gjpit nkhopAk; Ma;twpQu; ng.mu;j;jehup];tud;
$Wk; fUj;J vz;zj;jf;fJ. njd;dfj;jpNy jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;by; jhd;
mu;j;jehup];tu;f;nfd;W jdp Myak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cyf tho;f;if rpwg;Gw
mikaNtz;Lkhdhy; MZk; ngz;Zk; ,ize;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jj;
jj;Jtj;ij cyf kf;fSf;F rptd; Nkw;nfhz;l tbtNk mu;j;jehup];tuh; tbtk;
MFk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
flTs; rkak; fle;j epiyia ,e;j ,iw jj;Jtk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,J
jkpodpd; milahsk;. MZk; ngz;Zk; rkk; vz;Zk; gz;ghl;il cyFf;F
ciuj;Js;s rpw;gk; vd;W vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ,e;j tbtk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ngupaGuhzj;jpy; “khnjhUghfdhu;” (Nrf;fpohu;

ngupaGuhzk;> jLj;jhl;nfhz;;l Guhzk; - 3 vd;Wk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
“ciknahUghfj;ij xUtid tzq;fp’ (rpyg;gjpfhuk; 22 tJ fhij 103 tJ tup)
vd;W ,lk;ngw;Ws;sikia mwpa KbfpwJ. NkYk;> jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;> fgpyu;>
mUzfpupehju; ghly;fspYk; jpUr;nrq;NfhL gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu ,Jtiu Kg;gj;jpuz;L fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
gbnaLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa rhrdq;fs; njhFjp gjpd;%d;wpy;
,uhrNrfutu;kd; vd;w jiyg;gpy; kl;Lk; Ie;J fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; thrfq;fs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,t;thNw njd;dpe;jpa rhrdq;fs; njhFjp gj;njhd;gjpy;
guNfruptu;kd; vd;w jiyg;gpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;wpd;
nra;jpf;Fwpg;gpy; ARE 622 Kjy; 654 tiuapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. NkYk;> 1915 fspy;
fy;ntl;L Fwpg;Gfspd; Mz;lwpf;ifapy; 294 Kjy; 297 tiuapy; cs;s
vz;Fwpg;Gfspy; fhzyhk;. jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;by; cs;s fy;ntl;Lfspy; Nrho kd;du;fspd;
nra;jpfs; ghz;bau;fspd; fUj;Jfs;;> kJiu ehaf;fu;> Nkh&u; fhq;Nfau; MfpNahiug;
gw;wpar; nra;jpfs; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd.
milnkhopahy; mioj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; gz;ghL
jkpof kd;du;fs; jq;fis milnfhLj;J mioj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gz;G
kpf;ftu;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdu;. jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;by; cs;s fy;ntl;Lfspy; Nrhou; Fwpj;j
fy;ntl;Lfspy; Nrhokd;dh;fs; jq;fisg; guNfrhp vd;Wk; ,uhrNfrhp vd;Wk;
milnfhLj;J miof;Fk; jd;ikapdu;. vl;Lf;fy;ntl;Lfspy; ‘Nfhg;guNfrhp’ vd;W
njhlq;Ftijf; fhzyhk.; kJiuAk; <oKk; nfhz;l Nfhg;gu Nfrup tu;kd; vd;W
milnfhLj;J mioj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s gz;ghL vz;zj;jf;fJ.
,t;thNw Nfh ,uhrNfruptu;kd; vd;W milnfhLj;J njhlq;Fk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
Ie;J ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,g;gl;lj;ij miliag; gad;gLj;jpa Nrho kd;du;fs;
Mjpj;a Nrhod;> fz;luhjpj;j Nrhod; MfpNahu; Mtu;. ,tu;fSs; Mjpj;jNrhod;
njhz;ilehL tiuapy; jdJ Ml;rpia tpupTgLj;jpatd;. mjdhy; ,tid
njhz;ilehL gutpa uhrNfrup vd;W mioj;Jf;nfhz;lhd; vd;W jpUr;nrq;NfhL
fy;ntl;L nkhope;Js;sJ.
ghz;bau;fSk; Nfhr;rilad; gz;ghLk;
ghz;bau;fspy;; jpUr;nrq;NfhLf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; jq;fis rilatu;kd; vd;Wk;
khwtu;kd; vd;Wk; milnfhLj;J mioj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gz;Gkpf;ftu;fshf
,Ue;Js;sdu;. jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;by; = Re;ju ghz;baNjtu; vdj; njhlq;Fk; fy;ntl;Lk;
Nfhr;rila gd;kuhd jpupGtdk; rf;utu;j;jpfs; Re;ju ghz;baNjtu; vdj; njhlq;Fk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vd MW fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
Nfhapy; fl;llf;fiyiaf; fl;b fhl;bag;gz;ghL
ghz;ba kd;du;fs; NghyNt ,ilf;fhyj;J kd;du;fs; Nfhapy; fl;Lk; gz;gpy;
jpisj;jpUe;jdu;. Nfhapy;fs; fl;LtJ kl;Lky;yhky; NfhtpYf;F kjpw;Rtu;
vOg;GtJk;> epUj;j kz;lgk>; rpw;gq;fs; cUthf;FtJ vd;gd Nghd;w gzpfis
Nkw;nfhz;;ldu;. ahNuh ve;j kd;dNdh fl;ba NfhtpYf;F ehk; Vd; mij GJg;gpf;f
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ jpUg;gzpfs; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W ve;jnthU kd;dDk;
epidf;ftpy;iy. Nfhapy; nghJtopg;ghl;Lj; jykhf ,Ue;jjhy; mjw;F Vw;gLk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nrjq;fis toptopahf te;j kd;du;fs; Gzuikg;G nra;j gz;ghL Nghw;wj;jf;fJ.

me;j tifapy; vz;zj;jf;ftu;fs; nrq;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;j fhq;Nfau;fs;.
,tu;fs; fq;f gFjpapy; ,Ue;J te;jtu;fs;. jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;Lf;F mUfpy; NkhUupy;
tho;e;jdu;. ,tu;fs; Ntshsu; kugpdu; vd;Wk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
xU kd;du; guk;giu njhlu;e;J tUk; kd;du; guk;giuapdu; Nfhapiyr;
nrg;gdpLjy;> Fsk; ntl;Ljy;;> kjpy;Rtu; fl;ly;> rpiyaikj;jy;> rpw;gq;fs;
cUthf;fy; vd;gd Nghd;w gzpfis epiwthfr; nra;Js;sikahy; mtu;fspd;
fiyg;gz;G ntspg;gLfpwJ.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,iwtd; ngau; gjpf;Fk; gz;G
Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; kd;du; ngaUk; ,iwtd; ngaUk; ,izj;Jg;ghu;f;Fk;
Kiw ,lk;ngw;Ws;sikiaj; jkpou; gz;ghL vdyhk;.
Nfhg; guNfruptu;kdpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; jpUr;nrq;NfhL kfhNjtu; vd;Wk;
jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;L ngUkhdbfs; vd;Wk; ,iwtd; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfh
uhrNfrup tu;kd; fy;ntl;by; jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;L Ms;thu; vd;W ,iwtd; ngau;
,lk;ngw;Ws;ik mwpaj;jf;fJ.
Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpuDila fy;ntl;by; jpUkiyapy; vOe;jUspAs;s cilahu;
vd;W ,iwtd; ngau; Rl;lg;ngw;Ws;sik mwpaj;jf;fJ. fpU\;zNjtuhaUila
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,iwtdJ Fkhuu; ngau; = mu;j;jehupr;RuKila jk;gpuhd; Fkhuu;
vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk; fUjj;jf;fJ. ,t;thW ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fspd;
,iwtd; ngau; ,lk;ngw;Ws;ik vz;zj;jf;fJ.
epyf;nfhil toq;Fk; gz;ghL
fp.gp 9> 10 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mz;l Nrho kd;du;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nghw;nfhil
mspj;J te;jdu;. fp.gp 11 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fs; mtu;fSf;Fg;
gpwF te;j kd;du;fSf;F epyf;nfhil mspj;J te;jdu;.
Re;ju ghz;badpd; VohtJ Ml;rp Mz;Lf; fy;ntl;Lk; gj;jhk; Ml;rpahz;Lf;
fy;ntl;Lk; epyf;nfhil mspj;jij ntsp;g;gLj;JfpwJ. eurpq;fcilahupd; fy;ntl;L
jpUkiyapy; vOe;jUspAs;s mu;j;jehup];tuUf;Fk; Rg;gpukzpaUf;Fk; nfhq;fpd;
tPuNrho kz;lyj;Jf; fPo;f;fiug; G+e;Jiw ehl;L #ug;gz;zpahd; mfuKk; ej;jKk;
cs;sjhf ehd;F vy;iyf;Fk; cl;gl;l NkNdhf;fpa kuKk; fPo;Nehf;fpa fpzUk;
eQ;irAk; GQ;irAkhfTk; ju;kkhff; nfhLj;jijf; $Wfpd;wJ.
fpuhkf;nfhil> jhiuthu;j;Jf; nfhLj;jy; Nghd;w gz;GfSk; gz;ila
kd;du;fs;> tho;tpay; gz;Gkpf;ftu;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdu;. nghd; msf;Fk; fUtp> ,d
kf;fspd; ngau;fs; Fwpg;ghf ctr;ru;fs; vDk; gpuptpdu; gw;wpa nra;jpf;Fwpg;G
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,tu;fs; Nfhapy;fspy; Nksk; thrpg;gtu;fs; vd;w nghUz;ikapy;
tho;e;jdu;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;by; trpf;ftpy;iy vd;gJk; fy;ntl;Lf;
fhyj;jpy; ,r;nra;jp; vz;zj;jf;fJ.
jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; kd;du;fspd; ngau;fSld; gl;lg; ngau;fis
my;yJ gl;lq;fis milfshfg; gad;gLj;Jk; gz;G ntspg;gLfpwJ. kd;du;fspd;
fy;ntl;L; fspy; ,iwtd; ngaUk; nrJf;fg;gLtJ kughu;e;j gz;ghf cs;sJ.
kd;du;fspd; nghw;nfhilf;Fg; gpwF epyf;nfhilahsu;fshfj; jpfo;e;Js;sdu;. gy;NtW


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fUtpfs;> ,dg;ngau;fs;> njhopy;fs; ngau;fs; cs;spl;ltw;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak;

gz;ghLk; ,Ue;Js;sikia njhy;ypay; rhu; gjpTfshf vz;ztpaYk;.
gad;ik E}y;fs;
1. ,sq;Nfhtbfs;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;
2. Nrf;fpohu;> ngupaGuhzk;
3. Nf.Nf.gps;is> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
4. ng.mu;j;ehup];tud;> jpUr;nrq;NfhL
5. T.A Gopinatharao Hindu I conogtaphy voll II Pat, P – 321
6. S II VaX1X, 219 , 426,441
7. ARE – 633 TO 905


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk;
Culverts and Copper Plates
mk;ig Rtn.M.ghyruRtjp> vk;.V.> vk;.vl;.

jkpo;rn
; rk;ky; tpUjhsh;> mk;ig.
Abstract
The antiqueness of Tamil Language and Culture is as old as the earth. That is
proclaimed as the Tamil Class is the ancient. All over the world, there is voluminous
evidence that Tamil Culture is the oldest in the world having lots of archaelocal proofs. Most
of the evidences are from the Culverts and Bronze Plates. Many Tamil kings had edicted
culverts and inscribed bronzelets and copper plates to show down their feats, actions, ethics,
etc related to the Tamil society. The Chola and Pandiya Kings had inscribed their titleverses
to proclaim their valour and achievement. The sources at Ilankai and in Tamil Nadu purport
that Tamil Civilization in the unawared places inside the state and putside and at Ilankai. The
inscriptions and edicts prove that Tamil society has arich culture. Modern archaeological
research will help to retrieve the hidden truths about Tamil culture through the ancient
evidences. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the antiqueness of Tamil Culture through
the Culverts and Bronzelets.
Keywords: Culverts, Bronze Plates, Tamil Society, Evidences
cyfpd; %j;j nkhop ek; jkpo; nkhop mjid nkd;NkYk; nkUF $l;LtNjhL
tUq;fhyr; rKjhaj;jpw;Fj; jkpouJ tho;tpaiy mth;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;ba nghWg;gpy; cs;Nshk;. cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp
epWtdk; ,g;gzpia rPhpa Kiwapy; nray;gLj;jp tUtJ ghuhl;Ljw;FhpaJ tuNtw;fj;
jf;fjhFk;.
md;idj; jkpio Kd;dpWj;jp vOe;j cyf khDlj;jpd; cd;dj $W
jkpofk; vd;gij njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd. tlNtq;flk; njd;Fkhp
Mapilj; jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yyfk; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ. cyfshtpa
epiyapy; fzpdp top jkpo; gutpAs;sij vy;NyhUk; mwpth;. “ahJkhfp epd;wha;>
Njtp vq;Fk; eP epiwe;jha;” vd;fpwhh; ghujpahh; “ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph”; vd;gJ
fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhhpd; thf;F cyfkakhf;fy; cz;ikahfp cyfj; jkpoh;fis
,e;epfo;T ,izf;fpwJ. ,J kfpo;thd> epiwthd nra;jpahFk;. vt;TapUk; jd;Daph;
Nghy; vz;zpf; fhf;Fk; jkpohpd; nrt;tpay; newpf;F njhy;ypay; cWJiz GhpfpwJ
vd;gij Ma;tJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
fy;ntl;bYk; nrg;NgLfSk; jkpohpd; cah;e;j tho;tpay; newpia nts;spil
kiyahf tpsf;Ffpd;wd. fy;ntl;Lk; nrg;NgLk; xl;bg; gpwe;j ,ul;il thiofs;.
fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspd; efyhf nrg;NgLfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L te;jd. Mapuk; ths;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Kidia tpl typik tha;e;jJ NgdhKid vd;gh;. ,f;fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk;

fy; Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;whj ------- %j;jFb” vd;w Fbr; rpwg;ig cyf ntspr;rj;jpw;F
nfhz;L tUk; Kaw;rp rpwg;ghdJ. Ma;Tfspy; fpilj;j 7000 nghUl;fspd; kjj;jpd;
rhay; ,y;iy vd;gNj Nghw;Wjw;FhpajhFk;.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Njhd;ww;Fhpa fhuzq;fs;
“ey;yhh;; xUtUf;Fr; nra;j cgfhuk;
fy;Nky; vOj;Jg;Nghy; fhZNk – my;yhj
<ukpy;yh neQ;rj;jhh;fF; <e;j cgfhuk;
ePh; Nky; vOj;jpw;F Neh;”
vd;w xsit thf;fpw;fpzq;f gpwUf;F nra;j cjtpAk;> mjdhy; tUk; GfOk;
cyfpy; gd;neLq;fhyk; epyt Ntz;Lk; vd;w ey;y vz;zj;jpy; tUe;jpj; Njba
nghUis cyfj;jhUf;F cjTkhW mwr;nray;fs; nra;jhh;fs;. mwr;nray;fs;
njhlu Ntz;Lnkd;w vz;zj;jpy; murUk; ngUkf;fSk; mwpa nghJ ,lq;fspy;
gyUk; fhZkhW mwr;nray;fis fy;ypy; nghwpj;J itg;gJ tof;fkha; ,Ue;jJ.
“ahk; ngw;w ,d;gk; ngWf ,t;itafk;” vd;gjw; Nfw;g gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd
fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpo;ehl;by; fhzf; fplf;fpd;wd. gy;ytuhl;rpf;F Kd; fy;ypy; vOJk;
tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. vd;gij njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; fhZk;:
“fhl;rp fhy;Nfhs; ePh;g;gil eLfy;
rPh;j;jF rpwg;gpd; ngUk;gil tho;j;jy;”
vd;Dk; mbfshy; mwpayhk;. fy; eLjiyg; gw;wpg; ghba ghly;fs; GwehD}W>
mfehD}W> jpUf;Fws;> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkiy Kjypa gy E}w;fspYk;
fhzg;ngWfpd;wd. eLfy;ypy; tPudJ ngaUk;> ngUikAk; vOJjy; cz;L vd;gij
njhy;Gwj;jpiz ,ay; - 5
“mzpkapw; gPyp#l;bg; ngah; nghwpj;J
,dp ehl;ldNu fy;Yk;” vd;W GwehD}Wk;
“Mlth; gPLk;> ngaUk; vOjp mjh;njhWk;
gPyp #l;ba gpwq;F epiy fy;” vd;W mfehD}Wk;
mtd; ngah; fy;kpirg; nghwpj;Jf;
ftpd; ngwf; fy; ehl;bd;W”
vd;W Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyahYk; mwpayhk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; murh;fspd; nfhilr; rpwg;G> Ml;rpj; jpwd;> Nghh;r;
nray;fs;> mwr; nray;fs;> Mfpatw;iwAk; kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fisAk; mwpa
cjTfpd;wd.
fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;
murdJ MizNah> my;yJ ,U jpwj;jhUs; Vw;gLk; cld;ghLfisNah>
goq;fhy kf;fs; nrg;NgLfspy; vOJk; gof;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; fp.K.2k; E}w;whz;L
KjNy ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. xU nrg;NgL vg;gb vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpjpia
tpZ Guhzk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. murd; epyj;ij nfhilahf mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nrg;Ngl;by; murdJ Kj;jpiu murdpd; Kd;Ndhh; gw;wpAk; gjpg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
epyj;jpd; vy;iy> gug;G Kjypad Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; fpilj;j
nrg;NgLfspy; goikahdJ Fg;j kd;dh; Kjyhk; “FkhuFg;jdpd; “jidjfh”


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nrg;NglhFk;. (fp.gp.433) jkpo; fy;ntl;Lfspy; nrg;gpYk;> rpiyapYk; vOj Ntz;Lk;

vd;w Fwpg;Gk; cs;sJ. xt;nthU fy;ntl;bw;Fk; xU nrg;NgL efy; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; tPuuhNre;jpudpd; fd;dpahFkhp fy;ntl;L nrg;Ngl;bd; efyhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;
vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
KUJ}Uilahh; mUzpjp fypad; vd;gtd; Kjyhk; guhe;jfr; Nrhodpd;
mjpfhhpfspy; xUtd;. ,td; Fsk; ntl;b fiuia cah;j;jp ePh;Njf;fpdhd;.
epyj;jhy; ngw;w tUkhdj;ijf; nfhz;L eurpq;fg; ngUkhDf;F %d;W Ntis
jpUtKJ nra;tJ vd;Wk;> kPjp ney;nfhz;L ehs;NjhWk; Ntjk; ty;y gpuhkzh;
ItUf;F rpwg;ghd mKJ nra;tplf;f Vw;ghL nra;jhd; vd;W Midkiy eurpq;fg;;
ngUkhd; Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ehl;L tuyhw;iw mwpa ngUe; Jizahf cs;sJ. jkpo;ehl;L
ntw;wp Nte;jh;fspd; ngUikfSk; mf;fhyj;J ehfhPf Nkk;ghLfSk;> Gutyh;> Gyth;>
murpay; jiyth; KjyhNdhh; tuyhWfs; Gydhfpd;wd. me;ehl;L murdpd;
ntw;wpfs;> rpwg;Gfs;> Nfhapy; Nkw;ghh;it murpay; mjpfhhpfs;> fpuhk Ml;rp>
jpUg;gzpfs; mwNthh; tuyhW Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ffpd;wd. kha+uk; tl;l rptd;
Nfhapy; fy;ntl;lhy; “mkpjrhfuh” vd;gth; ahg;gUq; fyfhhpif Mrphpah; vd;gJ
njspthfpwJ. Kjyhk; uhruhr Nrhod; fhy fy;ntl;Lfs; murdpd; ntw;wp> Mw;wpa
jpUg;gzpfs; murpay; mjpfhhpfs; nra;j jpUg;gzpfs;> Nfhapy; eph;thfk;
nja;tgf;jp Mfpatw;iw njspthf tpsf;FfpwJ. NkYk; ngUtop> gzpkfs;> GJf;F
vd;w J}a jkpo; nrhw;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; fy;ntl;L: murpd; tlehl;L gilvLg;igAk;> fly;
fle;j ntw;wpfisAk;> Mo;tuguhe;jfh;> Fe;jitahh; nra;j jpUg;gzpfs;> fy;ntl;lhy;
mwpayhk;. rh;trpt gz;bjh;> mth; rp~;ah;fSf;F Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 2000 fyk; ney;
nfhLf;f Vw;ghL nra;jhd;. ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; fy;ntl;L Nrhoh;-Nkiyr; rhSf;fpah;
Nghh;fis tpthpf;fpd;wd. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; fy;ntl;L jpy;iyj; jpUg;gzpfis
tpthpf;fpwJ. fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ntw;wp Nte;jh;fSila tuyhWfis mwpa kpfTk;
cjTfpwJ.
gj;Jg;ghl;by; FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L ghba fgpyh; jpUf;NfhtY}hpy; jPg;gha;e;J caph;
ePf;f mth; epidthf xU eLfy; (fgpyf;fy;) epWtg;gl;lij Kjy; ,uhruhrd;
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp.1012) jpUf;NfhtY}h; tPul;lhNdRtuh; Nfhapypy; tiuag;gl;l
fy;ntl;L $Wk; nra;jpahFk;.
fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh; ghba gl;bdg;ghiy gw;wp khwth;kd; Re;ju
ghz;badpd; (fp.gp.1216-1268) fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jpy; Nrho ehl;il ntd;w
ghz;bad; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;fF ; f; fhpfhyd; mspj;j “gjpdhW fhy; kz;lgk;” jtpu
Vidatw;iw mopj;jhd; vd;w nra;jp ,lk; ngWfpwJ. fp.gp.13k; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;L
jpUtz;zhkiyapy; tiuag;gl;lJ “ey;ypirf; flhk;Gide d;dd;”> mjhtJ ,dpa
Xir mike;j kiygLflhk; vd;Dk; E}y; nfhz;L Gfo; va;jpa ed;dd; vdf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kiygLflhk; Mrphpah; ngUq;nfsrpfdhh; ,uzpa Kl;l ehl;Lg; ngUq;
Fd;W}uhFk;. ,e;ehL ghz;b kz;lyj;jpYs;sJ vd;W fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. NkYk;
,g;Gyth; ghz;b ehl;bdh; vd;Wk; mwpa cjTfpwJ. kNyah ehl;bd; tlNfhbapy;
cs;sJ gpdhq;F. mjw;Fk; tlf;Nf cs;sJ rahk;. ,e;ehl;bd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cs;s JiwKfk; “j$gh” ,jd; cz;ikg; ngah; “jf;Nfhyk;” ,J jkpo; ngah;.

Kjyhk; uhNre;jpu Nrhod; ,j; jf;Nfhyj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhd; vd;W fy;ntl;L
$WfpwJ.
irt rka Futh;fSs; xUtuhd jpUQhdrk;ge;j mbfs; Fwpj;j fy;ntl;L.
,NuNre;jpu rpq;fts ehl;L jpUthyp ehl;L cilahh; = uhruh[P]t ; uk; cilahh;
Njtjhdk; FWthzpf; Fbahfpa guNfrhpGuj;J efuj;jhh; ahz;L ,Ugj;njhd;ght
Jtiu FLj;j uj;jpdq;fs; jl;rpz NkU tplq;fd; vd;Wk; fy;yhy; epiw vLj;Jk;
nghd; Mlty;yhd; vd;Dk; fy;yhy; epiw vLj;Jk; fy;ypy; ntl;bdhd;.
ghz;ba kd;dh;fspd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; mwpayhFk;. nra;jpfshtd
khwQ;rilad; vd;gtdpd; fy;ntl;L “ty;y ehl;Lf; ftpg;ghy; fy; Fwpr;rp tuFztjp
miuad; M def;fQ;nrl;b jpUntl;G+h; Nfhjh;zj;J kfh Njth;f;F xU ee;jh tpsf;F
vhpg;gjw;F gyhplkpUe;J 15 foQ;R nghd; ngw;W ghJfhtypy; itj;Js;shd; vd;w
nra;jpiaf; $WfpwJ. kf;fs; nja;t gf;jpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh; Nfhapy; fhhpaq;fs;
jilapd;wp ele;jd. “gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw vd;whw;Nghy gyhplkpUe;J nghUs;
ngw;whapDk;” Nfhapy; topghLfs; Fiwtpd;wp elf;f Vw;ghLfs; nra;jdh;. ghz;ba
kd;dh;fs; irt Nfhapy;fs; fl;Ltpj;j nghOjpYk; mWtif rkaj;jhUk; rka
fho;g;Gzh;tpd;wp tho;e;jdh; vd;gij fy;ntl;Lfs; $Wfpd;wd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wk; tho;tpy; nra;jpfs;
Re;jughz;badpd; fy;ntl;L ehl;by; %tifj; jkpOk;> ehy;tif NtjKk;>
Itif Nts;tpAk; rpwg;Gld; jpfo;e;jd. ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;Dk; Kj;jkpOk;
kd;duhYk;> kf;fshYk; Ngzg;gl;ld. midtUk; jha;j; jkpopy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh;.
ehl;by; Nts;tpfs; eilngw;wd. Ntjq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld. kW cyf tho;tpy;
ek;gpf;if cilath;fsha; ,Ue;jhh;fs;. murd; giftiu nty;Yk; tPuKk;> gzpe;J
jpiw nrYj;j mUSk; gz;Gk; cilatdha; tpsq;fpdhd;. ,jid “cyf
KOJilahndhLk; tPw;wpUe;jUspa” vd;w fy;ntl;Lj; njhlh; njspthf;FfpwJ.
kd;dUk;> kf;fSk; “kidtpahplj;jpy;” kpf;f ghpTlDk; md;GlDk; ele;J nfhz;ldh;.
fy;ntl;by; vOtifg; ghly; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpoh; ,irapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh;
vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ. murd; my;yJ kf;fs; gpwg;gpf;Fk; Mizfis cWjp
nra;a ePh;thh;j;Jf; nfhLj;J (jhiuthh;j;jy;-cWjp) cWjp $Wth; vd;w nra;jpfis
,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gfh;fpd;wd.
mhpNfrhp guhf;fpuk ghz;badpd; fy;ntl;lhy; mtd; Nfhapy; fl;lf; fhuzk;>
fl;ba tuyhW> Nfhapiyg; Ngzp ghJfhg;gth;fSf;F murd; nrYj;Jk; ed;wp
Kjypatw;iw tpsf;FfpwJ. me;jzh;fs; tho mfuq;fs; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;j nra;jp
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cyf kf;fisf; fhf;fr; rptngUkhdila ghjq;fshfpa jhkiu kyh;fis
jd;Dila Kbapy; #b nrq;Nfhy; Xr;rpdhd; vd;Wk; mwnewp jtwhJ jhdjUkk;
nra;J rpwg;Gld; Ml;rp nra;jhd; vd;gij
“,yF fUiz ,uz;LUntd;d mk;ikAk; mg;gDkha; midj;Japh;fF ; k;
,k;ik gaDk;> kWikf;F cWjpAk; Nkk;gl ey;fpdhd;” vd;Wk; guhf;fpuk ghz;bad;
fy;ntl;by; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. ehl;bd; gz;ghl;L epiyia mwpa fy;ntl;Lfs;
JizGhpfpd;wd vd;gij mwpayhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;L:
nrq;fly; topfhl;b 54 gj;jpapy; $wpa nra;jpiag; GwehD}W 48:16-y;
“Nfhij khh;gpw; NfhijahDk; Nfhijiag; Gzh;e;Njhh; NfhijahDk; khh;fop
kyh;e;j neq;j yhDk; fs; eh/Wk;Nk fhdy; mk; njhz;b m/Jvk; CNu mtd; vk;
,iwtd; md;Ndhw; glh;jp ahapd; ePAk”; vd;W $wpajpypUe;J mwpaj;jFk;
nra;jpahFk;.
mf];j]; rPrh;> Kjy; E}w;whz;bd; Nuhk ehl;L murd;. ,td; fhyj;jpy;
gUtf;fhw;wpd; cjtpAld; ,e;jpahTld; fly; top tzpfk; rPuha; ele;jJ vd;Wk;
,t;turd; cUtKila ehzaqfs; Jiw Kfg; gug;gpYk; cs; ehl;bYk; fpilj;jjd;
%yk; njspthfpd;wJ.
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; mUfpy; 1842 ,y; fpilj;j nts;spapyhd 522 ehzaq;fSs;
135 mf];l]; ehzaq;fs; 378 ilgPhpa]; vd;w Nuhk; murh;fs; fhyj;jitahFk;.
,jpypUe;J ,t;tpU ehLfSf;fpilNa fly;top tzpfk; rpwe;jpUe;jJ vd;Wk; ey;y
JiwKfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; Nkyhz;ikAk; rpwe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; njspthfpwJ.
jhkpuguzp ejp flypy; fyf;Fkplj;jpy; ,Ue;j nfhw;if Kj;J tpahghuj;jpy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. rq;f fhyk; KjNy rpwe;j JiwKfg; gl;bdkhfTk;
,Ue;jJ. ,q;F Nkw;nfhz;l mfo;tha;tpd; NghJ jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpj;j
ghid XLfs; fpilj;jd. mit etPd Nkk;ghl;L Nrhjid %yk; kpfj; njhd;ikahd
fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit vd;W fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
nka;f;fhP ;j;jp
fy;ntl;bd; Kf;fpag; gFjpahfj; jpfo;tJ nka;f;fhP ;j;jp. nka;f;fhP ;j;jp vd;gJ
xU Nte;jDila cz;ikg; GfioAk; mtd; tuyhw;iwAk; vLj;Jf;$wp gpd; mtd;
NjtpahUld; tho;f vd tho;j;jp> mtdJ ,aw;ngaNuhL rpwg;Gg; ngaiuAk; Ml;rp
Mz;ilAk; rpwg;ghff; $WtjhFk;. ,jd; ,yf;fzj;ij
“rPh; ehd; fhfp apuz;lbj; njhilaha; Nte;jd; nka;g; Gfnoy;yhk;
nrhy;ypak; me;jj;jtd; tuyhW nrhy;ypAk; mtSld; tho;f vdr; nrhy;ypAk;
kw;wtd; ,aw;ngah; gpd;dh; rpwf;f ahz;nldj; jpwk;gl Tiug;gJ rPh;
nka;f;fhP ;j;jp” vd;Wk; gd;dpU glyr; #j;jpuj;jhy; mwpayhk;.
Kjy; ,uhr uhr Nrhodpd; nka;fPh;j;jp
“jpUkfs; Nghyg; ngUepyr; nry;tpAk;” vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ. Kjyhk;
,uhNre;jpur; Nrhodpd; nka;f;fhP ;j;jp “jpUkd;dp tsutpUepy kle;ijAk;” vd;W
njhlq;FfpwJ. ,uhrhjpuhrdpd; nka;fPh;j;jp “jpq;fNsh jUjd; nwhq;fy;
ntz;Filf;fPo;” vd;Wk; tPuuhNre;jpudpd; nka;fPh;j;jp “jpUtsh; jpus;Gaj;J ,U
epytytk;” vd;Wk; mhpNfrhp guhf; fpuk ghz;badpd; nka;f;fhP ;j;jp “G+kpkpir tdpij
khh;gpdpw; nghypa” vd;Wk;.
Kjy; ,uhNre;jpud; tq;fhs Njrk; tiu ntw;wp fz;lhd; vd;gij “jq;fhj
rhuy; tq;fhs NjrKk;” vd tUk; mtdJ nka;f;fhP ;j;jpahy; mwpayhk;.
tpra je;jp tpf;fpukth;k gy;ytdpd; Ik;gj; njhd;whk; Ml;rp Mz;lhfpa
fp.gp.828-y; jpUNtq;flj;Jg; ngUkhs; mbfSf;Fr; Nrho ehl;L Nrhodhh; cyfg;
ngUkhdhh; jpUtpsf;fpd; nghUl;L Kg;gJ foQ;R nghd;id %yjdkhf itj;Js;shh;.
mijf; nfhz;L fUf;fpg;gl;bia thq;fp jpUtpsf;F itf;fg;gl;L te;jJ vd;w nra;jp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpj;J}h; khtl;lk; jpUr;rhD}h; Nfhapy; thry;jiuapy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;lhy;

njhpatUfpwJ.
kzpkq;fyk; fy;ntl;L: nka;f;fhP ;j;jp
,uhrhjpuhrd; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf Mft ky;yd; kPJ gil vLj;jhd;.
Mftky;yDila gilapy; ,Ue;j fz;lh;> jpdfud;> ehuzd;> fzgjp> kJ#jdd;
vd;gth;fs; GwKJfhl;b Xbdh;. gpwF fk;gpyp efhpy; ,Ue;j rhSf;fpaUila
khspifia ,bj;Jj; js;sp “ntw;wpj; J}Zk;” ehl;bdhd;. ,jid kz;kq;fyk;
fy;ntl;L “Mftky;ydk; mQ;rw; NfT jd; jhq;fUk; gilahy; Mq;ftd; NridAl;
fz;lg; gaDk; fq;fhjuDk; tz;lkh; fspw;nwhL kbaj; jpz;jpwy; tpUjh;
tpf;fpAk; tprah jpj;jDk; fUKul; rhq;f ka;aD Kjypdh;rku gPU xj;Jila
tphpRlh;g; nghd;Ndhil aq;fphpg; GutpNahLk; gpbj;Jj; jd;dhilapw; raq;nfhz;
nlhd;dhh; nfhs;spg; ghf;if As;nshp kLg;gpj;J” vd;Wk; “fz;lh; jpdfud;
ehuzd; fztjp tz;lyh; njhpad; kJjd ndd; nwidg; gytiu rhiu
Kidtapw; W}uj;jp tk;gyh; jUnghopw; fk;gpyp efUl; rhSf;fpah; khspif ifj;
jfh;g;gpj;J” vd;W $WfpwJ.
mhpNfrhp guhf;fpuk ghz;bad; - fp.gp.1422-1463 tiu Ml;rpGhpe;jhd;. “G}kpir
tdpij khh;gpdpw; nghypa” vd;W njhlq;Fk; nka;fPh;j;jp ,td; Nghh;r; nray;fs;>
Fzr; rpwg;Gfis tpsf;FfpwJ.
,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; fp.gp.1017-y; <o ehl;bd; kPJ gil vLj;Jr; nrd;whd;. rpq;f
Nte;jid ntd;W murd; kw;Wk; Njtpah; Kbapidf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. ,yq;if
Nte;jdplk; ghz;ba kd;dd; milf;fykhf itj;J nrd;witfisf; ifg;gw;wp ehL
jpUk;gpdhd;. vd;w nka;fPh;j;jpg; gFjp czh;j;JfpwJ. kyah Rkj;jpuh> rhth Mfpa
jPTfis ntd;wjdhy; flhuq; nfhz;lhd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;. ,tdJ
nka;f;fhP ;j;jp “maiy fly; eLTs; gyfyQ; nrYj;jp -------- Nrho Njth;” vd;W
czh;j;JfpwJ.
tPukuzk; va;jpNahUf;F el;lf;fy; mz;ikapy; jkpo;ehL muR njhy;nghUs;
Ma;Tj;Jiw fz;Lgpbj;j fy;ntl;Lfs; gygy mtw;Ws;>
“ghrhw;W}h; xUik njhW vapdhg;> lhh; nfhs;s ghrhw;W}h; G+ry;ypl G+ry;
nrd;W> NfhT+h; ehl;Lr; rpw;wpilahw;W KJnfhd;iw %f;fpd; kPkiy maq;faf;
fiuapy; nrd;W Kl;b> kiya E}Wila nrk;gh; kfdhd fhhpg;nghUs;
ciuapy; mk;G khs vt;tp gj;jpuk; cUtp> vjpNu nrd;W gl;lhd;.” khw;whh;
gilia vjph;j;J epd;W fsj;jpy; ,we;Jgl;l fhhpg; ngUkhs; vd;gthpd; eLfy;ypy;
cs;s nra;jp ,J. njhy;fhg;gpaj;Js; tUk; G+ry; khw;W vd;w kuG ,jpy; te;Js;sJ.
jkpo; nrg;NgLfs; gy;NtW njd; ,e;jpa mur kugpduhy; toq;fg;gl;l Ch;fs;>
Ntshz; epyq;fs;> nfhilfs; Fwpj;j gjpTfs; MFk;. murdJ Mizahfg;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhw;iw> jkpo; kf;fspd; jpl;lkpl;l tho;tpaiy
mwpa cjTfpwJ.
fhQ;rp fhkNfhb gPlj;jpy; 125 nrg;NgLfs; ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F
“j;hg
P yP” rhrdk; vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. Nrhoh; fhy nrg;NgL 4.75 mq;Fy ePsKk; 1.5
mq;Fy mfyKk; ciladtahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j nrg;NgL fh;ehlf khepyk;
Fsj;J}hpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. jQ;rhT+Uf;F mUfpYs;s fUe;jhl;lhd; Fb vd;w


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,lj;jpypUe;J nrg;NgLfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;wd. fp.K. Kjyhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j

nrg;NgLfs; mNahj;jpapy; fpilj;jd.
%yg;gl;Lil gQ;rh rhhpahh; ,th;fis Panchacharya who wears a silk garment
(in honour of) the feet of the Lord of the temple”vd;W $Wth;. ,it Nfhapy;
mUr;rfiuf; Fwpf;Fk; - ,th;fs; Nfhapy; fhhpak; nra;fpd;wth;fs;. mUr;rfh;
jpUKfg;gbNa (Xiyg;gbNa) tpf;fpu Nrhodpd; jQ;rhT+h; fy;ntl;L ntl;lg;gl;lJ.
,r;nrg;NgLfs; gy;yth;fsplkpUe;J jQ;rhT+iu Nrhoh;fs; ifg;gw;wpajhf
Mjhuq;fs; $Wfpd;wd vd;W Ma;thsh;fs; njhptpf;fpwhh;fs;. ,itfs;
,Jtiuapy;yhj msTf;F kpfg; nghpa mstpyhd nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpfs; vd;W
njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; Kd;dhs; ,af;FdUkhd jpU.uh.ehfrhkp jkpNohiraplk;
njhptpj;jhh;. ,it jkpopYk; rk];fpUjj;jpYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1053k; Mz;by;
vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,it 2k; uhNre;jpu Nrhod; ,r;nrg;NgLfis ntspapl;Ls;shh;.
,e;j nrg;NgLfs; nra;As; tbtpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk; Nghiu Nehpy; ghh;j;j
xUth; mij tUzpg;gJ Nghy jfty;fs; cs;sjhfTk; ,af;Feh; mth;fs;
$wpAs;shh;fs;. vOj;Jf;fs; mope;J NghfhjthW mjd; mikg;G ,Uf;Fk; rpytw;wpy;
,UGwKk;> rpytw;wpy; xUGwKk; gf;f vz; Fwpf;fg;gl;L nra;As; tbtpNyh my;yJ
ciueilahfNth vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,tdJ jpUkd;dp tsu vdj; njhlq;Fk;
nka;fPh;j;jpg; gFjpapy; 12 Ml;rpahz;by; “ntwpkyh;j; jPh;j;jj;J vwpGy; fq;ifapd; ePiu
nfhz;L te;j nra;jp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
KbTiu
jkpofj;jpd; fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; gyJiwKfq;fs; kpfr; rpwg;ghf ,aq;fpd
vd;W rq;fg; ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,d;W mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; epfo;j;jg;gl;l
mfoha;Tfs; gy cWjp nra;J tUfpd;wd. jkpoh; fly; fle;J thzpfk;
Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. atdh;fs; jkpofj;Jld; nghpJk; tzpfj; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jdh;
jkpoh; jpl;lkpl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gz;ghLld; $ba tho;f;ifia tho;e;jdh; vd
fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk; jkpoh; ehfhpfj;jpd; jlaq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
“jkpo; tsh;r;rpj;Jiw nfhb mirj;jJ
njhy;ypay; Jiw Njh;efh;e;jJ”
epiyf;F tU nkd;gJk; cWjp.
Gifg;;glr; rhd;W
.
1
1. ,yq;ifapy; cs;s epyhtiu – fpzW ,Jtiu Mok; fhz KbahjJ.
mbapy; Ruq;fg;ghijAk; ,Uf;fpwJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
2
2. ,uhtzd; jd; jhapd; <kr; rlq;fpw;fhf Njhz;ba Ie;J fpzWfs;
Fspg;gjw;Nfw;w ntg;g epiyapy; vg;nghOJk; cs;sJ.
3 4
3. ,yq;ifapy; ENthh;,ypah vd;w ,lj;jpy; rpiw ,Ue;j rPijaplk; mDkd;
fizahop toq;fpa ghiwapy; mDkdpd; fhy;jlk;.
(ghy ruRtjp mtuJ fztUld;)
4. nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp
ciu newpf;Fk; nkhop newpf;Fk; cjtpa E}w;fs;
1) kJiuf; fhQ;rp - Gyth; kUjdpy ehfdhh;

2) gl;bdg;ghiy - cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
3) cyfj;jkpoh; gz;ghl;Lf; fsQ;rpak; f.fypangUkhs;
4) The Indian Heritage Humayun Kabir
5) ,uz;lhk; cyfj;jkpo; vOj;jhsh; khehl;L kyh; - ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;
6) The Thiruvalankadu plates of Rajendrachola 1. South India Inscription Vol.II kw; Wk;
gy E}y;fs; / Fwpg;NgLfs; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;.
7) Excavation is Destruetion Digitization Advance in Archalogical practice.
8) Some techniques for Mechanical Excavation in Saivge Archaeological Stravigraphy.
9) jkpof njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; fPob. ,sq;Nfh miyfs; ntspaPl;lfk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jhsp(op)A+u;-ngUq;fw;fhyj; njhy;nyr;rq;fs; fsMa;Tk; Nkw;gug;gha;Tk;

Site Study of Archaeological Remnants of the Stone Age of Thaliyur
Kidtu; f. ghyh[p> jkpo;-cjtpg;Nguhrpupau;

G+.rh.Nfh.fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}up> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;- 641 014.
Abstract
The paper tells about the remnants of the stone age evidences at Thaliyur. It is a field
study conducted directly on the site by professors Noorullah and Balaji of reputed colleges in
Tamil Nadu. The study is an eye opener of site study in the archaeological sites of Tamil
Region. Hence, the article gives out the minute details of the remnants of Thaliyur.
Keywords: Site Study, Archaeological Remnants, Stone Age, Thaliyur,
Nfhak;Gj;J}u; khtl;lk; Ng&u; Cuhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpw;F cl;gl;l jhsp(op)A+u;

fpuhkj;jpy; mike;Js;s Nfhy;uhk;gl;bf; fz;kha;g; gFjpapy; ngUq;fw;fhyf;
fy;jpl;ilfs;> KJkf;fs; jhopfs; ,Ug;gJ fsMa;tpy; fz;lwpag; ngw;wJ.
muRj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,f;fz;khapidj; J}u;thUk; gzp rpy khjq;fSf;F Kd;G
eilngw;wJ. mg;nghOJ fduf thfdq;fspd; cjtpAld; kz; ms;sg;ngw;wnghOJ
ngUq;fy;jpl;ilfs; ntspg;gl;ld. cile;j epiyapy; KJkf;fs; jhopfSk; ghid
XLfSk; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
,it ngUq;fw;fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jit vd;gjid Nkw;gug;gha;tpy;
Nrfupf;fg;ngw;w gsgsg;ghd fUg;G-rptg;G kz;ghid XLfSk; fdkhd
tha;g;gFjpapid cila KJkf;fs; jhopfSk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. gsgsg;G kpf;fr;
rptg;Gg; ghid XLfs; kPJ ntz;zpwf; NfhLfs; G+NtiyghL Nghy; tiuag;
ngw;Ws;sJ. ngUq;fw;fhyg;gz;ghL epytpapUe;j ,j;njhy;ypay; fsj;jpidAk;
mq;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w juTfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjhf ,t;tha;Tiu mikfpd;wJ.
jhsp(op)A+u;: ngau;ff
; huzKk; ngUq;fw;fhy miktplKk;
ngUq;fw;fhy vr;rq;fs; Nfhy;uhk;gl;bf; fz;khapd; cl;Gwk; KOtJk;
gutpf;fhzg;ngWfpd;wd. ,t;tiktplk; rupahfg; Ng&upypUe;J Ntlg;gl;b nry;Yk;
topapy; mike;Js;s jhsp(op)A+u;g; gpuptpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gFjp ,e;ehspy;
ehfuh[Guk; vd toq;fg;ngWfpd;wJ. mUfpy; VOfd;dpkhu; Nfhtpy; xd;W
mike;Js;sJ. jhsp(op)A+upy; fhzg;gLk; ngUq;fw;fhyvr;rq;fis
Kd;itj;J,g;gFjpapy; ngUq;fw;fhyg;gz;ghL epytpapUe;jJ vd mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
jhsp(op)A+u; vd;w ,t;T+u;g; ngaupy; mike;j jhop vd;w xyp tbtk; jw;nghOJ
Ngr;Rtof;fpy; kUtp jhsp vd toq;fg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. ,d;W tiu mt;T+Uf;fhd
vOj;jhtzq;fspy; ‘jhspA+u;’ vd;Nw Fwpf;fg; ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. jhop vd;w nrhy;
ngupa kz; Fjpu;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;. jkpo;r; nrt;tpay; gDty;fspy; jhop
vd;w nrhy; ,we;jtu;fis mlf;fk; nra;Ak; KJkf;fs; jhopfisf; Fwpj;jikfpd;wJ.
,k; KJkf;fs; jhopfs; gw;wpa gjpTfs; gDty;fspy; kl;Lkpd;wpg; gioa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ciuahrpupau;fspd; ciuf; Fwpg;gpYk; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F

ciunaOjpa er;rpdhu;ff ; pdpau;‘ jhopftpg;gj;jtk; nra;thu; kz;zftop Nehw;wd
khy;tiuNa’ (fh.uh[d;:2010) vd Mrptfu;fspd; <kmlf;f Kiwapidf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
‘RLNthu;,LNthu;njhLFopg;gLg;Nghu;
jho;tapd;milg;Nghu;jhopapy;ftpg;Nghu;’ (kzp.6 : 66-67)
kzpNkfiyapy; goe;jkpou;fspd; kuG topg;gl;l <kr;rlq;F Kiwikfs; gy
epiyfspy; ,Ue;jik Rl;lg; ngWfpd;wJ. gpzj;ijj; jhopapy; itj;Jf; ftpo;j;j
epiyapid ew;wpizg; gjptpd; top mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F mUfpy;
mike;Js;s jpUf;fl;lis rptd;Nfhtpypd; njd;Rtupy; mike;Js;s Nrhou; fy;
ntl;by; vy;iyfis tiuaWf;Fk; nghOJ KJkf;fs; jhopfs; tputpf;fplf;Fk;
fhl;ilf; fyrf;fhL vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjhf Nguh.fh.uh[d; (njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy;
rq;ffhyk; : 2010)jkJ E}ypy; Fwpf;fpd;whu;. ghz;ba ehl;Lg; gFjpapy; fpilf;fg;
ngWk; ngUq;fw;fhy epidTr; rpd;dq;fspy; KJkf;fs; jhopfNs ngUk;ghd;ikahff;
fpilj;JtUfpd;wd.
‘kh,Ue;jhopftpg;g’(ew;.271)
‘jhopangUq;fhLva;jpaQhd;Nw’ (Gwk;.364)
‘md;Ndhw;ftpf;Fk;fz;zfd;jhop’ (Gwk;.256)
‘tpad;kyu;mfd;nghopy;<kj;jhop’ (Gwk;.256)
‘ftpr;nre;jhopf;Ftpg;Gwj;J,Ue;j’ (Gwk;.238)
‘jhopKjy;ftpj;jNfhopiyg;gUj;jp’ (mfk;.129)
‘jhopf;FtisthLkyu;R+l;b’ (mfk;.161)
‘Xq;Fepiyj;jhopky;fr;rhu;j;jp’ (mfk;.275)
‘jhopAk;kyu;gymzpahNfo;nfhs’ (mfk;.369)
‘kd;du;kiwj;jjhop’ (gjpw;.44)
‘,Lfxd;NwhRLfxd;NwhgLtopg;gLf’ (Gwk;.239:20-21).
jkpo;r; nrt;tpay; E}y;fspy; Nkw;fz;l vl;L ,lq;fspy; KJkf;fs; jhopfs;
gw;wpa gjpTfs; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd. jhop vd;w nrhy;ypy; mike;j Cu;g;ngau;fs; rpy
mwpag;gLfpd;wd. rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; khe;jhop (f.ghyh[p> ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghL:
2013) vd;w Cu; mike;Js;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jhsp(op)A+u; : ngUq;fw;fhyj;juTfs;
,j;njhy;ypay; fsj;jpy; ngUq;fy; jpl;ilfs;> KJkf;fs; jhopfs;> fUg;G-
rptg;G tz;zg; gsgsg;ghd ghidNahLfs;> KJkf;fs; jhopapd; mbg;Gwj;jhq;fp
Mfpad Nkw;gug;gha;tpy; fz;lwpag;ngw;wd. ,g;gFjpahd J}u;thUk; nghUl;L kz;
ms;sg; ngw;wfhuzj;jpdhYk; ePu;epiyahf mike;j fhuzj;jpdhYk;
,t;tPkr;rpd;dq;fs; cile;j epiyapy; rpjpykile;J fhzg; ngWfpd;wd. ,jd;
fhuzkhf Nkw;gug;gha;T nra;J Nrfupf;fg; ngw;w nghUl;fspy; vOj;JfNsh
FwpaPLfNsh ,Ug;gij mwpa Kbatpy;iy.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
1.ngUq;fy;jpl;ilfs;
,f;fy; jpl;ilf;Ff; fPo; KJkf;fs; jhop xd;W rpije;j epiyapy ;fhzg;
ngWfpd;wJ. Nkw;Gwk; mike;j fy;iyj; njhg;gpf;fy;vd;gu;. ,jd; gf;fthl;by; ehd;F
GwKk; gl;baf; fw;fs; rpwpa miw Nghd;W nrq;Fj;jhf epWj;jg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
,e;epiyapy; ,Ue;Nj gpw;fhyj;jpy; fy;yiw vOg;Gk; tof;fk; Njhd;wpapUf;f KbAk;.
,q;F mike;jpUf;Fk; fy;jpl;ilapy; ,UGwk;kl;Lk; KOikahff; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
Vida gFjpfs; rpjpykile;J tpl;ld.
2.KJkf;fs;jhopfs;
,itaidj;Jk; ,j;njhy;ypay; fsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gha;tpy; Nrfupf;fg; ngw;w
nghUl;fshFk;. KJkf;fs; jhopapd; cile;j ghfq;fs; ,g;gFjpapy; kpFjpahff;
fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyj; njhy;nyr;rq;fs; fhzg; ngWk; ngUk;ghd;ikahd
,lq;fspy; G+Ntiyg;ghL mike;j ,t;NthL fhzg; ngWtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jpUe;j ghid tidAk; Fatu;fs; ,ij vt;thW nra;jdu;
vd;gij mwpa ,aytpy;iy. ghid tidAk; Fatu;fisg; (Nfhtd;) gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfs; GwehD}w;wpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
‘fyk;nra;NfhNtfyk;nra;NfhNt
,Us;jpzpe;jd;dF&cj;jpws;g&cg;Gif’(Gwk;.228)
‘fyk;nra;NfhNtfyk;nra;NfhNt
mr;Rilrhfhl;LMuk;nghUe;jpa’( Gwk;.256)
ghidtidAk; Fatu;fSldhd ciuahly;fs; rpy nrt;tpay; gDty;fspy;
gjpthfpAs;sd. goe;jkpo;g; Gytu; xUtUk; fztid ,oe;j ngz;nzhUj;jpAk;
Fatd; xUtdplk; rpy Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itg;gjhf Nkw;Fwpj;j rhd;Wfs;
mikfpd;wd. GwehD}W 228-Mk; ghliyg; ghba IA+u; Kltdhu; Fatidg; ghu;j;J
vdJ kd;ddpd; GfOf;F Vw;w mstpy; kpfg; ngupa jhopapid cd;dhy; nra;a
KbAkh? vdf; Nfl;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. GwehD}W 256-Mk; ghlypy; ngz; xUj;jp
Nghupy; ,we;J Nghd jdJ fztNdhL Nru;j;Jj; jd;idAk; mlf;fk; nra;tjw; Nfw;w
ngupa jhopapidr; nra;ag; gzpf;fpd;whs;. ,jd; %yk; ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; ghid
nra;Ak; Fatu;fs; vj;jifaj; jhopapidAk; Goq;F nghUl;fisAk; nra;Ak;
njhopy;El;gk; mwpe;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdu; vd mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. jhopA+upy;
fpilf;Fk; KJkf;fs; jhopfs;> gok; ghidNahLfs; cs;spl;l <kg; nghUl;fs; gy
jug;gl;l epiyfspy; fpilj;jpUg;gJ ,t;tpyf;fpar; rhd;Wfis nka;g;gpg;gjhf
cs;sJ. ngUq;fw;fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j jhopfs; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzg ngWtjd;
fhuzkhfg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,t;T+u; jhopA+u; vd miof;fg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. jhopfisr;
nra;Ak; Fatu;fs; tho;e;jpUe;j gFjpahfTk; mike;jpUf;f ,lKz;L.
epiwTiu
1. jhsp(op)A+u; vd;w ,t;T+upy; ngUq;fw;fhyj; njhy;nyr;rq;fs; fs Ma;tpd;
topahff; fz;lwpag; ngw;Ws;sjd; %ykhf ,g;gFjpapy; ngUq;fw;fhyg;gz;ghL
epytpapUe;jikapid mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
2. ngUq;fw;fhy KJkf;fs; jhopfs; ,g;gFjpapy fhzg; ngWtjhy; ,t;T+Uf;Fj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jhopA+u; vd;w ngau; ,lg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. mg;ngau; Ngr;Rtof;fpy; jhsp vd

kUtp toq;fg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.
3. ngUq;fw;fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;jfy; jpl;ilfs;> KJkf;fs; jhopfs;> gsgsg;ghd
fUg;G-rptg;G kz;ghz;lq;fs;> KJkf;fs; jhopapd; tha;g;gFjp> jhq;fp
MfpanghUl;fs; Nkw;gug;gha;tpy; Nrfupf;fg;ngw;wd.
4. ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpypUe;J kz;ghz;lq;fs; nra;Ak; Fatu;fs; rpwe;j njhopy;
El;gj;ij mwpe;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; Fwpg;GfSk;
,f;fs Ma;Tj;juTfSk; mtw;iw nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd.
5. rpjpykile;J fplf;Fk; ,j;juTfisj; jkpofj; njhy;ypay; Jiw ftdj;jpy;
nfhz;L mfoha;Tfis Kiwg;gb epfo;j;jpdhy; Gjpa tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis
ntspf;nfhzu KbAk;.
Fwpg;G:
fs Ma;tpy; fye;J nfhz;ltu;fs;:
1. m.E}Uy;yh> ,sq;fiy jfty; xOq;F Kiw Nkyhz;ik> fpU\;zh fiy
mwptpay; fy;Y}up> Nfhit.)
2. Kidtu; f. ghyh[p> jkpo;-cjtpg;Nguhrpupau;> G+.rh.Nfh. fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}up>
Nfhit.
fs Ma;T nra;j ehl;fs;:
23.02.2019; 24.02.2019; 23.03.2019; 24.03.2019; 31.03.2019; 06.04.19; 7.04.19.
Jizepd;wit
1. ,sq;Nfh.rp.>“ngUq;fw;fhyj; jkpo;r; r%fk; njhy;ypay; juTfis Kd;itj;J”>

GjpagDty;> njhFjp 3> nrd;id> 2011.
2. FU%u;j;jp.nr.> “gok;ghidf; FwpaPLfSk; jkpou; gz;ghLk;> cyfj; jkpo;r;
nrk;nkhop khehL”> Ma;Tkyu;> Nfhit>2010.
3. rjhrptg;gz;lhuj;jhu;> ghz;bau; tuyhW> nrz;gfh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2009.
4. rPdpthrd;.,uh.> “rpe;J ntspf; FwpaPLfis xj;j FwpaPLfs; NtY}u; khtl;lj;jpy;
fz;Lgpbg;G”> GjpagDty;> njhFjp 3> ,jo; 4> 2011.
5. NrJg;gps;is.uh.gp.> jkpofk; CUk; NgUk;> jkpo; epiyak;> nrd;id> 2009.
6. jhNkhjud.;F.> njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; jkpofk;> njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw>
jkpo;ehL muR>1999.
7. jpUehTf;fuRf.j.> rpe;Jntspj; jkpo; tbtq;fs;> kzpafk;> nrd;id> 1982.
8. eldfhrpdhjd;> “jkpof epy mfoha;Tfs;”> cyfj; jkpo;r; nrk;nkhop khehL>
Ma;Tkyu;> Nfhit> 2010.
9. gTe;Jiu. ,uhR> gz;ila jkpof tiuTfSk; FwpaPLfSk;> cyfj;
jkpohuha;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id>2009.
10. ghyh[p. f.> ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghL> fht;ah gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2013.
……………> ngUq;fw;fhyj; jkpo;r; r%fk;: fPopUe;J NknyOk; tuyhW> ,dk;
gjpg;gfk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> 2019.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
11. ghyh[p. f.>“ngUq;fw;fhyj; jkpo;r; r%fKk; jkpop vOj;Jg; nghwpg;GfSk;”>

,dk; jkpo; ,iza Ma;tpjo;> kyu;1> ,jo; 2> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> 2015.
12. uh[;nfsjkd;> MNfhs; G+rYk; ngUq;fw;fhy ehfupfKk;> jkpopdp gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id> 2009.
13. Rajank.> Early Writing System (A Journey from Graffitti to Brahmi), Pandyanadu
Centre for Historical Research, Madurai, 2015.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Mw;wq;fiu ehfuPf tuyhw;wpy; nghd;Ndup tl;lk;

Ponneri Taluk in the History of River Civilization
K.gpuG> Kidtu; gl;l Ma;thsu;>

cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id – 113.
Abstract
The paper tells about the Ponneri Taluk in the History of River Civilization The study
is an eye opener of site study in the archaeological sites. Hence, the article gives out the
minute details of the remnants of Ponneri.
Keywords: Ponneri Taluk, History, River Civilization
Kd;Diu
Mw;wq;fiu ehfuPfk; Njhd;wpaij tuyhw;W Ma;thyu;fs; Muha Kw;gl;l
gpd;Gjhd; khDl tuyhWfs; kpf Ntfkhf Muhag;gl;L gjpTnra;J tUtij tuyhw;W
tiuthsu;fshd Nf.Nf gps;is f.ntq;flrhkp MfpNahu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.
fhyj;jpd; njhd;ikahy; khDl r%fj;jpd; gpwg;gplkhf epiy nfhz;Ls;s MuzpaWk;
nfhw;wiyahWk; jkJ gazj;jpy; kdpjFy ehfuPfj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;J
tsu;j;njLj;Js;sJ vd;gij nghd;Ndup tl;lhuj;jpy; cs;s njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfis
Mjhukhff; nfhz;L Muha;tjhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ. Ma;Tf;fskhf tpsq;Fk;
njhz;il ehll;bd; jpUts;Shu; khtl;lkhdJ vl;L tl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
,k;khtl;lj;jpd; nkhj;jg; gug;gsT 3424 rJu fpNyh kPl;lu;fshFk;. ,jpy; nghd;Ndup
tl;lj;jpd; miktplk; 13.32° 80.2° MFk;. fly; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,t;T+u;
ruhrupahf 10 kPl;lu; (32 mb) cauj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. kPQ;R+u; Nrhotuk; Mfpa
Cuhl;rp xd;wpaq;fs; cs;sd.
njhz;il ehLk; rq;f E}y;fSk;
tlngz;iz Kjy; njd;ngz;iz tiu ,Ue;j epyg;gug;Ng mf;fhyj;
njhz;ilkz;lyk; vdg;gl;lJ. m/J mUthehL> mUth tljiyehL vd ,uz;L
gpupTfshf ,Ue;jJ. tlf;Nf ,Ue;j mUth tljiy ehl;by; jpUg;gjpiaj;jhd;
'fupfhw;Nrhod; fhL nfLj;J ehlhf;fpdhd; tpisepyq;fshf Mf;fpdhd;. Vup
Fsq;fis ntl;Ltpj;jhd;; njhz;il kz;lyj;ij ehlhf;fpdhd;; ehfupfj;ijj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jhd;' vd;W gl;bdg;ghiy Kjypa jkpo; E}y;fs; $Wfpd;wd.'jpiuad;'
mUthtljiy ehl;il Mz;lNghJ ',se;jpiuad;' mUth ehl;il Mz;ldd;
vd;gJk; mwpaf;fplf;fpwJ. njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad; vd;gtd; fhQ;rpia Mz;l
jkpo; murdhf ,Ug;gJ ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapy; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhd;. njhz;ilkhd;
,se;jpiuad; fhyj;jpy; fhsj;jp Kjypa kiyehLfisr; Nru;e;j fhLfspy; fstu;
vd;Dk; tFg;gpdu; tho;e;jpUe;jdu;. mtu;fl;Fj; jiytdhf ,Ue;jtd; Gy;yp vd;gtd;.
,td; jpiuaDf;F mlq;fp ,Ue;jhdh my;yJ khWgl;ltdh vd;gij


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwpaf;$ltpy;iy. ,e;j msNt mfehD}W Kjypa rq;f E}y;fshy; ehk;

mwpaf;fplf;Fk; cz;ik MFk;. kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; gy;ytu; tuyhW g-63-63
tl;lhu tuyhW
,e;jgFjp 7 Mk; E}w;whz;by; gy;ytu;fspd; MSikapy; ,Ue;jJ mjd;gpd;
Mw;fhL ethg;gpd; MSikf;F te;J 19 Mk;E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyj;jpy;
gpupl;b\hupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJ. 1687 Mk; Mz;by; Kfyhau;fshy; Nfhy;nfhz;l
Ml;rpahsu;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lgpd; ,e;j gpuhe;jpak; nly;ypapd; Kfyha Nguuru;fspd;
fPo; te;jJ. ,e;j gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cs;s efuq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkq;fspy; fu;ehlfg;
Nghu;fs; ele;j fhl;rpfisf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,e;j gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Mq;fpNyau; kw;Wk;
gpuQ;Rfhuu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa mbf;fbNghu; ele;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. 1609 Mk;
Mz;by; cUthf;fg;gl;l goNtw;fhL efuk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ.
mjd;gpd; 1825 Mk; Mz;by; gpupl;\hu; ,e;jefuj;ij jq;fs; trkhf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.
nfhw;wiy MW
nfhr];jiy MW nghd;Ndupg; gFjpfspy; XLk; MwhFk;. Mw;fhL khtl;lg;
gFjpfNs ,jd; ePu;gpbg;Gg; gFjpfshFk;. ,jd; nkhj;j ePsk; 136 fP.kP MFk;. nrd;id
efUf;Fs; 16 fp.kP XLfpw ,e;j MW Me;jpuj;jpd; fpU\;zhGuk; njhlq;fp NtY}u;
khtl;lk; fhNtupg;ghf;fk; topahf G+z;b ePu;j; Njf;fj;ij milfpwJ. mq;fpUe;J
jpUts;Su; nrd;id topahf Xb vz;Z}upy; tq;ff;flypy; fyf;fpwJ. G+z;b
ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpw;F NkNy jhkiug;ghf;fk; mizf;fl;L kPQ;R+u; mUNf ts;Su;
mizf;fl;L Mfpait %yk; ghrdj;jpw;F gad;gLfpwJ. nfhw;wiyahw;Wg;
gLiffspy; fhuNdhil mUfpy; cs;s vUik ntl;bg; ghisak; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
gioa fw;fhyj;jpy; (5000000 – 250000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;) tho;e;j kf;fs;
gad;gLj;jpa njhopy; El;gj;jpy; Nkk;gl;l iff;NfhlhupfSk; Kidf;fUtpfs;
Ruz;bfs; fj;jpfs; Nghd;w fUtpfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,it gad;gLj;jpa
fhyk; Hand Hxe culture vd;Wk; ,it gad;gLj;jpa kf;fis gbff;fy; kdpju;fs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
kdpj ,dq;fs; %d;W jhd; 1) ePf;uha;Lfs; (Negroid) 2) kq;Nfhyha;Lfs;
(Mongoloid) 3) fhNfrpad;fs; (Caucasian). MjhtJ Kjy; kdpj ,dkhd ePf;uha;Lfs;
mjpypUe;J ,lk;ngau;e;j rPd kq;Nfhypa Kftikg;igf; nfhz;l kq;Nfhyha;L
mtu;fspypUe;J gpupe;j fhNfrpad; my;yJ nts;is ,dj;jtu;. ,e;j %d;wpy; kl;Lk;
jhd; cyfpy; cs;s midj;J ,dq;fSk; ,jpy; mlf;fk;. ,jpy; Kjy; kdpjd;
my;yJ ePf;uha;Lfs; vd;gtu;fNs ehfu;fs; my;yJ eF\h my;y neNfh];lh
vdg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J FbfSk; ,tu;fs; jhd;.ehfu; vd;gtu; gw;wp
k`hghuj fhyk; Kjy; Nfl;L tUfpNwhk;. ehfu;fspy; rpyu; k`hghuj rz;ilf;Fg;
gpd;du; njd; mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNawp fhz;lt tdj; jiytd; kajhdtd; vd;gtdpd;
jiyikapy; Gjpa khah ehfuPfk; cUthf;fpajhf fl;Liu kd;dd; yz;ld;
Rthkpehjd; Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liuapy; (fl;Liu vz;:1293 Njjp: 17 nrg;lk;gu; 2014)
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ehfu;fs; jq;fs; clk;gpy; gr;irf; Fj;jpf; nfhz;ljhfj; njupfpwJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,tu;fs; Xtpau;fs; mUthsu;fs; vd;Wk; tlnkhopapy;
,tu;fSila ngau;fs; rpj;jpu vd;w nrhy;YlDk; cs;sJ. ,jpy; mUthsu;fNs


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpioj; jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;l njhz;il kz;lyjpd; kf;fs; vd Nrhkny

(nrq;fw;gl;L khtl;lk;g-19 ) Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
,e;j nfhw;wiyaw;Wg; gFjpfshd gioa vUikntl;bg;ghisak;”Gjpa vUik
ntl;bg; ghisak;” fhuNdhil” QhapW ” rPkhtuk;” kPQ;R+u;” gioa ehg;ghisak;”
Gjpa ehg;ghisak;” vd ,e;j MW flypy; fyf;Fk; vz;Zhu; tiu topneLf;f
ehfj;jpd; rpiyfSk; ehfj;ijj; jhq;fpa nja;tr; rpiySk; fhzg;gLtJk; ,q;Fs;s
kf;fs; ehf nja;t topghL nra;tJk; tPl;by; rikj;j fwp kPd; Kl;il vd midj;J
tif czTfisAk; Nfhapy; fUtiwapNyNa itj;J cz;gJ ,d;wsTk;
(fhuNdhil fhl;L iffhj;j ehfhj;jk;khs; Nfhapy;) fhz KbfpwJ. ,j;jF
rpiyfisAk; mtw;iw topgLk; kdpj kuGfisAk; MuhAk; nghOJ Mupa
gz;ghl;bw;F vjpu;kiwahd gz;ghLfs; ,k;kf;fsplk; ntspg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,tu;fs;
ehfupdj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; vdTk; mf;FykuGfis toptopahf gpd;gw;Wfpwhu;fs; vd
mwpa KbfpwJ.
Muzp MW
MuzpahW Me;jpu khepyk; efup kiyg; gFjpfspy; fhu;fhyj;jpd; kioePu; gha;e;Njhb
cUthfpa MwhFk;. Cj;Jf;Nfhl;ilapd; topahf jkpo;ehl;bDs; Eioe;J nfhLjiy
MW kw;Wk; Muzp MW vd;W ,uz;lhfg; gpupfpwJ. nfhLjiy Mw;WePu; Nrhotuk;
Vupapy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;L Nfhilfhyj;jpy; nrd;idapd; FbePuhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
kPjKs;s jz;zPu; fhuNdhil ghyk;> ehg;ghisak; ghyk;> vz;Zhu; flw;fop topahf
rpwpjsNt tq;ff; flypy; nrd;W fyf;fpwJ. kPjKs;s ngUthupahd ePu; mj;jpg;gl;L>
fhshQ;rp> Cuzk;NgL>fhl;û;>fhl;Lg;gs;sp topahf goNtw;fhl;Lf;F kpf mUfpy;
nrd;W tq;ff;flypy; fyf;fpwJ. MuzpahW ngupaghisak;> nghd;Ndup> ngUk;NgL>
gpuisak;ghf;fk; topahfr; nrd;W goNtw;fhl;by; tq;ff; flypy; fyf;fpwJ.
Muzp Mw;Wg;gLifapy; KJFb kf;fs;
,t;thw;wpd; fpof;Ff; fiuapy; mike;js;s tlkJiu vd;w Cupy; 100 mb
cau gbTg; gLifapy; 1966-67 ,y; mfoha;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,q;F mgptpy;ypad;
tiff; iff;NfhlhupSk; fpopg;ghd;fSk; rpy;Yf; fUtpfSk; mjpf mstpy; fpilj;jd.
NkYk; ,t;thW gha;e;NjhLk; topj;jlj;jpd; Nghf;fpy; cs;s my;ypf;Fop
kiyj;njhlupy; gioa fw;fhy kdpju;fs; tho;e;j 16 Fiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,tw;wpy; kpfg;ngupaJ kdr;rk;kd; Fif. ,jpy; Rkhu; 100 Ngu; jq;ff;$ba msT
cs;sJ. ,g;NghJk; ,q;Fs;s fpuhk kf;fs; ngsu;zkp ehspy; topghl;bw;F ,q;F
tUfpd;wdu;.
Muzp Mw;Nwhuk; mike;j jpUf;Nfhapy;fs;
njhyNtL> tlkJiu> ngupaghisak;> nfhrtd;Ngl;il> %q;fpy;gl;L>
mupaj;Jiw> GJtay;> ngUtay;> Muzp> Fk;kKdpkq;fyk;> rpd;df;fhtdk;>
jj;jkQ;rp> gpusak;ghf;fk;> goNtw;fhL> fhl;Lg;gs;sp vd Muzp Mw;wpd; topneLf;f
Mw;wq;fiuapd; ,UGwq;fspy; KiwNa khwpkhwp goiktha;e;j rpt topghl;Lj;jyq;fs;
cs;sd.
RUl;lg;gs;sp rptngUkhd;
nrd;id - jpUg;gjp neLQ;rhiyapy; Cj;Jf;Nfhl;ilf;F mLj;j xU
fpNyhkPll; u; njhiytpy; ehfyhGuk; rhiyapd; jkpo;ehl;L vy;iyapy; RUl;lg;gs;sp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; ,f;Nfhapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk;

jkpo; kf;fs; jykhf cs;sJ. cyfpNyNa rptngUkhd; cUtj;Jld; fhl;rpaspg;gJ
,e;j xNu xU ];jyj;jpy; kl;Lk;jhd;. kw;w ,lq;fspy; ypq;ftbtk;jhd;.
Mifahy;jhd; ,J ];ug
P s;spnfhz;Nl];tuu; Myak; vd;W ngau;ngw;wJ.
,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; 1344 - Mk; Mz;L tp[aefu rhk;uh[;[paj;ij epWtpa
ùpùGf;fuhau; vd;gtuhy; fl;lg;gl;ljhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
mupaj;Jiw
Fk;kpbg;G+z;b jhYfhtpy; ftiug;Ngl;il vd;w ,lj;jpw;F Nkw;F gFjpapy; 3
fpNyhkPll
; u; njhiytpy; mupaj;Jiwapy; tu%u;j;jP]t ; uu; Nfhapy; cs;sJ. mupa
vd;gjw;F ‘mupjhd’ vd;gJk; Jiw vd;gjw;F ‘Mw;wpy; Fspf;Fk; ,lk;’ vd;gJk;
nghUshFk; fq;iff;F ,izahd kfj;Jtk; nfhz;l Muzp Mw;wpy; Fspj;jhy;
NghJk;. cdf;F fhrpf;F ,izahd Gz;zpak; fpl;Lk;’ vd;fpd;w ek;gpf;if ,d;Wk;
kf;fs; tof;fpy; cs;sJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; Muzpahw;wpy; ePu; ,y;yhj epiyapYk;
Mw;wpd; fiu kPJs;s ,f;Nfhapypy; cs;s Gdpj ePUw;W njhlu;e;J ePiu Rue;J
nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gJ mjprakhd epfo;T vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e;jg; gFjpia Ml;rp
nra;J te;j rpj;jpuNrdd; vd;w kd;dd;. fUtiwapd; fpof;Nf nfhbkuk; gypgPlk;
mike;Js;sJ.
Muzp
rk;gq;fp gpl;rhz;Nl];tuu; Nfhapy; Muzpapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,f;Nfhapypd;
kz;lgjpd; Jhz;fs; jpUf;fw;fisf; nfhz;L nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit nrd;dpwg;
ghiwfs;. mit nrJf;fg;gl;l Neu;j;jpahdJ fhz;Nghiu gpukpf;f itf;fpwJ.
Fk;kKdp kq;fyk;
mfj;jP];tuu; Nfhapy; nghd;Ndup ,f;Nfhapypd; fUtiuapd; gpd;Gwk;
jkpou;fspd; tptrhaf; fUtpahd nghd;Vu; fyg;ig rpw;gkhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjd; mUfpy; gd;wpapd; rpiy tbf;fg;gl;L topghLk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.,d;W
gd;wpapd;kPjhd fUj;jhf;fk; ,opTf;Fwpajhf fw;gpf;fg;gl;lhYk; Iq;FWEhW nghd;w
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; Nrhou;fs; fhyj;jpYk; cau;thfNt Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ
ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. Nrhou;fspd; mur Kj;jpiuapYk; Vu;fyg;igAk; gd;wpAk; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sjhy; ,f;Nfhapy; Nrhou;fhyf; Nfhapy; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. gq;Fdp
ed;dhspy; nre;jkpod; ,uhtdDf;F ,f;Nfhapypy; tpoh vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpj;jpiu
tpohtpy; rptDk; ngUkhSk; re;jpf;Fk; jkpofj;jpy; vq;Fk; vLj;jplhj tpohthf ,q;F
elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epfo;T ,k;kf;fspd; kjg; gw;W mw;w ,ay;ghd Fw;wkw;w mwtopg;
gz;ghl;il czu;j;JfpwJ.
rpd;dfhtdk;
E}w;nwl;B];tuu; jpUf;Nfhapy; ee;jptu;kd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l
Nfhapy;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ,g;gFjp KOtJk; kpfTk; Gdpjkhd VW mopQ;ry; kuq;fs;
epiwe;J fhzg;gl;lJ. ,j;jyj;jpy; 2500 Mz;L goikahd kUj;Jt Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;l VW mopQ;ry; kuk; cs;sJ. (rk];fpUjj;jpy; mq;Nfhy vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ). ,e;j mG+u;tkhd VwopQ;ry; kuj;jpypUe;J tpOe;j tpijfs;
kPz;Lk; kuj;jpy; xl;bf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAilaJ vd ek;gLfpwJ. mUfpYs;s Muzp
Mw;wpd; kzypy; xt;nthU ehSf;Fk; xU ypq;fk; vd;w fzf;fpy; 108 ehl;fSf;F 108


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ypq;fq;fis nra;J topghL nra;ag;gl;ljhfTk; 108 ypq;fq;fSk; xd;whf

,ize;Js;s cUit topgLtjhfTk; ,q;Fs;s kf;fspd; fUj;J epyTfpwJ.
rpd;df;fhtdk; vd;w ,r;rpw;W}upy; ,uhkypq;f ts;syhu; rpWtaJ Foe;ijahf
,Ue;jNghJ mtUila jhahu; ,e;j Cupy; tho;e;j ,lj;jpy; tlY}upy; cs;sJ
Nghd;w epidT kz;lgk; cs;sJ. ,jd; rq;fk; ehs;NjhUk; gy kdpju;fspd;
grpj;jPia midj;J mUe;njhz;lhw;wp tUfpwJ vd;gJ ,k;kz;zpy; gpwe;Js;s
kf;fspd; mwg;gz;ig fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
jpUg;ghiytdk;
jpUg;ghyP]t; ud; Nfhapypy; 79 fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; Nrho
kd;du;fshd Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> tpf;fpukr;Nrhod;> ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;jq;fd;>
,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d;> ,uz;lhk; ,uh[hjpuh[d;> %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> %d;whk;
,uh[uh[d;> njYq;Fr; Nrhou;fshd jk;Krpj;jp jpUf;fhsj;jp Njtfz;l Nfhghyd;>
,uhruhr fz;lNfhghy Njtd;> tp[afz;l Nfhghyd;> ghz;ba kd;ddhd Kjy;
rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;> rk;Gtuha kd;ddhd k`hkz;lNy];tu gpujhgUj;u
Njtu;> tpraefu fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j Gf;fu;> Fkhu tPurhad cilahu; Nghd;w
kd;du;fs; fhyf; fy;ntl;LfSk;> ehaf;fu; fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;jjhff; fhzg;gLk; ngau;
Fwpg;gplhj rpy fy;ntl;LfSk; ,f;Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ,k; kd;du;fs;
fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j gy;NtW kf;fspd; ngau;fSk; ,f;fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
fhl;Lg;gs;sp
rpe;jhkzP];tuu; jpUf;Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fp.gp 1933-34 Mk; Mz;L
,t;thiyaj;jpy; njhy;ypay; Ma;T nra;jd; %yk; ehd;F fy;ntl;Lfs;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. ,uh];bu$l fd;dhu Njtd; (fp.gp.965)> ,uz;lhk; Re;ju Nrhod;
(fp.gp.973) kw;Wk; gj;jhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j ,uz;L fy;ntl;LfSk; ,j;jyj;jpd;
rpwg;Gfisf; $Wfpd;wd.ghz;ba ehl;L Nfhl;lhW gFjpiar; (ehfu;Nfhapy;) Nru;e;j
gl;lhyfd; vd;gtu; jpUg;gftd;Jiw ,iwtid kPz;Lk; GJg;gpj;Js;shd;. ,g;gftd;
JiwahdJ 'Nkw;fly; Nfhfu;z rkhdkhfpa fPo;f;fly; jPu;j;jkhd jpUg;gftd;Jiw'
vdf; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;nra;jpd; %yk; Nky;fly;> fPo;fly; vd;W
Fwpg;gpLk; mstpw;F Gtpapay; mwptpy;fp.gp gj;jhk;E}w;whz;L kf;fs; Gyik
ngw;wpUe;jij mwpa KbfpwJ. ,e;jg; gl;lhyfd; Muzp Mw;wq;fiuapy;
topghl;bw;nfd epyq;fs; thq;fpj; je;Js;shu;. ,NjNghy ,seputp (tzpfu; FO)
rJu;Ntjp kq;fyj;Jr; rigahuplKk; epyq;fs; thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.rpe;jhkzP];tuu;
jpUf;NfhapYf;F rpj;jpiug; ngsu;zkp Kd;dhspy; te;J NrUk; jkpofk;> GJr;Nrup>
Me;jpuk; kw;Wk; fu;ehlfg; gFjpfspy; cs;s goq;Fbfs; ngsu;zkp
Kbe;JkWehs;(3ehl;fs;)tiu ,f;flw;fiuapYk; Mw;wq;fiuapYk; cs;s kuq;fis
muzhff;nfhz;L jq;fpapUf;fpd;wdu;. ,e;ehl;fspy; flypYk; Mw;wpYk; ,q;Fs;s
fhl;bYk; Ntl;ilahb fpilf;Fk; czit kl;LNk nfhz;L ,aw;ifahd tho;f;if
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; nfhapypd; cUt topghl;bw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
jUtjpy;iy. khwhf mtu;fs; jpUk;gr; nry;ytpUf;Fk; ehsd;W mjpfhiyapy; gr;ruprp>
nty;yk;> ghrpgapu;> jhok;G> Njq;fha; Mfpait fye;j fyia thioapiy my;yJ
,f;fhl;by; fpilf;Fk; ,iyfspy; ,l;L mij fly; miy te;J ,Oj;Jr;nry;Yk;
Jhuj;ij tpl rw;Nw js;sp flyd;idf;F gilf;fpd;wdu;. ,g;gb gilf;fg;gl;lij


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
flyiy te;J ,oj;Jr; nry;Yk;tiu vt;tsT NeukhdhYk; fhj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.

miyte;J ,Oj;Jr; nrd;w gpd;Ng mtu;fspd; ,Ug;gplq;fSf;Fj; jpUk;gr; nry;fpwJ
vd njhd;Wnjhl;L tof;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,tu;fs; gilf;Fk; czTg;
nghUl;fis flypy; cs;s kPd; ,dq;fs; cz;L kPd; tsk; ngUFk; mjdhy;
mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuk; caUk; vd;w capupd Row;rp>cw;gj;jp kW cw;gj;jp vd;w
mwptpay; rhu;e;j El;gq;fis jkJ topghl;L KiwapNa itj;jpUg;gJ
Mr;rupag;gLj;JfpwJ.,r; nray;gLfs; ,k;kf;fspd; njhd;ikahd ehfuPfj;ij
mwpaKbfpwJ. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bNyNa Nrhou; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; thzpgk;
eilngw;wJ. tp[aefu kd;du; fhyj;jpy; mde;juhad; gl;bzkhd goNtw;fhL vd
goNtw;fhL miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g; goNtw;fhl;by; rPdf; fg;gy;fs; %yk; Jzp kw;Wk;
ruf;Ffs; Vw;Wkjpahapd. lr;Rf;fhuu;fSk; tzpfk; nra;Js;sdu;. ,NjNghy;>
goNtw;fhL Mjp ehuhazrhkp Myaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fp.gp.16 Mk; E}w;whz;L
njYq;Ff; fy;ntl;by;gpuisafhNtup vd;Wk; ky;yg;gl;bzk; vd;Wk; goNtw;fhl;il
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
KbTiu
nfhw;wiyahWk; MuzpahWk; Gtpapd; jpirapy; gha;e;NjhLfpwJ (Nkw;fpypUe;J
fpof;fhf) ,t;thW ,aw;ifapd; jpirapNyNa gazpg;gjhy; ,t;thw;Wg; gLiffspy;
ngsjPf khw;wk; Vw;gl;L mjd; tpisthf kdpjFyk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ Kjy;
jw;fhyk;tiu Nkk;gl;lehfuPfq;nfhz;L ePz;lneba tuyhw;iwg; ngw;Ws;sJ mwpa
KbfpwJ. ,j;jF tuyhw;W Ma;Tfis vjpu;fhyj; jkpo;rr ; %fk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. jkpoupd; njhd;ikahd tuyhw;iw cyfwpa ntz;Lk;. MWfspd;
gazj;NjhL vdJ Muha;r;rpg; gazKk; njhlUk;. ed;wp!
Mjhu Ehw;fs;
1. Nrhkny> nrq;fw;gl;L khtl;lk;> gf;fk; – 17> ghup epiyak;.

2. kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; Nrhou; tuyhW.
3. njh.gukrptk; gz;ghl;L mirTfs;.
4. Nf.Nf.gps;is> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> gf;-190.
5. lhf;lu; c.Nt.rh-Iq;FWEhW gf;fk;.48. 127.
6. Kidtu; k.,uhNre;jpud; goNtw;fhL-fp gp 1816.
7. jpUts;Stu; khtl;l njhy;ypay; ifNaL> gf;fk;-8> g.11 muRnjhy;ypay;Jiw-
2011.
8. Kidtu; R.nrse;jughz;bad;> njhz;il kz;ly tuyhWfs;> gf;.2>murpdu;
fPo;jpir Rtb E}yfk;> nrd;id-1997.
9. vk;.v]; Map\h Ngfk; jpUg;ghiytdk; jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw-2011.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;

The Origins and Developments of Culverts
J.gpupaq;fh> KidtH gl;l Ma;thsH>

eturk; kfspH fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}up> mwr;rY}H.
Abstract
The brief study on the origin and the developments of the culverts in Tamil Nadu
deals with the beginings of culvert edicts from the Brahmi culverts of the great Ashoka, the
various types of culverts, culvert Sites, culverts in South India, old Indian culverts, Tamil
culverts of tha Tamil Kings, literary evidences and etc to reclaim the nobility of Tamil
culture. The paper discloses the facts in the archaeological facts.
Keywords: Origin, Development, Culverts, Tamil Culture
xU fl;blj;jpw;F kz;> nrq;fy;> Rz;zhk;G> fUq;fy; Kjypad

Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thNw xU ehl;L tuyhw;wp;w;F me;ehl;L ,yf;fpak;> GijnghUs;>
fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> goq;fhyf; fl;blq;fs; Kjypad %yg;nghUs;fshf mikfpd;wd.
,k;%yg;nghUs;fSs; xU gFjpapdthfpa fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ek; jkpofj;Jf;F murpay;
tuyhw;iwAk; rka tuyhw;iwAk; rKjha tuyhw;iwAk; mwpa cjTfpd;wd.
fy;ntl;L
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk; mopahjpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjg;gl;l
nra;jpfs; fw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;ld. ,t;thW fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpNa
fy;ntl;L vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghYk; fy;ntl;Lfshfg; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld. ,it jtpu
tPuHfs;> gpuGf;fs;> mjpfhupfs; Nghd;NwhH njhlHgpYk; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; njhlHgpYk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. fp.K 3-k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J ghiwfspYk;> FiffspYk;
FwpaPLfisAk;> vOj;Jf;fisAk; nghwpf;f ek; Kd;NdhHfs; jq;fs; vz;zq;fis
ntspg;gLj;j FwpaPLfisAk;> vOj;Jf;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpdH. fy;ypy; vOj;Jf;fisg;
nghwpf;Fk; gof;fk; kpfg; goq;fhyk; njhl;Nl jkpoj;jpy; epytp te;Js;sJ. fy;ypy;
nrJf;fp tiuag;gl;l vOj;Jf;fs; fy;nyOj;Jf;fs; vdg;gl;ld.fy;ypy; ntl;b
nghwpf;fg;gl;ljhy; fy;ntl;L vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ; J. fy;ntl;L vd;w nrhy;Yf;F
mopahj nrhy;> XH gpuge;jk;> rpyhrhrdk;> Gfo;rr ; pr; nra;As;> fy;nyOj;J Kd;NdhH
,we;j ehs; Kjypatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fw;gidf;Nfh> Gide;Jiuf;Nfh> fl;Lf;fijf;Nfh> czHr;rp
eilf;Nfh> cd;djkhd tbtikg;Gf;Nfh ,lkpy;iy. cs;sij cs;sthW
czh;j;Jfpd;w cz;ikf;F kl;LNk ,lKz;L.
fy;ntl;Lg; gzpafk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy vOj;J tbtq;fspy; mike;Js;sd. mit gpuhkp> ntq;fp-
gy;yth> njYq;F-fd;dlk;> fpue;jj; jkpo;> tl;nlOj;J> kiyahsk;> NfhnyOj;J>
ee;jpehfpup Kjypad. ,g;gytif vOj;J tbtq;fSila fy;ntl;Lf;fs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gy;yhapuf;fzf;fpy; ek; jkpofj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. nrd;id fy;ntl;Lg; gzpafk;

,JfhWk; Vwj;jho 30>000 fy;ntl;Lf;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ. fd;dl ehl;Lg;
gzpafk; Vwf;Fiwa 11>000 fy;ntl;Lf;fisf; fz;lwpe;Js;sJ. jpUthq;$upYk;
GJf;Nfhl;ilapYk; fpilj;Js;s fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy.
,e;jpa vOj;Jf;fs;
tuyhw;W cz;ikf;Fg; nghUe;jpadthf ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jpa vOj;Jf;fs; ehd;F
tifg;gLk;. mit> gpuhkp> fNuh\;b> jpuhtpl> atdhzpah vd;gd. ,tw;Ws;
atdhzpah vd;gJ fpNuf;fUk; mtiur; rhHe;jtUk; gad;gLj;jp te;j vOj;J Kiw
MFk;. fNuh\;b vd;gJ tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpd; xUgFjpapy; Vwj;jhof; fp.gp 4k;
E}w;whz;by; tof;fpy; vOj;J Kiw MFk;.
gpuhkp vd;gJ fp.K Kjy; %d;W E}w;whz;Lfspy; mNrhfDila
fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; njd; ,e;jpaf; FiffspYk; fhzg;gLk; vOj;J KiwahFk;. gpuhkp
vOj;J Kiw Nkw;nrhd;d ,uz;L vOj;J Kiwf;Fk; khWgl;lJ. gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fis
ed;F Muha;e;j mwpQHfs; mJ jkpOf;nfd mikf;fg;gl;l Fwpahfyhk; vdf;
fUJfpd;wdH. jpuhtpl vd;gJ tl;nlOj;J cUntOj;J Kjypa epiyfisj; jhz;b
mfutupir vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;w gpuhkp ypgp> Vwj;jhof; fp.gp 3k; E}w;whz;by;
jkpofj;jpy; GFe;J> ehl;L epiyf;Nfw;gr; rpwpJ rpwpjhf tsHr;rpaile;J>
tl;nlOj;jhf khwpapUj;jy; Ntz;L;k; vd;W fUJfpd;wdH. tl;nlOj;J xU fhyj;jpy;
jkpofk; KOtJk; ,Ue;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. njhz;il ehl;bYk;> fhtpup tiuAs;s
jkpofj;jpYk; gy;ytuhl;rp Vw;gl;l gpwF> gy;ytuhy; Nghw;wp tsHf;fg;gl;l gpuhkp
ypgpapd; top te;j fpue;jKk;> mjid xl;b tsHe;j fpue;jj; jkpOk; tof;fhW ngwj;
njhlq;fpd. mf;fhyj;jpy; gy;ytuhl;rp Vw;glhj ghz;ba ehL> Nru ehL> nfhq;F
ehLfspy; tl;nlOj;J toq;fp te;jJ.
gy;ytHf;Fg;gpd; njd;dpe;jpah KOtiijAk; xU Filf;fPo; itj;jhz;l
NrhoH fhyj;jpy; fpue;jj; jkpNo ngUtof;Fg; ngw;wJ. NrhoHf;Fg; gpd; jkpofj;ij
Mz;l tp[aefu murH fhyj;jpYk; kfhuh\;bu kd;dHfs; fhyj;jpYk; ehfu
vOj;Jf;fs; jkpofj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; Njhw;wk;
,e;jpaf; fy;ntl;L vOj;Jf;fspy; Kjypy; Njhd;wpait gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;l mNrhfd; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngsj;j rkaf; nfhs;iffis kf;fsplk;
gug;Gtjw;fhf cz;lhditahFk;.gpd;te;j gl;laq;fSk; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; fy;tpapw;
ngupatHf;Fk; tPuHfl;Fk; Nfhtpy;fl;Fk; mt;tg;NghJ epyjhdk; Kjypa jhdq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;l NghJ vOjg; ngw;witahFk;. xU nghUisf; Fwpj;Jf; fy;ypy; ntl;b>
mf;fy;iyg; gyUk; NrHe;J ghHf;fj;jf;f Nfhtpy; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; gjpj;J>
kf;fisf; fhzr;nra;tJ ek; ehl;by; ,d;wsTk; ,Ue;J tUk; tof;fkhFk;.
Nghupy; ,we;j tPuDf;Ff; fy;ehl;b mjd; mbapy; mtDila ngaiuAk;
rpwg;Gf;fisAk; ntl;Ltpf;Fk; nray; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk;
fy;ntl;Lfs;> ngUk;ghYk; nghJkf;fs; ghHg;gjw;fhf ntl;lg;gLtjhy; ,it
nghJ ,lq;fspNyNa mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhapy;fs;> Fiffs;> nghJ
kz;lgq;fs;> ntw;wpj; J}z;fs;> eLfw;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,we;NjhH epidTf; fw;fs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;gtK;w;wpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fisf; fhzyhk;.fy;ntl;Lg; nghwpf;Fk; tof;fk; cyfpd; gy

gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; ,we;Jgl;l my;yJ ,d;Wk;
tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;w gy;NtW nkhopfspYkhd fy;ntl;Lf;fis ntspr;rj;Jf;Fk;
nfhz;Lte;Js;sd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy Mapuk; epiyj;jpUf;ff; $bait. Mjyhy;> kpfg; goq;fhy
tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;> epfo;TfSf;fhd ek;gfkhd rhd;Wfshf ,it jpfo;fpd;wd. gy
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; xU nkhopapy; kl;Lkpd;wp> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nkhopfspYk;; xNu
nra;jpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;gb mike;Js;sd. ,j;jifa fy;ntl;Lf;fs; tof;nfhope;J
kwf;fg;gl;Ltpl;l nkhopfs; gytw;iw thrpj;J mwpaTk; mtw;iw kPl;LWthf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lNj. gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fisr; NrHe;j fy;ntl;Lf;fis Ma;T nra;tjd;
%yk; vOj;Jf;fspd; gbKiw tsHr;rpfisAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
ngUk;ghyhd jkpo;ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; jkpopNyNa ntl;lggl;Ls;sd. Mdhy;
Mwhk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;ff; fy;ypy; ntl;lg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rk];fpUj
nkhopapYk; cs;s;d. rpy ,UnkhopapYk; cs;sd. fle;j 120 Mz;Lfspy; gy
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nguhrpupah;
<`y;l] ; ;r>P kjuh]; murpd; fy;ntl;bayhsuhf gzpNaw;wgpd;> 1886-k; Mz;bd;
gpw;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lf;fis Kiwahfr; Nrfupf;fj;
njhlq;fpdhH. kpfg;gioa nrg;NgL fp.gp 10-k; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;jJ. Nyld;
nrg;NgLfs;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; jpUthyq;fhl;Lr; nrg;NgL> Re;ju Nrhodpd;
md;gpy; nrg;NgL> tPuuhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fd;dpahFkupr; nrg;NgL vd;git fz;Lgpbj;J
ntspaplg;gl;ltw;Ws; mlq;FtdthFk;.
gz;ila ,e;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
,e;jpaj; Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; Kjd;Kiwahff; fpilj;j fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> fp.K
%thapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ija rpe;J ntspapy; fpilj;j fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;Gfs;
MFk;. Mdhy;> ,f;fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;Gfs; ,Jtiu ahuhYk; KOiahf gbj;J
mwpag;gltpy;iy. tl,e;jpahtpy;> fp.K %d;whk; E}w;whz;by; gpuhkp vOj;jpy;
gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l mNrhfupd; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;> jkpo;ehl;by; jkpo;
vOj;jpy;> jkpo; nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;Lfs; Kjypy;
mwpag;gl;ljhFk;. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; rkzHfspd; jkpo;gpuhkp> gl;bgpNuhY vOj;J Kiw
kw;Wk; flk;g vOj;Jf;fspy; nghwpj;j fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;
godp> nfhLkzy; kw;Wk; Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; fp.K 500 Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ija gz;ila
jkpo; gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. mNrhfH fhyj;jpw;F Ke;ija
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,yq;ifapd; mDuhjGuj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
jkpoehl;bd; kpfg;gioa fy;ntl;Lf;fs; eLfw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;lit MFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpak; Kjyhd goe;jkpo; E}y;fspYs;s nra;jpfshFk; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf
mikfpd;wd.njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;> NghHf;fsj;jpNy tPur;rhT mile;NjhUf;Ff;
fy;nyLj;jYk;> mf;fy;ypy; mtHjk; tPur;nray;fisg; nghwpj;jhYk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf eLfw;fspy; Njhd;wpa fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy;ytH fhyj;jpy;
NtW NjitfSf;Fk; gad;glj;jf;fjhf tsHr;rpaile;jd. gy;ytHfspd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhlf;ffhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhfpUj nkhopapYk;> ,ilf;fhyj;jp;y;

rk];fpUjj;jpYk; fp.gp Mwhk; E}w;whz;L Kjy;> gpw;fhyg; gy;ytH fhyj;jpy; jkpopYk;
nghwpf;fg;gl;ld. ,tHfSf;Fg; gpd;dH Nrho kd;dUk;> ghz;baUk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
ngupJk; tsHr;rpAw;wd. ,t;thW nghwpf;fg;gl;l Mapuf;fzf;fhd fy;ntl;Lf;fspd;
%yNk jkpo; ehl;bd; ,ilf;fhy tuyhw;wpd; ngUk;gFjpia mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbe;jJ.
,yf;fpaf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
,yf;fpar; RitAld; ,yf;fz tpj;pfSf;Fg; nghUe;j mike;Js;s ghly;
fy;ntl;Lf;fshFk;. ghz;baupd; jstha;Gur; nrg;NgLfs; rptfhrpr; nrg;NgLfs;>
Nrhoupd; nya;ld; nrg;NgLfs;> mwr;rY}H ,irf; fy;ntl;L> gokq;fyk; eLfy;>
ee;jptHkdpd; jpUnts;siwg; ghly; fy;ntl;L> gjpdhW J}z; nfhz;l gl;bdg;ghiy
kz;lgf; fy;ntl;L> mguhrpj tHkdpd; jpUj;jdpg;ghly; fy;ntl;L> nghd; gug;gpa
kfijg; ngUkhspd; ,uhr fz;l Nfhghyd; jpUtz;zhkiyf; fy;ntl;L> jpUg;gjp
,uhr fz;l Nfhghyd; fy;ntl;L Nghd;w ,yf;fpar;Rit nghUe;jpa fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
cs;sd.
tuyhw;Wf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nghJthf murH gw;wpa tuyhWk;> rkak; gw;wpa tuyhWk;
mwpa cjTfpd;wd. fp.gp ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L njhlq;fp gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L Kba
cs;s fhyj;Jj; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW ngUk;ghYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fis mbg;gilahf
itj;Nj ngUk;ghYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fis mbg;gilahf itj;Nj vOj Ntz;bAs;sJ.
tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; taY}Hf; fy;ntl;L Kjd;ik ,lj;ijg;
ngWfpwJ. ,jpy; gy;yt kd;dHjk; topKiw njspTgLj;jg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
neLQ;rilad; guhe;jfdpd; nrg;NgL “njd; kJuh GuQ;nra;Jk; mq;fjdpy; mUe;jkpo;
ew;rq;fk; ,up,j; jkpo; tsHj;Jk;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,t;thwhf fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tuyhw;wpd; ngUk;gFjpia mwpa
KbfpwJ. ehfuPf Nkk;ghL> gz;ghL> murpay; mYty;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mwpa
KbfpwJ.
JizE}y;fs;
1. Nguhrphpah;N[. jh;kuh[;> lhf;lh; j. vgpN[k;];> fy;ntl;bay;> nld;rp

gg;spNf\d;];> rptfhrp> Ie;jhk; gjpg;G – 2014.
2. Kidth;. Rg;GuhaY> jkpo;f; fy;ntl;baYk; mjd; tuyhWk;> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;
fofk;> jQ;rhT+h;> Kjw;gjpg;G - 2001.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - njhd;kf; fl;likg;Gk; tuyhWk;

Archaic History and Infrastructure of Uttrakosamangai
KidtH =. gpNuk;FkhH> jkpo;j;Jiw> cjtpg;NguhrpupaH>

J}ajhk]; fy;Y}up> nrd;id – 107
Abstract
The brief study on the origin and the developments of the Archaic History and
Infrastructure of Uttrakosamangai. It is a very famous temple in the Sivagangai District.
Lord shiva is the presiding God. It is famous for the Maragatha Lingam and the Culvert
edicts. The paper discloses the facts in the archaeological facts.
Keywords: Archaic History, , Infrastructure, Uttrakosamangai,
jpy;iyapy; fdrigapYk;> jpUthyq;fhl;by; ,uj;jpd rigapYk;> kJiuapy;

nts;spr;rigapYk;> ney;iyapy; jhkpur; rigapYk;> Fw;whyj;jpy; rpj;jpur;rigapYk;
Mbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; <rd; kz;zhff; fhQ;rpapYk;> ePuhfj; jpUthidf;fhtpYk; jPahfj;
jpUtz;zhkiyapYk; fhw;whff; fhs`];jpapYk; thdhfr; rpjk;guj;jpYk; fhl;rpj;
je;jhYk; cyfj;jpNyNa Kjypy; Njhd;wpa Nfhapy; vDk; ngUikAk; rpwg;Gk;
tha;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLtJ cj;jpuNfhr kq;if MFk;. ~njd;dhLila rptNd Nghw;wp
ve;ehl;ltHf;Fk; ,iwth Nghw;wp| vd;W Nghw;Wk; mf; Nfhapypd; njhd;kf;
fUj;Jfisj; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; topahfTk; ,yf;fpaj; juTfs; topahfTk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Nehf;fpy; ,f;fl;Liu mikfpd;wJ.
cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - njhd;kk;
cj;jpuk; - Ntjk; (tpil) > Nfhrk; - ,ufrpak;> kq;if - ghHtjp> vDk;
%d;W nrhw;fspd; NrHf;ifapd; top cUngw;wJ ,t;t+uhFk;. Ntjj;jpd; nghUisg;
ghHtjpNjtpf;F rptngUkhd; ,ufrpakhf Xjpajhy; ,g;ngaH ngw;wJ. ,d;wsTk;
,f;Nfhapypd; gok;ngUikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; tifapy; ~kz; Ke;jpNah ,y;iy kq;if
Ke;jpNah| vDk; tof;Fk; ~kz; Njhd;wpa NghNj kq;if Njhd;wpaJ| vDk;
nrhytilfs; $wg;gLtJ cz;L.
~fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;wh fhyj;Nj thnshL Kd;Njhd;wpa %j;jFb jkpo;f;Fb|
vDk; Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy tupfSf;fpzq;f ~kz; Ke;jpNah ,y;iy kq;if
Ke;jpNah | vDk; nrhytilia itj;Jk; cj;jpuNfhrkq;if Fwpj;j njhd;kj;ij
xg;G Nehf;fyhk;. cj;jpuNfhrkq;if Fwpj;j ,e;jr; nrhy;yhly; ntw;Wg; Ngr;ry;y.
Vnddpy; ,uhtzd; murhSk; fhyj;jpNyNa ,e;jf; Nfhapy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. NkYk;
gpuk;k`];jpNjh\k; ePf;Fk; ,uhNk];tuk; vy;yhk; cUthtjw;F Kd;NgAk; ,f;Nfhapy;
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gjw;Fg; gy;NtW fy;ntl;L> fijr; rhd;Wfs; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
,uhtzdpd; kidtp kz;Nlhjup jpUkzj;Jf;F Kd;G rpwe;j rptgf;jidNa kzk;
nfhs;Ntd; vd;W ituhf;fpaj;NjhL ,Ue;jjhy; mtSf;F rptd; fhl;rpaspj;jhH
vd;Wk; ,uhtzd; - kz;Nlhjup Foe;ij ghf;fpak; Ntz;b topg;gl;l ,lkhfTk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,uhtzDf;F kq;fsehz; mzptpf;Fk; ghf;fpaj;ij ,iwtd; mspj;jikahy; kq;fs

ehjH vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;whH vd;Wk; fy;ntl;L> fijr; rhd;Wfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,uhkd; topg;gl;l ,uhNk];tuk; uhtzidf; nfhd;w Njh\k; ePq;f vd;fpwJ
jyGuhzk;. Mdhy; kq;ifapy; cs;s fy;ntl;by; kz;Nlhjup ngaH ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
,jd;top ,e;jj;jyf; fy;ntl;L ,uhkhazf; fhyj;ija fy;ntl;L MFk;. NkYk;
Ntj tpahrH> guhruH> fhfG[z;lH> kpUfz;L KdptH> fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahH>
gjQ;ryp> thzhRud;> (ghzhRud;)> kad;> tpahf;fpukHfs;> mUzfpupehjH ,d;Dk; gy
KdptHfs; vdg; gyUk; topg;gl;l ,lkhFk;. ghzhRud; topg;gl;l ghzypq;fk;
kq;fsehjH fUtiwapy; ,Ue;jjhfr; nrhy;tH. cyfpy; cs;s 1087
rpthyaq;fisAk; jd;Ds; nfhz;l rf];uypq;fk; ,k;kq;ifapy; cs;sJ. Mfk
E}y;fis khzpf;fthrfH fhj;jjhy; mtUf;Fk; ypq;ftbtk; nfhLj;J mUspdhH
rptd;. E}y;fisf; fhf;fKbahj KdptHfs; rpt mf;dpahd jPHj;jj;jpy; tpOe;J
,we;jjhy; mf;dp jPHj;jk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nrhf;fehj <rd; cikia
kPdtg; ngz;zhfr; rgpj;Jg;gpd; rhg tpNkhrdk; nra;J cikia kze;Jnfhz;L
,k;kq;ifapNyNa Ntjg;nghUis cgNjrk; nra;J gpd;dH kJiuf;F te;jjhf
kJiug;Guhzk; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,j;jyj;jpy; cik mk;ik <rDf;Fj;
jpdKk; g+i[ nra;tjhf ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
cj;jpuNfhrkq;ifapy; ,iwtd; Rak;Gthf xU ,ye;ij kuj;jbapy;
Njhd;wpajhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. gpuk;kh> jhok;g+ ,q;F te;J <rid topg;gl;L
rhgtpNkhrdk; ngw;wjhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. rptDila mb Kbiaf; fhz
jpUkhy;> gpukd; nry;y> gpukDk; rptd; jiyapypUe;j jhok;g+Tk; rptd; Kbiaf;
fz;ljhfg; ngha; $w rptd; gpukdpd; Ie;Jjiyapy; xU jiyiaf; fps;sp vwpe;Jk;>
jhok;g+ ,dp jd; topghl;by; ,lk; ngwf;$lhJ vd;W $wpAk; rgpj;jhH. mjdhy; rpt
topghl;by; jhok;g+ #lg;gltpy;iy@ ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. ,jid ~kl;Nlhiyg;
g+tidahH|(fz;zp - 8) vd;W jkpo; tpLJ}J Fwpg;gpLk;. ,e;j epiyapy; gpukDk;>
jhok;g+Tk; ,j;jyj;J <rid topg;gl;L rhg tpNkhrdk; ngw;wjhfTk;>
rptf;Nfhapy;fspy; ,q;F kl;Lk; <rDf;Fj; jhok;g+ rhj;jp topglyhk;. fhfG[z;l
KdptUf;Ff; fTjk Kdptuhy; Vw;gl;l rhgKk; ,q;Fjhd; ePq;fpaJ. NkYk;
rptdbahHfs; 60 Mapuk; NgH ,q;F Qhd cgNjrk; ngw;wjhfTk; $wg;gLk;.
cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - rpjk;guk;
g+Nyhff; ifyhak; vd;Wk; g+Nyhf nrhHf;fk; vd;nwy;yhk; miof;ff; $ba
rpjk;guj;jpw;Fk; cj;jpuNfhr kq;iff;Fk; gy;NtW njhlHGfs; ,Ug;gij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
rpjk;guj;jpw;F Kd;Ng cj;jpuNfhrkq;if Nfhapy; Njhd;wpajhy; Mjp rpjk;guk;
vDk; ngaiug; ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; eld %ykhd elj;jiuaH ,q;F miwapy; Mba
gpd;dHjhd; rpjk;guj;jpy; Myaj;jpy; MbdhH. NkYk; cj;juNfhr kq;ifapy;
elj;jiuaH jpUNkdp mikf;fg;gl;l mLj;j ehs; my;yJ mNj ehspy;jhd;
rpjk;guj;jpYk; eluh[H jpUNkdp mikf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gH. ,t;tpU tbtq;fisAk;
cUthf;fpatH rz;Kf tbNtyH. gpd;G ,e;j ,U rpiyfspd; tbtikg;igg;
ghHj;Jj;jhd; gpw eluh[H rpiyfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gH (rhd;W: jytuyhW).
NkYk; kq;if> rpjk;guk; Mfpa Nfhapy;fspy; cs;s eluh[H tbtq;fspy; fOj;jpy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Lg;gpy; ghk;G fpilahJ@ jiyapy; fq;if fpilahJ@ ,uz;Lk; ,uh[Nfhy

tbtq;fspy; rpupj;Jf;nfhz;L ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. Mdhy; cj;jpuNfhr kq;ifapy;
cs;s rpiy kufjf;fy;@ rpjk;guj;jpy; cs;sJ Ik;nghd; rpiyahFk;.
,uz;L Nfhapy;fspYk; eluhrH rd;djpf;F vjpupy; tyg;Gwj;Nj ngUkhs;
rd;dpjp cs;sJ. rpjk;guj;jpy; ,d;Wk; xUNru xNu ,lj;jpypUe;J eluh[iuAk;
jpUr;rpj;uf; $lj;jpy; cs;s ngUkhisAk; topgLk; Kiw ,Uf;fpd;wijf; fhzyhk;.
Mdhy; kq;ifapy; VNjh rka fho;g;GzHr;rpapd; fhuzkhfg; ngUkhs; rpiy ,Uf;Fk;
,lk; %lg;gl;L> mt;tplj;jpy; ckhkNfr;RtuH rpiyAk; kzpkhlKk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; cj;jpuNfhr kq;iff; Nfhapy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;
tiu Mjp irtHfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ." mupAk; rptDk; xz;ZmwpahjhH
thapNy kz;Z" vd;Dk; tof;if nka;g;gpf;Fk; tifapy; ,f;Nfhapy;fs; irt>
itztj; njhlHig vLj;Jf;fhl;l cUthfp ,Uf;fyhk;. mJ gpbf;fhj xU rpyH
,r;nraiyr; nra;jpUf;fyhk;.gpd;G ,f;Nfhapy; ghJfhty; ,uhkehjGuk; muruplk;
xg;gilj;J ,d;Wtiu me;j rk];jhd MSiff;Fl;gl;ljhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
cyfj;jpd; ,ja ];jhdkhff; fUjg;gLk; rpjk;guj;jpw;Fk; cj;jpuNfhr kq;iff;Fk;
ikaj; njhlHG Ruq;f topaha; cs;sJ. mjdhy;jhd; ,t;tpU Nfhapy;fSf;fhd
gy;NtW mikg;GKiw> eluh[H rpiy mikg;GKiw Mfpad xg;Gik cilajhf
cs;sikia mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - khzpf;fthrfH
khzpf;fthrfuhy; rpjk;guKk; cj;jpuNfhrkq;ifAk; rpwg;Gk; ngw;Ws;sJ
ghlTk; ngw;Ws;sJ. khzpf;fthrfupd; ,Wjpf;fhyk; rpjk;guk; vd;why; ,ilg;gl;l
fhyk; cj;jpuNfhrkq;ifahFk;. njhlf;ffhyk; jpUthjt+Uk; kJiuAk; MFk;.
khzpf;fthrfH kpFe;j ehl;fs; ,Ue;j jyk; ,e;j cj;jpuNfhrkq;if MFk;.
,j;jyk; Fwpj;Jg; gy ghly;fs; ghb ,Uf;fpwhH. mtw;Ws; ePj;jy; tpz;zg;gk;>
jpUj;jrhq;fk;> fPHj;jpj; jpUtfty;> nghd;D}Q;ry; Mfpad rpwg;GilajhFk;.
,f;Nfhapypy; cs;s ,ye;j kuj;jbapy; khzpf;fthrfH ,Ue;jjhfTk; me;j kuk; 3000
Mz;L goik cilaJ vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. mk; kuk; ,d;Wk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
NkYk; khzpf;fthrfH xsp cUtpy; mkHe;Js;s ,lkhfTk; ypq;f tbtpy;
fhl;rpj;juf; $ba ,lkhfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs;> fijfs;
$wg;gLfpd;wd. khzpf;fthrfH kw;w rd;dpjpapy; JwT epiyapy; kopj;j jiyNahL
,Uf;f ,q;Fj; jtOk; [lhKbNahL fhl;rpaspf;fpd;whH.
khzpf;fthrfH elj;jiuaDf;F 1087 jyq;fspUe;jhYk; ghz;ba ehNl mtd;
gjp cj;jpuNfhr kq;ifNa mtd; nrhe;j CH vd;fpwhH.
“ghz;b ehNl gok;gjp MfTk;
gj;jpnra; mbaiug; guk;guj;J
ca;g;gtd; cj;jpuNfhr kq;if CH MfTk;”
(fPHj;jpj; jpU mfty;> 118-120> jpy;iyapy; mUspaJ)
NkYk; jpUj;jrhq;fj;jpy;>
“jhjhL g+Q;Nrhiyj; jj;jha; eik MSk;
khjhLk; ghfj;jd; tho;gjp vd; - Nfhjhl;bg; gj;jH
vyhk; ghHNky; rptGuk; Nghw;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhz;lhLk; cj;jpu Nfhr kq;if CH” (jpUj;jrhq;fk; - 2)

vd;W khzpf;fthrfH cj;jpuNfhr kq;ifapid epyTyfr; rptNyhfk; vd;W
ngUikahfg; NgRfpd;whH. NkYk; ,g;gFjpapy; khzpf;fthrfH fpspfsplk; Nfl;gJ
Nghy; mikj;Jg; ghbapUg;ghH. ,d;iwf;Fk; ,f;Nfhapy; NfhGuq;fspy; fpspf;$l;lk;
,Ug;gijf; fz;L tpag;gilayhk;.
ePj;jy; tpz;zg;gj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa 50 ghly;fspy; gpugQ;r ituhf;fpaj;jpw;fhf
cj;jpuNfhrkq;ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; <ridj; jdf;F ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahff;
fhl;rpj;juNtz;bg; ghLfpd;whH. rpw;wpd;gj; njhy;iyapypUe;J ePq;fp Ngupd;gkhfpa
<ridr; ruzila Ntz;bg; ghLfpd;whH. ,e;j 50 ghly;fSk; khzpf;fthrfUf;Fk;
,iwtDf;Fkhd ghrg;Nghuhl;lj;ij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ctikj;njhlHfs; epiwe;j
me;jhjpg; ghly;fshFk;.
mupkHj;jdg; ghz;bad; mitapy; mikr;ruha; ,Ue;J Fjpiu thq;fr;
nry;Yk;NghJ ,iwtdhy; mbfshf Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;L jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy;
Nfhapy;fl;b> <rd; khzpf;fthrfUf;fhfg; gpuk;gbg;gl;L fhl;rpf; nfhLj;jJ Kjy;
KiwahFk;.
“Mubahd; vd;dpd; cj;jpuNfhr kq;iff;furpd;
rPubahH mbahndd;W epd;idr; rpupg;gpg;gNd”
(ePj;jy; tpz;zg;gk;> ghly; -48)
vd;W ,e;j cj;jpuNfhrkq;ifapy; ,uz;lhtJ Kiw mtH fhl;rpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;bg;
ghba ghly;jhd; ePj;jy; tpz;zg;gk;. NkYk;
“cd;dw;fupa jpU Tj;ju Nfhr kq;if
kd;dpg; nghype;jpUe;j khkiwNahd; jd;GfNo
gd;dpg; gzpe;jpiwQ;rg; ghtq;fs; gw;wWg;ghd;”
(jpUg;nghd;D}Q;ry; gh-6)
vd;W kq;ifapy; ghLfpd;whH.
“Muh mKjha; miyfly;tha; kPd; tprpWk;
Nguhir thupaidg; ghLJk; fhz;> mk;khdha;” (jpUtk;khdha;. gh-2)
vd;W khzpf;fthrfH jpU mz;zhkiyapypUe;J ghbaJ cj;jpuNfhr kq;ifiaj;
jhd;.
“cj;jpu Nfhr kq;ifAs; spUe;J>
tpj;jf Ntlq; fhl;ba ,ay;Gk;” (fPHj;jpj; jpUtfty;> tup - 48-49)
vd;W kq;ifapy; Qhdtbtk; nfhz;ltH rptd; vd;W jpy;iyapypUe;J ghLfpd;whH.
mNj Nghy; jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; tiytPrp tpisahz;l glyk;
ele;j ,lKk; ,t;tplk;jhd;.
Nkw;fz;l Fwpg;Gfspd; top ,d;iwf;Fk; ,f;Nfhapypd; cl;gpufhuj; J}z;fs;>
rpiyfs;> ee;jp Mfpad fly; ePuhy; mupj;jw;fhd fhl;rpfisf; fhzyhk;. NkYk;
Nfhapypd; cs;Ns fly;kz;fSk;> ,q;Fs;s Fsj;jpy; cs;s ePH cg;G ePuhfTk;>
kPd;fs; me; ePupNyNa tho;tjd; epiyia itj;Jk; cj;jpuNfhr kq;if flw;fiuia
xl;bapUe;jij nka;g;gpf;fpd;wJ. fhyr;#oy; ,aw;if khw;wq;fspdhy;
khw;wkile;jpUf;fyhk; vd;gij ,yf;fpag; ghly;top czu Kbfpd;wJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;

cj;jpuNfhrkq;if Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpfisg; ghz;ba kd;dHfNs nra;jdH.
ghz;baHfs; fhyfl;lj;jpy; cj;jpuNfhrkq;if rpyfhyk; jiyefukhfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;f
tha;g;Gz;L. NkYk; ,uhNk];tuk; - cj;jpuNfhrkq;if ,uz;Lk; ,yq;ifapypUe;j
fz;b kfhuh[hthy; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;gH. rptGuk;> jl;rpz fapyhak;> rJHNtjp
kq;fyk;> ,y(t)e;jpifg;gs;sp> (,ye;ij kuk; mjpfk; epiwe;jgFjp@ Nfhapypd; jy
tpUl;rk; 3000 Mz;L goikahd ,ye;ij kuk; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ)> gj;upfhNrj;jpuk;>
gpuk;kGuk;> tpahf;uGuk;> kq;fsGup> gj;uprad rj;jpuk;> Mjp rpjk;guk; vdg; gy
ngaHfspy; ,t;t+H gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (fy;ntl;L> ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fs;)
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; ,yte;jpifg; gs;sp vd;gJ cj;jpuNfhr
kq;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,k;kq;ifapy; cs;s fy;ntl;by; ,yte;jpifg;gs;spj; JQ;rpa
ed;khwd; ngaUk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;. GwehD}W 55> 56> 57> 196> 198
Mfpa ghly;fspy; gy MrpupaHfs; ,tdJ rpwg;G> gupR nfhLf;fhj epiyiag;
ghbAs;sdH. ,yte;jpifg;gs;sp JQ;rpa eyq;fps;sp Nrl;nrd;dp vDk; Nrhod;
Fwpj;Jk; Gwk; - 61 MtJ ghlypy; khlyd; kJiuf;FkudhH ghbAs;shH.
jpUthr;rpf; fy;ntl;L (Mtzk; - 7)> guQ;Nrhjpahupd; jpUtpisahlw; Guhz
tiytPRglyk;> ngUk;gw;wg;Gypa+H ek;gpapd; jpUtpisahlw;Guhz tiytPR fhz;lk;.
jpU cj;jpuNfhrkq;ifapd; jyGuhz tiytPR mj;ahak;> tiytPR Guhzk; -
kiyahs nkhop tbtk; (,k;nkhopapy; ghz;ba ehl;by; kq;ifg; gjpapy; elg;gjhfNt
$Wfpd;wJ.)> ghHgjpak;kd; fij Kjypa ehl;Lg;Gw tbtk; njhlq;fp midj;jpYk;
cj;jpuNfhr kq;ifapd; goik Fwpj;j gjpT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cj;jpuNfhr kq;if - tiytPR fhtpak;
jpUtz;zhkiyapypUe;J khzpf;fthfH ghba
~Muh mKjha; miyfly;tha; kPd; tprpWk;
Nguhir thupaidg; ghLJk;fhz; mk;khdha;” (jpUmk;khdha;> ghly;-2)
vDk; <rdpd; tpisahly; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
tpupTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;tifapy; ehl;Lg;Gw tbtq;fspYk; ,f;fij
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. Fwpg;ghff; fd;dpahFkup tl;lq;fspy; ,d;Wk; tiytPR fhtpak;
vDk; fij epfo;j;jg;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;. ,jidr; rpt. tpNtfhde;jd; vd;gtH
gjpg;gpj;Js;shH. tiytPrp fij> tiytPrpafij> tiytPrpd fij> tiytPra P k;kd;
fij> ghHgjpak;kd; fij vdg; gytbtq;fspy; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
tiytPR fhtpaj;jpy; gujtf; Foe;ijahfr; rgpf;fg;gl;l ghHtjpia <rd;
jpUkzk; nra;tJ fijf;fUthFk;. ,f;fijapd; CNl mjpaurd;> mUzty;yp>
ee;jp> rhgk;> rhgtpNkhrdk; Fwpj;j fijf;fsd;fs; Vl;L ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaj;jpYk; Kuz;gLtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
‘fjpj;njO kq;ifak; gjptsH fhrpfg; gw;fjp gjpjd;’
(tiytPR fhtpak; - 11)
vd;W gy ,lq;fspy; ,f;fhtpak; cj;jpuNfhrkq;ifiaf; Fwpj;Js;sjd; topahfTk;
ehl;Lg;Gw tbtk; njhlq;fp ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs;> Nfhapy; njhy;ypay; juTfs; -
gbkq;fs; tiu flw;fiuia xl;bapUe;jJ ,t;t+H vd;gij nka;g;gpf;fpd;wJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nfhapy; fl;likg;G
cj;jpuNfhrkq;iff; Nfhapy; fl;blf;fiy kuG jpuhtplf; fl;blf;fiy
kughFk;. rptDf;Fk;> cikf;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa ,uh[NfhGu EioTthapy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
,Ug;gpDk; <rDf;fhd EioTthapy; kl;Lk; jw;nghOJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nfhapypd; cl;gpufhu Eiotpy; ahspapd; thapy; fy;yhy; Md ge;Js;sJ. ,g;ge;ij
mjd; thapypUe;J cUl;lyhk;. Mdhy; ntspapy; vLf;f KbahJ. ,J jkpo;r;
rpw;gf;fiy tuyhw;Wf;F xU rpwe;j rhd;whFk;. cyfpy; cs;s 1087
rpthyaq;fisAk; jd;Ds; mlf;fpa rf];uypq;fk;> ghzhRud; topg;gl;l ghzypq;fk;>
];gbfypq;fk;> 11 tpehafH rpiy> uh[NfhGuj;jpy; ruNg];tuH rpiy> gr;ir kufj
ypq;fk;> khzpf;fthrfH ypq;fk;> rpiy> mf;dpjPHj;jk;> ,ye;ij kuk; ahTk;
rpwg;Gilad.
cj;jpuNfhrkq;ifapy; cs;s gQ;rNyhf eluh[H rpiyiag; ghHj;jhy;
tyJGwk; Mz;fs; MLk; jhz;ltKk; ,lJGwk; ngz;fs; MLk; espdkhd
fiyg;gilg;ghfTk; cs;sJ. tpf;fpufj; jpUNkdp> fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;GfisAk;
ghHf;Fk;NghJ ,e;eluh[H rpiyAk; njhd;ikahdjhff; fUjyhk;. Nfhapy; thrypy;
tpehafH> KUfH itg;G KiwAk; khwpAs;sJ. KUfDf;F thfdkhf ahid
cs;sJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzkhf KUfDf;F ,e;jpud; jdJ Iuhtjj;ij ,j;jyj;jpy;
mspj;jhd; vd;W Mjp rpjk;gu kfhj;kpak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
NkYk; ,f;Nfhapypd; fUtiwapypUe;J rpjk;guk;> ,uhNk];tuk;> nkf;fh
,d;Dk; gy ,lq;fSf;Fr; Ruq;f top ,Ug;gjhfj; njhd;kr; rhd;Wfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,t;top kdtop vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhtpypy; cs;s Xtpaq;fSk;
rpw;gq;fSk; goikAk; moFk; tha;e;jdthFk;.
cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - kufjf;fy; eluh[H
cyfj;jpNyNa kpfg;ngupa kufjf; fy;yhy; Md rpiy ,f;Nfhapypy; cs;sJ
jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;. rhjhuzxyp miyfs; $l kufjj;ij cjpuitf;Fk;. mjdhy;jhd;
~kj;jsk; nfhl;l kufjk; cjpUk;|> ~ke;jpu xypf;Ff; $l kufjk; cjpUk;| vd;W
,yf;fpa tof;Ffspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf; fhuzk; gw;wpNa ,r;rpiy
tbtikj;j rz;Kf tbNtyH re;jdf; fhg;gpl;L kufjr; rpiyia kiwj;jhH.
,r;rpiyNa Mjp eluh[H. kufjk; xypf;Nf cjpUk; vd;why; cspahy;
nrJf;fg;gl;lhy; vg;gbj; jhq;Fk;. mjdhy; ,J kdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk;
jhdhf Rak;G tbtpy; te;jjhfTk; fUJtH.
nly;ypiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L 1300 fspy; Ml;rpnra;j myhTjpd; fpy;[p>
,f;Nfhapy; kufjf;fy; rpiyiaf; nfhs;isabf;f Kaw;rpnra;J Njhw;whd;. ,NjNghy;
gyH vLf;f Kaw;rp nra;Js;sdH. rkPgj;jpy; $l kufjr; rpiyiaf; nfhs;isabf;f
jpUl;Lf; Fk;gy; ,f;NfhtpypDs; Eioe;jjhf Clfr; nra;jpfs; thapyhfTk; mwpa
Kbe;jJ. Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; ,d;Dk; gpwuhYk; ,r; rpiy fsthlg;
glhikf;F rz;Kf tbNtyH nra;j re;jdf;fhg;G ghJfhg;Ng MFk;. ,f;Nfhapy;
Fwpj;J khzpf;fthrfH Kjypa gy ngupNahHfs; ghbAs;sdH. mUzfpupehjH
,q;Fs;s KUfd; kPJ jpUg;Gfo; ghbAs;shH. kq;fs <];tupiag; Nghw;Wk; tifapy;
t.j. Rg;ukzpak; gps;is gps;isj;jkpo; ghbAs;shH (1901> 1956 ,y; kWgjpg;G
te;Js;sJ)> kJiug;Guhzk;> jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;> tPurpq;fhjdGuhzk;> Mjp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpjk;gu kfhj;kpak;> rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs;> Xiyr;Rtbj; jfty;fs;> jpUthr;rpf;

fy;ntl;L Kjypa fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;Gfs; ahTk; cj;jpuNfhr kq;iff; Fwpj;j
goe;njhd;kq;fisf; $wpAs;sJ.
ek;gpf;iffs;
,j;jF rpwg;G tha;e;j cj;jpuNfhr kq;if Fwpj;j ek;gpf;iffs; kf;fsplk;
,d;wsTk;> gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUtijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. mtw;Ws; kufjr; rpiy kPJ
rhj;jg;gl;l re;jdk; MUj;uh juprdk;> khHfop khjj;jpy; xU ehs; kl;Lk; KOtJk;
ePf;fg;gl;L mr;rpiyf;F topghL nra;ag;gLk;. ,ijf; fhz gf;jHfs; $l;lk; xUGwk;
vd;why; kufjj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gl;l re;jdj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gy $l;lk; ,Uf;Fk;.
Vnddpy; kufjf; fy;kPJ rhHj;jg;gl;l re;jdj;ij nte;ePupy; fiuj;Jf; Fbj;jhy; jPuhj
NehAk; jPUk; vd;gJ kf;fspd; ek;gpf;if.
jpUkz ghf;fpak;> Foe;ij ghf;fpak; ngwNtz;LNthUk; ,q;F te;J
NeHj;jpf;fld; nra;tH. ,e;j ek;gpf;iff;Ff; fhuzk; khzpf;fthrfH tuyhWk;
mtUila nghd;D}Q;ry; gjpfKk;> ,uhtzd; - kz;Nlhjup jpUkz ghf;fpak;>
Foe;ij ghf;fpak; ngwNtz;ba ,lk; vd;gjhy; kf;fsplk; ,e;j ek;gpf;if ,d;Wk;
cs;sJ. gpuk;kh> jhok;g+> fhfG[z;lH vdg; gy nja;tk;> KdptH> m/wpiz epiy
vd midj;Jk; rhgtpNkhrdk; ngw;w ,lk;. g+Nyhff; ifyhak;> nrhHf;fk;
vd;nwy;yhk; miof;fg;gLk; rpjk;guj;Jf;F Kd;Njhd;wpaJ ,e;j Mjp rpjk;guk;.
,f;NfhapYf;Fs; nry;tNj rpwg;GilaJ vd;W kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdH.
Jiz E}y;fs;
1. jpUthrfk; %yKk; ciuAk;> fh. Rg;gpukzpagps;is> g+k;GfhH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>

2009
2. rq;f ,yf;fpak; Ma;TfSk; ml;ltizfSk;> e. rQ;rt P p> fht;ah ntspaPL>
nrd;id> 2010
3. GwehD}W> njhFjp -1> vd;. rp.gp.vr;.> nrd;id> 2007.
4. tiytPR fhtpak;> rpt. tpNtfhde;jd;> fht;ah ntspaPL> 2006
5. jpUcj;jpuNfhrkq;if - Nfhapy; jytuyhW
6. jpUthr;rpf; fy;ntl;L> cj;jpuNfhrkq;iff; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lj; jfty;fs;>
Mtzk;> jpU. Kj;Juhzp.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpoupd; njhy;ypay; $Wfs;

Tamilar Archaeological Evidences
r.gpNukFkhup> tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mwpQu; mz;zh muR kfspu; fiyf;fy;Y}up> NtY}u; khtl;lk;.
Abstract
The paper deals on the facts related to the relics of Tamil civilization in the Tamil
region. It speaks of the origins of Tamil people, their lands demolished in the deluge, their
language, culture and customs through archaeological evidences. Therefore, the study traces
the antiqueness of Tamil culture with reference to the archaeological sources..
Keywords: Tamilar, Archaeological Evidences, Tamil Language, Culture, Customs
jkpoupd; njhy;ypay; $Wfis Muha;tjw;F mtu;fspd; nkhop> ,yf;fpak;>

tuyhW Kjypad Jizepw;fpd;wd. vdNt jkpo; nkhopAk; nkhop rhu;e;j tuyhWk;
jkpou; jk; njhy;ypay; $Wfis vLj;Jiug;gJld; jkpoupd; Njhw;w ,yf;fpakhd
rq;f ,yf;fpak; ,f;fl;Liuapy; gpujhdkhfpwJ. mt;tifapy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
njhd;ik ngupJk; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;nkhop vf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp tsu;e;jJ
vd;W $w Kbahj msTf;Fj; njhd;ikahdJ> gz;gl;lJ. tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;GilaJ.
gpw ehl;bdu; ehfupf epiyf;F vl;lhj fhyj;jpNyNa jdf;NfAupa gpw nkhop fyg;gw;w
J}a ,yf;fpag; Nghf;fpidf; nfhz;L tpsq;fpaJ.
njhd;ik vd;gjw;Ff; fofj; jkpofuhjp ~goik| vd;W nghUSiuf;fpd;wJ.
njhy;fhg;gpak; njhd;ikf;F>
“njhd;ik jhNd nrhy;Yq;fhiy
ciunahL Gzu;e;j goik Nkw;Nw.” (njhy;.nghUs;.nra;.538)
vd;W tpsf;fkspf;fpwJ.
jkpopd; njhd;ikapidg; gpupj;jhdpa fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> ‘Apart from literature
written in classical (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit, Tamil is the oldest literature in India’.1 (tlnkhop
,yf;fpak; xU Gwk;@ kPjKs;s ,e;jpa nkhopfs; midj;jpYk; goikahdJ jkpo;
,yf;fpak;) vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,e;jpaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> ‘Tamil highly Cultivated and developed of Dravidian
languages, Perhaps the oldest spoken language of the world going back to pre-historic times,
has rich vocabulary.....dating of Tamil literature is difficult.’2 (jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;
kpfTk; gz;gLj;jg;gl;lJk; Nkk;;ghLilaJkhd nkhop jkpo;. tof;fpypUf;Fk; cyf
nkhopfs; midj;jpYk; kpfTk; njhd;ik tha;e;jjhfTk; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;F
Kw;gl;ljhfTk; fUjg;gLtJ> nrhy; tsk; kpf;fJ…. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; fhyj;ij
epu;zapg;gJ fbdk;) vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. jkpoupd; Njhw;w tuyhw;wpidg; Gwg;nghUs;
ntz;ghkhiy>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj thnshL

Kd;Njhd;wpa %j;jFb jkpo;f;Fb” (Gw.ntz;.kh.fue;.14)
vd;W toq;FfpwJ. fy;Yk;> kz;Zk; Njhd;whj fhyj;jpy; capu;fs; Njhd;w
tha;g;gpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; jkpoupd; goikapidf; Fwpg;gpl ,f;$w;wpid Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lhYk; Ma;T Nehf;fpy; ,jid mZf Kbatpy;iy.
jkpoupd; njhy;ypay; $WghLfspy; njhd;ikapidf; Fwpg;gpLk;nghOJ>
nkhopapd; njhd;ik kl;Lk; NghJtjd;W. 1. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;> 2. tuyhw;Wr;
rhd;Wfs;> 3. ,yf;fzr; rhd;Wfs; Mfpad JizGupfpd;wd.
,ny%upah (Fkupf; fz;lk;)
,ny%upah fz;lk; njhy;ypay; rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ. Vnddpy;> jkpo;
,yf;fpaj;jpd; njhd;ik ,ny%upah vd;Dk; Fkupf;fz;lj;jpypUe;J njhlq;FfpwJ.
~Fkupf;fz;lj;jpy; Kjy; jkpo;r; rq;fk; ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; mjd; fhyk; fp.K.8000 vd;Wk;
rpy mwpQu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.|3 Fkupf; fz;lj;jpd; kiwT gw;wpf; fypj;njhif
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
“kypjpiu Cu;e;J jd;kz;fly; ntstypd;
nkyptpd;wp Nkw;nrd;W Nkthu;ehL ,lk;glg;
GypnahL tpy;ePf;fpg; Gfo;nghwpj;j fpsu; nfz;il
typapdhd; tzf;fpa thlhr;rPu; njd;dtd;” (fypj;.104:1-4)
vd;gjdhy; Fkupf; fz;lk; ,Ue;Js;sij mwpa KbfpwJ. rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
Fkupf;fz;lj;jpd; kiwT Fwpj;Jg; NgRfpwJ.
“g/Wsp ahw;Wld; gd;kiy mLf;fj;Jf;
Fkupf; NfhLk; nfhL;q;fly; nfhs;s
tljpirf; fq;ifAk; ,kaKk; nfhz;L
njd;jpir Mz;l njd;dtd;” (rpyk;G.11:19-22)
vd;gjdhy; Fkup;f; fz;lk; ,Ue;J> gpd; mope;Js;sij mwpa KbfpwJ.
tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; gyUk; Fkupf; fz;lj;jpd; mopT Fwpj;Jg; NgrpAs;sdu;.
~,e;Jkhf; flypy; xU fz;lk; ,Ue;J kiwe;jJ vd;W ~n`fy;’ Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. fly;
Nfhshy; me;jg; ngUepyg;gug;G kiwe;jJ vd;W ~];fhl;’ $wpAs;shu;. fly;Nfhs;>
jkpo;kz;iz tpOq;fpaijg; gw;wp Mgpufhk; gz;bjUk;> ghthzUk; njuptpj;Js;sdu;.
me;jf; Fkupf; fz;lj;jpy; jkpo; E}y;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. mit flYs;
kiwe;jpUf;Fk;.| vdNt fypj;njhif> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kjypa ,yf;fpaq;fspd; topAk;>
4
tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fspd; Muha;r;rpfspd; topAk; ,ny%upah vd;Dk; ngUepyg;gug;G

jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;J kiwe;Js;sJ vd;gjid njupe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
mt;tifapy;> jkpou; jk; njhd;ikf;F ,ny%upah fz;lk; rhd;whf mike;Js;sJ.
jkpou; gpwg;gplk;
njhy;ypay; $Wfspy; jkpoupd; gpwg;gplk; Kf;fpakhd rhd;whFk;. fly;
nts;sj;jpdhy; %o;fbf;fg; ngw;w Fkup ehlhdJ jkpou;jk; njhd;ikf;Fj;
jhafkhFk;. jkpo;f; Fbfs; ,lk; tpl;L ,lk; ngauhky; epiyj;j Fbfshf
,Ue;Js;sijr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“gjpnaO mwpahg; goq;Fb nfoP,a

tpayplk; ngwhm tpOg;ngU epakj;J” (kiygL.479-480)
vd;W $WtjhYk;>
“ahnwdf; fple;j njUtpd; rhnwd
,fOeu; nt&ck;> ftiy kWfpd
..edpNra;j;J md;Wmtd; gotpwy; %J}u;” (kiy.481-487)
‘kyu;jiy cyfj;Js;Sk; gyu; njho
tpoT Nkk;gl;l gotpwy; %J}u;’ (ngUk;.410-411)
vd;gjhYk; jkpou;fs; njhy;Fbfshfg; gy Mz;Lfs; xNu ,lj;jpy; epiyahfj; jq;fp
tho;e;Js;sik GydhfpwJ. ,jidr; rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
nghjpap yhapDk; ,ka khapDk;
gjpnaO twpahg; goq;Fb nfoP,a>
nghJtW rpwg;gpw; GfhNu ahapDk;” (rpyk;G.1:14-6)
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,jid> gp.b.rPdpthr Iaq;fhu;> ~njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk;
fiyg;nghUl;fs;> ,we;Njhupd; vr;rkpr;rf; $Wfs; Xu; ,ilaPL ,y;yhj ehfupfj;
njhlu;r;rpapidf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ve;jg; NguopthYk; ,e;ehfupfk; epiy Fiyahky;
goq;fw; fhyj;jpypUe;J cNyhff; fhyk; tiu ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;j ehfupf tsu;rr ; pf;
fhyj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; jkpo; toq;fpAs;sJ. ehfupfj;jpd; xt;nthU
gbepiyiaAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhfj; jkpo;nkhop tpsq;fpAs;sJ. goe;jkpopy;
,jw;Fupa milahsq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jj; njhd;ikf; fhyg; gof;f
tof;fq;fs; kpfg; goikahd jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; Nghw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt
jkpou;fs; ,e;epyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa kf;fNs vd KbT nra;tJ mwkhFk;.|5 ,f;fUj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; jkpo;> cyf Kjd; nkhop vd;gJk;> nrt;tpay; fhyj;ij Kjypy; fz;l
nkhop vd;gJk; jkpo; ehl;bd; njd;gFjpapypUe;j Fkupf;fz;lk; kdpjd; Kjypy;
Njhd;wpa ,lnkd;gJk; GydhfpwJ.
gz;ilj; jkpou; epy mikg;G
njhy;ypay; $Wfspy; gz;ilj; jkpoupd; epy mikg;ghdJ Jiz epw;fpd;wJ.
jkpofk; kiy (FwpQ;rp)> fhL (Ky;iy)> tay; (kUjk;)> fly; (nea;jy;) vd;Dk;
ehdpy mikg;gpidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mj;Jld; tlf;fpy; Ntq;fl kiyAk; njw;fpy;
Fkupf;flYk; fpof;fpYk;> Nkw;fpYk; KiwNa Fzf;> Flf; fly;fSk; jkpo; ehl;bw;F
vy;iyfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd vd;gij>
“tljpir aJNt thd;Njha; ,kak;
njd;jpir Mma; Fb,d; whapd;
gpwo;tJ kz;Nzh> ,k;kyu;jiy cyNf” (Gwk;.132:7-9)
“gy; xspau; gzpT xL;q;f
njhy; mUthsu; njhopy; Nfl;g
tltu; thl Fltu; $k;gj;
njd;dtd; jpwy;nfl” (gl;bdg;. 274-277)
vd tUk; rhd;Wfshy; mwpayhk;. ,t;thW %Nte;ju;fspd; Fspu;e;j GdiyAila
ey;y ehlhdJ jkpo; ehl;bw;F vy;iyfshf tpsq;fpAs;sd. ,j;jifa ngUepyg;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gug;ghdJ fly; nts;sj;jpdhy; mope;Js;sik Fwpj;J mbahu;fF ; ey;yhu;

Fwpg;gpLifapy;>
~.mf;fhyj;J mtu; ehl;L njd;ghyp Kfj;jpw;F tlnty;iy ahfpa g/Wsp
vd;Dkhw;wp;w;Fk;> ,tw;wpd; ePu; kypthndd kype;j Vo;njq;f ehLk;> Vo; kJiu ehLk;>
Vo; Kd;ghiy ehLk;> Vo;gpd;ghiy ehLk;> Vo;Fd;w ehLk;> Vo; Fzfhiu ehLk;> Vo;
FWk;gid ehLnkd;Wk; ,e;j ehw;gj;njhd;gJ ehLk;> Fkup nfhy;y Kjypa gd;kiy
ehLk; fhLk; ejpAk; gjpAk; jlePu;f; Fkup tl ngUq;Nfhl;bd;fhWk; fly;
nfhz;nlhopjyhw; Fkupahfpa ngstnkd;wh nud;WZu;f.|6 vd;W $Wfpd;whu;. ,t;thW
xU ngU epygug;G tlNtq;flk; njd;Fkup Mapilj; jkpo; $W ey;Yyfkhfr;
RUq;fpg; gpd; Ntq;flKk; ePq;fpw;W. fp.K.2000 mstpy; epyg; gFjpahfNt ,ilapy;
flypd;wp ,Ue;jJ> vd;gjid mwpa KbfpwJ. mt;tifapy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
njhd;ikapid mwptjw;Fg; gz;ilj; jkpoupd; epy mikg;ghdJ Jiz epw;fpd;wJ.
ee;ju;> Nkhupau;
ee;ju;> Nkhupau; (nksupau;) ,tu;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ee;ju; Ml;rp nra;j fhyk; fp.K.413 - 322 vdg;gLfpwJ. kd;dd;
kfhgj;g ee;jd; ngUQ;nry;td;. mtDila nry;tj;jpid milag; ngw;whYk;
nghUs; Njlg; gpupe;J nrd;w jiytu; mq;Nf jq;f khl;lhu; vd;W Njhopahdts;
jiytpaplk; $wp mtisj; Njw;Wfpd;whs;. ,jid>
“ehkglu; $Uk; mUe;Jau; Nfl;gpd;
ee;jd; ntWf;if va;jpdk; kw;Wmtz;
jq;fyu; thop Njhop” (mfk;.251:4-6)
vd;W mfehDhW $WfpwJ. ee;ju;fs; jk; ngUQ;nry;tj;jpidg; ghlypGuj;jpy;
fq;ifahw;wpd; gLifapy; kiwj;J itj;jdu; vd;Dk; nra;jpapid mfehDhW gjpT
nra;fpwJ. ,jid>
“gy;Gfo; epiwe;j nty;Nghu; ee;ju;
rPu;kpF ghlypf; FoP,f; fq;if
ePu;Kjy; fue;j epjpak; nfhy;Nyh” (mfk;.265:4-6)
vd;W $Wtjhy; mwpa KbfpwJ.
Nkhupau; (nksupau;) gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; GwehDhW> mfehDhW (69> 251> 265> 281)
Mfpatw;Ws; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ~ntw;wp NtypidAila Nkhupau; tl gFjp KOJk;
Mz;ldu;. mk;NkhupauJ Muf;fhy; #o;e;j rf;fuk; nry;Yjw;fhf ntl;b top
nra;ag;gl;l nts;sp kiyf;F mg;ghy;> epiyngw;W tpsq;Fk; gue;j ,lj;ij cila
Mjpj;j kz;byj;ij xg;gtd; eP (MjDq;fd;)| vd;W GwehDhW Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jid>
“tpz;nghU neLq;Filf; nfhbj;Nju; Nkhupau;
jpz;fjpu;j; jpfpup jpupjuf; Fiwj;j
cyf ,ilfop miwtha; epiy,a
kyu;tha; kz;byj; jd;d> ehSk;
gyu;Gu ntjpu;e;j mwj;Jiw epd;Nd” (Gwk;.175:6-10)
vd;gjdhy; mwpa KbfpwJ. vdNt ee;ju;> Nkhupau; Kjyhd kd;du;fs; Ml;rp
Gupe;Js;s fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk; jkpoupd; njhd;ikapid vLj;Jiuf;f KbfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghujg; Nghu;
ghujg; Nghupidg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;Js; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
ghz;ltu; Ie;J NgUld; nfsutu; E}WNgUk; Nghupl;l NghJ mt;tpU gilfSf;Fk;
cjpad; Nruyhjd; czT nfhLj;Js;sijg; GwehDhW Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
“myq;Fisg; Gutp ItnuhL rpid,
epyk;jiyf; nfhz;l nghyk;G+e; Jk;ig
<iuk; gjpd;kUk; nghUJ fsj;njhopag;
ngUQ;Nrhw;W kpFgjk; tiuahJ nfhLj;Njha;” (Gwk;.2:13-16)
,jidg; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; gilAk; gjpT nra;fpwJ.
“<iuk; gjpd;kUk; nghUJfsj;J mtpag;
Nguku;f; fle;j nfhLQ;rp neL;e;Nju;
Muhr; nrUtpd; Itu; Nghy” (ngUk;.415-417)
,UngUk; gilfSf;Fg; ngUQ;NrhW nfhLj;j fhuzj;jhy; ,e;jr; Nrud;
ngUQ;Nrhw;Wjpad; Nruyhjd; vd;W $wg;gl;lhd;. ghujg; Nghu; eilngw;w fhyk;
fp.K.1500 vdg;gLfpwJ. mg;gbahdhy; ,e;jr; Nrudpd; fhyk; fp.K.1500Mf ,Ue;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ.
njhy;ypay; $Wfspy; ,ny%upah vd;Dk; Fkupf; fz;lk;> jkpoupd; gpwg;gplk;>
gz;ilj; jkpoupd; epy mikg;G> ee;ju;> Nkhupau; MfpNahupd; Fwpg;Gfs;> ghujg; Nghu;
epfo;T Mfpad ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfshf mike;J jkpoupd; njhd;ikapid
mwptjw;Fj; JizGupfpd;wd.
KJkf;fs; jhop
njhy;ypay; mfo;tpy; KJkf;fs; jhopfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lk; ngw;wdthFk;.
Mjpr;rey;Y}upYk;> GJit mupf;fNkl;bYk; fhzf;fpilf;Fk; KJkf;fs; jhopfs;
jkpou;fspd; ehfupfr; rpd;dq;fs; vdg;Nghw;wj;jf;fd. rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,we;Njhiuj;
jhopapy; Gijg;gJ gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd.
“fyk;nra; NfhNt fyk;nra;NfhNt
,Us; jpzpe;jd;d F&cj;jpud; g&cg;Gif
mfypU tpRk;gpd; Cd;Wk; #is
ede;jiy %J}u;f; fyQ;nra; NfhNt” (Gwk;.228:1-4)
vd;W kl;fyk; nra;gtidg; ghu;j;Jg; Gytu; xUtu;> ~Nrhod; fps;sp tstd;
,we;Jgl;ldd;. mtid mlf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mtd; GfOf;Fj; jf;fthW jhop
nra;a Ntz;LNk eP vq;qdk; nra;ag; Nghfpwha; vd;W Nfl;fpwhu;. ,jd;top Gijf;
Fopfs;> fy;yiwfs;> jhopfs; Mfpad ,we;Njhiug; mlf;fk; nra;a rq;f fhyj;jpy;
gad;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ. Nghupy; ,we;j tPuu;fisg; Gijg;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp
mtd; epidthff; fy;el;L topghL nra;jYk; cz;L. ,tw;iw eLfy;> tPuf;fy;>
khrjpf;fy; vd toq;fpdu;. xU ehfupfj;jpd; ,ilawhj njhlu;rr ; pahf tpsq;Fk;
,e;epfo;tpidr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
“guYil kUq;fpw; gJf;if Nru;j;jp
kuy;tFj;J njhFj;j nrk;G+q; fz;zpahL
mzpkapw; gPyp #l;bg; ngau; nghwpj;J
,dpJ el;ldNu fy;Yk;” (Gwk;.264:1-4)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gy Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; may; ehfupfj;jpdhYk; tof;fj;jpdhYk; ghjpf;fg;glhj

xU KJFbapd; kuGtopr; nray;fisr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; vLj;Jiug;gjd; thapyhf
mjd; njhd;ikapid mwpe;jpl KbfpwJ.
~jkpoupd; njhd;ikf;F ehs;njhWk; tsu;e;J tUk; rhd;whf cUntLj;J
tUtJ kz;ghz;lr; rpy;Yfs;. ,it fp.K.3Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jdthff;
fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit efupypUe;J kpFe;j njhiytpYs;s fpuhkq;fs; tiu
gutyhff; fpilf;fpd;wd. mit ngau; nghwpf;fg;gl;lit. mupf;fNkL mfo;T
Ma;Tfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.| ,tw;iw Ma;e;j Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; ~rq;f fhyj;
jkpofk; gw;wpa GupjYf;F ,it fsQ;rpak; vdf; fUJfpwhu;.|7 t.nr. Foe;ij rhkp
mtu;fspd; fUj;Jk; ,q;F Nehf;fj;jf;fd.
fy;ntl;Lfs;
jkpoupd; njhd;ikapid mwptjw;Ff; fy;ntl;Lfs; ngupJk; JizGupfpd;wd.
,jid> Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; jkJ ehw;gJ Mz;L fhyf; fy;ntl;L Ma;Tfspd;
mbg;gilapy; je;Js;s jfty;fis> th.nr. Foe;ij rhkp njhFj;Js;shu;. mit>
~fp.K. ,uz;lhtJ E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;j khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;Lfs; tOjp>
neLQ;nropad; vd;w muru;fs;> rpw;wuru;fs; gw;wpg; NgRtjhff; $Wfpwu;h. tOjp>
nropad; vd;gd ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; ngau;fs;. rq;f Ehy;fs; Mupag;gil fle;j
neLQ;nropad; (Gwk;.183) gw;wpAk;> jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrU ntd;w neLQ;nropad;
(Gwk;.18> 19) gw;wpAk;> NgRfpd;wd.
GfSu; fy;ntl;Lfs; fp.gp.,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jit. mit Nfh
Mjd;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. gjpw;Wg;gj;J nry;tf;fLq;Nfh thopa
Mjd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
GfSu; fy;ntl;L ngUq;fLq;Nfh gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ. gjpw;Wg;gj;J ngUk; Nruy;
,Uk;nghiw gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. GfSu; fy;ntl;L ,sq;fLq;Nfh gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ.
gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,sQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw gw;wpg; ghLfpwJ. ,Uk;nghiw vd;gJ gl;lg;
ngau;. ngUq;fLq;Nfh> gl;l ; k; #ba nghOJ ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw vd;Wk;>
,sq;fLq;Nfh> gl;;lk; #ba nghOJ ,sQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw vd;Wk;>
miof;fg;gl;ldu;. rq;fg; Gytu;fshd ghiyghba ngUq;fL;q;NfhTk;> kUjk; ghba
,sq;fLq;NfhTk; ,tu;fs; vd vz;zg;gLfpwJ|8 rq;f E}y;fspy; ghlg;gLk; muru;fs;>
FWepy kd;du;fs;> ts;sy;fs; vd;Nghu;> ehk; mwpe;j mstpy; tho;e;jpUe;jhYk;
,yf;fpaj;ij tuyhW vd tuyhw;W mwpQu;fs;> Ma;thsu;fs; vspjpy; Vw;f
khl;lhu;fs;. mt;tifapy; fy;ntl;Lfs; Jizepd;W> jkpoupd; njhd;ikapid
vLj;Jiuj;Js;sd.
nrg;Gf;fhRfs;
nrg;Gf; fhRfs; rq;f fhyj;jpd; njhd;ikapid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. nrg;Gf;
fhRfs; gw;wp lhf;lu; ,uh. fpU\;z%u;j;jp Muha;e;J je;Js;s Mjhuq;fis
t.nr.Foe;ijrhkp njhFj;Js;shu;. (R. Krishnamurty, Sangam Age Tamil Crins, Arret
Publications, Madras, 1997)
~ngUtOjp vdg;ngau; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ehzaj;ijf; fz;L gpbj;jpUf;fpwhu;
(gf;.20) ,J fp.K. ,uz;lhtJ E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. tOjp
vd;gJ ghz;bau;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
lhf;lu; ,uh.fpU\;z%u;j;jp> kiyakhd; ngau; nghwpj;j nrg;G ehzaq;fisAk;

fhup vd;w ngau; nghwpj;j nrg;G ehzaq;fisAk; fz;L gpbj;jpUf;fpwhu;. ,it fp.K.
Kjy; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapdthf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;.
,tu;fs; filnaO ts;sy;fs; guk;giuiar; rhu;e;jtu;fshf vz;zg;gLfpwJ. fhup
ngau; nghwpj;j ehzak; kiyakhd; jpUKbf; fhupiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
lhf;lu; ,uh.fpU\;z%u;j;jp mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; f&u; mkuhtjpf; fiuapypUe;J
Fl;Ltd; Nfhij vd;W ngau; nghwpj;j nts;sp ehzaj;ijf; fz;nlLj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
(gf;.103). ,J fp.gp Kjy; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJ mtu; fzpg;G
Nrukhd; Fl;Ltd; Nfhij vd;w Nru kd;dd; gw;wpr; rq;fg; ghlypy; (Gwk;.54)
Ngrg;gLfpwJ.
NkYk; lhf;lu; ,uh. fpU\;z%u;j;jp> khf;Nfhij ehzak; gw;wp vOJfpwhu;
(gf;.100). Nrukhd; Nfhl;lk;gyj;Jr; JQ;rpa khf;Nfhij gw;wpg; GwehDhW NgRfpwJ.’9
,d;d Mjhuq;fspdhYk; nrg;Gf;fhRfs; rq;f fhyj;jpy; njhd;ikapid
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. mt;tifapy; jkpopdj;jpd; njhd;ikapid mwptjw;F> KJkf;fs;
jhopfs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;Gf;fhRfs; vd;gd tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfshf mike;J
JizGup;e;Js;sd.
,yf;fzr; rhd;Wfs; - njhy;fhg;gpak;
njhy;fhg;gpak; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s Kjy; ,yf;fz E}yhFk;. ,Ug;gpD;k;>
njhy;fhg;gpau; jkf;F Kd;gpUe;Js;s ,yf;fzg; Gytu; gyupidg; gw;wp 256
,lq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ~vd;kdhu; Gytu;> vd;g> nkhopg’> Kjyhd njhlu;fs;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F Kd;G gy ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd vd;gJk;> mtw;Wf;Fk;
Kd;Ng kpfg; gy ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd vd;gJk; Njhd;WfpwJ.
njhy;fhg;gpaupd; fhyk; gw;wp ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; tuyhw;W mwpQu;fs; tiuaiw
nra;Js;sdu;.
~njhy;fhg;gpau; epyk; jU jpUtpd; ghz;badpd; fhyj;jtu;. ,e;jg; ghz;badpd;
fhyk; fp.K.350 vd;whu;. vk; rPdpthr Iaq;fhu; (Tamil Studies). gp.rh. Rg;gpukzpa
rh];jpupahu; njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpid fp.K.200-fp.K.100 vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
uh.,uhfitaq;fhu; fp.K-3Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;fpwhu; ~fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;Fr; rpy
E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng ,j;jiy E}y; (njhy;fhg;gpak;) vOjg;gl;L tpl;l ; J vd;gJ
xUjiy| vd;whu; f.g.mwthzd;|. 10
NkYk; rpy Nguhrpupau;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaupd;
fhyj;jpid tiuaiw nra;Js;sdu;.
1. K. MNuhf;fpa rhkp - fp.K.400 - fp.K.300 (Classical age of Tamils, p.8)
2. K. tujuhrdhu; - fp.K.500 - fp.K.200
3. kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; - fp.K.500
4. nghw;Nfh. - fp.K.500
5. Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpupahu; - fp.K.600 (History of South India, p.66)
6. rp. ,yf;Ftdhu; - fp.K.1000 (Tolkppiyam, p.8 )
7. kiwkiyabfshu; - fp.K.5000
8. nts;isthuzdhu; - fp.K.5320 (jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW> gf;.12)
9. eh. kfhypq;fk; - fp.K.10>676


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; njhy;fhg;gpaupd; fhyk; fp.K.Mwhk; E}w;whz;Lf;F

Ke;ijaJ vd;W ngUk;ghyhd Ma;thsu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. ,jd;gbr; rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpd; fhyj;jpid mwptJ nghUj;jKilajhfpwJ. ,d;W ekf;Ff;
fpilj;Js;;s rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; %d;whk; rq;f fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpAs;s E}y;fshFk;.
,e;E}y;fs; KOikahfTk;> fhy mbg;gilapYk; njhFf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,jw;F Kd;G
,uz;L rq;fq;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd vd;gJk; mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; ,irj; jkpo; E}y;fshd
ngUehiu> ngUFUF> KWty;> rae;jk;> nrapw;wpak;> FzE}y; Kjyhdit ,Ue;J
mope;Js;sd vd;gJk; ,iwadhu; fstpay; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,J Fwpj;J
kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp ~kiwe;J Nghd jkpo;E}y;fs;’vd;W xU E}y; vOjpAs;sik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpau; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp gw;wp E}y; vOjpAs;shu;.
mfj;jpak; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;Dk; %d;wDf;Fk; cupa ,yf;fzk; nfhz;ljhff;
$wg;gLfpwJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; mfj;jpaupd; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng ,e;j %d;W
JiwfspYk; mstw;w E}y;fs; ngUfp tsu;e;J nropj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Njhd;WfpwJ. mit ,aw;ifapd; Nguoptpdhy; fly; ePUf;Fs;Sk; mwpahik
fhuzkhff; fiuahdpdhYk; gy Rtbfs; mope;Js;sd. fpwpj;Jf;F Kd;G
Mapuj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Mz;Lf; fhyj;jpw;Fupa mupa E}y;fs; mope;J tpl;Ls;sd.
me;j tifapy; jw;NghJs;s rq;f E}y;fs; fp.K.500 Mk; fhyf; fl;lj;jpypUe;J
njhlf;fk; ngw;wit vd;W $w KbfpwJ.
~njhy;fhg;gpak;> GwehD}W> mfehD}W> ew;wpiz> FWj;njhif> Iq;FWE}W>
gjpw;Wg;gj;J. gupghly;> fypj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L> jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
kzpNkfiy vd;gd rq;f E}y;fs; vdg;gLk;.| 11
vd;Dk; fUj;jpd; %yk; rq;f
,yf;fpaj;Jld; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpid xUq;F itj;Js;sik rq;f fhyj;jpd;
njhd;ikf;Fr; rhd;whf mike;Js;sd.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; fhyj;jpid> njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
,yf;fpa mwpQu;fSk;. tuyhw;w Ma;thsu;fSk; tiuaiw nra;Js;sdu;. mit>
1. f. nts;isthuzu; - fp.K.5320
2. kiwkiyabfs; - fp.K.3500
3. fh.R. gps;is - fp.K.2000
4. f. neLQ;nropad; - fp.K.1400
5. kh. fe;jrhkp - fp.K.1400
6. r.Nrh. ghujpahu; -fp.K.1000
7. NjtNeag; ghthzu; - fp.K.700
8. rp. ,yf;Ftdhu; - fp.K.700
9. ,uh. ,sq;Fkud; - fp.K.700
10. Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup - fp.K 600
11. K. tujuhrdhu; - fp.K.500
12. kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; - fp.K.500
13. r. ifyhrgjp - fp.K.500
14. Nf.Nf. gps;is - fp.K.400
15. vk;. rPdpthr Iaq;fhu; - fp.K.350


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rq;f fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fk; fp.K. %d;whk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.K. Ie;jhk;

E}w;whz;bdjhff; fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhYk; rq;f fhyk; vd;gJ fp.gp. %d;whk;
E}w;whz;by; Kbtile;J tpLfpwJ. ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jkpopdkhd rq;f
fhyj;jpd; njhd;ikapid mwptjw;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpak; Mjhu E}yhf tpsq;fp
JizGupfpd;wJ.
njhFg;Giu
jkpoupd; njhy;ypay; $Wfis mwptjw;F ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfshd> ,ny%upah
vd;Dk; Fkup;f;fz;lk;> jkpoupd; gpwg;gplk;> gz;ilj; jkpoupd; epy mikg;G> ee;ju;>
Nkhupau; MfpNahupd; Fwpg;Gfs; ghujg; Nghu; MfpadTk; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfshd>
KJkf;fs; jhopfs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;Gf; fhRfs; MfpadTk; ,yf;fzr; rhd;whfj;
njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jkpoupd; njhd;ikapidg; nghUj;jKw tpsq;fr; nra;fpd;wd.
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
1. Encyclopaedia Britanica Vol.11, p.530.

2. Encyclopaedia of India (Agan Prakashan, N. Delhi)
3. nrt;tpay; nkhop jkpo;> Kidtu; kiyakhd;> g.108
4. NkyJ> g.108
5. History of the Tamils P.T.Srinivasa Iyengar p.3
6. rpyk;G.8:1-2
7. cyfr; nrt;tpay; nkhopfspd; tupirapy; jkpo;> t.nr. Foe;ij rhkp> g.34
8. NkyJ. g.33
9. NkyJ. g.3
10. njhy;fhg;gpaf; fsQ;rpak;
11. fhy Muha;rr ; p> kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;. g.14.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypaYk; fy;ntl;baYk;
Archaeology and the Study of Culverts
Kidth; Nkh.[.kNf];thp> ,izg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

= rhujh kfsph; fy;Y}hp> Nryk;-16.
Abstract
The paper traces the origins of archaeology and the study of culverts in the Tamil
region. It gives a very clear detail on the proponent scholars of archaeology. The study
scrutinizes the types of archaeological excavations done all over the world. It quotes down
the roles of the archaeologist and the rules for them to follow. Hence, the paper attempts all
sorts of Tamil linguistic and archaeological explanations are detailedin the paper.
Keywords: Archaeology, Study of Culverts, Tamil Culture
xU ehl;bd; njhd;ikahd tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; nghpJk; Jiz

epw;gJ njhy;ypay; rhd;WfNs. fhy nts;sj;jpy; mopTgl;l gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfisg;
gaDWk; tifapy; ntspf;nfhzh;tNj njhy;ypay; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. njhy;ypay;
mfo;tha;tpd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w gz;ila gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fs; ahTk; epykfs;
kfpo;e;jspj;j tuyhw;Wf; nfhilahFk;. njhy;ypay; Jiwapy; Kf;fpa mq;fk;
tfpf;Fk; xU gphpT fy;ntl;bay; MFk;. fp.K.3Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J ghiwfspYk;
FiffspYk; FwpaPLfisAk; vOj;Jf;fisAk; nghwpf;f ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; Mh;tk;
fhl;bdh;. vOj;Jf;fs; kdpjd; vz;zq;fisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; Xh; mw;Gjg;gilg;ghFk;.
me;j tifapy; njhy;ypay;> fy;ntl;bay; Fwpj;J $Wtjhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpd;wJ.
njhy;ypay; - tpsf;fk;
njhy;nghUspay; vd;gJ goikahd nghUl;fs; vd;W nghUs;gLk;.
Mh;f;fpahy[p vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypd; jkpohf;fk; MFk;. ,e;j Mq;fpyr; nrhy;Yk;
fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J te;jJ. Mh;fah]; (Archaios) vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy; goik
Muk;gk; vd;Wk;> NyNfh]; (Logos) vd;gJ ,ay; my;yJ mwptpay; g+h;tkhf vd;Wk;
nghUs; jUfpwJ. ,e;j ,uz;L nrhw;fisAk; ,izj;J Mh;f;fpahyh[p vd;w nrhy;
gpwe;jJ. jkpopy; gok; nghUl;fs; gw;wpa fy;tp vd;w nghUspy; njhy;nghUspay;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhy;ypay; Fwpj;J mwpQh;fs; jUk; tpsf;fq;fs;
ypNahdhh;L fhl;uy; (Leonard Cottrell)
‘kdpjd; kz;zpy; Njhd;wpa fhyk; Kjy; filrp caphpdk; ,g;Gtpapy; thOk;
fhyk; tiu cs;s epfo;Tfis tpsf;FtJ njhy;ypay; vd;fpwhh;’.
fpnsapd; Nldpay; (Glyn Daniel)
‘jFe;j Mjhuq;fSld; tuyhw;iwf; Fwpg;ghff; fiy> fl;blf;fiy
Nghd;wtw;iw tpthpg;gjpy; njhy;ypay; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ vd;W $Wfpd;whh;’.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypaypd; tiffs;
njhy;ypay; vd;gJ goikahd nghUl;fs; mwptpay; g+h;tkhf ntspg;gLj;Jk;
Jiw MFk;. Mdhy; fhy fl;lq;fSf;F Vw;gTk; nghUl;fs; fpilf;Fk; gFjpfis
itj;Jk;> nghUl;fspd; gphpit itj;Jk;> mit Nrfhpf;fg;gLk; Kiwia itj;Jk;
njhy;ypay;Jiw ty;Yeh;fs; njhy;ypaiy tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
kj;jpajiug; gFjp njhy;ypay;
fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpaj; njhy;ypay; gphpit kj;jpa jiuf;fly; njhy;ypay; vd;W
miof;fpd;wdh;. ,e;jg; gFjpapy; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; mjpf mstpy; fpilf;fpd;w
fhuzj;jpdhy; njhy;ypay; Ruq;fk; vd;Wk; kj;jpa jiuf;fly; ePub mUq;fhl;rpak;
vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdh;.
vfpg;jpaj; njhy;ypay;
vfpg;J ehl;bd; ghuk;ghpakpf;f gpukpLfSk;> mq;Nf fpilf;Fk; mhpa fiyr;
nry;tq;fSNk vfpg;jpaj; njhy;ypay; vd;Dk; jdpg;gphpT Njhd;Wtjw;Ff;
fhuzkhapw;W goq;fhy kdpjdpd; ehfhpfk;> vOj;JKiw Nghd;wtw;iwj; njspthf
vfpg;jpa njhy;nghUspay; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l njhy;ypay;
gy ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; Njhd;wpa kdpjidg; gw;wpa ve;jtpj
vOj;J Mtzq;fSk; ekf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. vdNt kdpjdpd; Njhw;wj;ijAk;>
kdpj ehfhpf tsh;r;rpiaAk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fkf; njhy;ypay; rhd;WfNs
Kjd;ikr; rhd;Wfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
cNyhff; fhyj;njhy;ypay;
ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; ,Uk;Gf; fhyk; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jidj;
njhlh;e;J ntz;fyf; fhyk;> nrk;Gf;fhyk; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,f;fhy fl;lq;fspy;
kdpjd; jdf;Fj; Njitahd MAjq;fisAk; Mil mzpfyd;fisAk; cw;gj;jp
nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhd;. ,it cNyhff; fhy njhy;ypay; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;
tuyhw;Wf; fhy ehfhpfq;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fj; njhy;ypay;
rhd;WfNshL ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfSk; Jizepw;fpd;wd. tuyhw;Wf; fhyj; njhy;ypay;
vd;gJ gz;ilf;fhyj; njhy;ypay;> kj;jpa fhyj;njhy;ypay;> njhopw;njhy;ypay;>
nghUspay; njhy;ypay;> ,ijj; njhy;ypay; Nfhapy; kw;Wk; ngsj;jj; njhy;ypay;
vd;W gyp gphpTfshfg; gphpe;J tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.
njhy;nghUspay; nghUshjhuk;
njhy;ypay; Ma;tpd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L mf;fhy
kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tho;f;ifia mwpayhk;. ekJ njhd;ikahd gaphpay; $Wfs;
kdpjdpd; nghUshjhuf; fhyfl;lepiy mtd; czT> ciwtpl Kiwfs;>
,aw;ifapd; khWghLfSf;Nfw;g kdpjdpd; ,aq;fpte;j epiy Nghd;wtw;iwj; njhpe;J
nfhs;s mtrpakhd xd;whfg; nghUshjhuj; njhy;ypay; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,dtpay; njhy;nghUspay;
,k;Kiw r%f-khDltpay; Nehf;fpy; njhy;nghUspaiy MuhAk; KiwahFk;.
Rpy ,d kf;fs; gpw kf;fNshL fye;J thohky; jdpj;Nj Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfspy;
trpj;J tUfpd;whh;fs;. mth;fspd; r%ff; fyhr;rhug; gof;ftof;fq;fisf;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhZk;NghJ mfo;tha;tpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l gy nghUl;fSf;F tpilfpilf;fpd;wJ.

mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fs;> tPl;L mikg;GKiw> ,we;jth;fisg; Gijf;Fk;
Kiw Nghd;w mk;kf;fs; filgpbf;Fk; gof;ftof;fq;fisf; nfhz;L gz;ilf;
fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;w jlaq;fNshL xg;gpl;L Muha;tjw;F ,dtpay;
njhy;nghUspay; cjTfpd;wJ.
njhy;ypay; ty;Yeh;fspd; flikfs;
1. njhy;nghUs; gzp cliy tWj;Jk; gzp kl;Lky;y. Neuk; fhyk; ghuhky;
gzpGhpe;jhy; jhd; vz;zpa nray;fisr; nra;a KbAk;.
2. jpl;lkpl;L ve;j xU Ma;tpYk; mth;fs; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.
3. gzp El;gk; njhpe;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisj; jUk; nghUl;fs; epiwe;j gFjpfisf; fz;lwptjpy;
Mh;tk; nfhz;lth;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. mfo;tha;Tf;fhd gFjpiaj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;Fk;
mt;tha;T Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLk; tuyhw;Wg; gyid vLj;Jf; $wp epjpAjtp
ngUk; jpwd; gilj;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. tuyhw;Wr; rpd;dq;fspd; ngUikia kf;fs; mwpAk; tz;zk; eakhf
vLj;Jiuj;J mg;nghUl;fisr; Nrfhpj;J mUq;fhl;rpafq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L
te;J Nrh;fF; k; Ngr;R ty;Yeh;fshfTk; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
7. jhk; fz;Lgpbj;jtw;iwj; njhy;ypay; Ma;tpy; Mh;tk; nfhz;lth;fSf;F vLj;J
$wNtz;Lk;. murpd; cjtpAld; mg;gFjpapd; tuyhw;wpd; rpwg;ig vOjp
gyifapy; itj;Jk;> Ntypfs; mikj;Jk; ghJfhf;f Vw;ghL nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
8. njhy;ypay; ty;Yeh;fs; rpw;gq;fs; mzpe;Js;s Mil> Mguzq;fspd; tiffs;>
rpif myq;fhuk;> Mrdq;fs; Mfpatw;iw njspthf; $Wk; jpwd;
nfhz;lth;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
9. fiyg; nghUl;fis njhy;ypay; ty;Yeh;fshy; kl;Lk; ghJfhf;f KbahJ.
mjdhy; cothug;gzp> Md;kPf mikg;Gfs;> klhyaq;fs;> Ch;nghpath;fs;>
fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> rq;fq;fs; ,th;fspd; cjtpAk; el;Gk; ngWk; vz;zq;fs;
cilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhy;nghUspaypd; gad;ghLfs;
njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfis cgNahfpj;J tuyhW vOJtJ vd;gJ jdpf;fiy>
njhy;ypayhsh;fspd; Kaw;rpahy;jhd; 500 Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l kdpj r%f
tuyhw;iw ehk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ek;gfkhd tuyhW vOJtjw;Fr; rhd;Wfis
mwptpay; g+h;tkhfj; Njb Muha;e;J fiyEl;gj;Jld; gilf;Fk; Mw;wy; mtrpak;
Mjhuk; ,y;yhj tuyhW capuw;w cliyg; Nghd;wJ. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
tho;e;j kf;fisg; gw;wpf;$l ehk; njhy;ypay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; %yk; czuyhk;.
njhy;nghUspaypd; Jtf;fk;
njhy;nghUspaypd; Mh;tk; fpNuf;fh;fsplk; kpfTk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
fpNuf;fh;fis vfpg;jpa kw;Wk; ghurPf kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw ntFthff; fth;e;jJ.
gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
ehfhpfq;fspd; fhyq;fis>
1. nghw;fhyk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
2. nts;spf;fhyk;
3. gpj;jisf; fhyk;
4. Guhz ehafh;fspd; fhyk;
5. ,Uk;Gf;fhyk;
vd Ie;J tifahfg; gphpj;jhh;fs;.
,e;jpahtpy; njhy;ypay; tsh;rr ; pf;F tpj;jpl;lth;fs;
,e;jpa kd;dh;fshy; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,f;fiyr; nry;tq;fspd;
mUikia cyfpw;F mwpar; nra;j ngUik Mq;fpNya mwpQh;fisNa rhUk;.
Mrpahtpd; Guhjdg; ngUikfis ntspf;nfhzu xU mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp mhpa
gzpiar; nra;jth; rh; tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; vd;gth; Mthh;. rhh;y]; tpy;fpd;];>
fNyhdy; Nfhapd; nkf;fd;rp> n[k;];gphpd;]g;> fNyhdy; kpNlh]; ila;yh;> Nk[h;
fNyhdy; mnyf;]hz;lh; fd;dpq;`hk;> uhgh;l; G&];g+l;> N[k;];gh;nf];> fh;rd; gpuG>
rh;[hd; khh;~y;> rh;khh;bkh; tPyh; Nghd;Nwhh; njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; Kd;Ndhbfshth;.
fy;ntl;bay;
gz;ila tuyhw;iwj; njhpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; gy;NtW rhd;Wfspy;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhdit. fy;ypy; ntl;lg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fisf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vd;W $WfpNwhk;. fy;ypy; vOj;Jf;fisg; nghwpj;jhy; mit mopahky;
epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;gij Kd;Ndhh; fz;ldh;.
',sikapy; fy;tp rpiyapy; vOj;J'
'ey;yhh; xUth;fF ; r; nra;j cgNjrk;
fy;Nky; vOj;Jg;Nghy; fhZNk'
vd;w njhlh;fs; ,jid tpsf;Fk;.
Nfhapy;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;j nfhilfisAk;> Nfhapypy; nra;j jpUg;gzpfisAk;
Cuhh;; rigahh; KbTfisAk;> murdJ MizfisAk; Nfhapypy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshfg;
nghwpj;J itj;jdh;. Gz;zpaj;jpw;fhfTk;> GfOf;fhfTk; nghwpj;J itj;j
fy;ntl;Lf;fs;jhd; ,d;W ekf;F mf;fhy tuyhw;iw mwptpf;Fk; rhd;Wfshfj;
jpfo;fpd;wd. mit ngUk;ghYk; ciu tbtpYk; rpy ,lq;fspy; ghly; tbtpYk;
fhzg;gLk;.
njhy;ypay; Jiwapy; Kf;fp;a mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; xU gphpT fy;ntl;bay; MFk;.
fp.K.3Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J ghiwfspYk; FiffspYk; FwpaPLfisAk;
vOj;Jf;fisAk; nghwpf;f ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; Mh;tk; fhl;bdh;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpd;
tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;fpidj; njhpe;J nfhs;s ,it Kjd;ik rhd;Wfshf epd;W
cjTfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; vOj;Jfspd; Njhw;wk;
goq;fhy kdpj ,dk; $bthoTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; jd; fUj;Jfisg; gpwhplk;
$wTk; Kw;gl;l nghOJ xypfis vOg;gpdhd;. gpd; jd; jq;Fk; Fiffspy;
rpj;jpuq;fisj; jdf;Ff; fpilj;j gr;rpiyfisf; nfhz;L jPl;bdhd;. mtw;wpNyNa
jd; vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpAk; FwpaPLfspy; NtWgLj;jpAk; fhl;bdhd;. gpd;G
FwpaPLfis vOj;Jfshf khw;wpf; nfhz;lhd;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpe;Jr;rkntspapy; fhzg;gl;l vOj;Jfs;

rpe;Jr;rkntsp ehfhpfj;ij 5000 Mz;Lfisf; fle;J mhpa ehfhpfk;
vd;fpNwhk;. mq;F mfo;tha;tpy; fpilj;j RLkz; Kj;jpiufspy; vOj;Jfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mNrhfh; fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
fy;ntl;Lfs; vd;whNy mNrhfhpd; ghiw fy;ntl;Lfs; J}z;fy;ntl;Lfs; vdg;
gy gphpTfisf; $wyhk;. mitfs; gpuhfpUjk;> rk];fpUjk; Nghd;w nkhopfspYk;>
gpuhkp> fNuh~;lb
; vOj;JfshYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpo; gpuhkp
jkpo; kf;fs; fp.K. %d;whk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; jkpo; gpuhkp vd;w vOj;Jfis
vOjpdh;. rkzj;Jwtpfs; jq;fpapUe;j ,lq;fspy; ,j;jifa vOj;Jfisf; fhzyhk;.
fpue;j vOj;Jfs;
jkpo; nkhopiaj; njhptpf;f jkpopy; gad;gLtJ Nghy tlnkhopia czh;j;j
tUk; ,lq;fspy; fpue;j vOj;Jfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. gy;yth;fis mLj;J
ghz;bah;fSk;> Nrhoh;fSk; fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;> fhRfs; ,tw;wpy; fpue;j
vOj;Jfisf; ifahz;ldh;.
tl;nlOj;J
jkpoh;fs; jq;fs; trjpf;fhfTk;> Xiyf;Rtbfs; Nghd;wit Nrjkilahky;
,Uf;fTk;> mofpw;fhfTk; vOJk; vOj;Jfis tl;nlOj;Jfs; vd;fpNwhk;. jpU.
Nfhgpehjuht; Nghd;wth;fs; jkpo; vOj;JfspypUe;J jhd; tl;nlOj;J tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ
vd;fpd;wdh;. fp.gp. 5Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J tl;nlOj;Jfs; ifahsg;gl;bUf;fyhk;
vd;gij jUkGhp khtl;lj;jpy; fpilj;j eLfy;ypy; cs;s tl;nlOj;JfSk;
njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; jpUehjh; Fd;wkiyf; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk;
vOj;Jf;fis nfhz;L mwpaKbfpd;wJ. jkpofk; KOtJk; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j tl;nlOj;Jfs; Nfus khepyj;jpy; fp.;gp. 17Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu
eilKiwapypUe;jJ njhpa tUfpd;wJ.
epiwTiu
njhy;ypaYk; fy;ntl;baYk; jkpoh;fisAk;> jkpo;nkhopiaAk; vg;nghOJ
Njhd;wpaJ vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; fhyf;fz;zhb vd;W nrhd;dhy; kpifahfhJ.
,e;j ,U JiwfSk; jkpof kf;fspd; tho;f;ifNahL gpd;dpgpize;J fhzg;gLfpwJ
vd;gij njhy;ypayhsh;fSk;> fy;ntl;lha;thsh;fs; ep&gpj;J tUfpd;whh;fs;.
Mjhuq;fs;
1. jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id-600008.

2. fy;ntl;L fhyhz;bjo;-67> #iy (2005) jkpo;ehL muR> njhy;ypay; Jiw.
3. fy;ntl;L %yKk; tpsf;fTiuAk;> jpU.it.Re;jNur thz;ilau;> godpag;gh
gpuju;]; gjpg;gfk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; Xh; njhlhpay;

Archaeology, a Continious Logy
,uh. kQ;Rsh Njtp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>

eh.k.r.r.nts;isr;rhkp ehlhh; fy;Y}hp> ehfkiy> kJiu – 625 019.
Abstract
The focus of the study has been planned to prove that archaeology is not only the
scientific study of the ancient remnants but a continious study (logy) to identify and to
commemorate the reputation of a society or culture or civilization. This discussion suggests
that in Tamil identity, the field of archaeology has done its important part in finding the
historical object of Tamil civilization and culture. Moreover, the screening moves to find the
architecture and sculpture patterns, ancient remnants and the excavations done at Korkai,
Adichanallur, Keeladi, Kodumanal and other areas of Tamil Nadu. Hence, the paper
discloses the derivated details from the resources.
Keywords: Copper Plates, Kasakudi, Tamil Kings
njhy;ypay;
tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhy kdpjh;fisAk; mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa
nghUl;fisAk; gw;wpg; gbg;gJ njhy;ypay; MFk;. njhy;ypay; Ma;tpw;F Kf;fpa
Mjhukhf mfo;thuha;rr ; pg; nghUl;fs; cjTfpd;wd. njhy;ypay; my;yJ
njhy;nghUspay; vd;gJ fl;blf; fiy njhy;nghUl;fs;> njhy;Yaph; vr;rk;> kdpj
kpr;rq;fs; vz;zpkg; nghUl;fs; kw;wk; epyj; Njhw;wq;fs; vd;gd cs;spl;l vQ;rpa
nghUl;fis ntspf;nfhzh;e;J. Mtzg;gLj;jp> gFg;gha;T> gjpT nra;tjd; %yk;
nra;ag;gLk; kdpjg; gz;ghNl MFk;.
njhy;ypaypd; tuyhW
“/gpstpNah gpNahd;Nlh’ vd;w ,j;jhypa tuyhw;W mwpQh; gz;ila Nuhkpd;
njhy;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L xU Kiwahd fhyf;fzpg;G Kiwia cUthf;fpdhh;.
mjdhy; ,th;> ‘njhy;ypaiyf; fz;Lgpbj;jth;’ vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. ‘rphpNaf;Nfh>
gprpNfhyp’ vd;w ,j;jhypa tzpfh; fpof;F kj;jpa flypy; cs;s njhy;nghUl;fisf;
nfhz;L ‘fkhd;lhpah’ vd;w MW njhlh; Gj;jfq;fis gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;by;
vOjpdhh;. mjdhy; ,th; ‘njhy;ypaypd; je;ij’ vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.
,jw;Fg; gpwF 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; ,j;Jiw
ngUk; tsh;r;rp mile;jJ. INuhg;gpah;fs; kiwe;J Nghdjhff; fUjg;gLk; ‘l;uha;’
epyj;ij gw;wp mwptjw;fhd Kaw;rpfSk; ‘rhhh;yR lhh;tdpd;’ ghpzhkf; nfhs;ifAk;
,j;Jiw tsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzpfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
njhy;ypayhsh;fs; jq;fs; Jiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs; gw;wp Ma;T
nra;tjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;. mj;Jld; fle;j fhyk; gw;wpa mth;fsJ
Nfs;tpfspy; njhf;fp epw;Fk;. ,tw;iwr; rhh;e;J mth;fSf;F Mh;tk; cz;L. Gjpa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypaw; fsq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;> mtw;iw mfo;tha;T nra;jy; vd;gdnty;yhk;

njhy;ypaypy; ngUksT eilngWfpd;wd.
njhlhpay; fsq;fs;
kdpjf; fhybj;jlq;fs;
tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyj;jpy; kdpjh;fs; Fiffspy; trpj;jhh;fs;
vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfshf jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s njhy; goq;fhy Xtpaq;fs; gjpT
nra;fpd;wd. fPo;tiy – tpOg;Guk;> crpyk;gl;b – kJiu> FKjpgjp – Nfhit>
khtilg;G – Nfhit> nghwptiu – fuf;ifA+h;> ePyfphp Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;s
Fiffspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; Xtpaq;fs; rhd;WfshFk;. Fifapy; tho
fw;Wf;nfhz;l ‘FNuhkf;dhd];’ kdpjh;fs; gpuhd;rpy; ‘yhq;fh];’ vd;Dkplj;jpy; cs;s
Fiffspy; tho;e;jjw;fhd njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,ijaLj;Nj kdpj
ehfhPfk; Njhd;w Muk;gpj;jpUe;jij mwpa KbfpwJ.
gy kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; miye;J
jphpgth;fshfNt ,Ue;jhh;fs;. ,th;fs; 30 Kjy; 40 Ngh; nfhz;l FOthfNt
tho;e;jdh; vd;w nra;jpfSk;> ,th;fs; cztpw;fhf tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahl
Muk;gpj;jdh; vd;gJTk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;dh; MAjq;fs; nra;a ‘rpf;fpKf;fpf;
fy;iy’ curp neUg;gpid cz;lhf;fp mjidaLj;J ,iwr;rp> fpoq;F tiffisr;
Rl;L cz;zTk; gofpa gpd;G fspkz;zpdhy; ghid nra;J czTfs; rikj;J
cz;zTk; fw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. ,itNa kdpjh;fspd; mbg;gil ghpzhk
tsh;r;rpahFk;. NkYk; kdpjh;fs; tpijfisAk;> nfhl;ilfisAk; Nrfhpj;J kz;zpy;
tpijj;J tptrhak; nra;a Muk;gpj;jhd;. tptrha NtiyfSf;F jq;fSld;
Jizahf vUJ Nghd;w tpyq;FfisAk; Jizahf;fpf; nfhz;lhd;.
khDltpayhsh;fs; fpof;F Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; cs;s jhd;rhdpahtpy; fpilj;j rpy
kdpjf; fhybj;jlq;fis cyfpd; ghh;itf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jhh;fs;. fy; gLf;iffspy;
gjpe;jpUe;j me;jj; jlq;fs; mJtiu kz;zpy; Gije;J fple;jd. mit fjphpaf;ff;
fhh;gd; gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. khDltpayhsh;fs; me;j fhyj;jlq;fis
3.5 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; goikahdit vd;W fz;lwpe;jhh;fs;. ,aw;if khw;wj;jpw;F
Vw;wthW kdpjh;fs; jq;fis jftikj;Jf;nfhz;L ghpzhk tsh;rr ; paile;jdh;.
GijAz;l efuj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;
 mfo;thuha;r;rpahsh;fs; nrq;fy;> fw;fs;> cile;j ghid XLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
Muha;e;J mit gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
 gz;ila ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
 epyj;jbia Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
 vQ;rpa njhy;nghUl;fs; GijAz;L ,Uf;fpd;wdth? ,y;iyah vd;gij
‘Nulhh;’ fUtp %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;.
 1920y; njhy;nghUs; ma;thsh;fs; ‘ùg;gh’ kw;Wk; ‘nkh`Q;rjhNuh’
efuq;fis mfoha;T nra;a Muk;gpj;jdh;. mg;nghOJ ePz;lehs; kiwe;J
fple;j efuj;jpd; vQ;rpa gFjpfis cyfpd; ghh;itf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jdh;.
 1924y; ,e;jpa njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiwapy; ,af;Feh; ‘[hd; khh;\y;’
ùg;ghtpw;Fk;> ‘nkh`Q;rjhNuh’ tpw;Fk; ,ilNa nghJthd mk;rq;fs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Ug;g;ijf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. ,it ,uz;Lk; xU nghpa ehfhpfj;ijr; rhh;e;j

gFjpfs; vd KbTf;F te;jhh;.
njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs;
fl;llf;fiy
kzpNkfiy> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kjypa ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s G+k;Gfhhpy;
eilngw;w mfo;tha;tpy;> Gj;j tpfhuk; xd;Wk; nghUs;fs; VW;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gLk; Kfj;Jthuf; fl;llKk; mfo;tha;tpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
‘nfhw;ifapy;’ epfo;e;j mfo;tha;tpYk; ciwA+hpy; Nkw;nfhz;l mfo;tha;tpYk;
fp.gp. 11> 12Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j fl;llg; gFjpfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
mz;ikapy; jkpo;ehL muR njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj; Jiwapy; ‘fq;if nfhz;l
NrhoGuj;jpd; gFjpahd cs;Nfhl;ilapy; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; tho;e;j
muz;kidg; gFjp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. KOg; gFjpAk; ntspg;gLj;jg; gl;lhy;>
fp.gp. 10> 11Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; kd;dh;fsJ muz;kid vt;tbtpy; ,Ue;jd vd;gij
czh;e;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
rpw;gf;fiy
jkpofj;jpy; rpw;gq;fs; nra;Ak; Kiw njhlh;e;J tof;fpypUe;jd vd;gij
nfhy;ypg;ghit> fz;zfp rpiy kw;Wk; ngUk; khspiffspd; Rij cUtq;fs;
mike;jpUj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
nrg;Gg; gbkf;fiy
,d;iwf;F Rkhh; 2800 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj nrg;Gg; gbkf;fiy kpf
cd;dj epiyapy; jkpo;ehl;by; tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUe;jJ. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;
Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; fpilj;Js;s nja;tr; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp ,jw;Fj; jf;fnjhU
rhd;whFk;. mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspdhy; gy;yth;
fhyj;jpy; ,f;fiy ey;y tsh;r;rpAw;w epiyapy; tpsq;fpapUe;jij mwpa KbfpwJ.
Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; fiyaoFk;> flTs; jd;ikAk;
ngw;wpUe;jit> caph; ngw;nwOe;J tpl;ldNth vd vd;Dk; msTf;Ff; fhzg;gLk;.
cd;djg; gilg;Gld; xt;nthU jpUNkdpahYk; mf;fhy rpw;gpapd; ifj;jpwd;
gspr;nrdf; fhzg;gLk;.
kur;rpw;gf;fiyAk; je;jr; rpw;gf;fiyAk;
je;jr; rpw;gq;fis Fwpg;ghf ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; fhyq;fspy;jhd; rpwg;Gg;
ngw;wpUe;jJ. jpUtuq;fj;jpy; ehaf;f kd;dh;> mtuJ gl;lj;jurp MfpNahuJ
cUtq;fs; ehd;fb cauj;jpy; je;jj;jpy; fk;gPukhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. mNj
Nfhapypy; jpUkiyehaf;fh; jk; gl;lj;jurpNahL ,Ug;gJ kw;Wk; flTs; cUtq;fs;
Mfpait rpwpa mstpy; epuk;gpAs;sd. mit ,g;nghOJ mq;Fs;s
mUq;fhl;rpf;$lj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kJiu mUfpYs;s mofh; NfhapYk;> je;jr;
rpw;gq;fs; epuk;g ,Uf;fpd;wd.
fy;ntl;Lj; jfty;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ls;s fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; njd;dpe;jpa fy;ntl;Lf;fNs
kpFjp. ,e;jpahtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; kpfTk; goikahdit
mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fNs MFk;. ,tw;wpd; fhyk; fp.gp. 3Mk; E}w;whz;L goe;jkpof;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilj;Js;s ,lq;fs; fPotsT> kWfhy;jiy> Midkiy>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mofh;kiy> Nkl;Lg;gl;b> Kj;Jg;gl;b> rpj;jd;dthry;> jpUthjT+h;> tpf;fpukq;fyk;>

jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> khq;Fsk;. Gf%h;> murD}h;> khkz;^h;> mhpl;lhgl;b Nghd;witahFk;.
rpwe;j njhy;nghUs;> fy;ntl;L Ma;thsh; Iuhtuk; kfhNjtd;> ,th; rpf;fyhd
gy fy;ntl;Lfspd; vOj;ij kpfr; rhpahfg; gbj;Jg; nghUs; nrhd;dth;.
,uh. ehfrhkp jkpo;ehL njhy;nghUs; Jiwapy; Kjy; ,af;Feh;. fy;ntl;bay;
epWtdj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; nfhw;if> gy;tNkL> fq;if nfhz;l Nrhotuk;> f&h;
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; mfo;thuha;r;rp nra;jth;
jkpofj;jpYs;s ngUq;fw;fhy> ,Uk;Gf;fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;tplq;fs;
Mjpr;rey;Y}h; - J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;
,q;F Nkw;nfhz;l mfo;tha;tpy;> KJkf;fs; jhopfs;> kz;ghz;lq;fs; (,Lg;G>
rptg;G) ,Uk;ghyhd Fj;J ths;> fj;jp> <l;b> mk;G> rpy fy; kzpfs;> xUrpy jq;f
Mguzq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. NkYk;> tPl;L> fhl;L tpyq;Ffspd; ntz;fyj;jhyhd
cUtq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
fPob – rptfq;if khtl;lk;
,e;jpa njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw jpUg;gj;J}h; jhYfhtpYs;s fPob fpuhkj;jpy;
rq;f fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j goikahd efuj;ij mfo;e;J Ma;T nra;Js;sJ.
nrq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l fl;blq;fs;> tbfhy; mikg;Gfs;> jkpo; - gpuhkp vOj;Jff;s;
nghwpf;fg;ngw;w kz;ghz;lq;fs;> fz;zhbapdhyhd kzpfs;> nrk;kzpfs;> ntz;fy
gbkk;> Kj;Jf;fs;> jq;f Mguzq;fs;> ,Uk;Gg; nghUl;fs;> rq;F> je;jj;jpdhy;
nra;ag;ngw;w nghUl;fs; Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;ls;sd.
2017Mk; Mz;L> ,e;jpa njhy;ypay; Jiw ,U khjphpahd fjphpaf;f fhh;gd;

taJf; fzpg;G Kiwapy; fzpf;f mnkhpf;fhtpy; GNshhplh vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s
gPll
; h mdhybf; vd;w epWtdj;Jf;F mDg;gpaJ. mr;Nrhjidapy ,g;nghUl;fs; fp.K.
200 Mz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ vd;gJ njhpa te;Js;sJ. ,q;F Nuhk; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j
goq;fhyg; nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
nghUj;jy; - jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk;
GijFopg;nghUl;fs;> fz;zhb kzpfs; (nts;is> rptg;G kw;Wk; ePyg;gr;ir)
,Uk;G ths;fs;> jkpo;-gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l kz;ghz;lq;fs;> mhpjhd
fw;fs;> rq;F fz;zhb tisay;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,q;F fpilj;Js;s mhprp
epiwe;j ghid kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czthf mhprp ,Ue;jJ vd;gij nka;g;gLj;JfpwJ.
igak;gs;sp – NtY}h; khtl;lk;
,q;F ,Uk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l nghUq;fw;fs; ngUqs;furh; fUg;G> rptg;G
kz;ghz;lq;fs; NubNah fhh;gd; %yk; ,k;kz;ghz;lq;fspd; fhyk; fp.K. 1000 vd
fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nfhLkzy; - <NuhL
‘gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy;’ ,lk;ngw;Ws;;s ,lk; ,JNt vd milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lLs;sJ.
,q;F jkpo;-gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l 300f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kz;ghz;lq;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L> E}y;Row;Wk; Roy; mr;R> RUq;fs;> Jzpfspd; rpwpa Jz;Lfs;>
fUtpfs;> Mjp> kzpfs;> rptg;G epw kzpfs; epidTf;fy; Nghd;wit
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngUq;fw;fhy epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;

Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpd; ,ilg;gFjpapy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; KJkf;fs; jhopfs;
,Ue;Js;sd. mth;fSf;F epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; ,Ug;igf; Fwpj;j mwpitg; ngw;wpUe;j
epidTr; rpd;dk; vd;W ,it Kd;Ndwpa jkpo; ehfhpfj;jpw;fhd rhl;rpfshFk;.
,uz;L fw;gyiffs; itj;J fw;jpl;ilfs; tPuuhftuk; (fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;)
Fk;khskUJgl;b – jpz;Lf;fs; khtl;lk; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,we;JNghd tPuh;fSf;F eLfw;fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk;>
Gypkhd; Nfhk;ig eLfw;fs; fp.K. 3Mk; E}w;whz;L vd fpilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rkzh; kiy
kJiu efhpypUe;J 15 fp.gp. njhiytpy; fPof;Fapy;Fb fpuhkj;jpy; rkzh; kiy
vd;w ngahpy; cs;sJ. ,J rkzj; Jwtpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jPh;j;jq;fspd;
cUtq;fs; ,k;kiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J ,e;jpa njhy;nghUs; ma;Tj;
Jiwahy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; epidTr; rpd;dkhf cs;sJ.
ghz;lth; gLf;if
kJiuapypUe;J 25 fp.kP. njhy;tpYs;s mhpl;lhgl;b vd;w fpuhkj;jpy;
fypQ;rkiyg; gFjpapy; ghz;lth; gLf;if vd;W miof;fg;gLk; rkzh; Fiffs;
cs;sd. rkzh; JwtpfSf;fhd fw;gLf;iffs; ghz;lth; gLf;if vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhy;ypay; Xh; njhlhpay;
G+kpf;Fs; Gije;J kiwe;J fplf;fpd;w kdpj ,dj;NjhL njhlh;Gila
nghUl;fisAk;> mth;fspd; tho;f;if KiwfisAk;> mjw;fhd rhd;WfisAk; mwpa
ngUe;Jizahf ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s xU GijaNy njhy;ypak; vd;gjhFk;.
,e;jpa njhy;ypay; Jiw (ASI – Archaeological Survey of India) 1861Mk; Mz;L
mnyf;]hz;lh; fd;dpq;`hk;’ vd;w epy msitahsh; cjtpAld; epWtg;gl;lJ.
,jd; jiyikafk; GJ jpy;ypapy; cs;sJ. ,jidj; njhlh;e;Nj njhy;ypay; ,d;Wk;
Xh; njhlhpayhf epiyngw;Ws;sJ.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1. Njtpuh (,uhNre;jpud;)> jkpo; ,yf;fpaj; jfty; fsq;rpak;.

2. r%f mwptpay; (6 kw;Wk; 9Mk; tFg;Gfs;) gs;spf; fy;tpj;Jiw> jkpo;ehL
muR.
3. nghJj;jkpo; - Nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; Mz;L> jkpo;ehL ghlE}y; kw;Wk;
fy;tpapay; gzpfs; fofk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; – khDltpaYld;> kugpay; rhh;e;j mwptpay; ghh;itapy;

Archaeology- On Anthropological and Genetical Perspectives
B. Mathivanan, Research Scholar, Dr.D.Jayakumar, Asst. Professor, CEPT,

Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur – 613 403.
Abstract
The paper traces the origins of archaeology and the study human science in the point
of anthropological and microbiological perspectives. The openness of the archaeological
excavations led the world to study the origin of human beings and their civilizations. That
also led them to study the genetical stages they have developed by the fossils got in the
excavations. These findings help to find out the culture and civilization of the Tamil people.
Hence, the paper attempts all sorts of Tamil linguistic and archaeological explanations are
detailedin the paper.
Keywords: Archaeology, Anthropological and Genetical Perspectives, Tamil People
njhy;ypaYk;> jkpoh; gz;ghLk;

jkpo; nkhopAk;> ,dKk;> ehLk; cyfpy; kpftk; njhd;ikahdit. vdNt>
njhd;ikAk; goikAk; Kjd;ikAk; cilaJ jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW. ,jid ehk;
mwpag; nghpJk; ekf;F cjTtjhf mike;Js;sitfs; midj;ijAk; gy;NtW
tiffspy; ehk; kpFe;j ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba xd;whf mike;Js;sJld>;
tuyhw;W %yf;$Wfis> “njhy;ypay;” rhd;Wfspd; (Archeological Evidences)
mbg;gilapYk;> fhy mbg;gilfspd; %ykhfTk; ehk; gFj;J MuhAk;NghJ; tuyhw;W
Kw;gl;l fhyk;> rq;f fhyk;> gy;yth; fhyk;> Nrhoh;fhyk;> ghz;bah; fhyk; vd
Kiwg;gLj;jyhk;. vdNt> ,Jtiuapy; ehk; fz;nlLj;j gy;NtW ,lq;fspy;>
gy;NtWgl;l Gijg; nghUs;fspy; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;Tfspd; %ykhf ,yf;fpaq;fs;>
nkhopapay; gpd;Gyk;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;> ehzaq;fs;> ntspehl;lhhpd;
Fwpg;Gfs;> muR Mtzq;fs; %ykhfTk; jdpahh; G&]; g+l; vd;gtuhy;> Mjpj;jey;Y}h;
vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rp ey;y gyidj; je;Js;sJld;> jpUr;rp>
GJf;Nfhl;il> kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp> nrq;fw;;g;gl;L> Nryk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
elj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuha;rr ; p %ykhf ,Jtiuapy; ekf;F fpilj;Js;s “njhy;ypay;
rhd;Wfs;”> jkpoh;fspd; me;ehisa khDltpay; - tho;f;if Kiwfis ekf;F
mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; rhd;Wfshf mike;Js;sij ek;khy; czuKbfpwJ.
rh; khh;bNkhh; tPyh; mth;fshy;> mhpf;fNkl;by; elj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapd;
%yk; ek; goe;jkpoh;fspd; tho;f;if KiwfisAk;> G+k;Gfhhpy; elj;jg;gl;l
Ma;TfSk; ekf;F ey;y gaizj; je;Js;sij ek;khy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
jw;NghJ> Gjpjhff; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s njhy;ypay; GijnghUs;fspd; gy;NtW
tiffs;> fPob mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; %ykhf> rpe;Jntsp ehfhPf njhlh;G> ,jd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhlh;r;rpfs; jw;NghJ cyfj;Jf;Nf xU GjpanjhU rthyhf mike;Js;sijAk;

ek;khy; czuKbfpwJ.
Gijg;nghUs; - njhy;ypay; rhd;WfSk;> jkpoh; gz;ghLk;
(Archeological Evidences - Related Ancient Tamil Culture)
,itfspd; %ykhf>
1. RNkhpahtpd; jiyefukhfpa “Ch;” vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; fpilj;j Njf;F
kuj;Jz;Lfs; ,e;jpahtpypUe;Nj fp.K.ehd;F Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng
mq;F nrd;wJ vd;W Muha;e;J nrhy;fpwhh; Nr]; vd;w mwpQh;.
2. ghgpNyhdpaf;; fspkz; VLfs; ,e;jpa tzpfh;fspd; FOf;fs; mq;F nrd;W
jq;fpapUe;j NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit vdTk;>
3. mhpf;fNkL> ciuA+h;> kJiu Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l nghw;fhRfs;
Nuhkh;fs; ,q;F FbapUg;Gfis mikj;J tho;e;J te;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfshf
mike;Js;sjhfTk;>
4. ik#h; re;jputy;ypapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l rPd ehzaq;fs;> fp.K. ,uz;lhk;
E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpah;fSld;> rPdh;fs; nfhz;l njhlh;gpid ekf;F vLj;Jf;
fhl;LtjhfTk; mike;Js;sd.
njhy;ypaypy;> khDlk; rhh;e;j tho;tpay; - ,yf;fpa rhd;Wfspy; rpy
“Ke;ePh; tof;fk; kf^ Nthby;iy” vd;W ,ak;Gk; njhy;fhg;gpa - ,yf;fz
thpfspd; %ykhf> njhz;bad;d eyk; vd;Wk;> fg;gy; Nghd;w Nfhl;il vd;Wk;>
flYl;fyk; ftpope;jhw; Nghyj; Jd;gk;-vd;Dk; ctikfisr; nrhy;Yk; mstp;y;>
flw;nryT mf;fhyj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaijnay;yhk; ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;tJld;>
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil fyq;fiu tpsf;fj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;LtJld;>
“thdk; Cd;wpa kjiy Nghy> Vzp rhh;j;jpa Vw;wQ; nrd;dp
,utpy; khl;ba ,yq;F Rlh;nQfpop”-vd;w gl;bdg;ghiy thpfspd; %ykhf thp
tR+y; nra;j Rq;f mjpfhhpfspd; milahskhd Gyp nghwpj;j nra;jpia ekf;F
$WfpwJ.
,JNghyNth> mfehD}W> gl;bdg;ghiy> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> gjpw;Wg;gj;J>
rpyg;gjpfhuk; Mfpaitfs;> fhNthpg;G+k;gl;bdk;> (g+k;Gfhh;) nfhw;if> Krpwp> njhz;b
Mfpa JiwKfq;fspd; gioik tha;e;j njhy;ypay; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfspd; %ykhf>
,itfspd; tsj;ijAk;> atdh;fisAk;> gpwnkhopahsh;fspd; ,Uf;if fisAk;
ekf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
Krpwp Nruh JiwKfk; atdUld; mjpfj; njhlh;G cilaij;
“......... Nruyh;
fs;spak; Nghpahw;W ntz;Ziu fyfq;f
atdh; je;j tpidkhz; ed;fyk;
nghd;ndhL te;J fwpnahL ngaUk;
tpsq;nfO Krpwp” (mfk;.. 149).
vd;gjd; %ykhf> nghd;idf; nfhLj;J kpsif atdh;fs; ngw;Wr; nrd;w tuyhw;wpy;>
njhz;b ngz;fspd; moFk; ctikahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“njhz;bad;d vd eyk; je;J” – vd;w thpfis $Wk; FWe;njhifAk;

,ijNa> ma;q;FWE}w;wpy; njhz;bg;gj;J vd;Dk; gjpahdJ njhz;b efhpd; gy;NtW
rpwg;Gfis ekf;F vLj;Jf; $Wtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
,JNghd;Nw> Kj;Jf;F ngah; ngw;w efhpd; rpwg;Gfshf> ew;wpizapy;
fhl;lg;gLk; “Kj;JgL gug;gpd; nfhw;if Kd;Diw” - vd;w thpfspd; %ykhfTk;>
jhykp vd;w njhy;nghUs; mwpQh;> nfhw;if Kj;Jf;Fspg;gpw;F ngah; ngw;wJ vd
,ak;GtJld;> rhypA+hpd; JiwKfr; rpwg;Gf;fisnay;yhk; $Wk; NghJ>
“nghd; kype;j tpOg;gz;lk;
ehlhu ed;F ,opjUk;
Mbaw; ngUehtha;
kio Kw;wpa kiyGiuaj;
Jiw Kw;wpa Jsq;fpUf;if” - vd;w thpfspd; %ykhf>
ekf;F kJiuf;fhQ;rp kiyNghd;w fg;gy; Eioaf;$ba nghpa JiuKfk; vdTk;
vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ>
njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfspy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba rpy
rh; khh;bkh; tPyh;> GJr;Nrhpapd; mUfpy; cs;s mhpf;fNkl;by; jdJ
mfo;tha;tpd; %yk; cNuhkhdpah;fspd; FbapWg;Gfs; mq;fpUe;jijAk;> thRNjt
ey;Y}hpy; fz;nlLf;fgl;l mfo;tha;tpd; %yg;nghUs;fshd cNuhk ehzaq;fs;>
cNuhkf; FbapUg;Gfs; ikr+h; re;jputy;ypapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ljd; %yk; njd;
fPo;fhrpaj; njhlh;G> jkpofj;Jld; ,Ue;J te;jitfs; Kf;fpa rhd;whf miktJld;
,itfs;> rq;f ,yf;fpa rhd;Wfspy;> tzpff; Fwpg;Gfspy; fhRfSk;>
may;ehl;bdhpd; gy;NtW Fwpg;GfSld;; xj;Jg;Nghtjhf mike;Js;sd.
rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfKk; (fp.K.8>000 – 1200) Muha;r;rp fhyKk;
Ntjq;fs;> iggps;> gioa Guhzq;fspd; %ykhf mwptpay; tsh;r;rpapy;yh
fhyj;jpYk;> GijnghUs; Ma;thsh;fspd; <LghL> Mh;tk; fhuzkhf rpe;J khepy
ejpf;fiuapy; nkhfQ;NrhjNuhTk;> fpis ejpapd; xd;whd utp Mw;wpd; gf;fj;jpy;
ùhg;ghTk; GijAz;l efuq;fshf fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,d;iwa ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;L fhyk; njhl;L “njhy;nghUs; mwptpay;” – mwpQh;fshy; gy;NtW
fhyfl;lq;fspy;> gy;NtWgl;l ,lq;fspy; GJGJ mfo;thuha;rr ; pfs; njhlh;e;J
nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhYk;> jw;NghJ jkpofj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w mhpa nghf;fp~khd “fPob
– mfo;tha;T fz;Lg;gpbg;Gfs;” midj;Jk;> rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfk; Kjypy; vq;fpUe;J
Njhd;wpaJ? ,Jtiuapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l njhy;ypay; - Ma;T KbTfs; vy;yhk;
rhpahd tuyhw;W rhd;Wfsh?- vd cyf kf;fSf;F ehfhPf fhy gy;NtW gbgbahd
khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J> tpag;G+l;Lk; tz;zkhf jw;NghJ Gjpjhff; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;LtUk;
fPob Gijg;nghUs;-Mtzq;fs; midj;JNk> tpag;ghd Gjpa tpdhf;fis vOg;Gk;
tz;zkhfTk;>; GJ GJ jfty;fis> juty;yjhfTk; mike;Js;sJ.
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; njhlf;fk;> Mhpah; tUifahy; my;y! vdTk;> Mhpah;>
,e;jpahtpy; EioAk; Kd;Ng> ,q;F xU rpwe;j ehfhPfk; epytpaJ vd;gJ cyfpw;F
czh;j;jg;gl;ljd; thapyhf rpe;Jntspapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l goikahd nghUs;fspd;
%ykhf; RNkhpa> vfpg;jpa> fphPf;> Kjypa ehLfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUs;fNshL
,q;F fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rp Gij nghUs;fs; xj;Jg;Nghtjhy;> rpe;Jntsp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kf;fs;> gpwehl;L kf;fNshL njhlh;gpy; ,Ue;J te;jij ,itfs; ekf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf mike;Js;sJ.
khDlk; fw;gpj;j th;zNgjj;jpy; - gy;NtW rhjpa gbepiyfs;
,e;jpa> rpe;J ntsp ehfhPfj;jpy; Mhpah; ,q;F tUiff;F gpd;G> gy;NtWgl;l
rdhjd> jh;k> ePjp tpjpKiwfshy; fl;likf;fg;gl;l; kDjh;k-th;zNgj> rhjpg;
gbepiyfs; kdpj tho;tpy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L> mtdpd; gpwg;Gfs; midj;Jk; flTshy;
cUthf;fg;gl;ldntd;Wk;> vdNt> tho;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> mth;fs; mth;fs; jhd;
gpwe;j rhjpg;; gphpTfspy; $wg;gl;l ehd;F th;z Ngj mbg;gilapy; njhopy; nra;J>
midtUk; Mhpa th;zhrpuk> jh;k ePjpfSf;F fl;Lg;gl;L> tho;tJld; mitfspd;
%ykhf fw;gpf;fg;gl;l ‘jPz;lhik” epiyfisnay;yhk; gpw;fhyk; njhl;L
tho;f;ifapy;; filgpbf;f VJthf mike;Jtpl;lJld; ; gy;yth; fhy fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;>
R+j;jpuu;fs; (ehyhk; rhjp) - gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJld;> ,th;fs; Chpd;>
xJf;Fg;Gwq;fspy; tho;e;jJld; jq;fis cah;e;j rhjp kf;fs; vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L
tho;e;j kf;fspd; gFjpapypUe;J> ntF njhiytpy; tho;e;J te;j ,th;fs;>
fspkz;zhYk;> XiyahYk; mikf;fg;gl;l rpwpa Fbir tPLfspy; tho;e;J
te;jjhfTk;> gy;NtW vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspd; %ykhf gpuhkzh;fs;> rj;jphpah;fs;>
itrpah;fs;> R+j;jpuh;fspd; thOk; epiyfs;> mth;fspd; njhopy;fs;> czTKiwfs;>
Mguzq;fs;> cilg;gof;fk; ,itfisnay;yhk; ehk; tifg;gLj;jp mwptjw;F ngUk;
cjtpahf gy;NtW fy;ntl;Lfspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfspd; %ykhf ekf;F njhpa
tUtjhf cs;sJ.
fy;ypNy fiytz;zk; fz;l gy;yt kd;dh;fs;
gy;yth; fhy fy;ntl;Lfspy;> FLkpahd;kiy fy;ntl;Lfs;> Kjyhk;
kNfe;jputh;kdhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ vdTk;> jhsq;fisg; gw;wp> ”vl;Lf;Fk; VOf;Fk;” -
vd mtd; fhyj;J fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gjd; %ykhf> ehk; mwptJ
nghJthf tPizf;F VO euk;GfNs ,Uf;Fk;> Mdhy;> kNfe;jputh;kd; fhyj;jpa
fy;ntl;Lfspy; vl;L euk;GfisAila xU tPiziaf; fz;Lgpbj;jjd; %yk;
,f;fy;ntl;by;> “,e;j gz;GfisAk;> jhsq;fisAk;> vl;L euk;Gfs; cs;s
tPizapYk;> VO euk;Gfs; cs;s tPiziaf; nfhz;Lk; ehk; thrpj;J kfpoyhk;
vd;nwy;yhk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJld;> jpUkak;kiy – mbthuj;jpy; mike;Js;s rptd;
Nfhapypy;> Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kdhy; fz;Lgpbj;J ntspaplg;gl;l ,irf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fis b.V.Nfhgpehjuht; mth;fs; fz;Lgpbj;jJld;> ,f;fy;ntl;Lfspy;
uhfq;fis> “ghpthjpdp”-vd;w tPizapYk; thrpf;fyhk; vd;Wk;> mk;kd;dh;> “FzrPyd;”
vd;w gl;lg; ngahpd; %ykhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghw;wj;jf;f xd;whFk;.
gpw;fhy Nrhoh;fhy tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;
,itfspy;> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ma;e;J tiffspy;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;>
ehzaq;fs;> epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;> kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjypaitfisg; gw;wpAk;
ehk; epidT nfhs;syhk;.
fy;ntl;L $Wk; fijfspy; rpy
Nrhoehl;bd; nghUshjhu epiyfis ehk; Nehf;Fk;NghJ> Nrhog;Nguurpy;
kpfg;nghpa gQ;rk; Vw;gl;ljhff; fy;ntl;Lfspd; %yk; mwptJld;> 1131Mk; Mz;L
xU kpfg;nghpa gQ;rk; Nrhoehl;by; vw;;g;gl;ljhf njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“murhz;ley;Y}h;”- fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. 1152Mk; Mz;bYk; kw;nwhd;W Vw;g;gl;ljhf

GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F mUfpy; cs;s “Myq;Fb”-fy;ntl;L $Wtjd; %yk;> gy;NtWgl;l
nghpa nghUshjhur; rpf;fy;fspd; %ykhfNt Nrhog;NguuR tPo;rr ; paile;j tuyhw;iw
ehk; fy;ntl;Lfspd; %ykhf czu KbfpwJ.
cyf tuyhw;WNkij> Nlhgp (Toybee) vd;gth;> gpwf;fpd;w xt;nthU NguuRk;
xU fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; tPo;rr ; p mile;JtpLk; vd;W Fwp;gpl;Ls;sJld;> ,itfisNa
mth; “,aw;if rl;lk;” vdtk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
njhy;khDltpay; etPd mwptpay; ghh;it Nehf;fp xU fz;Nzhl;lk;
Archeology – Related With Importance Of Modern Science
goq;fy;ntl;Lfisf; fz;lwpjy;> tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f ,lq;fspnyy;yhk;
mfo;thuha;r;rp Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;> mitfspy; fpilj;j tuyhw;Wr; rpd;dq;fisg;
ghJfhj;jy;-vd;Dk; cahpa Kk;Kidf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; “njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;
Jiw” nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,j;Jiw mfo;tha;T elj;jpa g+k;Gfhh;>
fq;ifnfhz;lNrhoGuk;> Nfhtyd;nghl;lly; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fz;nlLf;fg;
gl;litfs; vd;WNk tuyhw;wpy; vtuhYk; kiwf;fKbahj Mtzq;fshf ekf;F
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
gz;GilNahhpd; gy;Jiwg; ghh;itfs;
“,d;iwf;Fk; ehk; fhZk; “epWtdr; rkaq;fs;” midj;Jk; vjph;fhyj;jpy;
,y;yhky; NghFk;!” vd;W tpNtfhde;jh; R+rfkhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
jpUts;Sth; cyfpy; thOk; kf;fs; ,dj;ij xd;nwdf; fz;lhh;. “ahJk; CNu
ahtUk; NfsPh;” – vd;w fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhh; $wpaAJ ts;StUf;F kpfTk; gpbj;j
fUj;J vd;gjhy;> kf;fis mwpT ngwr; nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy;>
“ahnjDk; ehlhky; Cuhky; vd;ndhUtd;
rhe;JizAk; fy;yhj thW” – vd;W $wp ts;Sth;> fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhh;
fUj;ij NkYk; njspTg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
“cyfkatpay; (Globalization) – tsUk; rKjhaq;fspd; ,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;Rk;
tha;g;Ng mJntd – vd;W> ,d;W ehnky;yhk;. czuj; njhlq;fp ,Uf;fpNwhk;
“njhopy; El;gh;fs; kdpjhathjpfshf (Technocrats to Democrats) khwpdhyd;wp>
kdpj Fyk; mope;JtpLNkh? njhopy; El;g khw;wq;fSf;F kdpjf; fbthsk;
NghlKbAkh? - vd;w rpe;jidAk; ek;ik xUGwk; J}z;lj;jhd; nra;fpwJ.
nrd;w rpy Mz;Lfshf> tsh;e;J tUk; etPd caph;j; njhopy; El;gq;fspd;
%ykhf> gy Gjpa cj;jpfs; ifahsg;gl;L jhtu> tpyq;fpdq;fspy; mitfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; tpisthf kugpay; (Genetics) rhh;e;j caphpay;-njhopy; El;gj;jpy;>
ekf;F nghpJk; gad;juf;$baitfs; “Gjpaditfs; cUthf;fk;” ngWk;
,j;jUzj;jpy;> jkpohpd; tho;tpaypy;> “ePjpj;Jiw jPh;Tfs;”-rq;f fhyk; njhlq;fp Nru
ehl;by;> epahaj;jpw;Fr; fl;Lg;gLk; xU eilKiw ,Ue;jijAk;> me;j ePjpj;Jiw
eilKiwfSf;F kd;dDk; tpjptpyf;fpy;iy. ePjpf;F epiyf;fsdhf ,Ue;j murDk;
ePjpf;F mbgzpe;jtNd vd;gJ ekJ ehl;bd; njhd;ikahd gioa kughd xd;whf
fhzg;gl;lJld;> (rpyg;gjpfhu – ghz;ba kd;ddpd; tuyhW).


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwk; vd;gJ xOf;fNk vd;Wk;> vdNt> ePjpkd;wq;fs;> Kiwfs; Njitg;glh

vd;Wk;> ts;Sth; fUJtjhfg; ghpNkyofh; mDkhdk; nra;tjhfehk; nfhs;syhk;.
xUikg;ghNl khDlj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;w Kjy; gbf;fs; ...
“xUikg;ghL” (Integration) vdg;gLtJ> nts;isaUk;> gpwtz;z kf;fSk;
mlq;fpa gy;NtWgl;l rKjhaj;ij xNu KO mikg;ghf tFj;jikf;Fk; nray;.
(nrd;id gy;fiyf;fof> Mq;fpy – jkpo; mfuhjp – tpsf;fk;) nrhy; tbtpy;
xd;WgLk; jd;ikiaNa> xUikg;ghL fl;LfpwJ. vdpDk;> rKjha murpay;
fz;Nzhl;lj;Jf;F ngUk;ghYk; chpajhf cs;s ,d;iwa fUj;jOj;jk; Kd;G
,y;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;.
gy;NtW epw kf;fis- gyepwr; rKjhaf; $Wfis- “xNu KO mikg;ghf
tFj;jikf;Fk; nray;” - vd;w tpsf;fk; jUfpwJ. khdpl rKjhaj;jpy; ,g;gb xU
nray;/ Kaw;rp ele;jpUf;fpwjh> elg;gjw;fhd RtL VNjDk; ,Uf;fpwjh vd;nwy;yhk;
ehk; vz;zpg; ghh;g;gJk; mtrpaj;Jld;> mj;jpatrpakhd xd;whfTk; fUj
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
kdpj tho;tpaypy; njhy;-kugpay; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gil jj;Jtk;
gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; nraw;iff; fhuzq;fshYk;> ,aw;if fhuzq;fshYk;-
NtWgl;Lk; khWgl;Lk; cs;s ,dq;fis “XNu KO mikg;ghf” Mf;f
Kbe;jpUf;fpwjh? Kbe;jpUe;jhy;> gd;dhl;Lf; fofk; Vd; Njhw;wJ? ,d;Ws;s I.eh.
kd;wk; Vd; jLkhWfpwJ? xw;iwaikg;gpy; xd;wptpl cyf ,dq;fshy; ,d;W tiu
Kbatpy;iy vd;w tpdhf;fSk; ek; fz;Kd;Nd vOgitfshf Kbtpd;wpNa
Njhw;wkspg;gjhf fhzg;gLtJld;> vy;yh tifg;gl;l cjphpfisAk; ,izj;Jtpl;lhy;
“xUikg;ghL Mf;fk;” fz;Ltpl KbahJ. ePUk; vz;nzAk; vspjpy; ,iztjpy;iy.
vdNt> ehk; nraw;ifahf cUth(f;)Fk; ,izg;gpdhy; xUikg;ghL rpwg;gjpy;iy
vd;gijAk; ehk; epiwtpw;f; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
etPd njhopw;El;gtpay; - Xh; mwptpay; ghh;it
(Micro Biological, Modern Technology Related, Genetical Genome - Rearrangement
And Their Effects-Scientific Approaches)
n`r;.b.yh];nty; (H.D.Laswell) vd;w Nky;ehl;L njhopy;El;g ty;Ydh;>
njhlh;igg; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ> “ahh; ahUf;F vij vg;gb vt;tsT gjpTld;
nrhy;fpwhh;”- vd;wthW tpsf;Ffpwhh;. vy;yh njhlh;Gj;jilfSk;> gy;NtW
tiffSf;Fk; jilfshfTk;> ,ay;ghfTk; ,Uf;fNt nra;Ak;. %yj;jpypUe;J
,yf;ifr; nrd;W milAk; Kd;G gy jilfisnay;yhk; ehk; jhz;br; nry;y
Ntz;bapUf;Fk; vd;fpwhh; mth;.
,e;J vd;why; gpwh; Jd;gk; fz;L Jd;gg;gLgtd;> ey;tho;T newpfisg;
Nghw;Wgtd;-vd;W nghUs; vd;W vOjpr; nrd;Ws;sdh;. rdhjd jh;k newpfspd;
njhFg;Ng ,e;J kjk; vd;ghh; tuyhw;W mwpQh;fs; gyh;. “rdhjdk; vd;why;
mopahjJ” - vd;W nghUs;. mopahjJ rj;jpak; xd;Nw mg;gbahdhy;> rj;jpaj;ijg;
Nghw;Wk; vy;yh kjq;fSk; ,e;J kjkhfNt fUjg;glNtz;Lk;. rj;jpaj;ijg; Nghw;whj
ve;j kjKk; cyfpy; ,y;iy.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,g;gb cah;e;j newpfisnay;yhk; cs;slf;fp tho;e;j rpe;J ejpapd; kf;fs;

tho;T> rlq;FfSk; rk;gpujhaq;fSk; gpizj;Jg; ngUf;fg; ngw;W> gphpf;fg;ngw;W
Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; fw;gpj;J tho;tjidNa> ,d;iwa ,e;J kjk; (gy;NtW kjq;fs;)
vd;gij milahskhf nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,ijnay;yhk;> ehk; vz;zpg; ghh;j;J ,f;NfL
tpistpf;Fk; rKjha> rhjpg; gphpTfspypUe;J tpLgl;L> Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj tho;T”
tho topNfhy;tijNa ekJ ,yl;rpakhf nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,g;gb ,th;fs; $wpad vy;yhk; elf;fhky; Nghdhy;> cyfk; vd;d MFk;
vd;gjw;F Gtp<h;g;G tpirf;F tpj;jpl;l mwptpay; Nkij> mwpQh; Id;];bd; mth;fs;>
xU tpiliaAk; $Wfpwhh;. “ehk; Kjypy; njhlq;f Ntz;ba ,lk; kjq;fshFk;;’
kjq;fspilNa xUikg;ghL fhzNtz;Lk; vdTk;> mitfSk;> cldbahf fhyk;
jho;j;jhky; njhlq;fg;gl;lhf Ntz;Lk; vd;wth;>
“cyfk; jOtpa mUs; vDk; ts;syhUila rkak; kf;fs;
mjw;Fj; jf;f fdpTWk; Kd;ghfNt te;Jtpl;lJ – vd;Wk;
mtuJ ,dpa> ,d;gr; nra;jpfis vy;yhk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,t;Tyf kf;fSf;F vLj;Jr;
nrd;W Nrh;f;f xU tpNtfhde;jh; mtUf;F mg;NghJ fpl;ltpy;iy. vjph;fhyj;jpy;>
cyfk; xNu FLk;gkhf MFk;NghJ mtuJ ftpijfs;> cyfpd; ,irf;Fuyhf>
ftpf;Fuyhf Mfpj;jhd; jPUk;” vd;W ek;gpf;ifa+l;Lfpwhh; mwpQh;.njh.ngh.kP.mth;fs;.
tho;f;ifapy; fdT fhZq;fs;
fhyk; nrd;w FbauRj; jiyth; lhf;lh; V.gp.N[.mg;Jy;fyhk; mth;fs;
rpWth;fNs> fdT fhZq;fs; - vd;W nrhy;yp te;Js;shh;fs; rpWth;fisf; fdT
fhzr; nra;tij ghl;b nrhy;Yk; fijfSk;> Foe;ijfSf;fhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l fij
E}y;fSk; jhk;. Mdhy;> ,tw;iw mwpahj ,d;iwa rpWth;fs; vg;gb fdT
fhz;ghh;fs;! ehisa rKjhak; eykhf – tskhf – gykhf mika ,d;iwa
rpWth;fs; jkf;Fhpa ,yf;fpaj;ijf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;! fw;f nra;a Ntz;Lk;!
vd;nwy;yhk; mthpd; tho;ehs; KOtJk; khzth;fsplk; ciu epfo;j;jpAs;shh;fs;.
,dptUk; fhyj;jpy;> fw;gidf; nfl;lhj fzpg;nghwpAfk;
kdpjd; kdpjdhf thoNtz;Lk;> kdpjj; jd;ikNahL thoNtz;Lk;> kdpjg;
gz;GlNd thoNtz;Lk; vd;Wjhd; jpUts;Sth; tpUk;gpdhh;. kdpjd; jd; mwpitAk;
mwpTf;Ff; fhuzkhfpa rpe;jidiaAk; gad;gLj;jpNa tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W
vz;zpdhh;. mwpitf; nfhz;L ed;ik jPikfisg; gFj;Jzuhky; thOk; kdpjid
epidj;J ts;Sth; tUe;jpdhh;.
‘mtpnrhhpe;J Mapuk; Ntl;ly;”- (259) Njitaw;wJ vd;gijj; jhd; mth;
typAWj;jpdhh;. xNu fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ehd;F vhpkiyfs; ntbf;fpd;wd. xd;W>
fzpg;nghwp – kpd;dZ ntbg;G> ,uz;lhtJ> tpz;ntsp Ma;T> %d;whtJ> Mo;fly;
cyfk;> ehd;fhtJ> caphpay; njhopy El;g mjph;T vdg;gLk;. Mdhy;> vJ Kd;dhy;
Xbr; rhjid GhpfpwNjh> fhyk; gjpy; nrhy;yNtz;Lk; - vd;W tpy;ypak; gpNsf;
nrhd;d mDgtk;> fzpg;nghwp fhykhf jw;NghJ gpwe;jpUg;gJld;> kzy; Jfs;jhNd
fzpg;nghwpapd; Mw;wy; ikak;. Mdhy; ,e;j Afj;jpy; mfy> ePs> Mo> tprhyq;fis
msf;f ,g;NghJ ek;khy; KbahJ vd;gNj cz;ikahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vdNt> Gjpa rf;jp ikaq;fspy; ftdk; gha;fpwJ. ,jd; tpisNt> kpFe;j

Mw;wiyf; nfhz;l R+hparf;jp gad;ghl;Lf;F te;J nfhz;bUg;gijnay;yhk; ek;khy;
czu KbfpwJ.
kugpay; top gy;NtW Muha;r;rpfspd; tpisTfs;
(Microbiology & Modern Advanced Genetics With New Technological Research Works
Will Be Producing)
“FNshdpq;;” (Cloning) - vd;w gbahf;f Kiwapd; %ykhf MLfSk;>
gRf;fd;WfSk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Kiwfisg; Nghd;Nw kdpjh;fSk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;L> xUtiug; Nghy> mthpd; cUtk; ;gy gpujpfshf vLf;fg;glyhk;. ,jd;
%ykhf Njitg;gLk; Gjpa kdpj cly; cWg;Gf;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L
Njitahdth;fSf;F nghWj;jg;gLtJld;> Ntz;lhj kugpay;-%yf;$Wfshd “[Pd;fs;”>
(Genes-Genome) FNuhNkhNrhk;fspypUe;J (Human Body - Diploid (2-n) Number
Chromosomes) ePf;fg;gl;L> gy;yhz;L fhyk; thOk; Nehapy;yh kdpjh;fSk;> cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLtJld; jhtu> tpyq;fpdq;fspd; cw;gj;jp ngUf;fj;jp;y; GJ> GJ Kiwfspy;
gy;NtW cj;jpfs; ifahsg;gLtjd; %ykhf fyg;gpd> khw;W - kugpay; kw;Wk;
njhopy; El;g Kiwfisf; ifahz;L (New Hybrid-Genome (Chromosome) Molecule’s
Modifications – By Different Modern Microtechnological Advanced Experiment’s Result –
Producing) ,jdhy;> czT cw;gj;jpia kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;F Njitg;gLk; midj;J
czT nghUs;fisAk; ehk; cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;s tha;g;ghf mikAk; vd;gJ
cWjpahtJld;>
cyf kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; “epwntwp”-,d;Wk; ,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt> kdpjdpd;
njhopy;El;g mwptpd; %yk; tUq;fhyj;jpy; kdpjh;fis ePy> kQ;rs;> gr;ir vdg; gy
tz;zq;fspy; cUthf;f KbtJld;> mf;fhyj;jpy; epwntwp vg;gb ,Uf;FNkh?
kfj;jhd khw;wq;fs; - khDl tho;it> khwptUk; kugpay; rhh;e;j njhopy;

El;gj;jpd; %ykhf jpf;Fj;jpir njhpahj msTf;F khw;Wk; fw;gidf; nfl;lhj
khw;wq;fs; kil jpwe;j nts;sk; Nghy; te;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gJk;
cWjpahfpwJ vd;gij kdpj rKjhak; epidj;J> kfpo;e;J Nghd;wg;gLjy; mtrpakhf
vf;fhyj;jpYk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
E}w; gl;bay;
1. Kidth;.e.mwpTuh[;> Kidth;.M.Fkhh; “jkpof tuyhWk;> jkpoh; gz;ghLk;” –
Kjw;gjpg;G : [_d; 2010> ntspaPL : ghit gg;spNf\d;];> ,uhag;Ngl;il>
nrd;id 14.
2. lhf;lh;.fh.kPdhl;rpRe;juk;;> “gz;GilNahhpd; gy;Jiwg; ghh;itfs;;”–(gy;Jiwf;
fl;Liufs;) ,uz;lhk;;gjpg;G : 2006> ntspaPL : DTP., KO Se.Iyyappan,
Coimbatore – 46.
3. v];.gp.tpNtfp> “NtjKk; tpQ;QhdKk;” – Kjw;gjpg;G : brk;gh;; 2009> ntspaPL:
v];.Mh;.gphpz;l;> mq;Frk;> jpUnthw;wpa+h;> nrd;id – 19.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
4. Mh;.gp.rj;jpaehuhazd;> “ghrKs;s Gjpa jiyKiwf;F...”> Kjw;gjpg;G: 2010>

ntspaPL: Gjpa jiyKiw gjpg;gfk;> jpahfuhaefh;> nrd;id – 17.
5. nt.ngUkhs;rhkp> “rpyg;gjpfhuk;” – kWf;f;gl;l ePjpAk;> kiwf;fg;gl;l
cz;ikAk;” ehd;fhk; gjpg;G: nrg;lk;gh; 2017> ntspaPL : ghujp Gj;jhyak;
Njdhk;Nl;il> nrd;id – 18.
6. lhf;lh;.gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fh;> “,e;J kjj;jj;JtKk;> kD ju;kKk;!”–Vohk; gjpg;G :
2018> ntspaPL : nghpahH; Rakhpahijg; gpur;rhu epWtd ntspaPL> nrd;id-7.
7. mwpQh; mz;zh> “Mhpak; tpijf;fhJ tpisAk; fodp”–Kjw;gjpg;G : khh;r;-2012>
ntspaPL : Rakhpahij gjpg;gfk;> cLkiyg;Ngl;il-642 126> jpUg;G+h; khtl;lk;.
8. je;ij nghpahh;> kw;Wk;> ”nkl;Bhpayprk; my;yJ nghUs; Kjy; thjk;”
(gpufpUjpthjk;)> gdpnuz;lhk; gjpg;G : 2016> ntspaPL : jpuhtplh; (fof) ,af;f
ntspaPL> nghpahh; jply;> nrd;id – 7.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;- Xh; ghh;it

A Glance on the Culverts and Copper Plates
g.nr.Kj;Jnyl;Rkp> KidtH gl;l Ma;tsH>

tuyhw;Wj;Jiw> t.c.rpjk;guk; fy;Y}hp> J}j;Jf;Fb - 628008.
Abstract
The paper traces the origins of archaeology and a glance on the culverts and copper
plates. These findings help to find out the culture and civilization of the Tamil people. Hence,
the paper attempts to trace Tamil archaeology.
Keywords: Glance, Culverts, Copper Plates
Kd;Diu
ehl;bd; njhz;ik tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; njhy;ypay;
rhd;Wfspy; xd;W fy;ntl;Lfs; (m) rpyhrhrdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by;
fhye;NjhUk; fy;ntl;Lfs; vt;tsT nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij lhf;lH v.Rg;guhAY
mtHfs; fPo;f;fz;lthW ml;ltizg; gLj;jpAs;shH.
fy;ntl;Lfspd;
t.vz; fhyk; (fp.gp) murH
vz;zpf;if
gy;ytH 300
1. 550 – 850 ghz;baH 300
gpw 300
2. 850 – 985 NrhoH 2000
3. 985 – 1300 ghz;baUk; gpw murHfSk; 7000
4. 1300 – 1600 ghz;baH> rk;GtuhaH 1000
ehaf;fH> kuhl;baH> NrJgjpfs;>

5. 1600 – 1900 2500
gpw FW epy murHfs;
nkhj;jk; 13400
nrg;NgLfspd; vz;zpf;if
fp.gp. 550 – 1300 - 60
fp.gp. 1300 – 1900 - 500
nkhj;jk; - 560


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;

kpfg;goq;fhyk; njhl;Nl ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; epytpd vd;gjw;F Gfo;ngw;w
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
“ngaUk; gPLk; vOjp mjh; NjhUk;
gPyp #l;ba gpwq;F epiy eLfy;”
“kUq;Fy; EZfpa Ng vOjpH eLfy;
ngaH gyk; gluj; NJhd;W Fap nyOj;J”
Nghd;w mfehD}w;W}g; ghly;fSk;
“mzpkapH gPyp #l;bg; ngaH nghwpj;J
,dp el;ldNu fy;Yk;”
“,y;yL fs;spd; rpy; Fbr; rPW}H
Gil eLfy;ypd; ehl;gypA+l;b”
Nghd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fSk; eLfy;ypd; ngaiuAk;> ngUikiaAk; nghwpj;J
tzq;fp topgl;l gz;gpidg; giw rhw;Wfpd;wd.
fy;ntl;lha;T
1837-k; Mz;L N[k;]; gphpd;nrg; vd;w ntspehl;ltH ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
fy;ntl;Lfisnay;yhk; jpul;b> gbj;J mwpe;Njhk; vd;why; ,e;jpahtpd; goikahd
tuyhw;iw kpfj;njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk; vd;w fUj;ij ntspapl;lhH.
,e;jpahtpd; fy;ntl;lha;T Muk;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F ,tNu Kf;fpa fhuzk; MthH. 1861-y;
‘mNrhfH fhyj;jpa fy;ntl;Lfs;’ vd;w jdpj; njhFg;ig ,e;jpa njhy;ypay;
Jiwapd; iluf;lH n[duy; myf;rhe;jH fd;dpq;fhk; 1871-1885 tiu ntspaPl;L
te;jhH.
nrd;id murhq;fj;jpd; Kjy; fy;ntl;lha;thsuhf tpsq;fpa `Py;l;]; vd;gtH
njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lfis Kjy; njhFg;ig 1903-y; ntspapl;lhH. nrd;id
murhq;fj;jpd; fy;ntl;L ,yhfhtpdH gbnaLj;j fy;ntl;Lfspd; Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;
‘njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;L mwpf;if’ vd;w ngahpy; 1887-k; Mz;L Kjy; ntsptu
Muk;gpf;jJ. ,Jtiu 1967-68-k; Mz;lwpf;if tiu ntspte;Js;sJ. gpuhkp
vOj;jpYk;> fNuh\;b vOj;jpYk; vOjg;gl;bUe;j ,e;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lfisg; gbj;j
ngUik gphpd;nrg;> G+yH> `Pl;y]; Nghd;w ntsp ehl;ltHfisAk;> kpj;uh> gz;lhHf;fH>
tp.ntq;ifah> Nfhgpehuuht;> Nf.tp.Rg;gpukzpa ma;aH>IuhtjH> kfhNjtd; Nghd;w
,e;jpa ehl;bdiuAk; rhUk;.
njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lfs; njhFjpfs; ,Jtiuapy; xd;W Kjy; gjpdhd;F
njhFjpfs; njhlHe;J ntspte;Js;sd. ‘vgpfpuhgpah ,e;jpah’ vd;w fy;ntl;Lj;
njhFjp xd;W Kjy; Kg;gj;njl;L tiu njhlHe;J ntspte;Js;sJ. 1887 Kjy; 1936
tiu gb vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lfs; ve;nje;j Chpy; jkpofj;jpy; gbnaLf;fg;gl;ld
vd;w tpguk; mlq;fpa ‘gbnaLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lfspd; thpir’ vd;w njhFjp
ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;j rpy NkNy ehl;ltHfshd rPnty;> nkf;fd;rp Nghd;NwhH
jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; rpy fy;ntl;Lfis Nehpilahfg; gbj;Jk;> Fwpg;ngLj;Jk; E}yhf
ntspapl;Ls;sdH. ‘njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fy;ntl;Lfs;’ vd;w ngahpy; xU


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhFjpia rPnty; ntspapl;Ls;shH. nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafk; ‘,e;jpa rhrdtpaYk;

njd;dpe;jpa vOj;JfSk;’ vd;w E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;Js;sJ.
‘jkpofk;’ vd;w Mz;L ,oioAk;>‘fy;ntl;L’ vd;w fhyhz;L ,jioAk;
ntspapl;L tUfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;ilr; NrHe;j Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; mtHfs; ùg;gd;
vOj;ijj; njhFj;J ‘ùg;gd; vOj;Jfspd; njhFjp’ xd;iw ntspapl;lhH.
Ig;ghdpYs;s Nlhf;fpah gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; njw;F Mrpa tuyhw;Wj; Jiw NrhoH
fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; ngaHfis vy;yhk; jpul;b ‘NrhoHfhy
fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngaHfs;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; %d;W njhFjpfs; ntspapl;Ls;sJ. 1861-y;
fy;ntl;lha;T Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L ,Jtiuapy; RkhH vOgj;ije;jhapuk; fy;ntl;Lfs;
gbnaLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,yf;fpaf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
,yf;fpa RitAld; ,yf;fz tpjpfSf;Fg; nghUe;jg; ghly;fs; mike;Js;s
fy;ntl;Lfs; ,yf;fpa fy;ntl;Lfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ghz;bahpd; jstha;Gu
nrg;NgLfs; Nrhohpd; nya;ld; nrg;NgLfs;> mur;rY}H ,irf;fy;ntl;L> ee;jptHkhpd;
jpUnts;shiwg; ghly; fy;ntl;L> guhf;fpughz;badpd; njd;fhrp fy;ntl;Lfspy;rpy
MFk;.
“Xq;Fjpiu tpad;gug;gpy; cWjp Myakhfj;
Njq;fkpo; kyH neLq; fl;bir kfspH nka;f;fha;”
vd;w ghly; thpfs; jstha;Guk; nrg;Ngl;by; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
“re;jpudJ mopj;Njhd;wp,j; jhukz;ly KOj;njhz;L
Gz;be;jpud; KbTis Ailj;Jk; ,kaj;J fy;nyOAk;”
vd;w ,yf;fpa eakpf;f ghly; thpfs; rptfhrp nrg;Ngl;by; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
“Gypiag; gae;j nghd;khd; fypiaf;
fue;J futhf; fhhpif Rue;j” - jpUf;NfhtpY}H fy;ntl;L
“gy;yhf KJFLkpg; ngUtOjpnad;Dk; guNkr;tudha;
Nts;tpf;Fb nad;dg;gl;lJ Nfs;tpapw; wug;gl;ljidj;
Jsf;f kpy;yhf; flw;whidahk; fsg;gpwh ypwf;fg;gl;lJ”
- Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL
,uh[uh[ Nrhod; rpwe;j ,yf;fpa eilapy; nka;fPHj;jpfis mike;jpUf;fpwhd;.
“jpUkfs; Nghy ngUepyr; nry;tpAk;
jdf;Nf chpik G+z;lik kdf;nfhsf;
fe;jSHr; rhiy fykWj;jUsp
Ntq;if ehLk; fq;fghbAk;…”
,uh[uh[d; topiag; gpd;gw;wp gpd; te;j Nrhog; NguurHfSk; ,yf;fpa kzk; fkOk;
rpwe;j nka;f;fHP j;jpfis vOjp itj;Js;sdH. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; ,Ugj;jp
Vohk; Ml;rpahz;ilr; NrHe;j fy;ntl;L ftpij eilapy; kpf mofhfg;
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“…..Kj;jkpo; ehd;ikj;
nja;tf; ftpijr; nrQ;nrhw; fgpyd;
Kdptd; llf;ifg; ghhp jd;dilf;fyg;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngz;iz kiyaH Fjtpg; ngz;iz

aiyAdtOtj; je;jhhpe; nry …..”
njd;Mw;fhL khtl;lk; nrq;fk; rptd; Nfhtpypy; cs;s NrhoHfhy fy;ntl;L xd;W
‘gh’ tbtpy; mike;Js;sJ.
“vq;fl; ghnuq;fl; fplntD nkd;wurH
nrq;iftho; ty;yhidr; nrtpg;gH jq;fs;
nfhbnahLq; nfhw;wf; FilnahLk; nrk;nghs;
KbnahL epd;Wzq;fp”
,it jtpu gbkq;fyk;> eLfy;> ee;jptHkdhd; jpUnts;siug; ghly; fy;ntl;L>
jpUf;NfhtpY}H fhltHNfhd; guitf; fy;ntl;L Nrho> ghz;ba kd;dHfspd;
nka;f;fHP j;jpfs; Kjypait ,yf;fpa Ritg; nghUe;jpa ,dpa ghly; fy;ntl;Lfspy;
rpy MFk;.
murpay; fy;ntl;Lfs;
fp.gp. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L tiu cs;s fhy
jkpof tuyhW ngUk;ghYk; fy;ntl;Lfis mbg;gilahf itj;Nj vOj
Ntz;bAs;sJ. kw;w tuyhw;W %yq;fistpl fy;ntl;LfNs ek;gj;jFe;jit MFk;.
murpay; fy;ntl;Lfspd; tifapy; thaY}Hf; fy;ntl;L Kjyplk; ngWfpwJ.

fd;dpahFkhpapYs;s tPuuhN[e;jpud; fy;ntl;L Nrho kd;dH jk; topKiw kuig
tuyhw;W topapy; $WfpwJ. njd;dhw;fhL khtl;l jpUNtz;bGuj;jpYs;s %d;whk;
,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; fy;ntl;L murpay; fy;ntl;Lf;F rpwe;j cjhukhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
jQ;rhT+H gpufjP];tuH NfhtpYs;s ,uz;lhk; ruNghfp kd;dhpd; kuhl;ba
fy;ntl;L Nghd;];Ny tk;rhtop tuyhw;iw fhytud;Kiwg;gb njhptpf;fpwJ.
epidT fy;ntl;Lfs;
,e;j fy;ntl;Lfs; eLfy; my;yJ tPuf;fy; MFk;. Nghhpy; jdJ tPuk; fhl;b
,we;j tPuHfspd; epidthf elg;gLk; fy; eLfy; vdg;gLk;. Mepiuf;ftHe;j NghJ
mij vjpHj;Jg; Nghhpl;L capH ePj;j tPukwtHfSf;Fk; mtHfs; epidthf eLfw;fs;
vLf;fg;gl;ld. eLfy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; kpfTk; goikahdJ. jUkGhp khtl;lk;
,Usg;gl;bapy; fpilj;j fy;ntl;lhFk;.
fy;ntl;bd; fhyk; epHzak;
,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; rfhg;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhy
epHzak; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rf rfhg;jk; fpgp 78-y; Muk;gkhfpwJ. gy fy;ntl;LfspYk;
nrg;NgLfspYk;> gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; rf Mz;L Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nahf
tpghfk; vd;w rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; rf Mz;L 380-y; vOjp Kbf;fg;gl;ljhf
me;j E}ypy; Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;dH ,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd;
ghjhkp fy;ntl;L jhd; rf Mz;ilf; Fwpf;Fk; Kjy; fy;ntl;lhFk;. kJiu khtl;lk;
ItH kiyf; fy;ntl;by; rf Mz;L 792 vd;W nghwpf;fg;glLs;sJ.
jkpo; gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
jw;fhy jkpo; vOj;Jf;F Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;fpa vOj;Jf;fNs jkpop my;yJ
jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j vOj;Jf;fs; jhd; jkpofj;jpy;
fpilj;Js;s kpfTk; njhd;ikahd vOj;Jf;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpofj;jpd; tl gFjpapypUe;J njd;gFjptiu gy ,lq;fspy; jkpop vOj;Jf;fspy;

nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfs;> ghidfs;> fhRfs; Nghd;wit fpilj;Js;sd.
jkpofj;jpy; ,aw;ifahf mike;j Fifj;jsq;fspy; jkpo; gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;Lfs; :
fOFkiy my;yJ Xthkiy vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,e;j kiyapd; fpof;Fg;
Gwj;jpy; ,aw;if mike;j Fifj;jsq;fspy; rpw fw;gLf;iffs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. 1906-k;
Mz;Lf;fhd fy;ntl;Lj; njhFg;gpy; 460 – 465k; vz;fSld; ntspaplg;gl;ld.
fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; vOj;J
“fzpa ee;j m ]phpa ,Ut; md; Nf
jk;kk; ,j;j m neLQ;nropad; gz md;
fly;md; tOj;jpa; nfhl;Lgpj;j m gsp ,a;”
tpsf;fk;
fzpahfpa ej;j= ,af;FtDf;F neLQ;nropad; vd;w ghz;bad; xU gs;sp
nrJf;Ftpj;jhd;.
nrg;NgLfs; :
goq;fhyj;jpy; fw;fspy; vLj;Jf;fisg; nghhpj;jJ Nghy cNyhfj; jfLfspYk;
vOj;Jf;fisg; nghwpj;jhHfs;. gpj;jis> nrk;G> nts;sp Nghd;w gytifahd
cNyhfj; jfLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l NghjpYk; nrg;Gj; jfLfNs mjpfkhf
cgNahfpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,itfs; nrg;NgLfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. nrg;Ngl;by;
vOJk; gof;fk; fpgp 3-k; E}w;whz;bNy ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
nrg;NgLfs; ngUk;ghYk; gid Xiyapd; tbtpy; ePz;l rJu tbtpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nrg;NgLfs; ngUkd;dHfshy; ntspaplg;gl;ljhy; mit mur
Mizfisj; jhq;fp epw;fpd;wd. mjdhy;jhd; nrg;NgLfspy; nra;jpfs; kpf tphpthf
vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpahtpy; fpilj;j nrg;NgLfSs; gy;yt nrg;NgLfs;
fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpatw;Ws; Kjd;ikahditahFk;. fp.gp.%d;whk; E}w;whz;L tiu
mtHfspd; nrg;NgLfs; fpue;jk;> gpuhf;fpUjk;> rk];fpUjk; Mfpa nkhopfspy;
vOjg;gl;lJ. fp.gp. Mwhk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fhzg;gLk; gy;yt nrg;NgLfs; jkpo;>
fpue;jk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
$uk; nrg;Ngl;by; fhzg;gLk; thpfs;
fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;by; tof;fpypUe;j gy;ytH fhyj;jpy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l
thpfisg; gw;wp $Wk; nrg;Ngl;bd; %yk; mwpayhk;. epyk; 25 gq;fhfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;lijg; Nghy murDf;Fr; NruNtz;ba midj;J thpfSk; 25 gq;Ffshf
gphpf;fg;gl;L mtutH nghWg;G Mizaplg;gl;lJ.
1. Kid : FbapUf;Fk; tPl;L kidf;fhf tof;fg;gl;l thp
2. kidg;gilg;G : tPl;bd; nfhy;iyg;Gwj; Njhl;lj;Jf;fhf thq;fg;gl;l

thp
3. Cuhl;rp : Cuhl;rp elj;Jtjw;fhf thq;fg;gl;l thp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
4. nrf;F : nrf;fhlLk; thzpghplk; thq;fg;gl;l thp
5. Jwp : jwpapy; nerT nra;gthplk; thq;fg;gl;l thp
6. $yk; : jhdpak; tpw;gthplk; jhdpakhf ngwg;gl;l thp
7. fj;jpf;fhdk; :
fj;jp Kjypa NghHf; fUtpfis nra;Nthhplk;
thq;fg;gl;l MAjthp
rhrdj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; ,e;j rhrdj;ij toq;fpa Kjyhk; guNkRtutHkd;
Gfiof; $Wk; RNyhfk; cs;sJ. mjpy; murd; gujd;> rfud;> fHzd;> aahjp Mfpa
ehd;F murHfSld; xg;gplg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwhd;. $uk; nrg;Ngl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
tpj;jpahtpePj gy;ytuhrd; Ntz;bf;nfhs;s gy;yt murd; guNkRtuH tHkd; ,e;j
Miziag; gpwg;gpj;jhd; vd;W mwpa KbfpwJ. guNkRtu jlhfk; vd;w VhpiaAk;
ghyhw;wpypUe;J ,jw;F ePH nfhz;L tUk; fhy;iaAk; ,d;Dk; fhzyhk;.
ghh;it Ehy;fs;
1. V.ntq;fl;uhkd; - Tamil Epigrapghy , History Archaeology

2. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhh; - fy;ntl;L $Wk; cz;ikfs;
3. jhNkhjud; - fy;ntl;L xU mwpKfk;
4. cyfj;jkpo; Muha;rr; p fofntspaPL - ghz;bah; nrg;NgLfs;gj;J> gy;yth;
nrg;NgLfs; Kg;gJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fPob njhy;efu mfoha;Tf; fsk;

Keeladi Ancient Remnant City Archaeological Site
Kidth;. nt.Kj;Jyl;Rkp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>
jkpo;j;Jiw> [p.b.vd;. fiyf; fy;Y}hp> jpz;Lf;fy;
Abstract
The paper tells about the Remnant city of Keeladi near the present Madurai. Tamil
people’s culture and origin has been dated and calculated by the help of Aathichanallur
exvacations but the finding of the Keeladi site becomes prominent to know about the culture
and the civilization there. Hence, the study paves way to comprehend the findings at the
Keeladi site.
Keywords: Keeladi, Ancient Remnant City, Archaeological Site, Madurai
Kd;Diu
rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUg;Gtdk; topahf ,uhNkRtuk; nry;Yk;
Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapy;> kJiu efUf;Fj; njd;fpof;Nf Rkhh; 12 fp.kP. njhiytpy;
fPob njhy;ypay; NkLk;> mfoha;tplKk; mike;Js;sd. itif Mw;wpd;
njd;fiuapYs;s ,t;T+h; nfhe;jif> kzY}h; Nghd;w gy;NtW tuyhw;wplq;fshy;
#og;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nfhe;jif> kzY}h;> gs;spr;re;ij vd;Dk; njhd;ikahd
FbNaw;wq;fisf; nfhz;ljhfTk;> CUf;Fs;NsNa njhy;ypay; NkL ,Ug;gJk;
,f;fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhw;Wj;jd;ikia muz; nra;Ak;.
,q;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w nrq;fw;fl;LkhdKk; kw;Wk; tho;tpay; njhlh;ghd
Mapuf;fzf;fhd njhy; - nghUl;fSk; xU KOikahd tsh;r;rpaile;j efuk;
Gije;Js;sij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gLk; efu
mikg;Gf;fs; fw;giday;y> cz;iknad;W ,t;tfo;tha;T ep&gpj;Js;sJ. Nkw;fpy;
Nrukz;lyj;ijAk;> fpof;fpy; ,uhNkRtuk; mg;ghy; ,yq;ifiaAk;> ghz;ba
kz;lyj;ijAk; ,izj;jpLk; gy;NtW tzpf topj;jlq;fs; ,g;gs;sj;jhf;fpD}Nl
fpisj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd. ,g;ngUtopj; jlj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ rq;ffhy Cuhd fPob.
fPob njhy;efuk; fz;Lgpbg;G
,e;jpa njhy;nghUs; gug;gha;T epWtdk; 1861 – Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j epWtdj;jpy; gy gphpTfs; cs;sd. mjpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd gphpT mfoha;Tg;
gphpT vd;W $wyhk;. ,e;jpahtpy; fpl;lj;jl;l 6 njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tg; gphpTfs;
cs;sd. rkPgj;jpy; 2001 ,y; jhd; njd;dpe;jpahtpw;F vd;W mfoha;Tg; gphpT xd;W
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F Kd; mikf;fg;gl;l 5 mfoha;Tg; gphpTfSk; tl,e;jpahtpy;
mikf;fg;gl;l 5 mfoha;Tg; gphpTfSk; tl,e;jpahtpy; mikf;fg;gl;lit. fpU\;zh>
Nfhjhthpf;F fPNo ve;jnthU gphpTk; mikf;fg;gltpy;iy. 2013 ,y; jhd; ,e;j
gphptpy; jpU.fp.mkh;ehj; uhkfpU\;zh njhy;ypay; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; mth;fSf;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nghWg;Ngw;W jkpofj;jpy; mfoha;T nra;Ak; tha;g;G fpilj;jJ. ,g;gphptpd;

,uz;lhtJ mfoha;thf fPob mfoha;T fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,Jtiu itif ejpf;fiuia xl;b tphpthd mfoha;T nra;ag;gltpy;iy
vdyhk;. NkYk;> jkpofj;jpy; xU goikahd Mw;wq;fiu ehfhpfk; kw;Wk; efuk;
vt;thW ,Ue;jd vd;W njspthd Nehf;fj;jpy; Muha;e;J mfoha;it
Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l mfoha;Tg; gphptpd; fPo; jkpofj;jpy;
Kf;fpakhd xU mfoha;T Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; kJiuapy; goik
Fwpj;J MuhaTk;> kJiug; gFjpapd; ehfhpfk;> Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;F Fwpj;J
Muha;tjw;fhf itif Mw;wq;fiuNahug; gFjpfis Njh;e;njLj;J Nkw;gug;G fs
Ma;T njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
jkpo; ehl;bd; njhlf;f fhy tuyhw;iw giwrhw;Wk; tz;zk; itif MW
vd;dw;w njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfis jdf;Fs; itj;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf jkpo;ehl;by;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s jkpo; - gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fzprkhdit> itif Mw;Wg;
gs;sj;jhf;ifr; Nrh;e;jit. ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,g;gs;sj;jhf;F KOtJk;
cs;ehl;L-ntspehl;L tzpf eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;L rpwe;jpUg;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfspy; nts;spkiy mUNf gy fhl;Nlhilfspy;
Njhw;wk; nfhs;Sk; itif MW> Njdp> jpz;Lf;fy;> kJiu> rptfq;if> ,uhkehjGuk;
khtl;lq;fspd; topNa gha;e;J Rkhh; 250 fp.kP. Xb> njd; jkpofj;jpd;
tho;thjhuj;jpw;F ngUk; caph; ehbahf cs;sJ. Nkl;Lg; gFjpfspy; Njhd;wp kiwAk;
Xilahfj; Njhd;wpLk; itif> RUspahW> nfhl;lFb> tuhfejp> kQ;rshW> kUjhejp>
cg;ghW Nghd;w JizahWfspd; cjtpahy; jho; epyq;fspy; ngUk; cUtk; nfhz;L>
,uhkehjGuk; VhpapypUe;J ntspg;gLifapy; kPz;Lk; rpw;whwhfp> Muk;gfl;l tuyhw;Wj;
JiwKf efuk; mofd;Fsk; mUNf Mw;wq;fiu vd;Dkplj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
ngaustpy; fye;JtpLfpwJ.
,t;tifapy;> gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspyhd gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rpfisr; rhpahfg;
Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy;> itif Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;fpy;> 2013-14 ,y; njhy;ypay;
Nkw;gug;Gfs; Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljpy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l ,lk; jhd; fPob
mfoha;Tf; fsk;. xU ey;y tho;tplgFjpia mfoha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w
nfhs;ifapdhy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lJ jhd; fPob. kJiuapd; tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp Muha
Ntz;Lnkd;why; fPob> rpj;jh;ej;jk;> khuehL Mfpa kJiuapd; kpf mUfpy; cs;s
,e;j %d;W efuq;;fis Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mtw;wpy; tpjpfSf;Fl;gl;l tifapy;
,Ue;jJ fPob kl;LNk.
tuyhw;Wg; gpd;Gyk;
fPobapy; mfoha;TNkL> ,g;Nghija fpuhkj;jpw;F njd;fpof;Nf xU fp.kP.
njhiytpYk;> kzY}h; ghrd Vhpf;F Nkw;fpYk; cs;sJ. ,J cs;Shpy;
‘gs;spr;re;ij jply;’ my;yJ ‘Nkl;L GQ;ir’ my;yJ ‘tlf;Fjply;’ vdg;gLfpwJ.
fPobf;F mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; nfhe;jif fpuhkk; ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ. ma;adhh;
NfhapYf;Fk; Vhpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Gijtplj;jpy;> vz;zw;w KJkf;fs; jhopfs;
fpilj;Js;sd. NkYk; ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; fWg;G> rptg;G> fWg;G kw;Wk; rptg;G
ghidfSk; mjpf mstpy; fpilf;fpd;wd. mjpy; ,we;jth;fspd; vYk;Gfs; kw;Wk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gw;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. mJ Nghy fWg;G> fWg;G-rptg;Gg; ghidfspy; nts;is

epwj;jpy; mzpNtiyg;ghLk;> rptg;Gg; ghidfspy; fWg;G epw mzpf;NfhLfSk;
fpilg;gJ jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhFk;.
,k;NkL jtph;j;J> fPobapd; tuyhw;Wj; jd;ikia mwpa cjTgit> ,q;Fs;s
rptd; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfs;. nghJ rfhg;jk; 12-13 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;;e;j
ghz;bah; fhyj;jit ,it. khwth;kd; FyNrfu ghz;badpd; 31Mk; Ml;rp Mz;ilr;
Nrh;e;j xU fy;ntl;L> kiykz;lyj;ijr; (Nrukz;lyk;) Nrh;e;j xUtUf;F
kfhrigahy; tpw;fg;gl;l epyk; Fwpj;Jg; NgRfpwJ. kzY}h; fz;kha; mUNf ele;j
Nkw;gug;G Ma;tpd; %yk; ngh.M.s 8 - 9 k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j ghz;ba
kd;dh;fspd; fy;ntl;Lfs; mq;Fs;s rptd; Nfhapypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. mJNghy
mq;Fs;s kilf;fy;ntl;Lk; ghz;ba kd;dh;fs; Fwpj;J $Wfpd;wJ. NkYk; Kjyhk;
,uh[uh[dpd; fhRfSk;> gpw;fhy ehaf;fh;fhyf; fhRfSk; ,g;gFjpapy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kJiu te;J nrhf;fehjh; kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhapiy
eph;khzpj;j ghz;bah;fspd; Kd;Ndhh;> kzY}h; epyg;gFjpapypUe;J Ml;rp nra;jij
nghJ Mz;L 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; njhptpf;fpd;wJ.
fPob mfoha;Tf; fsk;
,t;tfoha;Tf; fsk; Rkhh; 110 Vf;fh; gug;gstpy; 4.5 fp.kP. Rw;wstpy; ,uz;L
tho;tpay; NkLfisr; Rw;wp mike;Js;sJ. ,q;Fs;s NkLfspy; caukhdJ ,d;iwa
jiuj;jsj;jpypUe;J Rkhh; 6 mbf;Fk; NkNy cs;sJ. ,k;Nkl;bw;Ff; fpof;F kw;Wk;
Nkw;Fg; gFjpfs; rkjskhf;fg;gl;L tptrha epyq;fshf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. gpw;gFjpfs;
rpW> FW NkLfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;Nkl;bd; fpof;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; kzY}h;
fz;khAk; tpisepyq;fNshL fpuhkKk; mike;Js;sJ. mfoha;Tf;F Njh;T nra;j
Nkl;by; ,uz;L gFjpfshf fpof;F kw;Wk; kj;jpag; gFjpapy; rJu fl;lq;fshfg;
gphpj;J Kiwahff; Fopfs; ntl;bdh;. fpof;F Nkl;by; 31 Fopfs; Njhz;bdh; mjpy;
rpy nrq;fw;fl;Lkhdq;fspd; rhd;Wfs; fpilj;jd. kj;jpa Nk;Lg; gFjpfspy; 71
Fopfs; Njhz;lg;gl;ld. Vuhskhd nrq;fw; fl;Lkhdq;fSld; ghid XLfSk;
xUq;Nf ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;L kPl;fg;gl;ld.
,q;F njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; kz;zpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g Rkhh; 6mb Kjy; 12mb
Moj;jpy; fpilj;Js;sd. ,t;tfoha;tpy; nghJthf 5Kjy; 8 kz;zLf;Ffs; tiu
njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,q;F je;jg;nghUl;fs;> RLkz; nghUl;fs;>
cNyhfg; nghUl;fs;> fz;zhbkzpg; nghUs;fs;> kzpfspyhd nghUl;fs;> Kj;Jf;fs;>
fz;zhbg; nghUl;fs;> fpspQ;ry; nghUl;fs;> vYk;Gg;nghUl;fs;> fy;nghUl;fs;>
khd;nfhk;Gfs;> Nrhopfs; Nghd;wit fpilj;Js;sd.
fpof;F Nkl;Lg;gFjpfspy; mfoha;T nra;jjpy; fuLKulhd rpwpa kw;Wk;
nghpaghidfs;> mzp Ntiyg;ghL nra;ag;gl;l ghidfs;> fpz;zq;fs;> ghid Xl;bd;
Nky; fPwy;Fwpfs;> Jisapl;l ghj;jpuq;fs;> ePH ntspNaWk; tha;g;gFjp cs;s
ghidfs;> fWg;G> fWg;G-rptg;G ghidfs;> gy;NtW tz;zj;jpy; fz;zhb kzpfs;>
tl;Lf;fs;> jl;Lf;fs;> ,uj;jpdf; fy;tiffs;> gOg;G epw ghidfs;> ,Uk;Gg;
nghUl;fs;> RLkz; kw;Wk; fy;ntl;Lf;fy;> nts;is tz;zj;jpy; mzp Ntiyg;ghL
nra;ag;gl;l fWg;G-rptg;G ghidfs;> $k;Gtbt fpz;zq;fs;> rhk;gy; kw;Wk;
vYk;GfSld; cs;s ghidfs;> rJuq;f tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs;> kj;jpa Nkl;Lg;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gFjpfspy; ntt;NtW mLf;Ffspy; mfoha;T nra;j NghJ fWg;G-rptg;G ghidfs;>

fWg;G ghidfs;> rptg;G ghidfs;> jhdpaq;fis Nrfhpf;Fk; fyd;fs;> gr;ir kw;Wk;
fWQ;rptg;Gf; fz;zhb kzpfs;> RLkz; tl;Lfs;> gOg;G epw ghid XLfs;>
RLkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l fhjzpfs;> rJuq;ff; fha;fs;> nrk;gpdhyhd fz;zpw;F
ikjPl;Lk; mQ;rdf;fk;gp> tpiykjpg;gw;w kzpfs;> gspq;Ff; fy;kzpfs;> Nrhopfs;>
nrk;G tisay;fs;> jkpo;-gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ghid XLfs;> vYk;gpdhy;
Md $h;Kidfs;> nts;is tz;zk; G+rg;gl;l fWg;G-rptg;G ghidfs;> fw;fUtpfs;>
nghpa ePH Nrfhpf;Fk; kl;fyd;fs;> rpwpa FLitfs;> fpz;zq;fs; Nghd;witfs;
fpilj;Js;sd.
nrq;fy; fl;Lkhdq;fs;> nrq;fw;fshy; fl;likj;j ePh;j;Njf;fj; njhl;b> RLkz;
rf;fuk;> Vuhskhd nrk;G kw;Wk; ,Uk;Gg; nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. fspkz; jiuj;
jsq;fs; rpy Fopfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F ghid XLfSk; nrq;fy; Jz;LfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy ,lq;fspy; jhdpaq;fs; Nrfhpf;Fk; RLkz; fyd;fs; ,j;jsj;jpd;
Nky; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,q;F fpilj;j nrq;fw;fspd; msTfspy; rpwpJ tpj;jpahrk; ,Ug;gpDk;
ngUk;ghyhdit 36/24/6 nr.kP. kw;Wk; 33/23/6 nr.kP. vd;w mstpNyNa cs;sd.
fl;Lkhdj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd tbtikg;G kw;Wk; mjd; msTfSf;F Vw;g
nrq;fw;fis cilj;Jk;> xl;litj;Jk; fl;bAs;sdh;. nrq;fw;fis xd;NwhL xd;W
xl;l itg;gjw;F kzYld; fspkz;iz Nrh;j;J gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. ,q;Fs;s rpy
nrq;fw;fl;Lkhdq;fspy; Jisfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mJNghy ePiur; Nrkpf;f my;yJ
ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhd/nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd Foha;fSk; cs;sd. rpy Foha;fs;
thapd; xU gFjp mfd;Wk; kWgFjp FWfpAk; Neh;j;jpahf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tw;wpd; gad;ghL Fwpj;Jf; $w NghJkhd rhd;Wfs; ,Jtiu fpilf;fg;gltpy;iy.
mJ Nghy rpy ,lq;fspy; ,f;fl;blq;fspd; jiug;gFjpapy; Fopfs;
Njhz;lg;gl;Ls;sd. mitf; Fg;igf; Fopfshf ,Uf;fyhk; vd Ma;thsh;fshy;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mJNghy Nkw;$iuf; Fifahy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l RLkz; $iu
XLfis kuq;fSld; ,Uk;G MzpfisAk; Nrh;j;J gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. vz;zw;w
$iu XLfs; gy ,lq;fspy; fpilf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;> ,q;Fs;s Fop xd;wpy;
jiuj;jsj;Jf;Ff; fPNo ciwfpzW 21 tisaq;fNshL fspkz;zpypUe;J
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jiuj;jsKk;> Rth;g;gFjpAk; NrUk; ,lj;jpy; fspkz; fyit nfhz;L
epug;gpAs;sdh;. rpy fl;Lkhdq;fspy;> jiuj;jsj;jpypUe;J nrq;fw;Rth;fis nrt;tf
tbtj;jpy; FWfpa miw Nghd;W vOg;gpAs;sdh;. mtw;wpd; gad;ghL Fwpj;Jr;
nrhy;tjw;F Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> tbtikg;G kw;Wk;
msTfspd; mbg;gilapy; mit rpy Fwpg;gpl;l nghUl;fisr; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk;
miwfshf ,Uf;fyhnkdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;Fs;s jiuj;jsk; xd;wpy; kuf;fk;G
Cd;Wk; Fopfs; Njhz;lg;gl;Ls;sik njhpa tUfpwJ.
ciwfpzWfs; rpy mzpNtiyg;ghLfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;
ngUk;ghyhd ciwfpzW tisaq;fspy; cauk; Rkhh; 50 nr.kP. MfTk; Rw;wsT
Rkhh; 80 nr.kP. MfTk;> jbkd; 3 nr.kP. vd;w mstpYk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. RLkz;
nghUl;fs; ,q;F fpilj;Js;s njhd;ikahd nghUl;fspy; kpfTk; mjpfkhditahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpwpa Nkhjpuq;fs;> J}z;by;gS> gjf;fk;> $k;G> mfg;ig> fhJtisaq;fs;> Fz;Lfs;>

cUtr;rpiyfs;> Foha;> gfilf;fha;> milg;ghd;> kzpfs;> tpsf;Ffs;> NjhLfs;>
vilf;fy;> tPuh;fs;> E}w;G ,ae;jpuf; fUtpfs;> tl;Lfs;> rf;fuq;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW
tbtq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. kdpj cUt nghk;ikfs; Neh;j;jpahd jpwikAlDk;> rpy
fuLKulhfTk; cs;sd. tphpe;j thAld; Kff;$Wfs; njspthff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
jiyg; gFjp JisfSlDk; mzpfyd;fSlDk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. RLkz;
nghUs;fspy; xU Kj;jpiu ,Ug;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
,q;F tho;e;j kf;fs; gy tifahd kl;fyd;fis me;je;j Njitf;Nfw;g
cw;gj;jp nra;J gad;gLj;jp te;Js;sdh;. nts;is tiuf;fl;Ls;s ghidfs;>
ntz;ik jPl;lg;ngw;w rptg;Gghidfs;> ntz;ik jPl;lg;ngw;w fWg;G – rptg;G
ghidfs;> rf;fuKs;s ghidfs;> Jisaplg;gl;l ghidfs; Nghd;w tiffspy;
kl;ghz;lq;fs; fpilf;fg;gl;ld.
KbTiu
fPob Ma;thdJ vjph;fhyj;jpy; gz;ghLfspd; fhyj;ij eph;zapf;Fk;
mfoha;thf ,Uf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if cs;sJ. fhyj;ijg; nghUj;jtiuapy;
mhpf;fNkL mfoha;it itj;J jhd; ,Jtiu fzpj;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;whh;fs;. Mdhy;
fPobapy; fpilf;fpd;w fl;blq;fs;> mtw;wpd; fPNo fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fis itj;Jg;
ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ,d;Dk; fhy msT Kw;fhyj;jpw;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd rhj;jpak; cs;sJ.
,ij Ma;tpd; top njspTgLj;jpdhy; jhd; ngUq;fw;fhyj;ijAk;> rq;ffhyj;ijAk;>
njhlf;ffhy tuyhw;iwAk;> ,izj;J jkpo;ehl;bd; rhpahd gz;ghl;L tuyhw;Wg;gb
epiyfis tiuaWf;f KbAk;.
E}w;gl;bay;
1. jp.Rg;gpukzpad;> jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghL> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T];

(gp) ypl;> mk;gj;J}H> nrd;id – 600 098> %d;whk; gjpg;G> brk;gH-2018.
2. Nf.tp.,uhkd;> njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;>
mk;gj;J}H> nrd;id – 600 098> gjpg;ghz;L – 2014.
3. rp.,sq;Nfh> jkpofj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; fPob tiu> miyfs; ntspaPl;lfk;>
,uhkehjGuk;> nrd;id – 600 089.
4. Kidth; Nf.ntq;fNlrd;> Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW> ,uh[ghisak;> 2012>
gf;.105.
5. jkpof tuyhW kf;fSk;> gz;ghLk;> Nf.Nf.gps;is> nrd;id> 2009> gf;. 468.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nfusf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; - NtzhL

Venad in the Culverts of Kerala
Kidth;.uh.Ky;iy> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>
=rhujh kfsph; fy;Y}hp> nguk;gY}h;.
Abstract
The paper brings forth the details inscribed in the culverts regarding the county
Venad in the culverts of Karala. The facts tell about the culvert edicts of Cholapuram,
Thirukadithanam, Mampalli of present Kerala and Rameswaram temple of Tamil Nadu. The
evidences got through the culverts say about the state of the Venad kings and their position
under the Padian kings. This county lied between Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram. The
glorious past of the Venad royalties are elicited in the paper. Hence, the paper discloses the
derivated facts from the sources.
Keywords: Venad, Culverts, Kerala, Kings of Venad
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; tuyhw;wpd; Njhop vdyhk;. fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,y;iynadpy; ekJ

fle;jfhy tuyhWk; ,Uspy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; xU ehL> me;ehl;bd; fle;jfhy tuyhW
gz;ghL gof;ftoq;f;fq;fs; ,tw;iw mwpaj; Jizepw;Fk; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSs;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,d;wpUg;gJNghy;
fhfpjq;fspd;gapw;rpNah vOj;J trjpfNsh ,y;iy. vdNt> mf;fhy murh;fs; jq;fs;
MizfisAk;> mwptpf;ftpUk;gpa nra;jpfisAk; fw;fspYk;> nrg;NgLfspYk;>
Xiyr;RtbfspYk; vOjp itj;jdh;. ‘td;ikahd nghUs;fspd; kPJ vOJtjhy;
vOjg;gl;l nra;jp ePz;lfhyk; mopTngwhky; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; vd;W fUjpNa
,k;Kiwiaf; ifahz;ldh;’. vd;W ,uh.gd;dPh; nry;tk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; NruehL gy ehLfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L murh;fs; kw;Wk;
rpw;wurh;fshy; Ml;rpnra;ag;gl;ld. me;ehLfspy; NtzhL murpay; tuyhw;wpYk;>
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapYk; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. vdNt> fy;ntl;Lfspy;
me;ehl;bidf; Fwpj;Js;s nra;jpfNs ,q;F Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NtzhL
“gs;spf;F vz;izf;Fk; kw;Wk; Ntzhlq;FiwT
thuhNja nra;af;fltuhf rikr;R ,e;efuk; fz;L
ePNuw;w kUthd; rghPNrh nra;tpr;r jhprhg;gs;spf;F” (T.A.S. Vol.II.P.80)
vd;w jhprhg;gs;spr; rhrdj;jpy; NtzhL vd;w nrhy; Kjd; Kjypy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; Nts;ehL vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ehNl ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; NtzhL vd;W
mwpag;gl;lJ. [byth;kd; vd;w ghz;ba kd;ddpd; nrd;idg; nghUl;fhl;rpr;
nrg;Ngl;by; Nts; kd;dd; vd;Nw Ntzhl;L murd; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sij fhzyhk;.
(E.I.Vol.XXII.P.5758) jhprhg;gs;spr; rhrdj;jpy; Nts;FyRe;jud; NtzhL tk;rj;jpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
NtnwhU rpw;wurdhFk;. cjakhh;j;jhz;l th;kh vd;w Ntzhl;L murid ‘Ntshjpgd;’

vd;W fp.gp.1168 Mk; Mz;L gilf;fg;gl;l ‘rahe;JuGuhz rKr;R’ vd;W tlnkhop
E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nts; vd;why; rpw;wurd; vd;gJ nghUshFk;. vdNt> rpw;wurdpd; fPOs;s
epyg;gFjpia Nts; vd;W $wyhk;. mjdhy;> Nts;kd;dd;> Ntshjpgd;> Nts; tprad;
vd;W murh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
fp.gp.8 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Ntzhl;bd; kPJk;> Ma; ehl;bd; kPJk; Nrhoh;fs;
gilnaLg;G elj;jpdh;. ,jdhy;> Ntzhl;bd; jiyefuk; nfhy;yj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;Lr;
Nruh;fspd; fPo; Fwehlhf tpsq;fpaJ. Ma;ehL tpopQ;Qj;ijj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;L
ghz;bah;fspd; fPo; xU jdp ehlhf khwpaJ. fp.gp.90 ,y; Nrhoh;fs;> ghz;bah;fspd;
jiyefukhd kJiuiaf; fPolf;fp Ntzhl;bd; gy gFjpfisAk;> Ma;ehl;ilAk;
gpbj;njLj;jdh;. gpd;dh;> ‘jhf;Nfhyk;’ vd;w ,lj;jpy; itj;J fp.gp.919 ,y; fofk;
cUthdJ. ,jid Ntzhl;L murh;fSk;> Ma;ehl;L murh;fSk; ed;whfg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldh;. Mdhy;> tpf;ukhjpj;a tuFzDf;Fg; gpwF (883-912) Ma;ehL
Fwpj;Js;sf; fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. fp.gp.10 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
eLg;gFjpapy; Nrhoh;fspd; rf;jptYtpoe;jJ.me;j Ntisapy; Ma;ehL Rje;jpukhdJ.
Nruh;fspd; cjtpNahL Ma;ehl;lth; Nrhoh;fis vjph;f;f xd;Wjpuz;L mjpy; ntw;wpAk;
fz;ldh;. ‘fhe;jSh;r; rhiy Nruyd; rhiyahf tpsq;fpaJ. ,jd; nghUs; Ntzhl;bd;
Ml;rp fhe;jSh;r; rhiy tiug; gutpaJ vd;gjhFk;.
Ntzhl;bd; vy;iyfs; xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;l
epiyapy; mike;jpUe;jJ. fp.gp.11 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; Ntzhl;L murd;
‘,uhkd; jpUtb’ jd;idr; Nruehl;bd; thhprhf epidj;J Kb#bf; FyNrfud; vd;w
gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;whh;. ,th; ehQ;rpy; ehl;bd; rpy gFjpfis Ntzhl;NlhL
,izj;jhh;.
NrhoGuk; fy;ntl;L (fp.gp.1126)
“NtzhL tho;e;jUSfpd;w = tPuNfuzgd;kw;F mikQ;r
Mjpfhhpfs; tUf;ifg;gs;spj; jdQ;nraq;fz;lDk;
kz;Z}h; tho;fpd;w ,utp rf;fpuhAjdhfpd;w =
Njhq;fg;gy;ytiuaDk; vOj;J rpthpg;gs;sp fz;zq;
Nfhtpe;jDk; cs;spUg;Gf; Fd;wpd; Nky; tpf;fpukd;
Fd;wdhd Nfusrpq;fg; gy;ytiuaDk; fhhpakhf
Nfhl;lhwhd Kk;KbNrhoey;Y}h; ,uhN[e;jpuNrho
<RtUila kfhNjth;f;F” (T.A.S.Vol.IV.P.17)
vd;w NrhoGuk; fy;ntl;by; Ntzhl;L murd; = tPuNfusth;kd; fhyj;jpy; ,d;iwa
ehfh;Nfhtpiyr; Nrh;e;j gFjpahd Nfhl;lhW tiu Ntzhl;bd; ghfkhf khwpaJ vd;w
nra;jpia mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. fp.gp.12>13Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ghz;ba> Nrho
ehl;bd; rpygFjpfisf; fPolf;fpa ,utpth;kd; vd;w murd; jpUney;NtypapYs;s
jhkpug;guzptiug; gpbj;J Ntzhl;bd; gFjpahf khw;wpdhd;. Nruh; fhyj;jpy;
Ntzhl;bd; tsh;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jit.
1. nfhy;yk; JiwKfk;
2. rphpahdp fpwpj;jth;fspd; FbNaw;wk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
3. A+jh;fspd; FbNaw;wk;
4. kzpf;fpukk; mQ;Rtz;zk; Nghd;w tpahghuf; FOf;fspd; Nrit
5. fp.gp.825 ,y; nfhy;ykhz;L Jtf;fk;
Nghd;w tuyhw;W epfo;Tfshy; nghUshjhuk; Nkd;ikaile;J NtzhL tuyhw;wpy;
jdf;nfd;w xU jdpaplj;ijg; gpbj;jJ. ,JNghd;w Nruh;fspd; njd;gFjp NtzhL
gyKiw Nrho> ghz;bah;fspd; flw;gil Mf;fpukpg;gpw;F cs;shdJ.
jpUf;fbj;jhdk; fy;ntl;L
“nrh]; j= Nfhg;gh;f;fudputp kh; jpUtbf;F
nry;yhepd;w Ahz;buhd;lhkhz;ilf; nfjph;
ge;jpuhkhz;L NtzhLila Nfhth;jdk;
khh;j;jhz;ld; mikr;R ed;WioehL
tho;e;” (T.A.S.Vol.V.P.177)
vd;w gh];fhuutpth;kdpd; jpUf;fbj;jhdk; fy;ntl;by;Nfhth;j;jd khh;j;jhz;lhd;
NtzhL murdhf tpsq;Ffpwhh;. NkYk;> mthplk; ed;Wio ehl;bd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Gk;
xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;sKbfpwJ.
,uhNk];tuk; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L
“mr;Nrhpf;fy; fhuhz;ik nra;j Ntzhl;L FkuDija
th;k;kd;…………………………” (T.A.S.Vol.V.P.45)
vd;w nfhy;yk; ,uhNk];tuk; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;by; ,uhk FyNrfudpd;
Nfhapyjpfhhpfs; Fkhud; cjath;kd; vd;gtiu Ntzhl;bYs;s Nrhpf;fy;ypd;
(FbapUg;G) nghWg;ig xg;gilf;fpwhh;. ,th; gpd;dh; Ntzhl;L murdhf khwpapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mf;fy;ntl;Lg; gFjp mope;j epiyapiyNa fpilj;Js;sJ. vdNt>
njspthf mwpaKbatpy;iy.
khk;gs;spr; nrg;NgL
nfhy;yj;jpy; mike;Js;s ‘gdq;fhTy muz;kidiaf;’ Fwpj;J khk;gs;spr;
nrg;NgL (T.A.S. Vol.IV.P.9) kw;Wk; gy fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; nra;jpfspy; cs;sd. me;j
muz;kidapy; itj;J ,uhkFyNrfud; (fp.gp.1102) xU $l;lj;ij elj;jpAs;shh;.
vdNt> Nruh;fspd; ,uz;lhtJ jiyefukhff; nfhy;yk; tpsq;fpaJ. NkYk; gdq;fhT
muz;kid murh;fspd; tpUe;jpdh; khspifahf tpsq;fpapUf;fyhk;. mJNghd;W
NtzhL Fwfpa fhyj;jpy; rf;jp tha;e;jjhf tpsq;fpajw;Ff; nfhy;yj;jpd; jiyefuk;
xU Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhFk;.
KbTiu
kpfg;goq;fhyj;jpy; NtzhL nfhy;yj;jpw;Fk; jpUtde;jGuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
xU rpW ehlhf ,Ue;jJ. fp.gp.8-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gk; tiu NtzhL Ma;ehl;bd;
xU gFjpahfNt ,Ue;jJ. Nfusf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,g;ngah;
Ntzhl;L kd;dh; ma;adbfs; jpUtbfspd; jhprhg;gs;sp rhrdj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
mjd;gpwF rphpad; nrg;NgL> jpUtd;kz;^h;> jpUf;fbj;jhdk;> ,uhNk];tuk;
Nfhapy;fy;ntl;L> khk;gs;spr; nrk;NgL> khk;gs;spr; nrg;NgL Nghd;w fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
NtzhL Fwpj;Js;s nra;jpfSk; me;ehl;il Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J gpw;fhyk; tiu
NtzhL vd mwpag;gl;l ehL fp.gp.17 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpd; ‘jpUtpjhq;$h;’ vd


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
khwpaJ. jpUtpjhq;$hpd; mikg;Gk; mjw;F mg;ngaUk; kpfg; gpw;fhyj;jpy;

Vw;gl;litahFk;.
JizE}y;fs;
1. Nguhrphpah; N[. jh;kuh[;> lhf;lh; j. vgpN[k;];> fy;ntl;bay;> nld;rp

gg;spNf\d;];> rptfhrp> Ie;jhk; gjpg;G – 2014.
2. Kidth;. Rg;GuhaY> jkpo;f; fy;ntl;baYk; mjd; tuyhWk;> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;
fofk;> jQ;rhT+h;> Kjw;gjpg;G - 2001.
3. it. Re;jNur thz;ilahh;> (mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fof nkhopapay;
Jiwapd; Kd;dhs; fy;ntl;L Muha;r;rpahsh;)> 30 fy;ntl;Lfs;> 25> gPll
; h;];
rhiy> nrd;id - 600004. Kjw;gjpg;G - 1958.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpoHrhh; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;

Tamil Oriented Archaeological Excavations
j.Kdpak;khs;> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>

N`hyp fpuh]; N`hk; rapd;]; fy;Y}hp> J}j;Jf;Fb.
Abstract
The idea of the paper is to let know of the archaeological digging done in the region
of the Tamil Nadu. It reveals the relic sites on the banks of Tamiraparani and Vaigai.
Aaadichanallur, Alagankulam and Keeladi are some example for the site studies. Hence, this
article caters down the norms of archaeology, types, and methods in the archaeological
department for estimation.
Keywords: Tamil, River Culture, Remnants, Archaeology, Excavation
Kd;Diu
jkpoHfspd; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs; ,d;Wk; epfo;e;J tUfpwJ. njhy;ypay;
fsk; kw;Wk; mfoha;Tfspd; tsHr;rpg; Nghf;F Fwpj;J ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
njhy;ypay; - mfoha;T tpsf;fk;
njhy;(njhd;ik> goik)+,ay; = njhy;ypay; gioa fhyj;jpd; RtLfisg;
gw;wp Ma;tJ. njhy;ypaypy; mfoha;T vd;gJ njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fis
ntspf;nfhzHjy;> nray;gLjy;> gjpT nra;jy; vd;gtw;iw xUq;Nf Fwpf;fpwJ.
mfo;jy; vd;why; G+kpf;F mbapy; tuyhw;W vr;rq;fisj; Njhz;b Muha;tJ
mfo;thuha;r;rp MFk;. njhy;ypay; my;yJ njhy;nghUspay; vd;gJ fl;blf;fiy>
njhy;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; vd;gd cs;spl;l vQ;rpa nghUl;fis
ntspf;nfhzHe;J Mtzg;gLj;jp gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; nra;ag;gLk;
kdpjg;gz;ghL gw;wpa gbg;ghFk;.
jkpof njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
jkpof njhy;ypay; fsq;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit
1. tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;F Ke;ija njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
2. Muk;g fhy njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
3. kj;jpaf;fhy njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
4. mz;ika fhy mfotha;Tfs;
,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Ma;tfk;
,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Ma;tf mikg;ghdJ ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l mjpfhug;G+Htkhd njhy;ypay; Ma;T mikg;ghFk;. ,t;tikg;G
gz;ghl;Lj;Jiw mikr;rfj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
gzpfs;
i) ,e;jpahtpy; njhy;nghUs; Muha;rr
; pfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
ii) ,e;jpa ehl;bd; njhd;ikahd gz;ghl;L kuigf; fhj;jy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,e;jpahtpd; ghuk;ghpa epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; ghJfhg;G tpjp 1958,d; fPOk; ,e;jpa

njhy;nghUs; kw;Wk; fisf;fsQ;rpa ghJfhg;G tpjp 1972,d; fPOk; ,e;jpa ehl;bd;
midj;J njhy;nghUs; Muha;rr ; pfSk; ,t;tikg;gpdhy; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; Nehf;fk;
i) goq;fhyj;ijg;gw;wp Ma;T nra;jy;
ii) goq;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw> njhopy;> tzpfk;> Ntshz;ik>
murpay;> Ez;fiyfs; Kjypait gw;wp Ma;e;jwpjy;
njhy;ypay; epfo;Tfis fz;lwpAk; Kiw
jpl;lkpl;Lr; nra;ag;gLk; Ma;Tfspd; NghNjh> jw;nrayha;f; fpilf;Fk;
jlaq;fs;> vr;rq;fspd; cjtpAlNdh> njhd;ikf;fhy epfo;Tfisj; njhy;ypay;
Ma;thsHfs; fz;lwpfpwhHfs;.
mfoha;Tf;Fg; gad;gLk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
xU ehl;bd; goikahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; mfo;tha;tpw;Fhpa ,lq;fisj; njhpT
nra;tjw;F cWJizaha; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; mf;fhyj;jpd; rpw;W}Hfs;> efuq;fs;>
JiwKfq;fs;> Nfhl;ilfs;> muz;kidfs; Kjypatw;iwg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
gutyha;f; fhzg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; Jiznfhz;L mfoha;T nra;tjw;fhd ,lq;fisj;
jPHkhdpf;f ,aYk;. njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfspd; %yk; ek; Kd;NdhHfsJ fhyj;ijg;
gw;wpAk;> mtHfspd; r%f> nghUshjhu epiyfisg; gw;wpAk; gz;ghL>
gof;ftof;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; ek;khy; mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;.
mfoha;Tfs; eilngw;w ,lq;fs;
fPob fpuhkk; jkpo;ehl;bd; rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpd; jpUg;Gtdk; Cuhl;rp
xd;wpaj;jpd; fPob Cuhl;rpapy; cs;s fpuhkk; MFk;.
,e;jpaj;njhy;ypay; Ma;tfk; rhHgpy; ,e;j Chpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; rq;f
fhyg;ghly;fspy; (rpyg;gjpfhuk;> ghpghly;> kJiuf;fhQ;rp) Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;j gy
nghUs;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.
“nghyk; Gid tpid kyh njhpjpu nlhp AUsp fdkpF Kuz
kpF flwU kzpnahL Kjjp ahjjnehzp newpnrwp” (ghpghly; - 15)
“njha;afk;> Gy;yfk;> njhlHe;j jiyf;F – mzp
ik<H Xjpf;F khz;Gw mzpe;J” (rpyk;G-107>108)
“gpzpf;F kUe;J gpwkd;; mzpapio
jd;Neha;fF; j; jhNd kUe;J” (jpUf;;Fws;-1102)
,jw;fhf> ,q;F 40jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Fopfs; Njhz;lg;gl;ld. ,JNt
jkpo;ehl;by; elj;jg;gl;l nghpa mfo;thuha;r;rp MFk;.
mfoha;tpy; fpilj;jg; nghUl;fs;
Kj;Jkzpfs;> ngz;fspd; nfhz;ilCrpfs;> jhaf;fl;ilfs;> rJuq;ff;fha;fs;>
RLkz; nghk;ikfs;> rpy;Yfs;> E}y; E}w;Fk; jf;sp Nghd;wit ,q;F fpilj;Js;sd.
rhd;Wfs;
gl;bdg;ghiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; RLkz; ciwNfzpfs;> Rl;l nrq;fw;fshy;
fl;lg;gl;l tPLfs;> Nkw;$iufs; XLfs; Ntag;gl;bUg;gijAk;> Fspayiwfs;
,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;Wk; fpilj;Js;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mofd;Fsk; njhy;ypay; fsk;

jkpo;ehl;bd; ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk;> kz;lgk; Cuhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpy; cs;s
mofd;Fsk; njhy;ypay; fsk; itif Mw;wpd; fiuapy; tq;fhs tphpFlh
flw;fiuapypUe;J %d;WfpNyh kPl;lH njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ. mofd;Fsk;
fpuhkj;jpy; 1980fspy; Kjd;Kiwahf rpwpjstpy; mfoha;T nra;jjpy; ,t;tplj;jpy;
njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs; ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;jdH.
tho;tpay; $Wfs;
,uhNk];tuk; mofd;Fsk; mfoha;tpd; %yk; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j
kf;fspd; fiy> fyhr;rhuk;> gz;ghL> tzpfk;> vOj;jwpT> tho;f;if Kiw cs;spl;l
gy;NtW El;gkhd tho;tpay; $Wfs; njhpa te;Js;sJ.
mfoha;T gzpfs; eilngw;w Mz;Lfs;
mofd;Fsk; fpuhkj;jpy; 1986-87 Mk; Mz;by; mfoha;T gzpfs;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dH 1980-91> 1993-94> 1995-96>1996-97> 1997-98 kw;Wk; 2014-15 Mfpa
tUlq;fspy; MW fl;lq;fshf mfoha;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
mfoha;tpy; fpilj;j nghUl;fs;
mofd;Fsk; njhy;ypay; fsj;jpy; gj;jb ePsk;> gj;jb mfyk;> ,Ugjb Mok;
nfhz;l Ie;J gs;sq;fs; Njhz;lg;gl;lJ. mjpy; mg;gFjpapy; tho;e;jtHfs;
gad;gLj;jpa Mguzg; nghUl;fshd rq;F tisay;fs;> RLkz; fhjzpfs;> mhpa
fy; kzpfs;> RLkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l kzpfs;> fz;zhb Kj;Jf;fs;> goq;fhyj;J
ghidfs;> Nuhkhdpa fhRfs; goq;fhyj;J ghidfs; gy msTfshy; Md
nrq;fw;fs; Nghd;witfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. fle;j 15 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH
njhy;ypay; Jiwapduhy; kd;dhpd; ths;> Nflak; nghw;fhRfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.
,aw;ifia flTshf tzq;fpajhy; rpiyfs; ,y;iy. rpwpa mstpyhd
RLkz; rpw;gq;fs; kl;LNk fpilj;Js;sd.
mhpf;fNkL njhy;ypay; fsk;
mhpf;fNkL vd;Dkplk; njd; ,e;jpahtpd; ghz;br;Nrhp A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpd;
mUfpYs;s njhy;nghUsha;T rhHe;j ,lkhFk;. NrhoH fhyj;jpy; mhpf;fNkL xU
kPdt fpuhkkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,q;fpUe;J Nuhk; efUld; thzpgk; eilngw;wJ vd;W
mfo;thuha;r;rp njhptpf;fpd;wJ.
mhpf;fNkl;Lg; gFjpapy; mfoha;T nra;Jg;ghHj;j mwpQHfs;> mofpa nrq;fy;
RtH> <kj;jhopfs;> gytz;z kzpfs;> gytif XLfs;> kzpfs;> jkpo; gpuhkp
vOj;jhyhd XLfisf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdH.
gjpndhU mb Moj;jpy; xU kz;il XLk; G+idf;fz; kzpfSk;>
ciwfpzWfs;> gbfkzpfs;> NfhNkjff;fy;> gr;irkzpf;fy;> Nkhjpuk;> Nuhkhdpa fhR
Kjypad Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nghUs;fshFk;.
mhpf;fNkL mfoha;T eilngw;w Mz;L
1940 mstpy; mhpf;fNkl;Lg; gFjpapy; G+kpapy; njd;dk;gps;is el Fop
Njhz;ba nghOJ kz;rhb> kl;ghz;l XLfs; fpilj;jd. ,jd; tpisthf 1944,y;
khHl;bd; tPyH mhpf;fNkL gFjpapy; gy;NtW cz;ikfs; kiwe;J ,Uf;Fnkd
epidj;J mfoha;tpy; <Lgl;lhH. ,jpy; gy;NtW cz;ikfs; ntspte;jd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fPogs;spr;re;ij GJ}H njhy;ypay; fsk;

rptfq;if khtl;lk;> jpUg;Gtdk; mUNf fPogs;spr;re;ij GJ}hpy; kj;jpa njhy;
nghUe;JiwapdH Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; rq;f fhy kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa
gy nghUl;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. ,q;F fpilj;Js;s rhd;Wfis itj;Nj kJiu
vt;tsT njhd;ikahdJ vd;gij ep&gpf;fyhk; vd Ma;thsHfs; fUj;J
njhptpj;Js;sdH.
rq;ffhy kf;fs; tho;e;j tPLfs;> gad;gLj;jpa tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fs;>
jhdpaq;fs;> Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; kz;ghidfs;> fOj;J fhJfspy; mzpAk;
mzpfyd;fs;> RLkz; kzpfs;> gspq;F kzpfs; kw;Wk; fhjzpfs;> kdpjKf
mikg;Gila nghk;ik> ee;jp cUt nghk;ikfs;> cUtkw;w Rijfs;> je;jj;jhy;
Md jhaf;fl;ilfs;> jw;fhg;Gf;fhfTk;> Ntl;ilahlTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ,Uk;ghyhd
gy;tif <l;bKidfs; cs;spl;l Vuhskhd mhpjhd nghUl;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd.
njhy;ypay; Jiw mYtyfq;fs;
jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay;Jiw 1961,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo;ehl;by;
,j;Jiwf;F nrd;id> rpjk;guk;> kJiu> jQ;rhT+H> jpUney;Ntyp> Nfhak;Gj;J}H>
ehfHNfhtpy;> jHkGhp Mfpa vl;L ,lq;fspy; kz;ly mYtyfq;fs; cs;sd.
KbTiu
tuyhw;wpw;F Ke;ija fhyk; Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiuapy; 33 ,lq;fspy; jkpof
murpd; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Nkw;Nfhs;fs;
1. NguhrphpaH lhf;lH P.S.NrhkRe;juk;> ghpghly;.

2. GypA+H Nfrpfd;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
3. jpUf;Fws;> ghpNkyofH ciu.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
=tpy;ypg;Gj;J}u; tl;lhuj;jpy; neLq;fy; topghLk;

topghl;L khw;wKk;
Stonehenge Worship and its Change in the Srivilliputtur District
KidthH; ,uh. %u;j;jp> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

=uhkfpU\;z kp\d; tpj;ahya fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}up> Nfhak;Gj;J}u; - 641020
Abstract
The paper tells about the Remnant Stonehenge Worship and its change in the
Srivilliputtur District. Tamil people’s culture becomes prominent to know about the culture
and the civilization existed lang back there. Hence, the study paves way to comprehend the
findings of stonehenge worship and its change in Srivilliputtur District.
Keywords: Stonehenge, Worship, Change, Srivilliputtur District
jkpoupd; gz;ghl;L kughf ,Ue;J tUtJ eLfy; topghlhFk;.

,t;topghL ,d;W Mz;> ngz; ,uz;L nja;tq;fSf;Fk;
epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; eLfy; topghL Nghupy;
capu; ePj;j tPuDf;fhfTk;> Mepiu kPl;lypd; NghJ ,we;j
tPuDf;fhfTk; eLfy; vOg;gg;gl;L topglg;gl;ld. ,k;kuG gz;ghl;by;
njhlhH;kughf ,Ug;gpDk; mjd; jd;ik ,d;W rpijAk; epiyapy;
,Uf;fpwJ.
eLfy;> neLq;fy; vd;W nghJg;ngaH; nfhz;L miof;fg;gl;l
neLq;fy;fs; vy;yhk; khw;Wg; ngaH;fs; (el;Lf;fy; Kdpahz;b>
fUg;grhkp fy;> Kdp];tud; fy;) ,l;L miof;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
me;neLq;fy;Yf;fhd js mjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpl;l xU r%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mjpy; topghL elj;Jk; mjpfhuKk; mth;fSf;F
cupj;jhdjhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kuG njhlh;kughf gz;ghl;by; epfo;e;J te;jhy;
mjd; njhz;ik kiwf;fgLk;. mjd; ngah; khw;wKk; khw;wg;gLk;. mJ Fwpj;J
fsMa;T nra;J ntspapLtNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhfk;.
neLq;fy; eLk; kuG
“ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; njhlf;f fhyk; fp.K. Mapuk; MFk;. ,g;gz;ghL
jkpofj;jpy; tlf;fpypUe;J njw;fhf Kd;Ndwpr;nrd;wjhFk;. mt;thW nry;yr; nry;y
,jd; fhyk; gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nrd;wd vd;W njhy;ypay; mwpQu; f. uh[d; mtu;fs;
$Wfpwhu;.”1 Vndd;why; tlf;fpy; jfûpypUe;J nfhq;FehL tiuapYs;s gFjpfspy;
jhd; mjpfkhd eLfw;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. njw;F kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa
Ch;fSf;F ,lk; ngaUk;NghJ mjpfkhf KJkf;fs; jhopfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
,j;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;L njd;gFjpfspy; fpilf;Fk; eLfy;fs; midj;Jk; fhyj;jhy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpe;jpait vdf; fUjKbfpwJ. ngUk;ghd;ikahd njhy;ypay; mwpQu;fs;

,f;fUj;Jf;fSf;F cld;gLfpd;wdu;.
jkpofj;jpy; fpilf;fpd;w ngUq;fw;fhy rpd;dq;fspy; neLq;fy; eLfy;>
fw;gJf;if Mfpa midj;Jk; jfû; gFjpapYk;> nfhq;F ehl;by; nfhLkzy;
gFjpfspYk; mjpfk; fpilj;Js;sd. njd;dhl;by; kJiu khtl;lk; crpyk;gl;b>
tpUJefh; khtl;lk; Fd;D}u; Nghd;w Cu;fspYk; neLq;fy;yhff; fpilj;Js;sd.
,t;tpU gFjpfSk; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy epyj;NjhL njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;s epykhFk;.
,e;epyq;fs; fhy;eilfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpwJ. rq;f fhyj;jpy; Ky;iy
epyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Mepiu ftu;jy;> fth;e;j gRf;fis kPl;ly; ,itfspdhy;
,wg;gtu;f;F eLfy; eLtJk; fw;gJf;if mikg;gJk; gz;ila kughf ,Ue;Js;sd.
,J Fwpj;J rq;f ,yf;fpaKk; njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jpwk;glf; cWjp gLj;Jfpd;wd.
“ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fs; Fwpj;J md;ikapy; fsMa;T
Nkw;nfhz;l njhy;ypay; Ma;thsu;fs; nfhq;F ehl;by; mjpfkhd ngUq;fw;fhyr;
rpd;dq;fSk; mjd; mUfpNy ePz;l neba neLq;fy;Yk; ,Ug;gij fz;lwpe;jdu;.”2
epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; mikf;Fk;NghJ mjd; mUfpy; ePz;l neba neLq;fy;
milahskhf mikf;Fk; gof;fj;ijAk; gz;ilNahu; kughff; nfhz;Ls;sJld;
me;neLq;fy;ypw;F ePu;g;gilapl;L gilay;fs; gilj;J topgl;L te;Js;sdu;.
Mifahy; tlgFjpapy; neLq;fy;Yf;Fr; nra;Jte;j rlq;Ffs; Nghd;W ghz;ba
ehl;by; fpilj;j neLq;fy;ypw;Fk; ,r;rlq;Ffs; Kiwahfr; nra;J te;Js;sdu;.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; tlf;fpy; ,ka kiyapypUe;J fz;zfpf;F
fy;nyLj;J fq;ifapy; ePuhl;b Nruehl;by; Nfhtpy; mikj;J topgl;L te;jhd; vd;W
rpyg;gjpfhuk; thapyhf mwpaKbfpwJ. Mifahy; eLfy; el;L topgLk; kuG
tlf;fpypUe;Nj njhlq;fg; gl;litahFk;.
neLq;fy; – tpsf;fk;
neLq;fy; vd;gJ ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; vOg;gl;l <kr;rpd;dkhFk;. ,f;fy;
,we;jtu;fs; epidthf ,we;jtu;fisg; Gijj;j ,lj;jpy; vOg;gg;gLtjhFk;. “jd;
fPNo my;yJ mUfpy; fy;miw>fy;tl;lk;> fy;gil> fy;Fit> fy;jpl;il> fw;fpil
Kjypaitfs; fhzg;gLk;. rpy ,lq;fspy; ve;j tpj <kg;nghUl;fSk; ,y;yhky;
ntWk; neLq;fy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;. ,f;fy;ypd; Nkw;Gwk; $u;KidAld; fhzg;gLk;.
rpy ,lq;fspy; neLq;fw;fs; xU fy; mstpw;F tl;lj;jpd; gFjpahfTk;
mike;Js;sd.”3 ,it jkpofj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfspy;> kiyfs; kw;Wk;
ghiwfs; fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; nfhLkzy;
jf^h; gFjpapy; jpUkhy;thb> kJiu khtl;lj;jpy; r.ghg;ghehaf;fd;gl;b> tpUJefH;
khtl;lj;jpy; Fd;D}h; cl;gl gy Cu;fspy; ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid ehl;Lf;fy;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. eLfy; vd;gJ neLq;fy;ypd; tsu;r;rpaile;j tifahFk;.
fw;gJf;if mikj;j gpd;dh; mjd; mUfpy; elg;gLtJ neLq;fy;. ,jid rq;f
,yf;fpak; jpwk;glf; $WfpwJ.
GwehD}W ,jid>
“guYil kUq;fpd; gJf;if Nru;j;jp
,dp el;ldNu fy;Yk;” (Gwk;.264).
mfehD}W ,jid>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“rpiy Vwl;l fiztPo; tk;gyu;

cau;gJf;F ,tu;e;j mju;nfhb mjpuy;
neLepiyeLfy;” (mfk;.289) vd;Wk;>
“gpbkbj; jd;d FWk;nghiw
el;l NghYk; elhm neLq;fy;” (mfk;.269)
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,e;neLepiyf; fw;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; eLfw;fshf khw;wk;
ngw;wd. ,e;eLfw;fs; “kwtu;> vapdu;> kotu; Ntlu;> Nfhtyu;> tLfu;> fs;tu;> giwau;>
ghzu; Mfpa Fbfisr; Nru;e;j Nrtfd;> ,skf;fs;> ,isNahu;> Ms;> ,skfd;>
mbahs;> mbahu;> kd;whb> njhWthsd; MfpNahUf;Nf ngUk;ghYk;
vLf;fg;gl;ld.”4 vd;W Gyth; nr.uhR fy;ntl;L Ma;thsh; mth;fs; njhy;ypay;
Nehf;fpy; rq;f fhyk; vDk; fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,f;Fbfs; vy;yhk; rq;f
fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; njhy;FbfshFk;.
neLq;fy; topghL
topghL njhy;Fbkf;fsplj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G tof;fpy; ,Ue;J
tUfpd;wd. mjpy; ,we;jth;fis tzq;Fk; kuG ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;bw;Fg; gpd;G
tsh;r;rp ngw;wd. njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f ,yf;fpak;> rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,J gw;wp tpupthfg;
NgRfpwJ. ,r;rlq;Ffs; vy;yhk; capu; ePj;jtupd; epidthf fy;el;L topgLk; kughf
,Ue;jd. rpy ,lq;fspy; jhopapy; ,l;L Gijf;Fk; tof;fKk; ,Ue;Js;sd.
njhy;fhg;gpau; neLq;fy;fs; vOg;gg;gLk;NghJ filgpbf;f Ntz;ba rlq;Ffs;
Fwpj;Jk; tpupthfg; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; $wpAs;shu;.
“fhl;rp fhy;Nfhs; ePu;gil eLfy;
rPu;j;jF rpwg;gpd; ngUk;gil tho;j;jy;" (njhy;.nghU.2-5)
vd;W tupirg;gLj;jpf; $WfpwJ. mitahtd>
fhl;rp:
,we;jtiu mtuJ Rw;wj;jhu; fz;L tzq;Fjy; nghUl;Lf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtijf;
fhl;rp vd;W mioj;jdu;.
fhy;Nfhs; ,we;Njhiu xU ,lj;jpy; itj;Jg; gQ;r G+jq;fSk; mtw;iw vLj;Jf;
nfhs;s miog;gijf; fhy;Nfhs; vd;W mioj;jdu;.
ePu;gil vQ;rpa vYk;Gfis vLj;J te;J J}a;ikg;gLj;jp ePu; ,Ltij ePu;gil vd;W
mioj;jdu;.
eLfy;
,we;jtu;fSf;fhf (capu; ePj;Nju;fSf;fhf) vOg;gg;gLk; epidTr; rpd;dj;ij
eLfy; vd;Wk;> ,e;epidTr; rpd;dj;jpy; ,we;jtu;fSf;fhf itf;fg;gLfpd;w
nghUl;fisg; ngUk;gil vd;Wk; gpd;du; ,we;J gl;ltiug; gw;wp mtuJ
ew;nray;fis> gz;Gfis tho;j;Jjy; vd;Wk; ngUq;fw;gilr; rpd;dk; cUthd
tpjj;ijAk; mjw;fhff; filg;gpbf;ff; $ba gy;NtW rlq;Ffs; gw;wpAk;
njhy;fhg;gpak; njspTwf; $WfpwJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,we;jtu;fSf;fhf elg;gl;l eLfy;iy gy;NtW ngaupl;L
mioj;jdu;. vOj;Jil eLfy; (mfk;.53)> Kjpu; eLfy; (mfk;.297)> eLfy; Mapdd;
(Gwk;.221) vd;W gy;NtW ghly;fspy; ,f;Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. eLfy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
elg;gl;lJld; mf;fy;Yf;F vLf;fg;gl;l rlq;Ffs; gw;wpAk; gjpTfs; cs;sd.

GwehD}w;wpy; kJiu mWit thzpfd; ,sNtl;ldhu; ,J Fwpj;J $Wk;NghJ
“,y;mL fs;spd; rpy;Fbr; rPW}u;g;
fy;ypd; ehl;gyp Cl;b
ey;ePuhl;b nea;e;eiwf; nfhsP,a
kq;Fy; khg;Gif kWFld; fkOk;” (Gwk;.329.1-4)
vd;w ghly; %jpd; Ky;iy jd;ikia vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,g;ghly; thapyhf
njhy;fhg;gpah; $wpa eLfy; topghl;Lr; rlq;Ffis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
,k;kuG ,d;Wk; gz;ghl;by; njhlh;kughf kf;fs; filgpbj;J tUfpd;wdh;.
ngah; khw;wk; - el;Lf;fy; Kdpahz;b tuyhW
tpUJefhH; khtl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jq;fy;> tj;jpuhapUg;G Fd;D}hH; %tiu
ntd;whd;> ej;jk;gl;b> neLq;Fsk; Nghd;w Ch;fs; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;NlhL
njhlh;Gila Ch;fshFk;. ,q;F fpilj;j jhopfs; rptg;G fUg;G fye;j ghid
XLfSld; $bad;. neLq;fy;fs; mbg;Gwk; MW mb Kjy; vl;L mbtiuapYk;
Nky;gFjp xU mbKjy; ,uz;L mbtiu mike;Js;sJ.
tpUJefhH;> =tpy;ypg;Gj;J}hH;> rq;fud;Nfhtpy;> jpUj;jq;fy;> Fd;D}h;>
tj;jpuhapUg;G Mfpa CH;fs; gpw;fhyg; ghz;bah;fspd; Ml;rpj;jpwk; epfo;e;Js;s
CH;fshFk;. rhd;whf =tpy;ypg;Gj;J}h; tl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sd. “Fd;D}h;“ vDk;
Ciu fp.gp.815 Kjy; 862 tiu =khw =ty;ygd; Ml;rp nra;J te;jhd;. mtdJ
Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; mtd; kfd; guhe;jf neLQ;rilad; vd;gtd; Mz;L te;jhd;. mtdJ
Ml;rpahz;by; Fd;D}h; vDk; Cupy; 815 -862 y; kpfg;ngupa Nghu; xd;W ele;jd.
mg;Nghupy; =khw =ty;ytd; fye;J nfhz;L Nghupl;lhd;. mg;Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;W
Fd;D}iu ifg;gw;wpaJld; mt;CUf;F “fUepyf;FbehL“ vd;W ngau; khw;wpf;
nfhz;lhd;. ,J Fwpj;J gpw;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,r;nra;jpia
gs;spklk; fy;ntl;Lk; cWjp nra;fpwJ. ,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;Lfs; rhj;J}h;>
,Uf;fd;Fb> ned;Nkdp Nghd;w CH;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;Nghupy; gy;NtW
tPuh;fs; ,we;Js;sdh;. mth;fSf;F eLfy;Yk; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.”5 vd;W tpUJefh;
khtl;l ifNaL Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Fd;D}upypUe;J Nkw;F Nehf;fp ,uz;L fpNyhkPl;lh; J}uj;jpy; Nkw;Fj; njhlu;r;rp
kiy mbthuj;jpy; Kdpahz;b Nfhtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,f;Nfhtpy; xNu xU
neLq;fy;iyf; nfhz;L mikag;ngw;witahFk;. ,f;fy;ypd; cauk; 25 mbf;F Nky;
,Uf;Fk;. mjd; mfyk; mbg;gFjp 6 mb nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;. ,f;fy; fpof;F Nehf;fp
mikag;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. mf;fy; mike;Js;s CUf;F el;Lf;fy; Kdpahz;b Nfhtpy;
vd;gJ ,d;iwa ngahH;. mjpypUe;J ,uz;L fpNyhkPll ; hH; J}uj;jpy; fpUl;bzd;Nfhtpy;
vDk; CH; mike;Js;sJ. mjd; mUfpNy kpf caukhd Fd;W xd;W cs;sJ.
mf;Fd;wpd; kPJ juF khjh Nfhtpy; xd;W ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,t;T+h; nrk;kz;
epykhFk;. Ky;iy epyj;NjhL njhlu;GilaJ. khdtup gapwpLk; Kiw kl;Lk; mjpfk;
epfo;fpwJ. mj;jifa rpwg;G ngw;w mt;Cupy; cs;s el;Lf;fy; Kdpahz;b
Kj;njhopy;fisAk; (fhj;jy;> gilj;jy;> mopj;jy;) nra;af;$ba <];tud;>
Kdp~;tudhff; fhl;rp je;J kf;fSf;F mUs; gypj;J tUfpwhu;. Fd;D}upy; eilngw;w
Nghupy; gy;NtW tPuhH;fs; tPukuzk; mile;Js;sdh;. mj;jifa tPukuzk; mile;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tPuDf;F> my;yJ Fd;D}h; Mepiufs; mjpfk; ,Ue;Js;s Ky;iy epykhFk;.

Mepiufisf; fth;e;jth;fsplkpUe;J kPl;L tUk;NghJ capu;ePj;j xU tPuDf;fhf
elg;gl;l fy; ,e;neLq;fy;. ,d;W kf;fs; mjid nja;tkhf topgl;L tUfpd;wdh;.
mt;Cupd; fhty; nja;tkhfTk; ,e;eLfy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
el;Lf;fy; Kdpahd;b topghL
eLfy;iy topghLk; kuG rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;J njhlh;e;J ,Ue;J tUfpwJ
vd;gij Kd;G mwpe;jhYk; GwehD}w;wpy; Ky;iyepyj;jpy; tho;e;j kidtp xUj;jp
jd; fztd; Nghupy; murDld; NrhH;e;J ntw;wp ngw;Wr; nry;tj;Jld; te;J tpUe;J
gilj;Jj; jUk; tho;f;ifiaj; jdf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W elg;gl;l eLfy;iy
topgl;lhs;. vd;W GwehD}W $WfpwJ. ,jid>
“xypnkd; $e;jy; xd;Wjy; mupit
eLfy; ifnjhOJ guTk;” (Gwk; 306.3-4)
vd;w ghly; tup ,jid cWjp nra;fpwJ. mk;kuG ,d;Wk; kf;fsplj;jpy; tof;fpy;
epytp tUfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; md;W ,we;j tPudpd; epidthf eLfy; el;L mjid
topgl;L te;jdh;. Mdhy; ,d;W me;eLfy; Ntz;bNahu;f;F Ntz;baijf; nfhLf;Fk;
nja;tf;$lkhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
eLfy; Kdpahz;bf;F nra;Ak; rlq;Ffs;
neLq;fy;iy el;Lf;fy;Y Kdpahz;b vd;W ngaupl;L mioj;jhYk; Kdp~;tud;
Nfhtpy; vd;Wk; xU rhuhu; $Wfpd;wdh;. thuj;jpy; QhapW> nrt;tha;> nts;sp Mfpa
%d;W ehl;fs; tpkupirahfj; jpUtpohf;fs; Nghd;W topghL epfOk;. Foe;ij
,y;yhjthH;fSf;F Foe;ijg;NgW toq;FtjhfTk; cly; epiy
Neha;tha;g;gl;lth;fSf;F Neha;ePf;fp jUtjhfTk;> jpUkz Njhrk;> nra;tpid
Nghd;w ek;gpf;fiffSk; ,q;F tUtjhy; epth;j;jpahfpwJ vd;w ek;gpf;ifAk; kf;fs;
iff;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
topghl;Lg; nghUl;fshfr; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; neLq;fy;Yf;F vj;jifa
rlq;Ffs;> gilay;fs; epfo;j;jpdhu;fNsh mNj gpd;dzpapy; rlq;Ffs; epfo;fpwJ.
capu; gypAk; NrhH;j;J ,r;rlq;NfhL epfo;fpwJ. rlq;Fg; nghUl;fshf>
(gilay;fshf) ,Ugj;J xd;W Kl;il> ML> Nfhop> ntz;nghq;fy;>
rf;fiug;nghq;fy;> Kdpahz;bf;F vl;L Kyk; nts;isNtl;b (neLq;fy;ypd;
mbg;gFjpapy; Rw;Wtjw;F) > re;jzk;> Fq;Fkk;> gPb> RUl;L> kJghdk;>
ntw;wpiy> ghf;F> ,Ugj;J xd;W vYkpr;ir khiy> Njq;fha;> gok;> nghwp>
mTy;> ,uz;L fpNyh Mg;gpy;> muQ;R> jpul;ir> rt;thJ> nts;spf;fhg;G>
NehH;j;jpf;fldhf nkhl;il NghLjy;> fhJFj;Jy;> Nfhapy; fhzpf;ifahf Mapuj;J
xd;W gzk; Nghd;wit gilahshfg; gilf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;nghUl;fspy;
ngUk;ghz;ik njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; eLfy;Yf;Fg; gilf;fg;gl;litahFk;. ,d;Wk;
,k;kuG njhlh;fpwJ.
Fwpnrhy;Yk; mjpfhuk;
,f;Nfhtpypy; Fwpnrhy;Yk; mjpfhuk; Mz;> ngz; ,UtUf;Fk; ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ. Mdhy; Nfhapy; js mjpfhuk; (,lk;) midj;Jk; gs;sh;> giwaH;
,dj;ijr; rhu;e;jth;fs; ifapy; vLj;Js;sdh;. Nfhapy; Fwpnrhy;gth; ngUk;ghYk;
gs;sH; ,dj;ijr; NrhH;e;jthH;fNs Mthu;. eLfy;Yf;Fg; gilf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhzpf;iffs; midj;Jk; Fwpnrhy;Ygth;fNs vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;wdh;. Fwp

nrhy;YjYf;F xUth; kl;Lk; mkh;j;jg;gltpy;iy. Kdp~;tud; rhkp ahu; ahUf;F
vy;yhk; tUfpwNjh mthH;fs; vy;yhk; te;J jdpj;jdpahf mf;fy;iyr; Rw;wp tzq;fp
tUfpd;wthH;fsplk; Ik;gj;J xd;W fhzpf;if thq;fpf; nfhz;L RUl;ilg;
gw;witj;Jf; Fbj;Jf;nfhz;L Fwpnrhy;Yfpwhu;fs;. Fwpahf jpUkzk;> Foe;ijtuk;>
FLk;g xw;Wik> nra;tpid epth;j;jp vd gy;NtW Jd;gq;fSf;Fk; Fwp $wp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,t;tof;fk; ,d;W njhlh;e;J epfo;e;J tUfpwJ.
KbTfs;
neLq;fy;iy topgLk; kuG ,d;W nja;tkhf Mf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; mjd; fPo;
my;yJ mjidr;Rw;wp njhy;nghUs;fs; epuk;gf; fhzg;gLk;. mj;jifa nghUl;fis
,dptUk; fhyq;fspy; njhlu;e;J Ma;T nra;a KbAk; vd;why; mt;tplq;fs;
njhy;ypay; Jiwaplk; nry;Yk;NghJ kl;LNk mit Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;j KbAk;.
Vndd;why; ,d;iwa murpay;> r%f fho;g;GzhH;rr; papy; mj;njhFjpfs;
jdpj;njhFjpfshfj; NjhH;jypy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. mit vy;yhk; me;je;j kf;fSf;F
cupj;jhdJ vd;W iff;nfhs;Sk;NghJ muR mjd; Mok; vz;zntd;W njupahky;
Ml;rp vd;w epiyapy; xU rhu;G epiyapNy ,aq;f Kw;gLk;. ,jdhy; jkpoupd;
njhy;kugpid ntspf;nfhz;L tUk; epiy mbNahL kOq;fbf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy;
jkpoupd; kuGk; njhlh;e;J rpijTfisr; re;jpj;J jPUk;. <NuhL khtl;lk;> ngUe;Jiw
tl;lj;jpy; neha;ay; Mw;wpd; tlfiuapy; mike;Js;s nfhLkzy; CUf;F
mUfpYs;s nrd;dpkiyapYk; neLq;fy;ypd; epiyik ,Nj jd;ikiag; ngw;Wj; jhd;
,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,g;Nghf;Ffs; vy;yhk; nja;tk; vd;w ngah;nfhz;L jhq;Fk;NghJ
,t;topghl;LKiwfs; vy;yhk; njhlh;e;J epfo;e;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
Jiz E}w;gl;bay;
1. 1.f.uh[d;. njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;f ,yf;fpak; - cyfj;jkpohuha;rp epWtdk;>

nrd;id-113> Kjy; gjpg;G.2004. g.33
2. GythH; nr. ,uhR. - njd; nfhq;F Ma;T ikak;> njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;f
,yf;fpak; (fl;Liu)> g.1
3. GythH; nr. ,uhR. - njd; nfhq;F Ma;T ikak;> njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;f
,yf;fpak;(fl;Liu)> g.3
4. NkyJ g.3
5. tpUJefh; khtl;l ifNaL> jkpo;ehL muR ntspaPL> g.156
6. Gwk;.264
7. mfk;.289
8. mfk;.269
9. njhy;.nghU.2-5
10. Gwk;.329.1-4
11. Gwk; 306.3-4


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;jkpou;fspd; czTj;NjlYk; gz;ghl;L cUthf;fKk;

Search of Food and Cultural Origins of the Ancient Tamil People
KidtH g.R. %Nte;jd;> cjtpg;NguhrpupaH. (m.g. gzpeputy;)> jkpo;j;Jiw>

m.R.R.murpdu; fiyf;fy;Y}up> jpUj;jzp – 631209> jpUts;Su; khtl;lk;.
Abstract
The paper elicits about the search of food and cultural origins of the ancient Tamil
people. The idea becomes prominent to know about the culture and the civilization existed
lang back there. Hence, the study paves way to comprehend the search of food and cultural
origins of the ancient Tamil people.
Keywords: Search, Food, Cultural Origins, Ancient Tamil People
Kd;Diu
nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; kdpjg; gz;ghl;bd; ehfupf tsHr;rpapd; tpisthy;
vOe;jit MFk;. nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; khDl tho;tpd; gz;ghl;Lg; guty;fis
mwptpf;fTk; mwpTWj;jTk; nra;fpd;wd. cyf ,dq;fspy; jkpopdNk njhd;ikj;
jd;ikAilajhfTk;> Vida ,dq;fSf;Fj; jk; gz;ghl;Lg; gq;fspg;gpidg;
gfpu;e;jspg;gjhfTk; mike;Js;sjid mz;ikf;fhy Ma;Tfs; vLj;Jiuj;J
tUfpd;wd. njhd;ikj; jkpou;fspd; czTj;NjLjiyAk;> mt;thW ngw;w cztpd;
topahfg; gz;ghl;il cUthf;fpa epfo;TfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf ,f;fl;Liu
mikfpd;wJ.
Ntl;ilr; r%fj;jpy; czTj;Njly;
Mjpkdpjdpd; ,df;FO tho;f;ifapd; njhlf;fk; Ntl;ilr; r%fj;jpy;
njhlq;Ftij khDltpay; Ma;Tfs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. njhy;Fbr; r%fkhf
tho;e;j Mjp jkpoHfs; md;iwa cyfpd; gue;Jgl;l epyg;gug;gpy; g+HtFbfshf
tho;e;jdH. mtHfs; njhy; r%fkhf thoj;jiyg;gl;l fhyfl;lj;jpNyNa jkpopdkhfj;
jpfo;e;jtHfs; Mtu;. Mjpkdpjd; jd; tho;f;ifia tpyq;Ffisg; Nghd;Nw mikj;Jf;
nfhz;lhd;. tpyq;Ffs; jkf;Fupa cztpid Ntl;ilahbg; ngw;Wj; jPu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjidg; Nghd;W Mjpj;jkpoDk; Ntl;ilahbNa jkf;fhd cztpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lhd;. Ntl;ilahLtjw;F Vw;w tifapyhd clw;jpditAk;> typikiaAk;>
kdj;jplj;ijAk; mtd; tpyq;Ffisg; ghu;j;Nj mwpe;J nfhz;lhd;. ,jdhy;
,ay;ghfNt mtdplk; Ntl;ilahLk; Nghu;f;Fzk; epiwe;jpUe;jJ. ,r;rpwg;gpd;
nghUl;Nl njhy;jkpou;fs;
“fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj thnshL
Kd;Njhd;wp %j;jFb" (G.nt.kh. fue;ij> g. 10-11)
vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ldH. Mjpj;jkpou;fspd; MAjq;fshf thSk;> NtYk;> fizAk;>
tpy;Yk;> mk;GNk epiyj;jpUe;jd. ,it Ntl;ilf;Fg; gof;fg;gl;l epiyg;ghl;bidf;
fhl;Ltjhf mike;jpUg;gjid mwpayhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
czTj;NjLlYk; Ntl;ilahlYk;;
njhy;jkpou;fspd; Kjd;ikahd njhopyhf tpyq;fpd; Ntl;ilahLjNy
,Ue;jJ. GwehD}w;wpy;>
“………….mk;Fbr; rPW}H
vy;mbg; gLj;j fy;yhf; fhl;rp
tpy; cOJ cz;khH ehg;gz;…" (Gw. 170:2-4)
vd;Dk; ghlybfspy;> mofpa FbapUg;Gfis cila rPW}upy; gfw;nghOnjy;yhk;
Ntl;ilahbj; jpupe;j fy;tp ,y;yhj fhl;rpia cila tpy;yhfpa Vuhy; cOJ
cz;ghHfs; vd;W Ntl;ilj; njhopy; gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjid mwpayhk;.
,jdhy; tpy;iy Kjyhff; nfhz;L czitj; Njba nra;jp njspthfpwJ.
grpa Cd; cz;lepiy
njhy; goq;Fb kf;fs; tpyq;fpd; ,iwr;rpiag; gr;irahf cz;gjidNa
fw;wpUe;jdu;. ehfupf tho;f;ifapd; Kjw;gbahf mike;jJ grpa ,iwr;rpia
neUg;gpypl;Lr; Rl;L cz;Zk; epiyf;F khw;wpaJ. neUg;gpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gk;> neUg;gpy;
,l;l gz;lq;fspd; Ritj; jd;ik khw;wKk; Ntl;ilahbf; nfhzu;e;j nghUs;fis
neUg;gpl;Lr; Rl;Lj; jpd;Dk; gof;fj;jpw;F khw;wpaJ.
tpyq;F tho;f;ifapypUe;J fpisj;njOe;j kdpj r%fk; Kjypy;
tpyq;fpdj;NjhL Xl;ba tho;f;if KiwapidNa gpd;gw;wpajpy; tpag;gpy;iy.
fhl;Lkpuhz;bfshf> mehfupf tho;f;if tho;e;j kf;fs; $l;lk; czTf;fhf kl;LNk
Ntl;ilj;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;lJ. grpa Cd; czT cz;ZtijNa mtHfs;
njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdH vd;gjidg; GwehD}W>
“ntUf;Ftpil ad;d ntUNzhf;Ff; fae;jiy
Gs;Cd; jpd;w GyTehW fatha;
nts;tha; Ntl;LtH>>>>" (Gw. 324:1-3)
vd;Dk; mbfspy; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. gwitfspd; grpa Cidj;; jpd;wjhy; Gyhy;
ehw;wk; tPRfpd;w nky;ypa thapid cilatHfshf Ntl;LtHfs; jpfo;e;jdH vd;w
Fwpg;gpid ,g;gFjp czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
Ntl;ilahba tpyq;Ffisg; gr;irahf cz;Zk; tof;fhW cyfpd;
njhd;ikr; r%fq;fspy; ,d;Wk; tof;fpypUe;J tUfpwJ. ,t;thW njhy; goe;jkpo;f;
Fbiar; rhHe;j tPud; xUtdJ nray;ghl;bid>
“gr;#d; jpd;W ike;epzk; ngUj;j
vr;rpy; <Hq;if tpw;Gwj; jpkpupg;
Gyk; Gf;fdNd Gy;mzw; fhis" (Gw. 258:4-6)
vd;Dk; ghlybfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jpy; grpa Cidj;jpd;W> epzkpf;f vr;rpyhfpa
<uk; nghUe;jpa ifiaj; jd; tpy;ypy; KWf;Nfw;wpg; g+Rk; epfo;Tk;> mtd; Gy;ypa
jhbia cila fhis Nghd;W fhzg;gLthd; vd;gJk; ,jd;top fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
jPapy; Rl;L cz;Zjy;
fhykhw;wj;jpy; ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk; jkpou;tho;tpy; ,ize;Njhbd. grpa
Cidj; jpd;Dk; tof;fpypUe;J Nkk;gl;l r%fj;jpy; Ntl;ilahba tpyq;Ffisj;
jPapy; Rl;L cz;zg; gofpa epiyg;ghl;bid>
“KsTkhj; njhiyr;rpa KOr;nrh yhltH


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cLk;gpO jWj;j nthLq;fho;g; gliyr;

rPwpy; Kd;wpw; $W nra;jpLkhH" (Gw. 325:6-8)
vd;Dk; ghlybfs; czHj;Jfpd;wd. ,jpy; Ks;sk;gd;wpiaf; nfhd;W jpd;w epfo;Tk;>
jq;fs; ,y;yq;fspd; Kd;duhf cLk;gpdJ epzj;ijr; Rl;L> mjid mWj;J
gq;fpl;Lj; jpd;w epfo;Tk; Gyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpou; tho;tpy; cLk;gpid Ntl;ilahbj; jhk; cz;lJ kl;Lky;yhJ> jk;ik
ehb te;j tpUe;jpdu;f;Fk; cLk;gpidj; je;J mtu;jk; grpahw;wpa epfo;tpidg; Nghd;W>
Kay;fis Ntl;ilahb mjd; cliy neUg;gpypl;Lr; Rl;Lj;jpd;w epfo;tpidAk;>
mt;thW fpilj;j Kaw;fwpiag; ghzu;fSf;F tpUe;jhf mspj;j epfo;tpidAk;>
“gliy Kd;wpw; rpW jpid Azq;fy;
GwTkpjY kwTKz;nfdg;
nga;jw; nfy;ypd;W nghONj ajdhy;
Kay; Rl;lthapDk; jUNtk; GFjw;
jPq;fpUe;jPNkh KJtha;g; ghz” (GwehD}W> gh. 319:1-5)
vd;Dk; ghlybfs; njspTWj;Jfpd;wd. fhyNthl;lj;jpy; epzj;ijj; jPapy; Rl;Lj;
jpd;gNjhL nea;apy; nghupj;Jj; jpd;Dk; czTg; gof;fKk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,jid>
“nfhOe;jba #L vd;Nfh?
tseidapd; kl;L vd;Nfh?
FWKaypd; epzk; nga;je;j
eW nea;a NrhW vd;Nfh?" (Gw. 396:15-17)
vd;Dk; ghlybfs; nfhz;L czuyhk;. cg;Gk; ciwg;Gk; ,d;wp Cidg;
gr;irahfTk;> Rl;Lk; jpd;W grpahwpa ,df;FO> epzj;ij nea;apy; nghupj;Jr;
rikj;Jz;Zk; Nkk;gl;l epiyf;F> khwpaij ,g;ghlybfs; njspTWj;Jfpd;wd.
jhtu cztpid Nkw;nfhs;sy;
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahb> mjid czthf cl;nfhs;s
Muk;gpj;jdH. gpd;dNu mtHfs; jhtu czTf;Fg; gof;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldH.
njhlHr;rpahd fLk; twl;rpAk;> fhy;eilfspd; jpBH mopTk; mtHfisj; jhtu
czTf;F cl;gLj;jpapUf;fyhk;. ,aw;ifahff; fpilf;Fk; jhtu cztpidAk;
njhy;FbapdH tpyq;Ffisg; ghHj;Nj cz;zj; jiyg;gl;ldH.
“fiyczf; fpopj;j KoTkUs; ngUk;gok;
rpiynfO FwtHf;F my;Fkpir thFk;" (Gw. 236:1-2)
vd;Dk; ghlybfs;> kdpj ,dk; Kaw;rpapd;wp> Fuq;F fpopj;J cz;ljhy; fpilj;j
czthfpa jhtu czit cz;l nra;jpiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,aw;ifahff; fpilj;j jhtu czthfpa fpoq;F> goq;fs;> nfhl;ilfs;
Kjyhdtw;iw cz;zj;jiyg;gl;l kdpj,dk; Kiwahd Ntshz; cw;gj;jpf;
fsj;ijf; FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. njhy; r%fj;jpd; Ntshz; cw;gj;jpf;Fg;
gd;wpfNs Mjpfhyj;jpy; Jizepd;wd. gd;wpfshy; fpswpg; GOjpahf;fg;gl;l
,lq;fspy; fhdtH kiof;fhyj;jpy; jpid tpijf;f> mt;thW tpisj;j jpid
Kide;J tsHe;J tpise;jJ. ,e;epfo;it>
“mUtp MHf;Fk; fiogapy; ede; jiyf;
fwp tsuLf;fj;J kyHe;j fhe;jl;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhLq;fpoq;F kpspuf; fpz;bf; fpisNahL

fLq;fl; Nfoy; cOj g+op
ed;dhs; tUjg Nehf;fpf; FwtH
cohmJ tpj;jpa g&cf; Fuw; rpWjpid
Ke;J tpid ahzH" (Gw. 168:1-7)
vd tUk; ghlybfs; czHj;Jfpd;wd. kiyr;rhuypd; mfd;w ,lj;jpy; %q;fpy;
tsHe;j mfd;w ,lj;jpy; kpsFf; nfhb tsUk;@ mr;rhuypy; kyHe;j fhe;jspd;
nfhOq;fpoq;F ntspg;gl;Lj; Njhd;Wk;gb jd; ,dj;Jld; $b> jWfz;ikAila gd;wp
fpswpaJ. mt;thW gd;wp cOj GOjpapy; FwtH ey;y ehs; ghHj;J cohkNy
jpizia tpsj;jdH vd;w nra;jpiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. gd;wpfs; fpoq;ffo;e;jd;
tpisthy; jpid cw;gj;jpahjiy mwpe;j kdpjd; mjd; gpd;dH mt;thNw jd;
Kaw;rpahy; epyj;ijf; fpswp> jhdpa cw;gj;jpapy; <Lglyhdhd;. ,aw;ifahfg; nga;j
kioapd; JizAk; mtDf;Fj; Jizahf mike;jikahy; cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fj;ijj;
jd; ,dj;JizAld; nra;J rpwg;Gg; ngw;whd;.
vupj;Jr; Rlg;gl;Lf; fple;j Gdj;ij cOj mfd;w ,lKila nfhy;iyapy;
NtlHfs; Itd ney;iy tpijj;jJk; mJ Nfhil kpFjpahy; thba fjpH nghypT
ngWtjw;F kio Jizepd;w epfo;Tk;>
“….fhdtH
fupGdk; kaf;fpa mfd;fz; nfhy;iy
Itdk; tpj;jp ikAwf; ftpdp
<dy; nry;yh Vdw;F ,Onkdf;
fUtp thdk; jiy, ahq;Fk;" (Gw. 159:19-19)
vd;Dk; ghlypy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
gFj;Jz;Zk; gz;G
njhy;jkpou;fs; kiyfspYk; fhLfspYk; jq;fs; tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf;
nfhz;ldu; vd;gjidr; rq;fg;ghly;fs; mwpTWj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;epyg;gug;Gfs; mbf;fb
twl;rpiaAk;. fLk; ntg;gj;ijAk;. fLk; kioiaAk; re;jpf;Fk; epyg;gug;Gfshf
mike;jd. ,jd; fhuzkhff; FOf;fshf tho;e;j r%fq;fs; Xuplj;jpypUe;J
kw;Nwhuplj;jpw;F ,lk;ngaHjiy Nkw;nfhz;ld. ,t;thW FOf;fshf tho;e;j
kf;fSf;Fj; czTj;Njly; rpf;fyhdjhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ. rpyNghJfspy; msTf;F
mjpfkhfTk;> rpy NghJfspy; kpff; Fiwe;Jk; fpilj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;whYk;> mtHfs;
jq;fSf;F vt;tsT mstpyhd nghUs; fpilj;jhYk; mjidr; ruprkkhfg; gq;fpl;L
cz;Zk; gof;fj;jpw;F Mshfp ,Ue;jdH. Ntl;ilahbf; nfhz;Lte;j mstpy;
kpfr;rpwpajhfpa cLk;gpidAk; jkf;Fs; rkkhfg; gq;fpl;Lg; gfpHe;J cz;ldH
vd;gjidAk; ,jd;top xU gz;ghl;L cUthf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;l epfo;tpidAk;>
“fspW ePuhba tpLepy kUq;fpd;
tk;gg; ngUk;ngay; tiue;J nrhupe; jpwe;njdf;
Fopnfhs; rpy;dPH Fuhm Yz;lypd;
NrW fpisj;jpl;l fYo;fz; Z}wy;
Kiwapd; cz;Zk; epiwah tho;f;if
KsTkhj; njhiyr;rpa KOr;nrhy; MltH


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cLk;gpO jWj;j nthLq;fha;g; gliyr;

rPwpy; Kd;wpw; $W nra;jpL khH
nfhs;sp itj;j nfhO epz ehw;wk;
kWFld; fkOk;......." (Gw. 325:1-10)
vd;Dk; ghly; ntspg;gLj;jf; fhzyhk;.
tpUe;Njhk;gw; gz;ghl;L cUthf;fk;
,df;FOr; r%fk; tpUe;Njhk;gw; gz;gpy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ftjw;F mtHfs;
Nkw;nfhz;l ,df;FO tho;f;ifNa fhuzkhf mike;jpUe;jJ> FwpQ;rpepyj;jpy;
tho;e;j kf;fspd; gFj;Jz;Zk; gz;igg; GwehD}W>
“ePUl; gl;l khupg; NgUH ciw
nkhf;Fsd;d nghFl;L tpopf;fz;z
fUk;gplHj; jiya ngUQ;nrtpf; FWKay;
cs;vHf; FWk;Gjy; Js;Std cfSk;
njhs;is kd;wj; jhq;fl; glupd;
cz;nfd czuh catpw; whapDk;
jq;fpdpH nrd;Nkh GytPH! ed;Wk;
nrd;wjw; nfhz;L kidNahs; tpUk;gp
tuFe; jpidAk; cs;sit nay;yhk;
,utd; khf;fSzf; nfhsj; jPHe;njdf;
Fwpj;J khnw jpHg;igg; ngwh mikapw;
Fuy;czq;F tpijj; jpidAuy; tha;g;nga;J
rpwpJ Gwg;gl;ld; NwhtpaNs" (Gw. 333:1-13)
vd;Dk; ghlypy; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,g;ghlybfs; czHj;Jk; nra;jp rpe;jpf;fj;jf;f
jhFk;. tuFk;> jpidAkhfj; jd; kidapy; cs;stw;iwnay;yhk; ,utyH
cz;ljdhYk;> nfhz;L nrd;wjdhYk;> jPHe;jdthf tpUe;jpduhf te;j ghziu
cz;gpj;jw; nghUl;L> tuiff; fldhfg; ngwKbahikahy; fjpuplj;Nj Kw;wp
cyutpl;l tpijj; jpidia cuypw; nga;J Fw;wpr; rikj;J kidj;jiytpahdts;
cz;gpj;jhs; vd;W kidj;jiytp tpUe;jpdupd; nghUl;L tpijj;jpidiaf; Fw;wpr;
rikf;f Kw;gl;l nra;jp Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,q;F fhZk; kf;fs; tWiktha;g;gl;l
epiyapYk; mtHfs; gz;ghy; Xq;fp epw;gjidf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,t;thW mtHfs;
tpUe;Njhk;gw; gz;gpy; caHe;J epw;gjw;F mtHfs; ,df;FO tho;f;ifapy; ngw;w
czHNt fhuzkhf mike;jpUg;gJ njspthfpwJ.
jkpoHfs; jk; Kd;NdhHfspd; ,df;FO tho;f;ifapy; ngw;w Kf;fpag; gad;
gfpHe;Jz;Zk; gz;ghFk;. ,g;gfpHe;Jz;Zk; Nghf;Nf rq;fj; jkpoHfsplk;
tpUe;Njhk;Gk; gz;G NkNyhq;Ftjw;Ff; fskhf mike;jpUe;jJ. njhy;jkpou;fs;
tpyq;fpd; ,iwr;rpia cz;l fhyj;jpYk;> jhtu cztpid Nkw;nfhz;l fhyj;jpYk;
fpilj;j cztpidg; gfpu;e;Jk;> jk;ik ehbte;j ,utyu;fs; kfpOk;gbahfj; je;Jk;
tho;e;j epfo;tpidg; Gwg;ghly;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. cyfpd; Kjy;,dkhfj; jpfo;e;jNjhL
kl;Lky;yhJ> gz;ghl;il Vida ,dj;jpw;Ff; fhl;ba ,dkhfTk; jkpopdk; jpfo;e;j
jpwk; ,jd;top njspthfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fUtp E}y;fs;
1. c.Nt.rhkpehijau;> (g.M.)> GwehD}W %yKk; gioa ciuAk;> fgPu;

mr;Rf;$lk;> nrd;id> 1971
2. fofg; Gytu; FOtpdu;> (g.M.)> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy> fof ntspaPL>
nrd;id> 1965


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpUNthj;J}u; (NrahW) jpUj;jyf; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;

The Facts of the Thiruvothoor (Seyar) Culverts
ikj;jpupmd;G> jiytu;>
jkpo;khlk; mwf;fl;lis> mz;zhefu; – nra;ahW – 604 407.
Abstract
The article traces the facts in the culverts of Thiruvothoor. many culverts evinces of
the origin of the place. the Pandian and Chola kings had carved culverts related to the
temples and of their administration. the name of the place can be seen in Thevaram and
Malaipadukadam. the nobility of the people and the charity are seen through the culverts
Hence, the study explain the interrelated particulars from the clarification found on the
culverts.
Keywords: Facts, Thiruvothoor, Seyar, Culverts
jkpof tuyhw;wpy; rq;ffhyk; njhlq;fp> rq;fk; kUtpafhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwfhd

gf;jp,yf;fpaf; fhyr;R+oypy;> fsg;gpuu;fshy; cUthf;fg;ngw;w rkzKk; ngsj;jKk;
nry;thf;Ffpoe;j epiyapy; irtKk; itztKk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. mjd;fPo;
jkpofj;jpd; vy;iyg;gug;Gf;Fs; mike;jpUf;Fk; jpUj;jyq;fs; midj;jpYk;
gf;jp,yf;fpaq;fs; ghRuq;fshfg; ghlg;ngw;W> jpUKiwfshfj; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mtw;Ws; irtj;jpd; gq;fspg;G ngupJk; ghuhl;lg;ngWk; tifapy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
cyfpd; goikf;Fk; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; ngUikr; Nru;f;Fk; tifapyhd jkpofj;jpy;>
jkpou; gz;ghL cyfg;Gfo; ngw;wjhfTk;; rkak;> nghUshjhuk;> tzpfk;> thzpgk;>
Ez;fiyfs;> tPuk;> Njrpak; vd;Dk; gy;NtW gz;ghl;L mbg;gilfisj; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;ljhfTk; mtw;iw fhye;NjhWk; Ngzpf;fhf;Fk; jifik nfhz;ljhfTk;
jkpofk; jpfo;fpwJ. ,j;jkpfoj;jpd; Njhw;wj;NjhLk; fhyj;NjhLk; irtKk;>
itztKk; gy;NtW newpKiwfis tFj;Jj;je;Js;sd. ,r;R+oYf;F Kd;Dk;
gpd;Dk; Njhw;wk;ngw;wjhf rkzk;> ,];yhk;> fpwpj;Jtk; vd;Dk; rkaq;fs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
Nkw;fz;l rkaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOe;Js;s ,iwtopghl;L
Myaq;fs; gz;ghl;bd; kpfKf;fpar; rpd;dq;fshg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. jkpof
vy;iyg;gug;ig jd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gLj;jpapUe;j ghz;bau;> Nrhou;> gy;ytu;> tp[aefu
ehaf;fkd;du;fs; MfpNahiu ikakhff; nfhz;Nl rpw;gk;> fl;blk;> ,ir> eldk;>
Xtpak; Kjyhd Ez;fiyfSk; ,g;gFjpapy; tsu;r;rpngw;Ws;sJ.
rq;ffhyk; KjNy ,e;J rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wk; kf;fs;> jkpofj;jpy; mjpf
mstpy; trpj;Js;sdu;. mtu;fs; gpd;gw;wpa fyhr;rhuq;fSk; gof;ftof;fq;fSk;
,d;wstpYk; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fshf ghu;f;fg;ngWfpd;wd. jkpo;ehl;bd; ,j;jifa
jytuyhWfisAk; gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;GfisAk; mwpa fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs;
cjTfpd;wd. mjd; tpsf;fq;fSf;Fg; Nghjhik Vw;gLk; R+oypy; jytuyhw;W


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Ma;TfNs Nghjpa gz;ghl;L jd;ikapyhd tpsf;fq;fis nfhz;litfshfr;

rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; jytuyhw;iw NgRk; Ma;TfSk;> Fwpg;GfSk;
jkpofj;jpd; njhlf;ff; fhyj;ijAk;> gf;jp,yf;fpaf; fhyfl;lj;ijAk; mwpacjTk;
tuyhw;W Mtzq;fshfg; Nghw;wg;ngWfpd;wd. mjndhU ePl;rpahfNt jpUtz;zhkiy
khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s jpUNthj;J}u; irtj;jpUj;jyj;jpy; fhzyhFk; fy;ntl;Lf;
Fwpg;Gfis Ma;T vy;iyahff; nfhz;L ,t;tha;T fl;Liu mikf;fg;ngWfpwJ.
jpUNthj;J}u; ngau; fhuzk;
ehad;khu;fs; fhyj;jpy; ,t;T+u; ‘Xj;J}u;’ vd;W miog;gl;L te;jjhf
Njthug;ghly;fs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpak; ‘kiyg;gLflhk;’
“fLtuw; fYkpf; fl;fpd; Nrah(w;)W
tLtho; vf;fu; kzypDk; gyNu”1
vd;W ,t;T+iuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Kf;fpa rptjyq;fspy; xd;whd jpUNthj;J}u; vDk; ‘nra;ahW’ 63 MtJ
Njthuk; jpUQhdr;rk;gj;jupd; gjpfj;jpy; cs;s gjpndhU ghly;fspy; vl;Lg;ghly;fspy;
‘Xj;J}u;’ vdTk;; %d;W ghly;fspy; ‘jpUNthj;J}u;’ vdTk; ,Utifahd ngau;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. kiof;fhyq;fspy; Mw;wpy; Xj;J}Uila ehaduhfp ‘jpU’ vd;Dk;
milnkhopiag; ngw;W jpUNthj;J}Uilauhf vOe;jUspa ,lkhfpajhy; ,t;tplk;
‘jpUNthj;J}u;’ vd;whdJ.
nra;ahw;wq;fiuapy; ,e;efu; mike;jpUg;gjhy; ‘nra;ahW’ vd;w ngaUk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. jpUNthj;J}Uila ehadhUf;Fg; G+irr;nra;a NrNahdhy; (KUfd;) ,e;j
MW cUthf;fg;gl;ljhy; Nrah(W)w;wpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; Cu; ‘NrahW’ vdTk;
tof;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; Nrahw;wpy; nts;sg;ngUf;nfLj;J XLk;ePu; nrt;itahf (rpfg;G)
XLtjhy;> nra;ahW vd;W Mw;wpw;Fk; Mw;wq;fiuNahu efuj;jpw;Fk; ngau;
,yq;fpapUf;fpwJ. ,jid mUzfpupehjupd; jpUg;Gfo; “nrOePu; Nra;ejp” vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Nrhou;fhy fy;ntl;LfSk;> ngupaGuhzKk; ,t;T+iu rpy E}w;whz;LfSf;F
Kd;ghfNt ‘jpU’Nthj;J}u; vd;Wk;; ‘jpUtj;jpA+u;’ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. ,jpypUe;J
jpUtj;J}u; vd;whf> ,jpy; gupjpGuk; ,izf;fg;gl;L ‘jpUtj;jpGuk;’ vd;Wk; tuyhw;W
tiuglq;fspy; ,t;T+u; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpUNthj;J}u; fy;ntl;Lfs;
jpUNthj;J}u; jpUj;jyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lfs; (29 fy;ntl;Lfs;) kpf
Kf;fpakhditfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. 1900–1910 ,y; jkpofmuR ,f;fy;ntl;Lfisg;
gjpT nra;jpUf;fpwJ. mtw;Ws; ,uh[hjpuh[d;> FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uhN[e;jpud;>
nghj;jg;gpr;Nrhod;> uh[uh[d;-I-II tpf;fpukNrhod; Mfpad Nrhomuru;fs; fhyj;ijr;
Nru;e;jJ xUKfkhfTk;; Re;jughz;bad;> tPughz;bad; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jJ
xUKfkhfTk; ,j;jyj;jpy; ,UNtW fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd. ,jd;wp
Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd; fhyj;jpyhd fy;ntl;L xd;Wk;> uh\;bu$l fd;duNjtd;
fhyj;jpyhd fy;ntl;L xd;Wk; $l ,j;jyj;jpy; fhzg;ngWfpwJ.
,f;fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,j;jyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtdpd; ngau; ‘Xj;J}Uila
ehadhu;’ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; ‘NtjGup’ vd;gJ ,t;T+Uf;Fg;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngauhdNghJ ,iwtDf;F ‘NtjGupehjd;’ vd;w ngau; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;

Nfhapy; topghl;bw;Fk;> epNtjdj;jpw;Fk;> mu;r;rfu;f;Fk; epykspj;j nra;jpfSk;;
G+e;Njhl;lj;jpw;F epykspj;j nra;jpfSk; ,f;fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplgl;Ls;sd.
fy;ntl;Lfs; jUk; nra;jpfs;
jpUNthj;J}u; fy;ntl;L xd;W tpsf;fpw;fhf gRf;fs; thq;fptplg;gl;lr; nra;jpiaj;
njuptpf;fpwJ. “tpisahl;lhf Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;w xUtd; va;j mk;G Fwpjtwp xU
kdpjd;Nky; gl;Ltpl> mjw;fhfj; jpUNthj;J}u; rigahiuf; $l;bf; Fw;wj;ijf; $wp>
rig tpjpj;j tz;zk; Fw;w jz;lkhff; NfhapYf;F 16 gRf;fs; thq;fpf;nfhLj;J>
tpsf;F mspf;fg;gl;lf; fUj;ij xU fy;ntl;Lf; (vz;:77) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.”2
mNjNghy>“tpf;fpukNrhod; (fp.gp.1118-35) fhyj;jpy; CUf;Fs; nts;sk; GFe;J
tpisr;ry; mope;jjhy;> Fbkf;fshy; tupfl;l Kbahky; Nghf> tpf;fpukNrhod;
,uz;lhapuk; Fopepyj;ij 25 fhrpw;Fk;> 4450 Fb Gd;nra;ia 20 fhrpw;Fk; NfhapYf;F
tpw;W ,iwapyp nra;jhd; vd;wr;nra;jp xU fy;ntl;by; (vz;fs;:87>88)
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.” 3
mt;thNw> Kd;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; nghd;Mguzq;fis
,f;NfhapYf;F mspj;jr; nra;jpiaAk;> FNyhj;Jq;fNrhod; jpUKiwapy;
tpUg;Gilatd; vd;gij tpsf;Fk; Kfkhf>“jpUNthj;J}u; jpUf;Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk;
ghbtUk; FUlu;fs; gjpdhWtUk;. ,tu;fSf;Ff; fz;fhl;Ltu; ,UtUk; Mf
gjpNzd;ku;… %d;W re;jpAk; te;J tpz;zg;gk; nra;J….”4 vd;wf;Fwpg;igAk;
,f;Nfhapypy; ,Uf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; (vz;:98-100) fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd.
Nrahw;why; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jpUNthj;J}u; epyq;fs;
Nrahw;wpd; tlfiuapy; xU jPgfw;gj;ijg; Nghy tsu;e;j Cu; jpUNthj;J}uhFk;.
ngUkiof; fhyq;fspy; ,q;F Vw;gLk; nts;sg;ngUf;fhy; ,t;T+upy; gy ,lu;ghLfs;
epfo;e;Js;sd. Mw;wpypUe;J ngUf;nfLj;J tUk; nts;sk; CUf;Fs; GFe;JtpLk;
mghak;> gy E}w;whz;Lfshf ,t;T+upy; epfo;e;jpUg;gij tpf;fukNrhod; (fp.gp.1125)
fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mjpy;>“ngUnts;sk; nfhz;L CUk; NghfKk; mope;jd”5
vd;w tpsf;fk; jug;ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; Flefu; vd;Dk; gFjp> nts;sr;Nrjj;jpdhy;
ngUk;ghYk; ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shFk; R+oy; ,Ug;gJk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mg;nghOJ
,t;T+upy; tho;e;j ngUe;Jiwapdu; xd;W $b nts;sg;ngUf;fhy; Vw;gl;l
gapu;Nrjq;fis <Lnra;a rpy tpisepyq;fis tpw;W> muRf;fhd jPu;itfisr;
nrYj;jpdu; vd;gjw;fhdf; Fwpg;GfSk; ,f;fy;ntl;by; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
jpUNthj;J}upd; goikia tpsf;Fk; fy;ntl;L
jpUNthj;J}u; Nfhapypd; njhd;ikahd fy;ntl;lhf fp.gp.960-,y; %d;whk;
fpU\;zd; vDk; ,uh\;upl$lkd;dd; fhyj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;L
fhzg;ngWfpwJ. ,ijj;njhlu;e;J ngupJk; rpwpJkhf Rkhu; 80 fy;ntl;Lfs; gy;NtW
fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; ,f;Nfhapypy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy;>“fp.gp.984-,y;
cj;jkNrhod; fy;ntl;L xd;W ,f;NfhapYf;Fupa MLfs; gytw;iw mk;kd;dd;
R+iwahlg;gl;l me;jr;rhth%thg; NguhLfSf;F <lhf 200 tskhd MLfisf; Nfhapy;
gzpf;nfdr; Nrho kd;dd; nfhz;L nrYj;jpdhd;”6 vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mNjNghy>
,q;fpUf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfs;>“Nrhog;Nguurp nrk;gpad; khNjtpapd; kUkfSk;>
cj;jkNrhodpd; kidtpAkhd M&ud; mk;gyj;jbfs; vd;gts;> NfhtpYf;F jPgk; Vw;w
25 foQ;R nghd; jhdkspj;jhu;.”7vd;Wk;; “n[aq;nfhz;l Nrho kz;lyj;Jf; fhypA+u;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nfhl;lj;Jf; fhopA+u; ehl;L jpUNthj;J}u; cilahu; vd;Nw Nfhapypy; ,Uf;Fk;

fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,iwtd; Kd;G jpdKk; Ie;JNgu; Ntjk; XJtjw;fhf
jdpNa khdpak;”8 toq;fpdhu; vd;Wk;; “tp[aefu kd;du; ùpùu; fhyj;jpy;
,f;Nfhapypy; upf;Ntjk; XJtjw;fhf jhdk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.”8 vd;Wk;; gy;NtW
nfhilahsu;fspd; nra;jpfis ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.
NkYk;> Qhdrk;ge;ju; gy;yf;fpy; tUtJ Nghd;Wk;; NfhapYf;F NfhNdupuhad;
topghl;Lf;fhf gy;yf;fpy; tUtJ Nghd;Wk; ,uz;L rpw;gq;fs; ,j;jyj;jpypUf;Fk;
fy;ntl;LfSf;F ,ilNaf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
fhyj;jhy; Ke;ja fy;ntl;Lfs;
jpUNthj;J}upy; %ytu; mike;jpUf;Fk; Nfhapy; fp.gp.Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;by;
mikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. gy;ytkd;du;fshy; ,J epWtg;gl;lJ. mNjNghy gy;ytu;
mikj;j fUtiw Nrhokd;duhy; nrg;gk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ Kjw;
FNyhj;Jq;fNrhod; fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;jjhy; mtd;kfd;> “tpf;fpukNrhod; fhyj;Jf;
fy;ntl;L xd;W fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpdpd;Wk;> fPNo ,wq;fpag; gpd; gbf;fl;il mLj;Js;s>
Rtupy; Mrpupag;ghthy; ,aw;wg;ngw;W ,d;Wk; mopahky; ,Ue;JtUfpwJ.”9
,f;fy;ntl;L ngupaGuhzk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ghfNt nghwpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjhy;>
,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd; gioik tpsq;Ftjhf ,/J mikfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;bd; fhyk; 11
E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjp vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;Fk; Kd;ghf
jpUQhdrk;ge;jg;ngUkhd; ghly; ngWtjw;F Kd;dNu ,j;jpUj;jyk; vopNyhLk;
Vw;wj;NjhLk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij cWjpnra;Ak; tpjj;jpy;>“Kjw;
guhe;jfNrhod; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; Nfhapypd; ntspg;gpufhuj;jpy; gQ;r%u;j;jpj;
jyq;fSf;Fupa Ie;J jpUf;Nfhapy;fis mikj;J midtUk; tzq;FkhW
10
nra;Js;shd;.” vd;w nra;jpiaj; jhq;fpathW jpy;iyr;rpjk;gNuru; fy;ntl;L xd;W
,q;F mikj;jpUf;fpwJ.
tuyhw;Wf;F MjhukhFk; fy;ntl;Lfs;
jpUNthj;J}upy; Qhdrk;ge;ju; fhyj;jpy; ‘Gdjif’ vd;Dk; Cupy; rkzu; Nfhapy;
xd;W rpwg;Gw ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk;; mq;fpUe;j rkzu;fs; ePWG+rpf;nfhz;L irtu;fshdgpd;>
mJ ,bf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; ,q;fpUf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. NkYk;
,j;jyj;jpy; Nfhapy; nfhz;Ls;s ,iwtid Xj;J}Uila ehadhu; vd;Wk;; NtjGup
vd;Wk;; kiwnrak;gjp vd;Wk; Xj;J}u; vd;Wk; fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa
rpwg;Gkpf;f ,j;jyj;jpd; Nfhapy; Rtu;fspy; guhe;jfDila fy;ntl;Lk;> FNyhj;Jq;fd;
fhyj;jpa fy;ntl;Lk; Kjw;gpufhuj;jpd; thapypd; njd;Gwr;Rtupy; fhzg;ngWfpwJ.
mjpy; Mjpiu Kjypa tpohf;fSf;fhf mike;j fl;lisfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
“khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;L> FNyhj;Jq;fd; mjpy; ahjtu;fs;
jhq;fs; Ntz;bf;nfhz;l fUj;J ,iwtdhy; Kw;Wg;ngw;wjdhy; ,f;NfhapYf;F ee;jh
tpsf;if nea;apdhy; vupg;gjw;F nea;jUk; gRf;fisAk; rhth Kthg; NguhLfisAk;
nfhLj;jr; nra;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.”11 mNjNghy>“,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
fhyj;jpw;F ,Wjpapy; ,t;T+upy; tho;e;J> NfhapYf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wp te;j Njtjhrp
xUj;jp Nfhkh];fe;ju; tpf;fpufj;ij Nrhkh];fe;j %u;j;jk; kpfg;goikAk;> ngUikAk;
cilaJ. rpwpa tbtpYk; xU Nrhkh];fe;j %u;j;jk;> fe;jg;ngUkhd; tbtpd;wp
,Ug;gjhy; mjid jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; nfhz;L tUtjpy;iy. fu;g;g fufj;jpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Kjy; Rw;Wr;Rtupy; rz;Nlrehadhu; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;F vjpupy; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd;

fhyj;jpYk;> %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpYk;> mk;kd;du;f;Ff; fPo; rpw;wuru;fshf
,g;gFjpia Mz;Lte;j rk;Gtuhau; fhyj;jpYk;> ,t;T+upy; Njthuf;fy;Y}up xd;W
,aq;fp te;jjhfj; njuptpf;fpwJ.”12 ,JNghd;w ,d;Dk; gy tuyhw;Wr;rhd;Wfs; NrahW
jpUj;jyj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa 50 fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd.
epiwTiu
jpUNthj;J}u; jpUj;jyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; eu;j;jd tpdhaUf;Fg;gpd; Rtupy; %d;whk;
,uhruhrd; fy;ntl;L xd;W ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp.13-Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;. ,jpy;
Mtzp KOkjpehspy; ,iwtDf;F tpohr;nra;tjw;F ,t;T+iur;R+o;e;j rpy Cu;fspd;
tUthiaAk;> ,q;F mf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j mr;Rj;jwp> nfhy;yj;jwp Mfpatw;Wf;fhf
thq;Fk; tupiaAk; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;SkhW murd; Miz gpwg;gpj;jik cs;spl;lr;
nra;jpfs; Fwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. ,jdhy; ,t;T+upy; mr;Rj;jwp Kjyhd njhopy;fs;
rpwg;ghf epfo;e;jj; jftiy mwpaKbfpwJ. ,JNghy ,j;jyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,d;Dk; gy tuyhw;Wr;nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. vdNt ,j;jy
tuyhw;iw ,q;F fhzf;fpilf;Fk; fy;ntl;LfSld; MuhAk; tifapy; $Ljy;
tpsf;fq;fs; fpilf;f tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ. ,j;jyj;jpy; ngauha;T jUk; Fog;gj;ijg;Nghy>
,j;jy tuyhw;wpYk; rpy Fog;gq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfSld; mtw;iw
xg;gpl;L MuhAk; Njitia mit czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. gl;bdg;ghiy.> gh.m.555-556.
2. jp.G+.gr;irag;gd;.> jpUNthj;J}u; jytuyhW.> g. 19.> (2014).
3. NkyJ.
4. g.fe;jrhkp.> jkpo;ehl;bd; jytuyhWfSk; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fSk;.> g.56.(2011).
5. NkyJ.> g.62.
6. jp.G+.gr;irag;gd;.> jpUNthj;J}u; jytuyhW.> g. 21.
7. rptuhk;[p.> jpUKiw jpUj;jyq;fs;.> g. 118.
8. NkyJ.> g.23.
9. NkyJ.g. 24.
10. jp.G+.gr;irag;gd;.> jpUNthj;J}u; jytuyhW.> g. 21.
11. NkyJ.g. 21.
12. NkyJ.>gf;.23-24.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tpUJefh; khtl;lj; njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;

Archaeological Sites in Virudhunagar District
Kidth; F.Nkdfh> cjtp Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhh; gy;fiyf;ffoff; fy;Y}hp> gzFb.
Abstract
The paper traces the origins of archaeology in the Virudhunagar District. The
archaeological evidences are enough to find the antique state of the Tamil culture. The
places such as Thiruthangal, Sivakasi, Venpukottai, Kollankondan, Puliparaipatti,
Venganallur, Chettur, Veppankulam, Kottankulam and Cholapuram have rare culverts and
archaeological sites with rare relics. Hence, the paper attempts to bring forth all sorts of
evidences to trace down the facts related to it.
Keywords: Archaeological Sites, Virudhunagar District, Tamils, Culture
tpUJefh; jkpo;ehl;bYs;s tpUJefh; khtl;lj;jpd; jiyefuk; MFk;.

tpUJefhpd; gioa ngah; tpUJg;gl;b MFk;. ,q;F czTg; nghUl;fs; tpahghuKk;>
kiyj; Njhl;l tpisg; nghUl;fs; tpahghuKk; nghpa mstpy; eilngWfpwJ.
tpUJefh; khtl;lk; tpahghu efuk; kl;Lkpd;wp gy tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikfisj;
jd;Ds;Ns nfhz;l khtl;lkhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ.
tpUJefh; khtl;lj;jpy; <Q;rhh;> Gypg;ghiwg;gl;b>nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd>;
ntq;fhey;Yhh>; Ntg;gq;Fsk;> nfhj;jq;Fsk;> NrhoGuk; Nrhiyr;Nrhp> jstha;Guk;>
tlkiy> njd;kiy Mfpa ,lq;fspy; rkzKdpthpd; rpiyfs; Fiffs;
ehzaq;fss; fy;ntl;L Nkhjpuk; KJkf;fs; jhop Nghd;w njhypay; rhd;Wfs;
fpilj;Js;sd.
<Q;rhh; njhy;ypay; fsk;
tpUJefh; khtl;lk; rptfhrp mUNf <Q;rhh; vDk; Chpy; rptDf;Fk;>
ngUkhSf;Fk; Nfhapy;fs; cs;sd. tuyhw;Wr; rpw;g;Gkpf;f ,e;jf; Nfhapy;fs; Nrhoh;
ghz;bah; fl;llf;fiyia xj;Js;sd. ,f;Nfhapy;fs; Mapuk; Mz;LfS;fF
Kw;gl;ljhf nfhs;syhk;. jw;NghJ rptd;Nfhapy; kl;Lk; cs;sJ.ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
mope;Jtpl;lJ. rptd; Nfhapiy kPdhl;rp Nfhapy; vd;Nw mioj;J tUfpd;wdh;.
,f;Nfhapy;fspy; cs;s rpiyfspd; new;wpapy; #hpa xspgLk; gbahf Nfhapy;
Nky;jsj;jpy; Jthuk; ,lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J Nfhapypd; rpwg;G mk;rkhFk;. ngUk;ghyhd
rptd; Nfhapy;fs; fpof;Fg; ghh;j;Jj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy;; Nkw;F jpiriag;
ghh;j;jpUg;gJ rpwg;Gf;FwpajhFk;.
fy;ntl;Lfs;
,f;Nfhapy; ntspRth;fspy; fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. ,e;j fy;ntl;by;tpise;j
epyj;Jf;F thpfs; eph;zak; nra;agl;l jpiz> tuF> vs; Kjypa jhdpatif


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngah;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. fy;ntl;L Kbtpy; ngUk; kzts ke;jphp uhkdhd

gy;ytd; vOj;J vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;L cs;sJ.
Gypg;ghiwg;gl;b njhy;fhg;gpak;
rptfhrpapypUe;J Myq;Fsk; nry;Yk; topapy; Gypg;ghiwgl;b fpuhkk; cs;sJ.
,q;F fsMa;T nra;Ak; NghJ rptypq;fKk>; KJkf;fs; jhopAk; kw;Wk; me;j
fhyj;J XLfs; mk;kp Ml;Luy; Nghd;witAk; fpilj;Js;sd vd jftyhsh;
$Wfpwhh;.
Gypg;ghiwg;gl;b mUNf fhaf;Fb vd;Dk; ejp XLfpwJ. ,e;j ejpf;fiuapy;
nghpa Ch; xd;W ,Ue;J moTw;wjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. ,;ffha;fFb Mw;wpy;
kzy; ms;spaNghJ Rkhh; 3 mb Moj;jpy; ,Ue;j rptypq;fk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
ypq;fk; jw;NghJ Gypg;ghiwg;gl;b nry;t tpehafh; Nfhapypy; cs;sJ.
nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; njhy;ypay;fsk;
fp.gp.1268-k; Mz;by; kJiuapy; Kjyhk; khwth;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad;
mhpaiz Vwpdhd;. mtd; Ml;rpapy;; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; (1275) jpUthq;$h; ehl;b d;
kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W Nru kd;did ntd;whd;. ,e;j ntw;wpapd; fhuzkhf
Nruid ntd;whd; vd;Wk; Nru ehl;bd; xU gFjpahfpa nfhy;yj;jpy; Nghh; ele;jjhy;
“nfhy;yk; nfhz;lhd;” vd;Wk; FyNrfu ghz;bad; rpwg;Gg; ngah; ngw;whd;.
mtd; Nghh;gilapy; nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; Ciur; Nrh;;e;j gy tPuh;fs; ,lk;
ngw;W ,Ue;jdh;. mjd; fhuzkhf ,e;j CUf;F> FyNrfu ghz;bad; epidthf
“nfhy;yq; nfhz;lhd;” vd;W ngah; Vw;gl;lJ. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,e;j Ch;
“jpUg;gzpGuk;” vd;Wk; “FyNrfuGuk;” vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
uhIghisak; mUNf nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; fpuhkj;jpy; fp.gp.14 k; Ehw;whz;ilr;
rhh;e;j ypq;fk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. khwth;kd; tPughz;bad; (fp.gp.1340-1380) tiu
nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; gFjpia jd;dhl;rp elj;jp te;jhd;. mg;NghJ rptd; Nfhapy;
xd;iwf; fl;b mf;NfhapYf;F ‘tPughz;B];tuh’; vd;W ngah; #l;bdhd;.
,k;kd;dd; ngahpy; ,q;Fs;s nghpa Fsj;jpy; xU fy;ntl;Lk; cs;sJ. 7k;
Ehw;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j $d; ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy; rkz Kdpthpd; rpiy
fp.gp.18 k; Ehw;whilr; Nrh;;e;j vwpFz;LfSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. gPuq;fp kw;Wk;
Jg;ghf;fp %yk; Fz;Lfs; tPrg;gLfpd;wd. mit ,y;yhky; ifapdhy; tPrg;gLtJjhd;
vwpFz;Lfs; MFk;. vwpFz;Lfspy; ntbFz;L> jPf;Fz;L> tp\thAf;Fz;L Mfpa
ufq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,g;gFjpapy; 3 vwpFz;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J tp\thA
vwpFz;Lfs; MFk;. mit fspkz;Zk;> kzYk; fye;J nra;ag;gl;lit. yl;L
Nghd;w cUtk; cs;sit. ,tw;wpy; 2 Fz;Lfs; rpije;Jk; 1 Fz;L rpijahky;
KOikahfTk; cs;sd.
mJkl;Lky;yhky; gy;ytfhyj;J NkhjpuKk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
Nkhjpuk; nrk;gpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. fp.gp 9k; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ MFk;.
ntq;fhey;Yhh; njhy;ypay; fsk;
uh[ghisak; mUNf ntq;fhey;Yhh; vd;w fpuhkk; cs;sJ. Kw;fhyj;jpy;
ntz;fyj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l ujj;jpy; rptrf;jp tyk; te;Js;shh;fs;. mjdhy; ,e;j
fpuhkj;jpw;F njw;Ftz;fyey;Y}h; vd;W ngah; ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJ njw;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ntq;fhey;Y}h; vd kUtp tpl;lJ. ,q;Fs;s rpjk;gu Re;jNuRtuh; vd;w Nfhtpy;

gpurpj;jp ngw;wJ. ,e;jf; Nfhapypy; 13-k; Ehw;whz;bd; ghz;ba kd;dd; 2k; khwth;kd;
Re;jughz;badpd; fy;ntl;LfSk;> 14k; Ehw;whz;bd; Nrukd;dd; utpth;kd;
FyNrfudpd; fy;ntl;LfSk; cs;sd. ,e;j Nfhapypd; <rhd %iyapy; xU
fy;ntl;Lk; cs;sJ. rptDf;F fz; nfhLj;j Ntld; fz;zg;gh; rpiyAk; ,q;F
fpilj;Js;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
Nrj;Jhh; njhy;ypay; fsk;
uh[ghisak; mUNfNrj;Jhh; Nkl;Lg;gl;bf;F njd;fpof;fpy; jstha;Guk; mUfpy;
nkhl;lkiy cs;sJ. me;j kiyapy; xU fy;kz;lgk; ,Uf;fpwJ. me;j
kz;lgj;jpw;Fs; xU Fif cs;sJ. me;j Fif 7k; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j rkz
Kdpth;fs; jq;fp tho;e;j Fif vd;gJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nrj;Jhhpy; rkz
rkaj;ij epWtpa kfhtPuh; rpiyAk; fz;Lgpbf;fgl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rpiy fp.gp.7k;
Ehw;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jjhFk;.
Ntg;gq;Fsk; njhy;ypay; fsk;
uh[ghisak; rQ;rt P p kiyapd; fPo;g;Gwk; Ntg;gq;Fsk; vd;w fpuhkk; cs;sJ.
,t;T+h; Mw;wq;fiug;gFjpiaj; Njhz;bg; ghh;j;jjpy; Jh;f;if mk;kd; jl;rpzh%h;j;jp>
fd;dpkhh;fs;> ee;jpNjth;> ckhNjtp> rptypq;fk; cs;spl;l gy mhpa fy; rpwgq;fs;
fpilj;Js;sd. 1000 Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ija rptd; NfhapYk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nfhj;jq;Fsk; njhy;ypay; fsk;
xU ehl;bd; tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpj; njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;F rhd;Wfshf
cs;sitfspy; ehzaq;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhditahFk;. nfhj;jq;Fsj;jpy; uhkgpuhd;
yf;Ftd; cUtk;> tpf;Nlhhpah cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ehzaq;fSk;
,uhkh; yf;Ftd; cUtk;
18k; Ehw;whz;by; eilngw;w ik#h; Nghhpy; ntw;wp ngw;wijf; nfhz;lhLk;
tpjkhf fpof;fpe;jpa ,af;fk; vd;w ngahpy; jq;fg;gjf;fq;fis ntspapl;ldh;.
jFjpf;Nfw;wthW gy;NtW cNyhfq;fspy; gjf;fq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;l gpd;;dNu
ehzaq;fis ntspapl;ldh;. me;j ehzaq;fspy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhff; fUjg;gLtJ
uhkgpuhd; yf;Ftd; Mfpath;fspd; cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;lJjhd;. ,UtUk; tpy;Yld;
epd;w Nfhyj;jpy; cUtk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; ,uz;L
rpw;gq;fs; epd;w tz;zkha; eLtpYs;s fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd; rpd;dj;ij jhq;fp
nfhz;bUf;Fk; tz;zk; cs;sJ.
tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp
fpof;fpe;jpaf;fk;ngdp gphpl;l\; kd;dh;fspd; cUtq;fis ehzaq;fspy;
ntspaPl;L te;jJ. me;j tifapy; tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp Ml;rp nra;J te;jNghJ
mtUf;Fk; ehzak; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. me;ehzaj;jpy; kfhuhzpapd; khh;G msT
cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NrhoGuk; njhy;ypay; fsk;
uh[ghisaj;jpypUe;J rq;fud;Nfhtpy; nry;Yk; rhiyapy; NrhoGuk; mUNf
NjtpahW cs;sJ. ,e;j Mw;wpd; fiuapy; fp.gp.16 k; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j ghz;ba
kd;dd; rpiy jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;l epiyapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
11-k; E}w;whz;by; nrk;G cNyhfj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l ,yq;if ehzak;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; Ml;rp ghz;ba ehL kw;Wk; ,yq;if
tiu gutpapUe;jjhy; ,yq;if ehzaq;fs; ghz;ba ehl;bYk; Gofj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.
ghz;ba ehl;bd; xU gFjpahfpa NrhoGuj;jpy; ,e;j ehzak; fpilj;Js;sJ.
,e;ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fKk; kdpjcUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gpljf;fjhFk;.
jftyhsp gl;bay;
e.uhirah> taJ 60> nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd;> 2001-k; Mz;L ,uh[ghisak>;
tpUJefh; khtl;lk;.
JizE}y;
Nf.Nf. gps;is> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;>
nrd;did - 2004.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;nghUs; khdpltpaypy; rq;F

Sangu in Archeo-Anthropology
,uh.Nkhfd tre;jd;> Ma;tpay; epiwQu;>

cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id-600113.
Abstract
The paper elicits the details of the use of Sangu (Conch) and the cultivation of it. The
study details it with the evidences from the culverts and the authentic literary sources.
Thoothukudi is on of the very important place in Pandiya Nadu in diving to get Sangu for
making the ornaments from it. The medical qualities of Sangu flesh are also discussed in the
article. Hence, the critique gives out the minuscule information of the use of Sangu in Tamil
culture.
Keywords: Sangu, Archeo-Anthropology, Tamil Culture
“ehd; xU kdpjd;> kdpjDf;Fr; rk;ge;jkhd vJ gw;wpAk; ehd; mf;fiw

nfhz;Nl Mf Ntz;Lk;” (nlud;];> jd;idj;jhNd tUj;Jgtu; vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau;)
kdpjDf;Fr; rk;ge;jkhd vJTk; khdpltpaYf;F me;epakha; ,Ug;gjpy;iy> me;j
tifapy; njhy;nghUshd flypy; fpilf;Fk; rq;fhdJ jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpy;
njhopy;> ek;gpf;if> topghL> mzpfyd;fs;> fl;llf;fiy Nghd;wtw;wpy; njhd;W
njhl;L Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jij mfo;thuha;r;rpg; nghUl;fs;> fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;>
,yf;fpag ;gjpTfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L tpsf;FtNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhf
mikfpwJ.
gupzhkg;ghu;it
”xU Jiwahfg; ghu;j;jhy;> khdpltpay; ntspg;gilahd gupzhkg; ghu;itia
kdpj elj;ijia Ma;tjw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ. “khdpltpaypd; ehd;F Kf;fpakhd cg
JiwfspYk; (m) r%ff; fyhr;rhu khdpltpay;) capupay; khdpltpay;) njhy;nghUs;
khdpltpay;) nkhopapay; khdpltpay; kdpjd; ePz;l gupkhzg; ghijapy; te;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; vd;W xg;Gf; nfhz;L> mij Ma;tjd; thapyhfNt kdpjdhf
,Ug;gJ vd;why; vd;d? vd;W Gupe;J nfhs;s ,aYk; vd;W xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwJ” (OUR
KIND- ek;ikg; Nghd;Nwhu;> khu;tpd; `hup];> mnkupf;f khdpltpay;)
njhy;nghUs; khdpltpay;
kdpjdpd; tuyhW vOj;Jf;fspYk; Gj;jfq;fspYk; kl;Lk; vOjp itf;fg;
gltpy;iy. mJ Fif Xtpaq;fspYk; rpj;jpu vOj;Jf;fspYk; J}f;fpnawpag;gl;l
fy;YspfspYk; kz;ghz;lq;fspYk; kjr; rpiyfspYk; ,d;Dk; goq;fhyk;
J}f;fpnawpag;gl;l rpd;dr; rpd;d J}s;fspYk; jfLfspYk; vOjp itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
njhy;nghUs; Jiw rhu;e;j khdpltpayhsu;fs; ,e;j Mr;ru;akhd rpd;dr;rpd;d


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tpraq;fspypUe;J goq;fhyr;r%fk; vg;gb ,Ue;jJ? mjd; fyhr;rhuk; vd;d? vd;gij

kPz;Lk; ep&gpf;f Kay;fpwhu;fs;. ,e;jj; njhd;ikahd nghUl;fspD}lhf kdpju;fisg;
gbg;gij njhy;nghUs; khdpltpay; vdyhk;.
rq;F vLj;jy;
tuyhw;wpd; njhlf;ffhyk; Kjy; ,d;W tiu J}j;Jf;Fb> ,uhkehjGuk;>
GJf;Nfhl;il Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy; “rq;Fspj;jy;” vd;w ngaupy; rq;F vLf;Fk;
njhopy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf; fl;lq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ. Kj;Jf;Fspj;jy; ,y;yhj
fhyq;fspy; rq;Fspj;jy; njhopy; gutyhf eilngWfpwJ.
mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; rq;Fg;nghUl;fs;
jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ePufo;tha;T ikaj;jpd; Nguhrpupau; e.
mjpakhd; mtu;fspd; “rq;F” vd;w E}ypy; jkpofj;jpy; eilngw;w mfo;tha;Tfspy;
37-,lq;fspy; rq;Fg; nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sjhfg; gjpT nra;Js;shu;. ,jpy; rq;F
tisay;fs;> rq;fpdhyhd nfhz;il thup tisay;fs;> rq;F kzp> Nghd;wtit
Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jit> NkYk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fSs;> nfhLkzy;> nfhw;if>
mofd;Fsk;> <Q;rhu;> Ntk;gf; Nfhl;il> rq;fuypq;fGuk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; rq;F
njhlu;ghd Ntiyg;ghLfs; nra;Ak; “rq;F njhopw;$lk;” ,Ue;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfisf;
fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;.
,it tuyhw;Wj; njhlf;f fhyk; njhlq;fp> Gjpa fw;fhyk;> ,Uk;Gf;fhyk;
vdg; goq;fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jit vd ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,Nj Nghy ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk; NjupUNtypapy; eilngw;w mfo;tha;tpy;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd rq;Fg; nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd> ,tw;iw ,uz;L fhyf;
fl;lq;fshfg; gFj;Js;sdu;.
Kjyhk; fhy fl;lk;: fp.K.300 Kjy; fp.gp.100 tiu
,uz;lhk; fhy fl;lk;: fp.gp.100 Kjy; fp.gp.300 tiu.
(NjupUNtyp mfo;tha;T> jp.];uj P u;> jkpo; ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw)
gd;ndLq;fhye; njhl;Nl njhd;ikahd nghUshf tpsq;Fk; rq;fhdJ kf;fspd;
md;whl tho;tpy; ,iae;J te;Js;sikia mwpa KbfpwJ.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; rq;F gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
Nky;NrT+u;
(nrQ;rp tl;lk;) up\g GuP];tuu; Nfhapypy; cs;s Kjy; ,uhruhrd; fy;ntl;L
kw;Wk; jQ;irf; Nfhapypy; cs;s fy;ntl;bd; nra;jpfs;- Nfhapy; topghl;bd; NghJ
rq;F Cjg;gl;ljhfTk; ,jw;fhfr; rq;F CJNthu;fF ; epyk; mspf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ-
fhiyapy; ,iwtDf;Fg; gs;spnaOr;rp Kjy; vy;yh epfo;rr
; pfspYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ,irf;fUtpfSs; rq;Fk; ,lk; ngw;wjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(Mu;.tre;jp Njtp> fy;ntl;lha;thsu;> njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw)
jpUr;Nrhw;Wj;Jiw- Nrhod; ,uhrNfruptu;kd; fy;ntl;L
jpUr;Nrhw;Wj;Jiw kfhNjtu;f;F ,uz;L rq;Ffs; mspf;fg;gl;L CJthu;f;F
epykspj;j nra;jpAk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. (SII.VO VL NO.615)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpjk;guk; eluhru; Nfhapy;- Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd; fy;ntl;L

Nfhapypy; rq;fhgpN\fk; nra;Akplj;J mr;rq;fpy; eP&w;wp mgpN\fk;
nra;thDf;F epykspj;j nra;jp Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. (Mu;.tre;jp Njtp>
fy;ntl;lha;thsu;> njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw)
tPut ey;Y}u;ff; y;ntl;L
jpUney;Ntyp ngUkhs; vd;gtu; epj;a G+irf;Fk; kw;w rpwg;G topghl;Lf;Fk;
epykspj;j nra;jp nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (Fkup fy;ntl;L> 87-1969)
,t;thwhfr; rq;fhdJ Nfhapy;> topghL> G+ir> jhdk; vd;gdthf ehfupf tsu;r;rpapy;
njhlu;e;J gazpj;J tUtij mwpa KbfpwJ.
,yf;fpaq;fspy; rq;F
m) rq;F vLg;Nghu;;
flypy; ,wq;fp rq;nfLf;Fk; kf;fSf;nfdj; jdpjdpr; NrupNa ,Ue;jij mwpa
KbfpwJ. (”,yq;Ftis ,UNrup”-kJiuf;fhQ;rp> mjhtJ tpsq;Ffpd;w ngupa rq;F
Fspg;ghu; ,Ug;G)
M) rq;F Ntiy nra;Nthu;
rq;fpid mWj;J tis nra;jiyg;gw;wp Vuhskhd Fwpg;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
,t;Ntiyia ghu;g;gdu; nra;Jte;jdu; vd;gij
“Ntshg;ghu;g;ghd; thsue; Jkpj;j tis”-(mfk;:291)
vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy; mwpayhk;.
rq;fpid mWj;J tis nra;jiyg;gw;wp>
“muk;Ngho; mt;tis nghype;j Kd;if”-(mfk;:6)
“NfhLNgho; filQUk;”-(k.fhQ;rp)
“tpyq;fuk; ngwhj rq;fpd; nts;tis”-(rPt:2441)
“tpyq;fuk; ngh&ck; ntt;tis Ngho;eu;”-(kzp.tup.330)
vd;w ghly;fspd; topahfr; rq;fhdJ rpwpa muj;jhy; mWf;fg;gl;L tisay;fshfr;
nra;ag;gl;lij mwpfpNwhk;.
,) mzpfyd;fs;
rq;F tbtpy; xU jiyazpfyd; ,Ue;jJ. rq;F vd;gjw;F tis vd;Nw
ngaupUe;jJ. mg;ngaNu ifapyzpAk; XuzpfyDf;Fk; ngauhfpr; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpwg;Gwg; Ngrg;gl;lJ. (Iq;.E}W: 191> 193> 194)
<) fl;llk;
rq;fpidr; Rl;Lr; Rz;zhk;ghf;fpg; G+Rtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. me;jr;Rz;zk;
mq;fhbfspy; tpw;fg;gl;ld vd;gij>
“ePL nfhb ,iyapdu;
NfhL RL E}w;wpdu;” (kJ:401)
c) topghl;by; rq;F
itztu;fs; tyk;Gupr;rq;if eyk; jUk; nghf;fprkhff; fUJtu;. gupghlypy;
jpUkhiyf; Fwpf;Fk; NghJ>
“ePNa tisnahL GiuAk; thypNghw; ft
dpisa ndd;Nghu;f; fpisia ahjYk;”


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;Wk;>
“,UNtW kz;byj; jpaf;fk; Nghy
NekpAk; tisAk; Vw;wk; ifapy;
fUtp kpd;d”
“ryk;Gup jz;Nle;jpdit
tyk;Gup taNekpait”
vd;Wk; gupghlypy; jpUkhypd; ifapy; rq;F ,Ug;gJ Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
C) epkpj;jk; ghu;j;jy;
rq;f fhye;njhl;Nl epkpj;jk; ghu;f;Fk; tof;fk; jkpo; kf;fspilNa cz;L.
,ijNa tpupr;rp vd ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gbf;fpNwhk;. ,q;F rq;F Koq;FtJ
ed;epkpj;jkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ (rPtf.1888) murd; NghUf;F Gwg;gLk; NghJk; ntw;wp
mile;j NghJk; rq;F Koq;fy; tof;fnkd;gijg; gy E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;.
v) ek;gpf;if
Mltu; ifapy; rq;F Nuif ,Ug;gJ rpwg;GilaJ vd;gij “tyk;Gup nghwpj;j
tz;if Njtyp” (rPtf.204) vd;Dk; gFjpahy; czuyhk;.
gpzpiag;Nghf;Fk; Nguhw;wy; rq;fpw;F cz;L.mjdhy; jhd; jha;khu;fs; jq;fs;
Foe;ijfSf;F ghy;> kUe;J Nghd;wtw;iw rq;fpdhy; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. rq;fpd;
fwpahdJ nfhba tpahjpfisAk; kba itf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ. kpfTk;
RitahdJ ,wg;gpd; NghJ rq;fpd; rj;jj;ij ,g;NghJk; Nfl;f KbfpwJ. Mf
kdpjDila tho;tpy; ,d;wsTk; gad;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk; rq;fhdJ kpfTk;
njhd;ikahd nghUs; vd;gijf; fhl;bYk; mJ gad;ghl;by; ,Ug;gJ Nghw;wj; jf;fJ.
,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; njhl;by; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; rpe;Jntsp ehfupfj;jpw;F Ke;ija
ehfupfk; ek; jkpou; ehfupfk; vd;gij nka;g;gpf;f njhy;nghUs; khdpltpay; vd;gJ
mtrpkhd Ma;thfpwJ. ,j; njhd;ikahd nghUl;fis ,yf;fpaq;fNshL
nghUj;jpg;ghu;j;J xU Kbit vl;LtNj rhyr;rpwe;jjhFk;.
E}w;gl;bay;
1. OUR KIND (ek;ikg; Nghd;Nwhu;)- khu;tpd; `hup];- mnkupf;f khdpltpayhshu;.

2. rq;fWf;Fk; vq;fs; Fyk;> n[.ghyd; –nea;jy; gjpg;gfk;-1982> nrd;id.
3. rq;F> Nguh.e.mjpakhd;> ePufoha;T ikak;> jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
4. NjupUNtyp mfo;tha;T> jp.];u.P ];uj
P u;-,Mg> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw.
5. Mu;. tre;j fy;ahzp> fy;ntl;lha;thsu;> njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
‘fz;zfp kz;zpy;’ nghUz;ikapy; njhy;ypay; Xh; ghh;it

Archaeology in the Land of Kannagi
,uh. aNrhjh> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

gp\g; `Pgh; fy;Y}hp> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 620017.
Abstract
The paper elicits about archaeology in the land of Kannagi. It becomes prominent to
know about the culture and the civilization existed lang back there. Hence, the study paves
way to comprehend the region that Kannagi lived before ages back and these evidences may
help to understand the cultural origins of the ancient Tamil people.
Keywords: Archaeology, Land of Kannagi, Poombukar, Deluge, Culture, Tamils
Kd;Diu
njhy;ypay; vd;gJ fl;blf;fiy> njhy;nghUl;fs;> njhy;Yaph; vr;rk;> kdpj
kpr;rq;fs;> vz;zpkg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; vd;gd cs;spl;l vQ;rpa
nghUl;fis ntspf;nfhzh;e;J> Mtzg;gLj;jp> gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk;
nra;ag;gLk; kdpjg; gad;ghL gw;wpa gbg;ghFk;. Gjpa njhy;ypaw; fsq;fisf;
fz;Lgpbj;jy;> mtw;wpy; mfo;tha;T nra;jy;> tifg;gLj;jy;> gFg;gha;jy;
Ngzpf;fhj;jy; vd;gdnty;yhk;> njhy;ypay; rhh;e;j topKiwfspd; gy;NtW
Kf;fpakhd fl;lq;fs; MFk;. ,q;qdk; Muhag;gLk; njhy;ypay; rhh;e;j
mfoha;TfisAk;> mfoha;tpd; %yk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l rpiyfisAk; gw;wp>
nghUs;fisAk; fz;zfp tho;e;j kz;zhfpa g+k;Gfhhpy; fpilj;j jfty;fisg;gw;wp
‘fz;zfp kz;zpy;’ vd;Dk; jhak;khs; mwthzdpd; nghUz;ikapy; Muhag;gLtij
,f;fl;Liu thapyhf mwpayhk;.
fz;zfp kz; - g+k;Gfhh;
gioa ,yf;fpa Gfo;ngw;w fhtphpg+k;gl;bdNk g+k;Gfhh; MFk;. ,J fw;Gf;furp
fz;zfpapd; tho;tplkhk;. ,e;efhpy; gz;ghL> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> fiyfs;> tho;f;if
Kiwfs; Nghd;wit kpfr;rpwe;j Kiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
“ghh;$o; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l fhgpapd; Ntypf;fw;fSs; xd;iwf; nfhil
mspj;j ngsj;jg; ngz; Jwtpahd Nrhkh vd;gth; ‘fhfe;jp’ vd me;ehspy;
toq;fg;gl;l ,f;fhtphpg; g+k;gl;bdj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;. Mf fhfe;jp vd;w ngah;
fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdj;jpw;F toq;fg;ngw;w gy ngah;fSs; xd;W. (jhak;khs; mwthzd;>
fz;zfp kz;zpy;> g.219)
,J kl;Lky;yhky; G+k;Gfhhpy; kf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fshd grp> Neha;>
gif Kjypait jhf;fhkypUf;f> ‘trpAk; tsDk; Ruf;f Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W tho;j;jp>
ngz;fnsy;yhk; g+ir nra;Ak; xU gypgPlj;jpy;> ntw;wp Nte;jd; ntw;wp ngWkhW
tPuh;fs; vy;yhk; KuR miwe;J gypnfhLg;gh;. ,JNghd;w ek;gpf;iff;Fhpa nray;fSk;
,e;efhpy; ,lk; ngWtij mwpa KbfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
NkYk; ,e;efuhdJ ,e;jpuDf;F tpoh elj;jhjjhy; flYf;Fs; %o;fpajhfTk;

kzpNkfiy Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk;ngWtJ ftdpf;ff;$ba xd;whFk;. Mdhy;>
“irtf;Futh;fs; Gfhhpy; cs;s ,iwtid> ‘Gfhh;g; gy;ytdPr;rg; ngUkhNd’ vd;W
ghbAs;sjhy; Gfhh; KOtJk; flYs; kiwatpy;iy vdf; nfhs;syhk;.” (jhak;khs;
mwthzd;> fz;zfp kz;zpy;> g.219) vd;w Fwpg;Gk; cs;sJ.
mNjhL ,e;efhpy;> kz;zpy; GijAz;L fplf;Fk; njhy;ypay; rhh; nghUs;fshd
rpiyfSk;> nghUs;fSk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L> nghJkf;fspd; ghh;itf;F itf;fg;gLk;
mUq;fhl;rpafKk; ,q;F mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;qdk; mfoha;T nra;ag;gl;L
gy;NtW nghUs;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gLk; xU njhy;ypay; Ma;Tf;fskhfTk; ,e;efh;
mike;Js;sJ kpfg; Nghw;WjYf;FhpajhFk;.
rpiyfSk;> nghUs;fSk; - fz;nlLg;G
fz;zfpapd; tuyhW NgRk; g+k;Gfhhpy; GijAz;L fple;j nghUs;fspd;>
rpiyfs;> KJkf;fs; jhopfs;> nrg;Gj;jfLfs;> fhRfs;> RLkz; nghk;ikfs;>
rPdNuhkhdpag; nghUs;fs;> gy;yth;fhyr; rpw;gq;fs; Nghd;w midj;Jk;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy;>
“rk;ghgjp mk;kd; Nfhapypy; cs;s g+jq;fspd; glq;fs; itf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
,it kpfj; njhd;ikahd rk;ghgjp Nfhapy; cl;gFjpapYk; ntspg;gFjpapYk;
epWtg;ngw;Ws;s Mz;> ngz; g+j tbtg; Gifg;glq;fshFk;.” (fz;zfp kz;zpy;>
jhak;khs; mwthzd;> g.231)
gy;yth; fhyr; rpw;gq;fshd “Nkyg;ngUk;gs;s rq;fe;jk; Fsk; Nkl;Lg;gFjpapy;
ftdpg;ghuw;Wf; fple;j gy;yth; fhyr;rpw;g mikjpAila Iadhh; rpiy fk;gPukhf
mkh;e;j epiyapy; fhl;rpf;$l Eiothapypy; mkh;j;jpAs;shh;fs;. flw;gFjpapy;
fpilj;j tpehafr; rpw;gk; xd;Wk; itf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.” (fz;zfp kz;zpy;> jhak;khs;
mwthzd;> g.231)
,JNghd;w fk;gPukhd nja;tr; rpiyfSk;> jha; nja;t cUtq;fSk;> RLkz;
cUtq;fspd; jiyg;gFjpfSk;> Gj;jghjKk;> Gj;jh; rpiyfSk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,J
kl;Lky;yhky;> fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Gj;j tpfhukhdJ> Me;jpu Njr
ehfh;[Pd nfhz;lhtpy; fhzg;gl;l tpfhuj;ijg; Nghd;W mike;Js;s rpwg;Gk; cs;sJ.
,e;j Gj;jtpfhuq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; kzpNkfiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“gs;spf;fiw kz;lgk; cz;L mjDs;sJ
Jepw khkzpr; Rlnuhsp tphpe;j
jhkiug; gPbif jhd; cz;L” (kzp> 364-65)
,JNghd;w g+k;Gfhhpy; fpilj;Js;s Gj;jghj tpfhuq;fshdJ mkuhtjp> ehfhh;[Pd
nfhz;lh Kjypa ,lq;fspy; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l xUtiff; fy;yhy; nra;jjhFk;.
NkYk; Gj;jh; jpahdj;jpy; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; nrg;Gr; rpiyfSk; Gfhhpy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
“fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdj;jpd; Nkiya+h; vd;w gFjpapy;> Gj;j tp`huk; fpilj;Js;s
gFjpapy; Nghjp rj;t ikj;Nuahpd; nrg;Gj;jpUNkdp xd;W g+kpf;fbapy; ,Ue;J
fpilj;jJ. ,J vl;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,g;gFjpia Mz;l
kd;dd; ,uh[rpk;kd;.” (fz;zfp kz;zpy;> jhak;khs; mwthzd;> g.218)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,JNghd;w gy rpiyfs; tpj;jpahrkhd epiyfspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L g+k;Gfhh;

mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpYk;> nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpYk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mfoha;T rpwg;Gfs;
g+k;Gfhhpy; mfoha;T rpwg;gplq;fshf gy ,lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. me;j
tifapy; ‘fpohh;ntsp’ vd;Dk; Chpy; kf;fs; jq;fs; topghl;L Neh;j;jpf; flDf;fhf
RLkz;zhy; Mfpa jhkiu kyhpy; mike;j rpwpa mstpyhd Gj;jh; ghjq;fs;
mtNyhfP];tuh; Nghd;w RLkz; nghk;ikj;jiyg;gFjp> gwit Nghd;wd
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,JNghd;W fpohh;ntspf;F mUfpy; kzpfpuhkk; vd;Dk; Chpy;
RLkz; cUtj;jpd; jiyg;gFjp xd;W fpilj;Js;sJ. ,J Gj;jh; cUtkhfNth
my;yJ KUfd; cUtkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk; vdTk; Muhag;gLfpwJ. Nkw;fpy;
Nkiya+hpy; ehaf;fh; fhyj; njhy;nghUs;fs; fpilj;jpUg;gjhy; gz;ila efuk;
,jw;Ff; fpof;fpy; mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mfoha;tpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
“tisay;fSf;fhf mWj;j rq;Ffs;> rPdf;FLitfs;> Nuhkhdpaf; fhRfs;>
rq;ffhyr; rJuf;fhR> Fjpiu cUtk; gjpj;j Nuhkhdpag; ghid XL> khd; nfhk;G>
Nuhkhdpa Mk;gNuh kJf;fyj;jpd; gFjpapy;> fz;zhb kw;Wk; gPq;fhd; XLfs;>
ciwfpzW mLf;Ffs;> G+k;Gfhh; mfo;tha;tpy; njhy;nghUs; Jiwahy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.” (jhak;khs; mwthzd;> fz;zfp kz;zpy;> g.223)
NkYk; fz;zfp tho;e;j kz;zpw;F milahskhf mtsJ rpyk;ghdJ
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. “nfhy;yk; flw;fiuapy;
flypy; 10 mb Moj;jpy; rpyk;G fpilj;J. ,ijf; nfhy;yj;ijr; Nrh;e;j jpahfuh[d;
vd;gth; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. mth; mDkjpAld; fhl;rpapy; G+k;Gfhhpy; itf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
Kd;gFjp gue;Jk; gpd;gFjp rpWj;Jk; mike;Js;sJ. fhypy; mzpAk; tifapy;
cs;gFjp totog;ghf cs;sJ. cs;Ns guy;fs; ,ltrjpahff; fhahf mikf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sJ.” (jhak;khs; mwthzd;> fz;zfp kz;zpy;> g.234)
fhpfhyd; fhyr; nrg;Gf;fhRfSk;> fhRfspy; ahid nghwpf;fg;gl;l mikg;Gk;>
thiyj; J}f;fpa epiyapy; cs;s mikg;GfSk; ,lk; ngWtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
mNjhL Nrhoh; fhyj;J tbtpyhd ,U mur cUtq;fspd; jiyg;gFjpfs; xU gPlk;>
xU eld khJtpd; cly;> mofpa RLkz; nghk;ikfs; Nghd;wit nts;isad;
,Ug;Gg; gFjpfspy; mike;Js;sJ glFj;Jiwapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fw;fspd;
msTfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mit>
“glFj;Jiwapy; ,Ue;J rpy fw;fis vLj;J te;J fhl;rpapy; itj;Js;shh;fs;.
me;jf; fy;ypd; msT kpfg; nghpa nrq;fy;ypd; msT 61/4.5/10 nrd;bkPl;lhh; rpy
fw;fs; 52 x 32 x 8 nrd;bkPl;lhh;.” (jhak;khs; mwtzhd;> fz;zfp kz;zpy;> g.234)
mUq;fhl;rpafg; nghUs;fs;
mfoha;tpy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;W gy nghUl;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L g+k;Gfhh;
mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ,q;F cs;s nghUl;fs; g+k;Gfhhpy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; mit rPd Njrj;J kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa
nghUs;fshfTk;> Nuhkhdpag; nghUl;fshfTk; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
“Nuhkhdpaf; fhRfs; fhl;rpg; nghUshf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; fg;gy;
rpd;dk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rPdNjrj;J kJrhbAk; mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; cs;sJ
rPdf;FLitfs;> Fjpiu cUtk; gjpj;j Nuhkhdpag; ghid xLfs;> ,iy> gwit


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;l Nuhkhdpag; ghid XLfs;> rPdNjrj;J mhpa ghid XLfs;”

(jhak;khs; mwthzd;> fz;zfp kz;zpy;> g.230) Nghd;witfs; ,lk; ngWtNjhL>
“bhpl;fuh vd;W miof;fg;gLk; fy;yhf khwpa fpspQ;ry; 2.5 Nfhb
Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd;W Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. g+k;Gfhh; gFjpapy; 2000 Mz;Lfs;
gioik tha;e;j nghUl;fshd KJkf;fs; jhopfs;> RLkz; fiyak;> gw;fs;>
vYk;Gfs;> fUg;G rptg;Gf; fpz;zk;> FWths;> ciwAld; Nghh; ths; ,it
fpilj;Js;sd.” (jhak;khs; mwthzd;> fz;zfp kz;zpy;> g.230)
NkYk; gy mhpa fiyg; nghUs;fshd fyak;> mfy; tpsf;F> vYk;Gj;
Jz;Lfs; Nghd;witfSk; mNjhL fz;zhb> gPq;fhd; XLfs;> gy;tz;z kzpfs;
Nghd;witfSk; fpilj;Js;sd.
,wf;FkjpahFk; nghUs;fs;
g+k;Gfhhpy; mfoha;tpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gLk; nghUs;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp ,wf;FkjpahFk;
nghUs;fSk; gy cs;sd. mit> nghw;fyd;fs;> jq;ff;fhRfs;> Nuhkhdpaf; fyd;fs;>
gPq;fhd; fyd;fs;> ghit tpsf;Ffs;> rPdg;gl;L> Fjpiufs;> kJtiffs;> eWkzg;
nghUs;fs;> Fq;Fkk;> gdpePh;> fw;g+uk;> fz;zhbg; nghUs;fs;> gl;lhRfs;> rPdp>
,ae;jpug; nghUl;fs; Nghd;witfshFk;. (jhak;khs; mwthzd;> fz;zfp
kz;zpy;>g.232)
flypy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs;
g+k;Gfhhpd; flw;gFjpapy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fshd> “fUg;G-rptg;Gg; ghid
XLfs;> rhk;gy;epwg; ghid XLfs;> Nuhkhdpa ‘Mk;nghuh’ ghid XLfs;> FwpaPLs;s
ghid XLfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,t;thpa ghid XLfs; g+k;Gfhh; thzfphp flw;gFjpapy;
Nrfhpj;jit vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.” (jhak;khs; mwthzd;> fz;zfp kz;zpy;>
g..232)
KbTiu
fhtphpg+k;gl;bdkhfpa g+k;Gfhhpy; njhy;ypay; rhh; Ma;TfSk;> mfoha;tpy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fSk;> mjid Nrfhpj;J itf;fg;gl;l mUq;fhl;rpafq;fSk;
gw;wpa midj;J jfty;fisAk; tpsf;fpAs;sij ,f;fl;Liu thapyhf mwpa
KbfpwJ.
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
1. jhak;khs; mwthzd;> fz;zfp kz;zpy;> rghehafk; gphpz;lh;];> rpjk;guk;> 2003

jprk;gh;
2. www.wikipedia.com


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; epyk; gw;wpa njhd;kf;$Wfspd; Gyg;ghLfs;

The Traces of Land Donations and Revenue in Culverts
Kidth; V.Nahfrpj;uh> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah; (jkpo;j;Jiw)>

mwpQh; mz;zh muR kfsph; fiyf;fy;Y}hp> thyh[hg;Ngl;il> NtY}h; khtl;lk;.– 632513
Abstract
The article discusses on the land related edicts from the Pandian age to the later
Chola age. The evidences are clearly depicting that the kings and philanthrophists had a
great deal of land administrative system and charity norms. Every of their actions are carved
in the culverts to be retained in the future. The scope lies on the idea to study the land
donations, measurement system, sale and revenue regarding land. Hence, the study brings
out the related facts from the substantiation.
Keywords: Traces, Land Donations, Revenue, Culverts, Tamil Kings
Ma;T Nehf;fk;
fy;ypy; vOj;Jf;fisg; nghwpf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mf;fhy kd;dh;fspd;
Ml;rpKiwapid Mz;lhff; Fwpg;gpLtNjhL Nfhapy;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
,iwapypfisg; gw;wpa Mtzq;fisg; gjpTfshfNt tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sdh;. ,j;jifa
epiyapy; epyk; gw;wp thpfSk; kw;Wk; msitfSk;> epy tpw;gid> epyj;jpd;
ngah;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ghz;bah; fhy> Nrhoh; fhy Ml;rpfspy; xg;gPlhff; nfhz;L
,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liu ,yq;FfpwJ.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; Nehf;fk;
fy;ntl;L nghwpf;fg;ngw;w fhuzj;ij tpsf;Fk; gFjp fhzg;gLk;.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Nfhapy;fSf;F epyk; ,iwapypahf toq;fpaijNah my;yJ
Nfhapy;fspy; jpUee;jh tpsf;F mikg;gjw;F nfhLj;jijNahL Fwpg;gpl;L
vOjg;gLtjhf fy;ntl;L mikAk;.
epyk; NfhapYf;F tpw;Fk; NghJk;> gpwUf;F tpw;Fk;NghJk; me;epyj;jpd;
gug;gsT> mjd; ehd;F gf;f vy;iyfs;> me;epyj;ijr; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; gpwnghUs;fs;>
me;epyj;jpw;F ePh;gha;r;Rk; tha;f;fhy; Mfpait tpsf;fkhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
fhzg;gLtijr; rhd;Wfs; top mwpayhk;.
,iwapyp
rptd; NfhapYf;F epyk; tpw;fg;gl;l Nghnjy;yhk; rz;NlRtuh; ngauhNyNa
tpw;fg;gl;ld. kw;wg; nghUl;fs; nfhilahf mspj;jhy; me;jf; nfhilahdJ
,aw;ifia tOj;jp rhd;whf;fp fhf;fg;ngWk; vd ,ay;ghfNtr; Rl;b vOJk; tof;fk;
fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLtJ rpwg;ghFk;. mspf;fg;ngw;w nfhil re;jpuhjpj;jh; cs;ssTk;
epiy ngw;wpUf;Fk; vd;W Fwpf;fg;ngw;wpUj;jy; ,aw;ifia Kd; epWj;jp tho;e;j
fhyr;#oiyf; fhl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kd;dh; Ml;rpapy; jpUf;Nfhapy;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l epge;jq;fs;

ghJfhf;fg;gl;lNjhL kf;fspd; tho;tpaNyhL ,ize;j ghd;ikia rhd;Wfs; top
ca;j;J mwpayhk;. thpfs; nrYj;jg;gl;l tptuq;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; %yk;
mwpag;gl;lij>
“is Mjpj;jNjtUk; thiyahUk; ehl;lhUk; rhj;Jg;gbghptl;lk; gb
tpQ;rdj;Jf;Fk; Kjy; mlq;f ,iwapyp Mfptpl;l jpUehkj;Jf;fhzp
tpiuahtplq;f ey;Y}hpYk; nghd;nke;j ngUkhs; ey;Y}hpYk; a-MtJ
fhj;jpif khjtiu ehl;by; tFg;gpy; $l;bf; fple;j MAKjYk; khh;fop
khj K(j)y; vw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nrl;bfs; gygl;lilAk; jwp,iw jl;lhh;
ghl;lk; nridf;fil ntl;ilf;fhwh;f; filAk; Fstil xOf;F ePh;
(kpd;) ghl;lk; nrf;fhak; tz;zhh; fw;fhR gy (fzp) khiyfSk;
cg;Gtopr;rhhpif cs;spl;l midj;J Matw;f(q;f)Sk; Fbvw;wp;f;
nfhz;L ,e;j Matw;fq;fshYs;s Kjy;fSk; ,e;j ehr;rpah(h;)f;F
rhj;Jg;gb jpUg;ghp tl;lk; (gb tpQ;rdj;Jf;Fk; tpl;lJ ,g;gbf;F
nrk;gpYk; fy;ypYk; ntl;bf; nfhs;f ,g;gbf;F re;jpuh; (M)jpj;j
tiuAk; ,iwapyp Mf nfhs;f” (ed;dpyk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Kjy;
njhFjp fy;ntl;L 7> njhlh; vz; 9-1977)
Re;jughz;badpd; gj;jhtJ Ml;rpahz;by; jpUkpifr;#Uila ehadhh; Nfhapy;
jpUf;fhkf; Nfhl;lKila rptfhkRe;jhp ehr;rpahUf;F rhj;Jgb> ghptl;lk;> tpQ;rdk;
Mfpatw;Wf;F ,iwapypahf> tpiuahtplq;f ey;Y}hpYk;> nghd; Nka;e;j ngUkhs;
ey;Y}hpYk; gy gl;lil> jwp,iw> jl;lhh; ghl;lk;> nridf;fil> Ntl;ilf;fhuh;fil>
Fstil> kPd;ghl;lk;> nrf;fhak;> tz;zhh; fw;fhR> cg;Gtopr; rhhpif cs;spl;l
thpfis khh;fop khjk; Kjy; ,t;T+h; rigahUk;> ehl;lhUk;> cilahh;
fhypq;fuhaUk;> Mjpj;jNjtUk; mspj;jdh; vd;W ,f;fy;ntl;bd; %yk; njhpa
tUfpwJ.
epyj;jpd; ngah;fs;
“NrW vd;W Ngh; fltg;gl;l epyj;Jf;Ff; fPo;ghh;f; nfy;iy rpWkd;W}h;
fpoth; jpUthQ;rpaKilahh; gf;fy; jpUehkj;Jf; fhzpahff; nfhz;l
epyj;Jf;F ,w;iw ehs; ,d;dhadhh;f;F tpw;f;fpd;w epyj;Jf;F Nkw;Fk;
(nj)d;ghw;nfy;iy nrddhjd; tha;f;fhYf;Fk; Nky;ghh;f;nfy;iy
rpWkd;W}h; fpoth; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; epyj;Jf;Ff; fpof;Fk;
tlghh;f;nfy;iy jpUthQ;rpaKilahh; epyj;Jf;F njw;Fk; ,f;fz;lj;J
Xil vd;(W) Ngh; fltg;gl;l epyj;Jf;Ff; fPo;ghw;f;nfy;iy ghf;fj;J
vy;iyf;Fk; njw;Fnfy;iyy nrddhjd; tha;f;fhYf;F tlf;Fk;
Nky;ghh;f; nfy;iy ,w;iwehs; ,e;ehadhh;f;F tpw;Wf; FLj;j
epyj;Jf;F” (ghz;bah; 10tJ Ml;rpahz;L ed;dpyk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
Kjy; njhFjp njhlh; vz; 24-1977 )
,f;fy;ntl;lhdJ jpUthQ;rpehjh; Nfhapy; ,uz;lhk; jpUr;Rw;Wj; njd;Gwr;
Rthpy; cs;sJ.
[lhth;kd; tPughz;badpd; ,UgjhtJ Ml;rpahz;by;> jpUthQ;rpaKila
ehadhh; Nfhapy; Mjprz;NlRu Njtfd;kpfSf;F> rpWkd;W}h; fpotd; mofpa ehafd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
miuad; jpUtk;gyg; ngUkhs; vd;gtd; epyk; tpw;Wf;FLj;J cs;@h; tpahghhp xUth;

rhl;rpahf gzk; ehw;wp Ie;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;L> epy tpiyg;gpukhzk; nra;J nfhLj;j
nra;jp $wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;bd; ngUk;gFjpapy; tpw;fg;gl;l epyj;jpw;F
vy;iyfs; $wg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
MT+h; tha;f;fhy;> cl;rpW tha;f;fhy;> nrddhjd; tha;f;fhy;> gj;jhW Nghd;w
tha;f;fhy;fspd; ngaUk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. epyq;fspd; ngah;fshf NrW> tpshfk;>
gdq;fiu> Muh mKJ> Xil vd;W $wg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. gplhhp Nfhapy; xd;W
mt;T+hpy; ,Ue;j nra;jpAk; njhpatUfpwJ. jpUthQ;rpaj;jpy; gy tpahghhpfSk;
,Ue;jdh; vd;W njhpatUfpwJ.
epy msTfSf;fhdg; ngah;fs;
“,e;ehd;nfy;iyAsfg; gl;l ej;jk; Fop (150) ,f;Fop E}w;iwk;gJk;
,d;dKk; ,tw;F tpw;Wf; FLj;j tpis epyj;Jf;Ff; fPo;ghw;nfy;iy
cl;rpW tha;f;fhYf;Fk; gioaf; Filahd; nts;shid tplq;fh;
epyj;Jf;F Nkw;Fk; njd;ghw;nfy;iy gioaf;Filahd; nts;shid
tplq;f ej;jj;Jf;Fk; ,e;ehadhw;F ehd; tpw;W ej;jj;Jf;F tlf;Fk;
tlghw; nfy;iy fUg;Gilahh; epyj;Jf;F njw;Fk; ,e;ehd;nfy;iy
eLTgl;l ,d;dpyk; vOkhTk; ,d;dKk; ,tw;F tpw;Wf; FLj;j
,f;fz;lj;Jf;F tlf;fila epyj;Jf;F fPo;ghw;f; nfy;iyAk; njd;ghw;
nfy;iy fUg;Gilahh; epyj;Jf;F Nkw;Fk; tlghw;nfy;iy” (2tJ
Ml;rpahz;L – ghz;bah; =ty;ygNjth;) ed;dpyk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
%d;whk; njhFjp njhlh; vz; 382/1978)
=ty;ygg; ghz;badpd; ,uz;lhk; Ml;rpahz;ilr; Nrh;e;j ,f;fy;ntl;by;>
miuad; jpUr;rpw;wk;gyKilahd; kidtp ,t;T+h; nts;shid tplq;f Njth;
NfhapYf;F jpUehkj;Jf; fhzpahf epyk; tpw;Wf; nfhLj;j nra;jp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mt;thW tpw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ ej;jk; Fop 150 vd;Wk;> tpisepuk; VO kh
vd;Wk;> kidepyk; Fop 150 vd;Wk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jidAk; tpw;Wf;nfhLj;J
vz;gj;ije;J gzk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l nra;jpAk; njhpatUfpwJ.
epytpw;gidg; gw;wpa nra;jp
“,e;epyk; Kf;fhYk; Mf kidf;Fop Kg;gJ tpis epyk; xd;Nw xU
khTk; tpw;Wf; FLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhd vk;kpypire;j tpiyg;nghUs;
md;whL ew;fhrpdhy;.....,UgJf;Fk; ,e;epyk;......Ak; tpw;Wf; FLj;Njd;
khjud; kq;fyKilahd; ehq;....d; ,e;j khjud; kq;fyKilahh;
ehadgps;is tPujw; Fwpahdikf;Fk;. ,th;.....tpilahl;lj;Jf;F fpof;Fk;
tlghw;nfy;iy tha;f;fhYf;Fj; njw;Fk; mh;j;j kz;lgj; njw;Fg;Gwf;
fk;gpy; cs;sJ. ew;fhrpdhy; ,g;gzk; ,UgJf;Fk; ,e;epyk; MW
khTk;.....q;fg; ngUkhd; jpUntz;fhTilah vOj;J ,g;gb mwpNtd;.
,t;T+h; jpUKw;wj;Jf;fhzp cila ek;gpkhhpy; =fu~gl;ld; vOj;J”
(ed;dyk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %d;whk; njhFjp njhlh; vz; 471-1978)
,f;fy;ntl;by; epytpw;gidg; gw;wpa nra;jp mwpag;gLfpwJ.
VO kh epyj;jpw;F gzk; ,Ugj;ije;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;L tho;tpj;jhd;
fUkhzpf;fk; gy;ytiuaUk; nra;aNkdp thztjiuaUk; tpw;Wj;je;jijAk;> epyk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhYf;F gzk; ,UgJ ngw;Wf;nfhz;L KioA+Uilahd; jpUntz;fhLilahd; tpw;Wj;

je;jijAk;> epyk; Kf;fhy;> kidf;Fop Kg;gJ> tpiyepyk; xU kh Mfpatw;Wf;F
gzk; ,UgJ ngw;Wf;nfhz;L khjud; kq;fyKilahh; ehadgps;is
tpw;Wj;je;jijAk; $WfpwJ. fp.gp.12> 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; mwpag;gl;l
,f;fy;ntl;Lr;nra;jp Ez;ikj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sik fUjj;jFk;.
epy thpfs;
“f;F Njtjhdkhd nrk;gjpehaf tpshfj;jpy; Gj;j Njth;
gQ;re;jpthze;.....gs;spr; re;jkhdnrk;ghjpAkhf ,l;L ,g;gbf;F
cilahh; jpUehfpRuKilahh; ,iwapyp fy;ntl;bd.... ,g;Gj;jNjth;
Nfhapypy; Njtjhdj;Jld; gs;spr;re;jk; Nruhnjd;W nrhy;yp ,Jf;F
jiykhW. (kJuthay; fy;ntl;L> gf; 35>36)
kd;wghf;fk; gs;spr;re;jkhf ,Ltpj;J nfhs;SifahNy jpq;f@hpy;
gs;spr;re;jkhd nrk;gh.....kJiuthapypy; cilahh; jpUtf;fpRuKila
ehadhh;f;F IQ;rhtJ Mb khjk; Kjyhf..... ,;eehs; Kjy; ,f;Nfhapy;
jhdj;jhh;fF; ,iw flik Fbik ,Wg;gjhfTk; ,g;gbf;F cilahh;
jpUehfpRuKila ehadhh; NfhapypNy fy;Yntl;b nfhs;tjhfTk;
nrhd;Ndhk; ,g;gbf;F ,it ePyfq;fiuad;.” (kJuthay; fy;ntl;L> gf;
35>36)
tpira fz;l Nfhghydpd; 4 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L (fp.gp. 1254) fy;ntl;by;
Gj;jNjth; NfhapYf;F gs;spr;re;jkhf tplg;gl;l epyj;Jf;F <lhf (jiykhW)
kd;wghf;fk; vd;Dk; Chpid gs;spr;re;jkhf tplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpq;f@hpy; gs;spr;re;jkhf
cs;s epyj;jpd; thpfis kJiuthapy; cilahh; jpUtf;fpRuKila ehadhh; Nfhapy;
jhdj;jhh; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd ,g;gFjp rpw;wurd; ePyfq;fiuad;
Mizapl;Ls;shd;.
kJiuthapiyr; Nrh;e;j jpUtpuhkpRuKilahd;> jpUey;Yohh; nghpa ehadhh;
kfs; nfhz;bahh;> jpUey;Yohh; fdfuhah; kfs; rptjhz;il> ,t;T+iur; rhh;e;j
cyfpahh; Mfpa ehd;F NgUk; itj;j re;jp tpsf;fpid re;jpuhjpj;jtiu vhpg;gjhf
,f;Nfhapy; rptg;gpuhkzdhd fh];agd; jpUKy;iythapypYilahd; gl;ld; mk;ik
mg;gd; vd;gtd; cWjpaspj;Js;sij tpira fz;l Nfhghydpd; 7Mk; Ml;rpahz;Lf;
(fp.gp.1257) fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ.
tp[aefuf; nfhilfs; (epyk; mspj;jit)
mr;RNjtuha fy;ntl;L (fp.gp.1532) nrq;fg;Gj;Njhp efuj;jhh; fhkg;Gy;Y}hpy;
,Uf;Fk; jpUf;fhkpRuKila jk;gpdhh;f;F epyk; mspj;j nra;jpiaj; njhptpf;fpwJ.
mr;RNjtuhahpd; kw;nwhU fy;ntl;L fhkpRuKila NfhapYf;F Copah; xUth;
epakdk; nra;ag;gl;L mh;r;rdh tpUj;jpahf epyk; mspj;j nra;jpiaf; $WfpwJ.
fhkg;Gy;Y}h; Cuth;fs; jpk;kg;g ehafd; Nguhy; ‘kfhetkp’ jpUtpohtpw;F epyk;
nfhilahf mspj;Js;sdh;.
Nrhoh; fhyk;
Nfhapy;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; ghpRfisg; ngw;W Nkw;ghh;itapl ,ire;J
ifnahg;gkpl;l Nfhapy; jhdj;jhUila ngah;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Ch;r;rig NfhapYf;F epyj;ij tpw;wNghJk;> NfhapypypUe;J epyj;ij thq;fpaNghJk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
my;yJ jdpegUf;F tpw;wNghJk; tpiyg;gpukhzKk; nra;J fy;ypy; ntl;b

itj;Js;sik mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; ,Wjpapy; ,J vd; vOj;J vd
gyUila if xg;ge;jk; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
Nfhl;lk; vDk; gphpT
,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; fy;ntl;by; n[aq;nfhz;l Nrho kz;lyj;J gy;Fd;w
Nfhl;lj;J kz;ilFy ehl;L ,uh[#shkzp rJh;Ntjp kq;fykhd fhkg;Gy;Y}h;
vd;Wk;> gy;Fd;wf; Nfhl;lk; vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLk;. Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; ,uz;lhk;
Ml;rpahz;L fy;ntl;L gy;Fd;wf; Nfhl;lk; vd;w Nfhl;lg;gphpitAk;> 6Mk; Ml;rpahz;L
fy;ntl;L gq;fs ehL vd;w ehl;Lg;gphpitAk; $Wfpd;wd.
“Nrhokz;lyj;Jk; ghz;baehlhd uh[uh[kz;lyj;Jk;
njhz;il ehlhd [aq;nfhz;l Nrhokz;lyj;Jk;”
“,uhN[e;jpu Nrhokz;lyj;Jj; jpUNtq;flf; Nfhl;lj;Jf;
FlT+h; ehl;Lj; jpUr;RfE}h;”
“,uh[uh[ tsehl;Lg; nghapw; $w;wj;Jf; nfhw;w kq;fyj;J”
“uh[uh[ tsehl;Lf; fPo;Ntq;if ehl;L [aq;nfhz;l Nrhoey;Y}h;”
(fy;ntl;bay;-njhy;nyOj;jpaYk;>fy;ntl;baYk;- g.97)
Nrhoh;fSila fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Xh; Ciuf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ kz;lyk;> $w;wk;>
tsehL> ehL> Ch; vd;W ehl;Lg;gphpTfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sik njhpatUfpwJ.
Ez;zpa msit Kiwfs;
“mse;jgb epyk; gjpidQ;riuNa> fhzp miuf;fhzp Ke;jphpiff; fPo;
miuNa Kk;khtiu Ke;jphpiff; fPo; miuNa ,uz;L khtpYk;”
“ChpUf;ifAk; ,t;T+h;f; fsKk; fk;khsr;NrhpAk; ,t;T+h;g; giwr; NrhpAk;
,t;T+h; mifahWk; Mf ,iwapyp ePq;Fe; epyk; Kf;fhNy ehd;F kh
ePf;fp” (fy;ntl;bay;-njhy;nyOj;jpaYk;> fy;ntl;baYk;- g.100)
vd;Wk; kpfTk; Ez;zpa epy msit Kiwfs; ,uh[uh[d; Ml;rpf;F te;j gpwF
Fwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jp mwpag;gLfpwJ.
jw;fhy fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
NtY}h; njhug;ghbapy; ngUq;fw;fhy ‘fw;fpil’ fz;Lgpbg;G.
fw;fpil
,we;jth;fis Gijj;J mth;fspd; epidthf mjw;FNky; ,e;j fw;fis
mLf;fp itg;ghh;fs;. ehd;F GwKk; fw;fs; mLf;fp> mjd;Nky; nghpa xw;iwf;fy;iy
itg;ghh;fs;. vfpg;jpah;fs; murh;fSf;F gpukpLfs; fl;baJ Nghd;W ,q;F ,we;j xU
rhjhuz eghpd; epidthf mf;fhy kf;fs; ,jid fl;bapUf;fyhk; vd tuyhw;W
Mh;tyh; jkpo;thzd; jpdj;je;jp nra;jpj;jhSf;F (jpdj;je;jp 17.03.2019 g.9) mspj;j
tptuj;jpy; mwpaKw;gLfpwJ.
,q;qdNk jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; [t;thJ kiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
fw;fhy kf;fs; Ntyg;ghb gftjp kiyapy; tho;e;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
vd;gJk; Ma;tpy; ngwg;gl;l nra;jpfshFk;.
,j;jifa njhy;ypay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; thapyhf gz;ila kf;fspd;
tho;tpaiy mwptNjhL rKjha kuGfis ,dq;fhzTk; ,aYfpwJ. kf;fspd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhd;kf;$Wfis Ma;tjd;top> Gjpa Ma;Tg; gjpTfSf;F toptif nra;a

mbg;gil Mjhuq;fis mwpar;nra;Ak; jd;ikj;jhf ,yq;FfpwJ.
njhFg;Giu
ghz;bah; fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; thpfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;l nra;jp mwpag;gLfpwJ.
,jDs; ntQ;rdk; vd;w nrhy; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F ‘fy;ntl;Lr; nrhy;yfuhjp’
(jp.eh.Rg;gpukzpad;> g.106) ‘fwpf;F cjTk; gz;lk;;’ vdg; nghUs; ciuj;Js;sik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. czTg; nghUs;fSf;F thp tpjpf;fg;gl;l mf;fhy epiyia mwpAk;
jd;ik GydhfpwJ. fy;ntl;by; tpQ;rdk; vd;Nw Re;jughz;badpd; gj;jhtJ
Ml;rpahz;by; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;by; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sik fUjj;jFk;. gl;lil> jwp
,iw> jl;lhh; ghl;lk;> nridf;fil> Ntl;ilf;fhuh; fil> Fstil> kPd;ghl;lk;>
nrf;fhak;> tz;zhh; fw;fhR> cg;Gtopr;rhhpif Kjyhd thpfspd; ngah;fs;
El;gj;ijf; fhl;LtjhfNt mike;Js;sd.
epyg; ngah;fshd NrW> tpshfk;> gdq;fiu> MuhmKJ> Xil
Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sik mwpaj; jf;fJ. epy msitg; ngah;fshf Fop> kh> Ntyp
vd;gdthFk;. msj;jy; Kiwfspy; fhzp> miuf;fhzp> Ke;jphpif> kh vd
epymsit Kiwfspy; Jy;ypakhdj; jd;ik fhzg;gl;Ls;sik fy;ntl;Lfspy;
Gydhfpd;wJ. Nrhoh;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; thapyhf ehl;Lg;gphpTfshf kz;lyk;>
$w;wk;> tsehL> Ch; vd Rl;bAs;sik mwpaj; jf;fJ.
epytpw;gidapd; NghJ ehd;F vy;iyfs; Rl;bAs;sik ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jF
njhd;kf;$Wfspd; rpwg;Gf;fis fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; thapyhf mwpa ,lNkw;gLfpwJ.
njhy;ypay;Jiwapd; mfo;tha;Tfs; njhlh;e;J eilngwpd; gz;ghl;L Efh;Tfisg;
gjpT nra;Ak; NgUjtp Ghpe;jpbd; tUq;fhyj;jpw;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; tha;g;G Vw;gLk;
vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. ,j;jF khehLfs; Ngh; Cf;fj;ij Jhpjg;gLj;Jk; vd;why; mJ
kpifahfhJ. njhd;kq;fspd; $Wfis Muha;e;J gad;ngWNthk;.
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. ed;dpyk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; - Kjy; njhFjp –njhFg;ghsh; jpUkjp

M.gj;khtjp> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw> nrd;id.
Kjw;gjpg;G 1979.
2. ed;dpyk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; - %d;whk;; njhFjp –njhFg;ghsh; jpUkjp
M.gj;khtjp> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw> nrd;id.
Kjw;gjpg;G 1980.
3. fy;ntl;bay; (njhy;ypaYk;>fy;ntl;baYk;) – njhFg;ghrpah; ,uh.ehfuhkp
(njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw ,af;Feh;)> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;nghUs;
Ma;Tj;Jiw ntspaPL> nrd;id.
4. fy;ntl;Lr; nrhy;yfuhjp – jp.eh.Rg;gpukzpad;> jkpo;ehL muR
njhy;ypay;Jiw> nrd;id-600008> Kjw;gjpg;G 2011.
5. fy;ntl;L – fhyhz;bjo; - 84 - jkpo;ehL muR njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw>
[dthp 2011.
6. jpdj;je;jp nra;jpj;jhs;> 17.03.2019> g.9.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gz;ila fe;jNuhilapd; ,d;iwa RtLfs;

Remnants of the Ancient Kandharodai
Nfh. uFtud;> tpupTiuahsu;>

Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw;fw;iffs; epWtfk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf; fofk;> ,yq;if.
Abstract
The article details about the ancient place Kandharodai which acted as a capital of
the northern Tamil territory of Ilankai. The facts related to the name of the place is
explained rationally. It was also a famous business centre on those days. Valukai River and
the evidences of agriculture before 2500 years back at Jaffna are detailed with possible
evidences. Temples are the very important relic to consider and Seeri Meenakshi Amman,
Kannaki Amman, Vatrakkai Amman temples are very famous and age old classic temples.
The well before the Vatrrakai Amman is a very old one in the place. Hence, the study make
lucid the combined minutiae from the disclosure found on reliable sources.
Keywords: Remnants, Ancient, Kandharodai, Jaffna, Ilankai
,yq;ifapd; jpUehl;bd; kpfg; Guhjd Cu;fspy; xd;whf fe;jNuhil>

mDuhjGuk; Nghd;W tlgFjpapd; Kf;fpa jiyefuhff; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fpwp];JTf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,J ngUikf;Fupa ,lkhf tpsq;fpAs;sJ.
“fp.K ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J aho;g;ghzg; gFjpapy; kf;fs; FbNaw;wk; ,Ue;jJ
vd;gijj; njhy;nghUl; rhd;Wfs; jpl;ltl;lkhf epWTfpd;wd. fe;jNuhilg;
gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNawpapUe;j kf;fs; gz;ghl;by; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;jtu;fshf
fpwp];Jf;F Kw;gl;l E}w;whz;LfspypUe;J gpwehLfSld; njhlu;G nfhz;L
cNyhfj;jpd; cgNahfj;ijAk; mwpe;Jtho;e;jdu;.” vd;W vLj;Jf; $wpAs;shu;.
fh.,e;jpughyhmtu;fs; (2006 : 105)
fe;jNuhil vDk; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gy;NtW nghUs;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. me;j
tifapy; fe;J vDk; nrhy; fl;Ljw;Fupa fl;Lj;jwpiaf; Fwpf;ff;$baJ.
tpyq;Ffisf; fl;Lj;jwpapy; fl;b itj;jiyg; Nghd;W fe;jopahf gw;ww;W XLk; Xil
ePupid ,ilapilNa Fsq;fs; gyntl;bf; fl;b itj;j ePNuhil (fe;J+Xil)
fe;jNuhil vdthapw;W. ,J NtWxUnghUspy; fe;jDf;F nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;l
epyk; vd;gjhy; fe;jnfhil vdg;gl;L fe;jNuhil MdJ vd;Wk; $Wtu;..
cw;gj;jprhu; ehfupf cr;rKk;> njhopy;Kiw ehfupfq;fSk; ePu;tsg;
gFjpfspNyNa mikAk; vd;gJ Kd;Ng mwpe;jNj. mt;tifapy; fe;jNuhil
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bd; ePu;tskhd gFjpapy; mike;j njhy;ehfupfikakhFk;.
neha;ay;> gthdp> mkuhtjp vd;gdthf MWfspd; ngaNu CUf;Fk; ngauhapw;W.
mt;thwhdJ ghz;ba kd;dd; ngUtOjpahy; ePu;g;ghrd fl;Lkhdj;jpw;Fk;
rPuikg;Gf;Fk; cl;gl;lNghJ tOjpahW vd;Dk; murpay; Ml;rpikg; ngaiug; ngw;W


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhyNthl;lj;jpy; kUtptOf;ifahW vdtoq;fyhapw;W. Mdhy; fe;jNuhil vd;Dk;

,t;thw;wpd; gz;ila ngau; tof;F Cu;g;ngauhf ,d;wsTk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jidr;
nrhy;yha;T topfspYk; ,q;F fpilf;Fk; ngUtOjp ehzaq;fs; Kjyhd rhd;Wfspd;
topahfTk; mwpayhk;. (itj;jPRtuf; FUf;fs; E}w;whz;L kyu;>gf;fk; - 222)
fe;jNuhil tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l thzpg kw;Wk; njhopy; efukhf
tpsq;fpaJ vd;gjidg; gy;NtW rhd;Wfspd; top mwpayhk;. vk; Ciur; Rw;wptoq;Fk;
Cu;g; ngau;fs; ahTk; ,jd; tzpf njhopy; tsj;jpid czu;j;Jtjhf mikfpd;wd.
khrpag;gpl;b khzpf;fw;fisg; gl;ilj; jPl;ba ,lkhfTk; rq;fpypg;gha; vd;w
nrhy;ypUe;J rz;bypg;gha; mjhtJ rq;fpyp Nghd;w mzpfyd;fis tbtikf;Fk;
ikakhfTk;> msntl;b vd;gJ ehzaq;fSk;> msitfSk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
ikakhfTk; mike;jikapidg; ngau; toq;Ffspd; top mwpayhk;.
fe;jNuhilf;Fs; fhzg;gLk; rpy Kf;fpakhd Gujhd ,lq;fs; ,d;Wk;
rpwg;ghfTs;sd. me;j tifapy; aho; Flhehl;by; XLk; xNunahU Mwhf
tOf;ifahW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tOf;ifahW trhtpshdpy; Muk;gpj;J
fe;jNuhilA+lhf muhypf; fliyr; nrd;wilfpd;wJ. ,J muhypapy; Flhf;flYld;
fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; rpwpJ njhiytpNyNa ehthe;Jiw cs;sJ. ehtha;fs;>
fg;gy;fs; te;J epw;Fk; ,lk; vd;gjhNyNa ,t;tplk; ehthe;Jiw vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
vdNt ,t;tplj;jpy; gpwehLfspypUe;J tUk; ehtha;fs; jupj;J epw;wy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,q;fpUe;J tOf;ifahw;wpd; topahf rq;flk; vd;Dk; rpWNjhzpfs; my;yJ
tj;ijfs; %yk; fe;jNuhil efUf;Fg; nghUl;fs; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;bUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. mj;Jld; fe;jNuhilapYs;s ,lg;ngau;fSk;
tOf;ifahw;wpd; mikg;Gk; fe;jNuhilAldhd fly; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;ij cWjp
nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; mike;Js;sd. “tOf;ifahNw rpyfhyq;fspd; fe;jNuhil flNyhL
nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;gpy; Kf;fpa gq;Nfw;wpUf;fyhnkd nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.” vd;W
Nguhrpupau; rpw;wk;gyk; mtu;fs; $wpAs;sikAk; ,q;F ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
(1993: 11)
tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gy njhy;ypaw; fUTyq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;lJk; fe;jNuhilapd; ,Uja ];jhdkhfTk; tpsq;FtJ faw;fz;zp. ,J
faw;fiz> faw;Nfzp> faf;Nfzp vd;w ngau;fshYk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
faw;fz;zp vd;gJ fay; vd;why; kPd;. mf;\p vd;why; fz;. faw;fz;zp> kPd;fz;zp>
kPdhf;\p vd;gd xNu nghUSilad. faw;fz;zpahd kPdhf;\p Ml;rpGupe;j ,lk;
kJiu. kJiu kPdhf;\pNa ghz;baupd; Fynja;tk;. me;jtifapy; faw;fz;zp vd;w
ngaUf;Fk; ghz;bau;fSf;F ,ilapy; njhlu;G ,Uj;jy; rhj;jpakhdNj. ,yq;ifapd;
Kjw; rpq;fs murdhd tpIad; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj rpq;fstUf;Fk;
ghz;bau;fSf;Fkpilapy; njhlu;G ,Ue;Jte;Js;sJ. rpyrkaq;fspy; ghz;bau;fs;
,yq;ifkPJgilnaLj;Jk; te;Js;sdu;. (fhyj;ij ntd;Wepw;Fk; fe;jNuhilg;
gf;fq;fs; 32-33)
,f;faw;Nfzp fhzg;gLk; gFjpapNyNa ,d;Wk; rpy ,we;Njhiu mlf;fk;
nra;Jfl;lg;gLk; J}gpfs; rpijtile;j epiyapYs;sd. ,jidf; nfhz;Nl
ngsj;ju;fs; fe;jNuhil rpq;fs Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;lJ vd;W $Wfpd;wdu;. Mdhy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,tw;wpd; gz;ila tuyhiw Ma;T nra;aNtz;baJ Kf;fpakhd Xu; mk;rk; MFk;.

ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; nghJthf ,U gpupTfs; cs;sd. mitkfhahdk;> Njuhadthjk;.
,jpy; kfhahd jkpo;g; ngsj;jk; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. Vd; vdpy; ,we;Njhiu
mlf;fk; nra;J mjd; Nky; J}gpfs; itj;Jf; fl;LtJ ,tu;fspd; tof;fNk.
Njuhadthj ngsj;jk; ,we;Njhu; cly;fis vupj;J vYk;igAk; rhk;giyAk; flypy;
fyf;ftpLk; Nghf;FilaJ. ,JNt gpw;fhy Nrhou;fhy irtj;jpYk; gs;spg;gilf;
Nfhtpyhf tbT nfhz;lJ. Mit jkpou;fspd; gz;ila eLfy; topghl;bd; njhd;ik
ePl;rpahFk;.
fe;jNuhilapy; gy Myaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; kpfg; goikahdJ.
mq;fzk;ikf; flit rpwPkPdhl;rpmk;kd;> fz;zfpmk;kd; Mfpaitfs; MFk;. Kd;G
fe;jNuhil thzpgf; flthf (Rq;fr;rhtb) ,Ue;jikahy; mq;fz;zk;ik flT
vd;gNj mq;fzk;ikf; flit vd kUtpaJ. ,f;Nfhapy;fspy; fz;zfp mk;kd;
NfhapNy kpfg; GuhjdkhdJk; rpwg;ghdJk; MFk;. ,f;fz;zfpNa ,yq;ifapy;
fz;zfp topghL guTtjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ. fathF kd;dDf;Fk;
,f;NfhapYf;Fk; ,ilapy; gy njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l
G+ty; vDk; Fsk; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
fe;jNuhil tw;whf;if mk;kd; Myaj;jpw;F Kd;ghfTs;s Nfzp kpfg;
goikahdJ. ,f;Nfzp vd;Wk; tw;wh jd;ik nfhz;lJ. vdNt ,f;NfhapYf;F
tw;whf;if vDk; ngau; Njhd;wpajhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,f;Nfzpf;F mUfpy;
MTuQ;rpf;fy;> Rikjhq;fp vd;gd ,d;Wk; njhd;ikahd RtLfshf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
MTuQ;rpf;fy; vd;gJ fhy;eilfs; ePu; gUfpa gpd;du; jkJ cliyj; Nja;j;J
mjpYs;s rpW GO> G+r;rpfis mfw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F trjpahf nrhunrhug;Gld; $ba
caukhdfy; xd;iw ehl;b itj;jyhFk;. mLj;J Rikjhq;fpahdJ rhjhuz kf;fs;
jiyapy; Rke;J te;j nghUl;fis ,jpy; ,wf;fp itj;J Xa;ntLg;gjw;fhff;
fl;lg;gLgit MFk;. ,t;tpuz;Lk; ,d;W njhy;ypay; jpizf;foj;jpdhy;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
NkYk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; 2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu tptrhaKk;>
fhy;eilfSk; tsu;ff ; g;gl;L te;jikf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fe;jNuhil> Mizf;Nfhl;il
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfspd; NghJ fpilj;Js;sd.
,tw;iwNkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf ,d;Wk; fe;jNuhilapy; gue;J tpupe;J fhzg;gLk;
tptrha epyq;fisf; nfhz;L Nehf;fyhk;.
,j;jifa nghUshjhu tu;j;jf> tptrhaj; jiyefuhff; fhzg;gl;l fe;jNuhil
,d;W fy;tpapy; Kf;fpaj;JtKila Xu; ,lkhf khwp tUfpd;wJ. ,jw;F
mbg;gilahf ,q;F fhzg;gLk; ,U ghlrhiyfspd; fy;tpapd; Kd;Ndw;wNk
fhuzkhFk;. ,t;tpU ghlrhiyfSk; E}w;whz;L fle;J ,d;Wk; rpwg;ghf ,aq;fp
tUtJld; ,g; ghlrhiyapd; tuyhW fe;jNuhilapd; tuyhWld; gpd;dpg;
gpize;Js;sJ.
,t;thW fe;jNuhilahdJ md;W njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu ,yq;ifapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,lq;fspy; xd;whf ,Ue;J tUtJld;> gz;ila
fe;jNuhilapd; ,d;iwa RtLfisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;ljhf rpwg;Gld; ,J
tpsq;FfpwJ vdyhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Ma;Tf;F gad;gl;l E}y;fs;
1. ju;kuh[;. N[.> vgpN[k;];. j.> njhy;ypay;> nld;rp gjpg;gfk;> rptfhrp> 2010> g.

55.
2. md;Njhd;th. m.nfh.> Nghd;fhuj; - Nytpd;> fj;Njht;];fp .fp.fp.> ,e;jpahtpd;
tuyhW> Kd;Ndw;wg; gjpg;gfk;> kh];Nfh> 1979> g. 12.
3. ju;kuh[;.N[.> jkpof tuyhW> nld;rp gjpg;gfk;> rptfhrp> 2012> g. 8.
4. fy;ntl;L> g. 14.
5. Burton Stein (ed.), Essays on South India, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Delhi,
1975, P. 3.
6. ju;kuh[; .N[.> vgpn[k;]; .j.> njhy;ypay;> g. 244.
7. Venkatraman .R., Indian Archaeology, P. 22.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpe;Jrkntsp vOj;Jf;fs;
The Scripts of Indus Valley Civilization
uh.u[{yh> cjtpg;NguhrpupaH> jkpoha;Tj;Jiw>

[khy; Kfk;kJ fy;Y}up> jpUr;rp-20
Abstract
The paper elicits about the scripts of Indus Valley Civilization. It becomes important
to know about the culture and the civilization existed lang back there. Hence, the study paves
way to understand the region that kannagi lives before ages back and these evidences may
help to understand the cultural origins of the ancient Tamil people.
Keywords: Scripts, Indus Valley Civilization, Tirunelveli, Tamils
Kd;Diu
rpe;Jntspapy; fpilj;j Kj;jpiufspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ‘rpj;jpuf; FwpfNs
rpe;Jkf;fs; gad;;gLj;jpa vOj;Jfs; vd;gJ Muha;r;rpahsH fUj;J. mt;ntOj;Jfis
tifgLj;jp ‘rpe;J ntspapd; gz;il vOj;Jf; Fwpfspd; gl;bay;’ vd;Wk;> ‘gz;il
,e;jpa vOj;Jfspd; mikg;G Kiw’ vd;Wk;> ‘rpe;J ntsp vOj;Jfs;’ vd;Wk;
mwpQHfs;> jhk; mwpe;jtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdH. mtHfl;Fg; gpwF lhf;lH
`d;ll ; H vd;Dk; NguwpQH rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp tpupthf Muha;e;J> mofpa
E}y; xd;iw 1934,y; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH.’ ,t;Ma;tpid mbg;gilahf itj;J
rpe;Jrkntsp vOj;Jfisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liu njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ.
vOjg;gLk; nghUl;fs;
];nlill; (Steatite) vd;Dk; xUtiff; fy;kPJ Rz;zk; jltpr; Rl;L> mjd;kPJ
vOj;JfSk; tpyq;F Kjypa cUtq;fSk; nghwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. ,f;fw;fshNy
nghUs;fs; rJukhfTk; ePsr; rJukhfTk; ePz;L cUz;l tbtkhfTk; mike;Js;sd.
rpy Kr;rJukhf mike;Js;sd. fapw;iwf; NfhHj;Jf; fOj;jpy; fl;bf; nfhs;tJ
Nghy mike;Js;sd. nrk;ghyhd ePs; rJuj; jfLfs; gy fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;wpy;
tpyq;F cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vOj;Jfs; NkYk; fPohfg; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mit murupd; ngaHfshf ,Uj;jy; $Lk;. ,uz;nlhU ePs; rJuf; fspkz; jl;Lfs;
kPJ rpy vOj;Jfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vOJk; Kiw
rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; ,q;Ff; fpilj;j Kj;jpiufs;> ehzaq;fs; Kjypatw;wpd;
kPJ vOjpaNjhL my;yhky; mopAk; gy;NtW nghUs;fs; kPJk; vOjp te;jdH.
mtHfs; Njhy;> ghgpu];> gl;L ,tw;wpy; xd;iwNah ,uz;ilNah gad;gLj;jp
,Uf;fyhk;. vOj;Jfs; NkypUe;J fPo;Nehf;fp vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. Neuhf mike;Js;sd.
,e;j vOj;Jf;fs; mfutupir cilad my;y. rpj;jpu voj;Jfs; gy. xypf;Fwpg;G
cilad gy. ,t;ntOj;Jfs; tyk;-,lkhf thrpf;fg;gLgit. rpy ,lq;fspy; ,lk; -


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tykhf thrpf;fj; jf;fgb mike;Js;sd. ,it gy;NtW fhyj;J

tsHr;rpAiladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gpuhkp vOj;Jfs;
mNrhfd; rhrdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gpuhkp vOj;Jfs; fp.K.%d;whk;
E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;jit. ‘mit ,oe;Jtpl;l ,e;jpah vOj;Jf; FwpfspypUe;J
Njhd;wpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;’6 vd;W ]H mnyf;]hz;lH fd;dpq;N`hk; Kd;dH fUjpdhH.
NguhrpupaH yhq;lDk; mjid topnkhope;jhH. ‘rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jf; FwpfspypUe;Nj
gpuhkp vOj;Jfs; Njhd;wpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W gy fhuzq;fisf; fhl;b
nka;g;gpj;Js;shH. ‘rpe;Jntsp ehfupfk; fp.K.2500f;F Kw;gl;lJ. gpuhkp vOj;Jfs;
fp.K.300f;Fr; rupahd fhyj;jit.
vOj;Jf;fs;
rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jfisr; Nrhjpf;ifapy; njspthd NtWgl;l 234 vOj;Jf;
Fwpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpuhkpapy; m>M>,><>c>C>V>x vd;Dk; vl;L capH
vOj;JfSk; 33 nka;vOj;JfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;why; cz;lhd capHnka;
vOj;Jfs; (33X8=264)MFk;. ,tw;wpy; 50 vOj;JfSf;F cupa Fwpfs; rpe;Jntsp
vOj;Jfspy; njspthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mrpa-M];l;Nuypa (Kz;lh) nkhopfspd;
FwpaPLfs; rpy rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpd; FwpaPLfs; rpy
gpuh`{apnkhop vOj;JfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy; Kz;lh nkhopfNs
jpuhtplj;Jf;F Kw;gl;lit. Mjyhy; mit jpuhtplj;jpYk; XusT fye;jpUf;fyhk;.
rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; nkhop XuirAila (monosyllabic) nrhw;fisNa ngupJk;
nfhz;ljhFk;. mk;nkhop rk];fpUjkd;W. nrikl;ba nkhopAk; md;W vd;gJ
cz;ik.
rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jfshff; fUjg;gLgit kPd;> fl;lq;fs;> eha;> Nfhop> thj;J>
tz;L> kdpj cUtk;> NtWgy tisTfs; Kjypad. ,it rpj;jpu vOj;Jfs;
MFk;. rpy fl;lq;fSs; 2 Kjy; 21 fl;lq;fs; tiuapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,it
midj;Jk; jdpg;gl;l gFjpfshfTk; nrhw;fshfTk; ,izg;Gz;l nrhw;fshfTk;
,Uj;jy; $Lk; vd;W mwpQH fUJfpd;wdH. ,e;j cU vOj;Jfs; xyp vOj;Jfshf
khWtjw;F ePz;l fhyk; MfpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
‘,e;j vOj;Jf; Fwpfisr; Nrhjpj;jhy;> gy nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;f xNu rpj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lij czuyhk;. cjhuzkhf> ‘ntspr;rk; tpsf;F> #upad;> xsp> RlH’
vd;Dk; gytw;iwf; Fwpf;f Vwf;Fiwa xNu milahsk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. MupaH
fp.K.1200f;F Kd; ,e;jpahtpy; Gftpy;iy. mtHfSf;F Kd; rpe;Jntspapy; ,Ue;jtH
jpuhtplHfs;. gYrp];jhdpy; cs;s g;uh`{ap nkhopapy; ngUk;ghYk; jpuhtplf; fyg;G
,Uj;jYk;> g;uh`{ap kf;fs; kz;il XLfis xj;jit nkhn`Q;nrhjNuhtpy;
fpilj;jpUe;jhYk;> rpe;Jntsp nkhop g;uh`{apia Nghy Xuirr; nrhy; cilajhf
,Uj;jiy Nehf;fj; jpuhtplk; tl,e;jpahtpy; MupaH tUiff;F Kd; ,Ue;jJ
vdyhk;. jpuhtplNu jq;fs; fiyfisAk; gpwtw;iwAk; Mupauplk; xg;gilj;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.’
‘rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jf; Fwpfs; gioa jpuhtpl %y vOj;Jf; FwpfspypUe;J
gpwe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa vOj;Jfs; ypgpahtpYk; fpilj;Js;sd. gioa ypgpa
vOj;JfspypUe;J IgPupad;> vl;u];fs;> ypgpad;> kpNdhtd;> gioa vfpg;jpa vOj;Jfs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Kjypad Njhw;wnkLj;jd. rpe;Jntsp vOj;JfspypUe;J gpwe;jit: 1.RNkupaH

vOj;Jf;Fwpfs;. ,tw;wpypUe;J gpwe;jit ghgpNyhdpa vOj;Jf;fSk; gpw;fhy mrpupa
vOj;JfSk; MFk;. 2.gioa Vyj;J vOj;Jfs;. ,it ,d;wsTk; thrpf;f$ltpy;iy.
3.gioa rPd vOj;Jfs; 4. njd; mNugpahtpy; cs;s ‘rgpad;’; vOj;Jfs;.
‘tl gpuhkp vOj;JfSk; njd; gpuhkp vOj;JfSk; rpe;Jntsp vOj;JfspypUe;J
tsHr;rp ngw;witNa. njd; gpuhkp vOj;Jfs; rpe;Jntsp vOj;JfspypUe;J jpuhtpluhy;
tsHf;fg;gl;l Neuhd tsHr;rpAila vOj;Jfs;. mtw;wpd; xUikg;ghl;ilj;
jpUney;Ntypapy; fpilj;j kl;ghz;lq;fs; kPJs;s vOj;Jf; FwpfisAk;> ePyfpupapy;
cs;s fy;ntl;LfisAk;> i`juhghj; rkhjpfspy; fpilj;j vOj;Jf; FwpfisAk;
nfhz;L ed;Fzuyhk;. tlgpuhkp vOj;Jfs; rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jf; FwpfspypUe;J Neuhd
tsHr;rp ngw;wit my;y. mit vOjj; njupahky; ,e;jpahit mile;j Mupauhy;
Vw;W tsHf;fg;gl;lit. mtH jk; tlnkhopf;Nfw;g ehsiltpy; khw;wg;ngw;wit.
mNrhfDila gpuhkp vOj;Jfs; Mupauhy; tsHf;fg;ngw;w rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jfspd;
gpw;fhyj; Njhw;wk; MFk;. ,f;fhuzj;jhy; jhd; tl gphhkp vOj;Jfs;> njd; gpuhkp
vOj;Jfspdpd;Wk; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jfspdpd;Wk;
khWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
‘rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;l nkhop gioa jpuhtplkhFk;.
mj;jpuhtplj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd nrhw;fs; jkpopNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MapDk; rpy
nrhw;fs; fd;dlk;> JStk; Kjypa gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
g;uh`{ap nkhopapy; cs;s jpuhtplr; nrhw;fSk; rpe;J> gYrp> ghurPf nkhopfshy; jk;
cz;ikahd cr;rupg;ig ,oe;Js;sd. vdNt> rpe;Jntspj; jpuhtplnkhop ,d;W
Ngrg;gLfpd;w jpuhtpl nkhopfisg; Nghd;wjd;W. ,tw;wpd; jha;nkhop; vd;gJ
nghUe;Jk;. mJ gioa fd;dlj;ijAk; rq;fj; jkpioAk; xUthW xj;jjhFk;. xU
Kj;jpiuapy; ‘%DjaJ’ vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhlH fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjd; nghUs; %d;W
fk;gsp NghHj;Jf; nfhs;sj;jf;f FspiuAila fhyk; vd;gjhFk;. ,t;tof;F ,d;Wk;
fd;dl ehl;Lf; nfsluplk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. Nguhs;> vz;zhs;>
%f;fz; vd;gd rptidf; Fwp;g;gd.
,JfhWk; $wpatw;why; rpe;J ntsp kf;fs; ypgpahtpypUe;J te;jtHfs;.
mtHfs; neLq;fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng ,e;jpahit mile;J M];l;Nuypa kf;fSld;
fyg;Gz;ldH. ek; ntz;ik epwj;ijAk; cUt mikg;igAk; ,oe;jdH. jq;fs; rpj;jpu
vOj;Jfis Nkd;ikAw tsHj;J te;jdH. mtHjk; vOj;Jfs; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w gy
vOj;Jfs; gpwg;gjw;F %ykhapd. me;j vOj;Jf; Fwpfisf; nfhz;Nl tlgpuhkp
tsh;e;jJ vdTk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
jkpopy; cU vOj;J> jd;ik vOj;J> czHntOj;J> xyp vOj;J ehy;tif
cz;L. tpsf;fkhf ed;D}y; kapiyehjH ciuapy; vOj;jpaypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ahg;gUq;fy tpUj;jpapd; filrpr; #j;jpu ciuapYk; ,t;tif vOj;Jfisg; gw;wpa
,yf;fzk; tpsf;fkhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;> fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;Jj;
JiwKfj;jpy; ,wf;Fkjpahd %l;ilfl;Fk; gz;lk; Vw;wpa tz;bfl;Fk; ‘fz;
vOj;Jfs;’ ,lg;gl;bUe;jdthk;.
“tk;g khf;fs; jk;ngaH nghwpj;j
fz;nzOj;Jg; gLj;j vz;Zg; gy;nghjp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Ugjp dhzpuk; fz;nzOj;Jg; gLj;jd

ifGid rflKk;”
,tw;why; filr; rq;f fhyj;jpy;; (fp.K.300 – fp.gp.200) jkpo; ehl;bd; fz; vOj;Jfs;
toq;fpd’ vd;gij mwpayhk;. fz;nzOj;J – rpj;jpu vOj;J> fz;Zs; tpidQH-
rpj;jpuf;fhupfs; vd;Dk; er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH ciu Ritj;jw;FupaJ. ‘fue;njOj;J’ vd;Dk;
xUtif vOj;Jk; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jikia rpe;jhkzp $WfpwJ. jkpohrpupad; xUtd;
ehl;by; toq;Fk; ,j;jifa vOj;J tiffis vy;yhk; czHj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd
Kd;NdhH epakpj;jpUe;jdH. gioa tbT Kjypa rq;Nfj vOj;Jfs; jkpo;ehl;by;
ngUtof;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jd vd;Wk; mit ahTk; Kd;Ndhuhy; Kiwahff; fw;fTk;
fw;gpf;fTk; ngw;Wte;jd vd;W mwpa KbfpwJ.
vOj;Jfs; neLq;fzf;fpd; epiyia miltjw;F Ke;jpa fhyq;fspy;
ngw;wpUe;j cUtq;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; jkpioj; jtpu NtW ,e;jpa nkhopfspy;
cs;s ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,tw;why; rpj;jpuq;fshYk; NtW FwpfshYk;
kdpjHfs; xU fhyj;jpy; vOjp te;j gof;fj;ijj; jkpo;kf;fSk; mwpe;jpUe;jhHfs;
vd;gJ Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. vOj;J vd;Wk; nrhy; jkpopy; gapyg;gLtij Nehf;fpdhYk;
,J ntspg;gLk;. ‘vOj;J’ vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy;Yf;F mr;\uk;> ypfpjk;> fy;tp> Xtpak;>
gJik vdg;gy nghUs;fs; cs. gioa jkpo;; E}y;fspy; vOj;J> vOJjy; vd;Dk;
nrhw;fs; gy ,lq;fspy;>
‘,d;dgygy vOj;J epiy kz;lgk;’ (ghpghly;>19)
‘nja;tf; Fltiu vOjpa ghit’ (FWe;-89)
vd;gd Nghyr; rpj;jpuk;> ghit Kjypatw;iw epUkpj;jy; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg;
gapyg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; goe;jkpo; kf;fs; rpj;jpuj;ijAk; vOj;jpd; tifahfNt
nfhz;ldH vd;W nfhs;Sjy; $Lk;.
rpe;Jrkntsp vOj;Jfshy; mwpag;gLtd
1. rpe;J ntsp vOj;Jfs; cr;rupg;igf; Fwpg;gd
2. xypf;Fwpg;igAk; czHTf; Fwpg;igAk; mbg;gilahf; nfhz;lit
3. fp.K.3000f;F Kw;gl;lJ
4. ‘n[k;nll; e]H’ efupy; fhzg;gl;l gioa RNkupaH vOj;Jf; Fwpfis
(fp.K.3500) kpfTk; xJ;Js;sd.
5. rpw;rpy vOj;Jf; Fwpfs; vfpg;jpaf; Fwpfis xj;Js;sd.
6. fphPl; jPtpy; fhzg;gl;l vOj;JfSk; xj;Js;sd. vdNt> kpfg; gioa
fhyj;jpy; rpj;jpu vOj;Jfs; %ykhff; nfhz;l xU nghJ nkhopapypUe;Nj
,it midj;Jk; gpupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7. rgpa vOj;Jfs;> irg;u]; vOj;Jfs;> nghdP\pa vOj;Jfs; Mfpa
%d;wpYk; cs;s xU gFjp vOj;Jfs; ,e;j rpe;J ntsp vOj;jpypUe;Nj
gpupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; mugpf;fly;>
nrq;fly;> kj;jpa jiuf;fly; Mfpa ,k; %d;wpd; topahf Nkw;Fg;
GwehLfNshL thzpgk; nra;J te;jdH. ,jdhy; vOj;Jf;Fwpfs; fye;J
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
KbTiu
rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jfs; Xuiriar; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;l nkhopiar; NrHe;jit>
mtw;wpypUe;Nj gpuhkp vOj;Jfs; Njhd;wp tsHr;rp ngw;wd. gpuhkp vOj;Jfs; jkpo;
nkhopf;nfd;Nw mikf;fg;gl;Lg; gpd;dH tlnkhopf;Fk; gad;gLk;gb Gjpa Fwpfs;
cz;lhf;fg;gl;ld> rpe;J ntsp vOj;Jf; Fwpfs; jpUney;Ntyp ehzaq;fspYk;
fpilj;Js;sd> ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; jkpo; xd;wpNy jhd; vOj;Jfs; neLq;fzf;F
epiyia miltjw;F Kd;Ng cUtq;fspd; ,yf;fzk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Dk; Rit
gaf;Fk; nra;jpfis mwpayhk;. vdNt rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jf; Fwpfs;> `Puh]; ghjpupahH
$WtJNghy gz;ilj; jpuhtpl kf;fs; Njhw;Wtpj;jdNt mit jpuhtpl nkhopf;F
mike;j gz;il vOj;Jf; FwpfNs vd;W Kbgh $WtJ nghUe;Jk;.
ghHit E}y;fs;
1. (rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jfl;Fk; gpuhkp vOj;Jfl;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l tsHr;rp cilad

vd;W fUjj; jf;f Fwpfisf; nfhz;l rh]dk; xd;W eL ,e;jpahtpy;
tpf;ukNfhy; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpw; fpilj;Js;sJ – Indian Antiquary Vol.62)
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> mb:136
3. vk;.uhft Iaq;fhH> ,yf;fpa rhrd tof;Fiufs;> fiykfs;> nrd;id.
4. gp.vd;.Rg;ukzpa IaH> njhd;ikahd jkpo; fbjq;fs;>g.103


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
GwehD}w;wpy; eLfw;fs;
The Erection of Stonehenges in Purananooru
Kidtu; ngh.uhzp> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mtpdhrpypq;fk; kidapay; kw;Wk; kfspu; cau;fy;tp epWtdk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;-43
Abstract
The article deals with erection of stonehenges in Tamil culture as revealed by the
classical work ‘Purananooru’ It also has other significances. The culture of the people
belong to a category giving much importance to valour. Therefore, the study traces the
erection of stonehenges found in the classical work ‘Purananooru”tamil society.
Keywords: Formation, Stonehenges, Purananooru
gz;ilaj; jkpohpd; tho;tpay; gjpTfis czh;j;jpLk; rhd;WfSs; eLfw;fs;

ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wdh;. eLfy; vd;gJ gz;ghl;bd; milahsr; rpd;dkhFk;.
jkpoh;fspd; tPuTzh;itAk;> mwf;Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;Ftjhf mike;J ePz;l
tuyhw;Wg; gpd;Gyj;jpidg; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd. mj;jifa eLfw;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;gpid
GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspd; top vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpd;wJ.
GwehD}w;wpy; gd;dpuz;L ghly;fspy; (221> 232> 235> 260> 261> 263> 264> 265> 306> 314>
329> 335) eLfy; njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. Mepiug; Nghhpy; ,we;j
tPuDf;F eLfy; vOg;gp> fy;Yf;F Ntq;if kyh;fis gid ehhpdhy; fl;b
khiyahf;fp topgl;ldh; vd;gij>
“Xq;F epiy Ntq;if xs;spdh; eWtPg;
Nghe;ija Njhl;bdh; gliyf; #l;lf;
fy;yhapidNa fLkhd; Njhd;wy”; (Gwk; - 265)
vd;w ghlybfspd; top mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; ,we;j tPudpd; ngaiuAk;>
nraiyAk; mf;fy;ypy; nghwpj;J mf;fy;Yf;F ePuhl;b> nea; nga;J> thridg; Gif
fhl;b> tpsNfw;wp> kapw;gPyp rhj;jp> fhg;G E}y; fl;Lth;. ,r;nra;jpapid>
“kuy; tFe;J njhLj;j nrk;G+q; fz;zpnahL
mzpkapw; gPyp#l;b ngah; nghwpj;J
,dp el;ldNu fy;Yk;” (Gwk; - 264)
vd;w ghlybfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
eLfy;iyr; Rw;wp tpy;> Nty;> ths; Nghd;w fUtpfshy; Ntypaikj;J fy;
gilj;J Jbg;giw xypj;J> Ml;Lf;fplha;fis gypapl;L ey;fy;iy topgl;ldh;. ky;yp
ehl;Lf; fhhpahjp vd;w kd;dDf;F eLfy; el;lij>
“gy;yh joP,a fy;yh ty;tpy;
ciof;Fuw; $if miog;g Ml;b” (Gwk; - 261)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;w ghlybfspy; fue;ijg; Nghhpy; tPundhUtd; gifth;fsplkpUe;J Mepiufis

kPl;L tUk;NghJ giftUila mk;Gfs; ijj;J ,we;Jgl;l nra;jpia MT+h;
%yq;fpohh; vd;w Gyth; gjpTnra;Js;shh;.
ahidAld; Nghhpl;L khz;l tPundhUtid Gypf;Fj;jpg; gl;lhd; fy;Nghy; fspW
vwpe;J tPo;e;jth; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtij>
“xd;dhj; njt;th; Kd;dpd;W tpyq;fp
xspNwe;J kUg;gpw; fspnwwpe;J tPo;e;njdf;
fy;Ny gutpd; my;yJ
ney;YFj;Jg; guTk; flTSk; ,yNt” (Gwk; - 335)
vd;w ghlybfs; Fwpg;gpLtij khq;Fb kUjdhh; vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;. tPuh;fisj; jtpu
ehl;il Mz;l kd;dh;fSf;Fk; eLfy; vOg;gpdh; vd;gij>
“ede;jiy Ayf kue;ij J}q;ff;
nfLtpy; ey;ypir #b
eLfy; yhapdd; Gutyd; vdNt” (Gwk; - 221)
vd;Dk; mbfs; Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; tlf;fpUe;J caph; Jwe;J tPuf;fy;yha;
tpsq;fpaij ciuf;fpd;wJ.
Mepiufisg; gifth;fsplkpUe;J kPl;L tUk;NghJ fLk; Nghh; Ghpe;jjhy;
giftPuh;fs; va;j mk;Gfs; mtDila clk;G KOtJk; ijj;jjhy; ,yf;F kuk;
Nghy; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gij>
“fk;gnkhL Jsq;fpa ,yf;fk; Nghy
mk;nghL Jsq;fp Mz;nlhope; jd;Nw
---glQ;nra; ge;jh;f; fy;kpir aJNt” (Gwk; - 260)
vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; tpsf;Ftij ,yf;Ff; fk;gj;jpy; mk;Gfs; ijj;Jf;
nfhz;bUg;gJ Nghy; tPuDila clk;gpy; mk;Gfs; ijj;j;jpUe;j nra;jp jUkGhp
eLfw;fspYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. tPl;bNy fhr;rpa fs;is rpw;W}hpy; cs;s FLk;gj;jpdh;
$l;lkhfr; nrd;W Kd;Ndhh;fspd; eLfy;Yf;F gfy; nghOjpy; gilaypLth;.
mg;nghOJ eLfy;iy ePuhl;b> nea;apl;L> tpsf;Nfw;wp topgLk; nra;jpapid
“,y; mL fs;spd; rpy; Fbr; rPW}hh;g;
Gil eL fy;ypd; ehl;gyp Cl;b>
ey; ePuhl;b> nra;e; eiwf; nfhsP,a” (Gwk; - 329)
vd;w ghlybfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. mjpakhd; ,we;Jgl;l nra;jpia mwpe;j xsitahh;
tUj;jKw;W ghba ghlypy;
“,y;yhfpaNuh> fhiy khiy
my;yhfpah;> ahd; thOk; ehNs
eLfy; gPyp #l;b> ehh; mhp
rpW fyj;J cFg;gTk;” (Gwk; - 232)
fhiy> khiy vd;w ,uz;L NtisfspYk; ,dp vdf;f ,y;yhJ xopal;Lk;.
Vd; tho;ehs; KOtJk; ,Uz;L Nghfl;Lk;. Cuhh; ,td; eLty;Yf;F kapy;gPyp
rhj;jp moFgLj;jp> fs;is Cw;wpg; gilay; nra;tijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thNdh! vd;W
$wpAs;shh;. mjpakhDf;F jf^hpy; eLfy; elg;gl;lJ Nghy; jw;NghJ
jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;bYk; mJ Nghd;W eLfy; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
goq;fhyj;jpy; fhy;eilfisg; ghJfhf;fTk; ngz;fspd; khdj;ijf; fhf;fTk;

tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J kf;fisf; fhg;ghw;wTk; vd ntt;NtW fhuzf;fSf;fhfg; Nghhpl;L
caph;Jwe;j tPuh;fSf;F eLfw;fs; vLf;fg;gl;ld. jw;NghJ rt mlf;f Kiwfspy;
xd;whd tPuf;fy; my;yJ eLfw;fspy; tPuh;fspd; cUtq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Lk;> ,we;j
tPuh;fspd; ngah;> ,we;j ehs;> ,we;jjw;fhd fhuzk; Nghd;wit nghwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,j;jifa eLfw;fs; topghl;L KiwfSs; xd;whfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd vd;gij
rq;ffhyg; ghly;fspd; top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
Jiz E}y;
1. r.fpU\;z%h;j;jp> eLfw;fs;> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;> rpjk;guk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; njhy;ypay; fsk;

Kollankondan Archaeological Site
Nfh.uh[d;jh];> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;> ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; Jiw>

kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhh; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpUney;Ntyp.
Abstract
The paper elicits about the Kollankondan Archaeological Site. It becomes a need and
its very important to know about the culture and the civilization existed lang back at
Kollankondan. Hence, the study paves way to understand the region to understand the
cultural origins of the ancient Tamil people.
Keywords: Kollankondan, Archaeological Site, Tamil Culture
nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; njhy;ypay; fsk; ,e;jpa khepykhd jkpo;ehl;bd;

tpUJefh; khtl;lk; ,uhIghisak; efUf;F njd;Nkw;fpy; Vwj;jho 10 fpNyh kPl;lh;
Jhuj;jpy; nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; vd;Dk; Ch; cs;sJ. ,t;T+hpd; mUNf NjtpahWk;
cs;sJ.
Ch;ngah; fhuzk;
fp.gp.1268-k; Mz;by; kJiuapy; Kjyhk; khwth;kd;FyNrfu ghz;bad;
mhpaiz Vwpdhd;. mtd; Ml;rpapy;; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; (1275) jpUthq;$h; ehl;bd;
kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W Nru kd;did ntd;whd;. ,e;j ntw;wpapd; fhuzkhf
Nruid ntd;whd; vd;Wk; Nru ehl;bd; xU gFjpahfpa nfhy;yj;jpy; Nghh; ele;jjhy;
“nfhy;yk; nfhz;lhd;” vd;Wk; FyNrfu ghz;bad; rpwg;Gg; ngah; ngw;whd;. mtd;
Nghh;gilapy; nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; Ciur; Nrh;;e;j gy tPuh;fs; ,lk; ngw;W ,Ue;jdh;.
mjd; fhuzkhf ,e;j CUf;F> FyNrfu ghz;bad; epidthf “nfhy;yq; nfhz;lhd;”
vd;W ngah; Vw;gl;lJ. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,e;j Ch; “jpUg;gzpGuk;” vd;Wk;
“FyNrfuGuk;” vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
,f;nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; gFjpapy; fp.gp.9-k; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j rkzh; rpiy>
goikahd Rak;Gypq;fk; Mfpait fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nrk;gpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gy;yth; fhyj;J Nkhjpuk; fp.gp. 9-k; E}w;whz;ilr;
Nrh;e;jJ MFk;. kUjehafk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l fhd;rhfpg; 1759-k; Mz;by; Rje;jpu
Nghuhl;l tPuuhd nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; ghisaf;fhuh; thz;lhaj; NjtidAk;> nghJ
kf;fisAk; gPuq;fpahy; Rl;Lg; nghRf;fpdhd;. me;j gPuq;fpf;Fz;L rpjwy;fisj; Njbf;
fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ gy;yth; fhyj;J Nkhjpuk;
fpilj;Js;sJ. ,k;Nkhjpuk; G+kpf;Fs; Gije;J fple;j gioa fhyj;J kz;ghidf;Fs;
,Ue;jJ. ,e;j Nkhjpuj;jpy; ee;jp (fhis) cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpw;fhyg; gy;yth;fs; nfhbfspYk;> fhRfspYk; ee;jp ‘,yQ;rpid’ gad;gLj;jp
te;Js;sdh;. ‘,yQ;rpid’ vd;gJ murpd; mjpfhuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; Kj;jpiu MFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gy;yt kd;dth;fshd ,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;kd; (fp.gp.710-775) ee;jpth;kd; (fp.gp.775-

825) fpU\;zd; (fp.gp. 780-794) Mfpath;fs; Ml;rp nra;j fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba
kd;dh;fshd tuFz ghz;bad; (fp.gp.765-815) rPkhwd; gy;ytd; (fp.gp. 830-862)
,uz;lhk; tuFz ghz;bad; (fp.gp. 862-880) guhe;jf ghz;bad; (fp.gp. 850-900)
MfpNahh; kJiuia Mz;L te;jhh;fs;. ,th;fs; fhyj;jpy; gy;yt ghz;bah; Nghh;fs;
ele;jjhf tuyhW $WfpwJ. ,e;j Nghh;fs; ele;j fhyj;jpy; ee;jp>cUt Nkhjpuk;
mzpe;j gy;ytd;,g;Nghhpd; NghJ ,e;j ,lj;jpy; ,we;J ,Uf;ff;$Lk; vd jftyhsh;
$Wfpwhh;.
nghJthf Nkhjpuj;jpd; Nky;gug;gpy; rpj;jpuk; nrJf;FtJ jhd; tof;fk;. Mdhy;
,e;j Nkhjpuj;jpy; gLj;J ,Uf;Fk; ee;jpapd; cUtk; caukhd rpw;g tbtj;jpy;
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ GJikahFk;. vdNt nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; fpuhkj;jpy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Nkhjpuj;ij mzpe;jth; gy;yt kd;ddpd; cah; mjpfhupahf ,Ue;J
,Uf;fyhk; vd;Wk;> me;j mjpfhhp gy;yth;fSf;Fk; ghz;bah;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ele;j
Nghhpy; kuzk; mile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jftyhsh; e.uhirah $wpdhh;.
rkz Kdpth; rpiy fz;Lgpbg;G
nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; fpuhk kiyab thuj;jpy; 7-k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j rkz
Kdpthpd; rpiy fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; gy rkaj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; rpwpjsNtDk; NtWghL ,y;yhky;
tho;e;J te;jdh;. epyq;fis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L flTs;fis topgl;L te;jdh;.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Ky;iy epyj;Jf;F khNahDk;> FwpQ;rp epyj;Jf;F KUfDk;> kUj
epyj;jpw;F ,e;jpuDk;> nea;jy; epyj;jpw;F tUzDk; nja;tq;fshff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rptngUkhdpd; ngah; $wg;glhky; ,Ue;jhYk; Fwpg;gpl;l khw;Wg; ngah;fshy;
miof;fg;gl;L te;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. rkz rkak; nkshpa kd;dd;
fhyj;jpYk; ngsj;j rkak; mNrhfh; fhyj;jpYk; njd;dhl;by; gutpaJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
rkz kjk;
rq;f fhyj;jpYk>; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpYk; rkz kjk; kw;w rkaq;fSld;
R%f cwTld; ,Ue;jJ. fsg;gpuh;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; rkzkjk; Gjpa
tsh;r;rpiaf; fz;lJ. gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; rkzkjj;ijAk>; ngsj;j
kjj;ijAk;mopg;gjw;F irtkjKk>; itz kjKk; Kw;gl;ld. Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy;
xOq;FKiwf;s rPh;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rkzkjk; capUk; (Md;;khTk;)> rlg;nghUSk;
moptw;wit. Md;;khf;fs; gy vd;gJ Nghd;w nfhs;iffisf; $WtJk;> mfpk;ir
tho;f;if newpahff; filgpbj;Jk; $WfpwJ.
ma;adhh; topghL> rhj;jdhh; topghL> jPghtspg;gz;bif> rpj;jh; topghL
Mfpait rkzh;fsplkpUe;J te;jitahFk;. Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kid (580-630)
rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;jpUehTf;furh;. ,ijg; gw;wp jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfs; $WfpwJ.
$d;ghz;badpd; ntg;GNehiaf; Nghf;f rkzh;fshy; Kbatpy;iy.
irtkjj;ijr; rhh;e;j jpUQhdrk;ge;jd; $d;ghz;badpd; ntg;GNehiaj; jPh;j;J
itj;jjhy; mtd; rkz rkaj;jpypUe;J irt kjj;jpw;F khwpdhd;. Kjyhk;
eurpk;kth;kd; (630-668) fhyj;jth;. jpUQhdrk;ge;jhpd; fhyk; VohtJ Ehw;whz;lhFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
$d;ghz;bad; rkz rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ ghz;ba ehl;bd; njd; gFjpapy; rkz

kjj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhf Neubahf te;jhd;. mg;NghJ uhIghisak; mUNf cs;s
NrhoGuk; ghz;ba ehL jiyrpwe;j gFjpahf tpsq;fpaJ.
$dq;Fsk;
uhIghisak; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j $dq;Fsk; ,se;jpiunfhz;lhd;>
nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd>; Gj;Jhh>; Nrj;Jhh;> Kjypa Ch;fspy; $d;ghz;bad;
rkzkjj;ijg; gug;gpdhd;. mg;NghJ mtd; Fsq;fisAk; ntl;bdhd;. $d;ghz;bad;
me;j Fsj;ij ntl;bajhy; me;j ,lk; jw;NghJ ($dd;Fsk; vd;Nw miof;fg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
$dq;;Fsj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s ,se;jpiunfhz;lhdpy; trpj;Jte;j Ntjpah;fis
rkz kjj;jpy; Nrh;e;jhd; vd;W tuyhW $WfpwJ. ,td; fhyj;jpy; uhrghisak;
mUNf cs;s Nrj;Jhh;> jstha;Guk;> Gj;Jhh; Mfpa ,lq;fspYs;s kiyfspy;
rkzh;fs; jq;fpa Fiffs; ,d;Dk; cs;sd. rkz Kdpth;fspd; rpiyfSk;
cs;sd.
nfhy;yq;nfhz;;lhd; kiyab thuj;jpy; rkzKdpth;fs; rpiy tlf;fpypUe;J
jpahdk; nra;Ak; epiyapy; cs;sJ. ,g;NghJ ,e;j rpiyia Nkhh;j;jha; vd;W $wp
topghL nra;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,e;j rpiyia kQ;rs; Fq;Fkk; tpG+jp Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;L myq;fhpj;Js;sdh;. ,jdhy; cz;ikahd cUtj;ijf;fhz KbfpwJ.
Kdpthpd; gpd;gFjpapy; fl;blk; Nghd;w mikg;G cs;sJ.;
$d; ghz;bad; fp.gp.7 k; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jtdhifahy; rkz Kdpthpd;
rpiyAk; 7k; Ehw;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jjhFk;. ,Nj Ehw;whz;ilr; rhh;e ; ;j rkz Kdpth;fs;
rpiy Nrj;Jhhpy; cs;sJ.,t;tl;lj;ijr; Nrh;;e;j rh];jh Nfhtpy;fSk>; ma;adhh;
Nfhtpy;fSk; fp.gp.7k; Ehw;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jitahFk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
mjpraypq;fk; fz;Lgpbg;G
nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; vd;w Ch; ,g;nghOJ mad;nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; jz;zPh; Foha; gjpg;gjw;fhf Njhz;ba NghJ
G+kpf;Fs; 14k; Ehw;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j mjpraypq;fk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Rak;Gypq;fk;
G+kpf;Fs; ,Ue;J ntspNa te;Js;s ypq;fj;ij Rak;Gypq;fk; vd;W
miof;fpd;wdh;. cyfpy; 64 Rak;Gypq;fq;fs; Njhd;wp cs;sd vd;W ypq;fGuhzk;
$WfpwJ. me;j tifapy; jw;NghJ fpilj;Js;s ,e;j ypq;fj;ijAk;
Rak;Gypq;fk;vd;Nw miof;fyhk;. Rak;Gypq;fk; nghJthf nrhunrhug;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
Mdhy; ,e;j ypq;fk; mt;thwpy;yhkhy; ypq;fj;jpd; Nky;gFjp tOtOg;ghfTk; kj;jpa
ghfKk; mbg;ghfKk; nrhu nrhug;ghfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;W jftyhsh; e.uhirah
$Wfpwhh;. ,e;j ypq;fk; 1 mb tpl;lKk; 3 mb cauKk; nfhz;L 3 rkghfq;fshf
gphpf;fg;gl;L;ssJ. ypq;fj;jpd; fPo;g;ghfk; ehd;F gl;ilfSld; $baJk; eLg;ghfk; vl;L
gl;ilfSld; $baJkhd Jhz; Nghd;w mikg;gpd; Nky; ypq;f mikg;G cs;sJ.
jw;NghJ Myaq;fspy; cs;s ypq;fj;ijg; Nghy; tl;ltbtkhd rf;jpAU ,jpy;
,y;iy. ePz;l cUz;ilahd jz;Lg;gFjp kl;LNk cs;sJ. ypq;fj;ij
jpUTUthfTk; ypq;fj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; tl;l tbtkhd gFjp rf;jp
cUtkhfTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;W Nrh;e;jNj rptDila


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
clyhFk;. Mdhy; rptypq;fj;jpd; Nky; ghfj;jpy; %d;W jpUePh;Wg; gl;ilfSk; mjd;

kj;jpapy; re;jzKk; Fq;FKk; Nrh;e;j nghl;Lk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jw;NghJ fpilj;Js;s ypq;fj;jpy; Nkw;$wpa FwpaPLfs; ,y;iy. ,e;j
ypq;fj;jpy; tpG+jp mzpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; new;wpf;fz; Nghd;w mikg;G
cs;sJ. new;wpf; fz;zpypUe;J %d;W fapWfs; njhq;Ffpd;wd.eLtpYs;s fapW
ypq;fj;jpd; mbg;ghfk; tiuapYk; nry;fpd;wJ. mJ nfhg;Gfis Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjhf
,Uf;fyhk; ,lJ kw;Wk; tyJ Gwj;jpy; njhq;Fk; fapWfs; ,uz;Lk; gpd;Gwkhfr;
nrd;W ypq;fj;jpd; ikag; gFjpapy; KJFj;jz;L KbAk; gFjpapy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jifa FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;;l mjpraypq;fk; Ntnwq;Fk;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,f;FwpaPfs; kdpjh;fSf;F Fz;lypdp rf;jpia tpsf;Ftjw;fhf
mike;jpUf;ff; $Lk; vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. ypq;f rh];jpuj;jpy; $wp cs;sgb
ypq;fj;jpd; Nky; ghfk; Uj;jpu ghfnkd;Wk; eLg;ghfk; tp\;Zghfk; vd;Dk;
mike;jpUg;gJ ,e;j ypq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. gjQ;ryp Kdpth; fhyj;jpNyNa
cUt topghL ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. jkpofj;jpy; cUt topghL rptypq;f topghlhfNt
Kjypy; njhlq;fp cs;sJ.
fp.gp 2 k; Ehw;whz;by; Me;jpuhtpy; jbky;yk; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; ypq;f topghL
,Ue;Js;sJ. ,JNt njd;dfj;jpd; Kjy; ypq;f topghL ghz;bah;fs; fhyj;jpy;
Vw;gl;ljhf njhpfpd;wJ. khwth;kd; tPughz;bad; (fp.gp.1340-1380)tiu
nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; gFjpia jd;dhl;rp elj;jp te;jhd;. mg;NghJ rptd; Nfhtpy;
xd;iwf; fl;bdhd; vd;Wk; mf;NfhapYf;F tPughz;B];tuh; vd;W ngah; #l;bdhd;
vd;Nw miof;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mg;NghJ ,e;j mjpraypq;fj;ijg; gpujp\;il
nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fy;ntl;L
khwth;kd; ngahpy; ,q;Fs;s nghpa Fsj;jpy; xU fy;ntl;Lk; cs;sJ.
,g;gFjpapy; ele;j Nrho ghz;ba Nghh;fspdhNyh irt itzt rkz kjq;fspy;
Vw;gl;l rr;ruTfspdhNyh my;yJ Mw;fhL ethg; Mq;fpNyah; elj;jpa Nghh;fspy;
kUjehafk; vd;w KfkJ A+Rg;ghd; ,t;T+iu ,bj;J jiu kl;lkhf;fpa NghNjh ,;ej
mjpraypq;fk; G+kpf;Fs; Gijf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
,t;T+iur; Rw;wpYk; rkz gj;Jwtp Jh;f;if ehfh; kw;Wk; Vuhskhd rpiyfs;
Mq;fhq;Nf rpjwpf; fplg;gNj ,jw;F rhd;whFk;.
jftyhsh; gl;bay;
e.uhirah taJ 60> nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd;> 2001k; Mz;L> ,uh[ghisak;>
tpUJefh; khtl;lk;
JizEhw;gl;bay;
Nf.Nf.gps;is> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk; cyfj;jkpouha;;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id. -

2004


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fl;llf;fiy thapyhf mwpag;gLk; jkpopd; njhd;ikAk;

jkpoH ngUikAk; - xU kPs;ghHit
A Bird Eye Study on the Eminence of Tamil Culture and Antiquity through
Architecture
ng.uh[h> KidtH gl;l Ma;thsH>

KJfiyj; jkpoha;T Jiw> gp\g; `PgH fy;Y}hp> jpUr;rp-17.
Abstract
The paper elicits a bird eye study on the eminence of Tamil Culture and Antiquity
through Architecture. It becomes a requirement and its very important to know about the
culture and the civilization existed lang back through the architecture. Hence, the study
paves way to understand the region to understand the cultural origins of the ancient Tamil
people by architectural evidences.
Keywords: Bird Eye Study, Eminence, Tamil Culture, Antiquity, Architecture
Kd;Diu
fhye;NjhWk; jkpoH Nghw;wp tsHj;j fiyfSs; fl;lf;fiy Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
kuGk; GJikAk; fye;J mtHfs; cUthf;fpa fl;Lkhdq;fSs; gy> ,d;wsTk;
tho;e;J mtHjk; fiyj;jpwk; $WtNjhL> gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ,f;fl;likg;Gfs;
ngw;w tbt khw;wq;fisAk; Gj;jpizg;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; gpd;dike;j fiyQHfspd;
cz;ikahd ciog;igAk; cyFf;F czHj;jp epw;fpd;wd. kdpjdJ cs;sj;ijj;
jd; takhf;fp> epuk;gp> mt;tsNthL epy;yhky; ntspg;gLk; Mw;wNy fiy vdg;gLk;.
$Ljy;> Fiwjy; ,d;wp vg;nghUSk; msNthL mike;jpUg;gpd;> me;j mikg;Gf;
fz;izf; ftUtJ ,ay;G. vdNt> fiy vd;gJ msTk; nghUj;jKk; jd;Ds;
mlf;fp epw;gJ@ mJ rkaj;jpy; cs;sj;jpwF ctif Cl;LtJ@ cs;sj;ijj; jd;ghy;
<Hg;gJ ,it fiy fiy vd;gjhFk;.
fiyapd; gilg;Gf;fs;
ehfhpfj; njhlf;fj;jpy; jtoj; njhlq;fpa gioa fw;fhy kdpjd;> jhd;
tho;e;j kiyf;Fifapy; ,Ue;j ghiwfs; kPJ jd; iftz;zj;ijf; fhl;bdhd;.
mf;iftz;zk; rpy Xtpaq;fshf ,d;wsTk; fhl;rp mspf;fpwJ. mtuJ
cs;sj;jpypUe;J nghq;fp vOe;j fiy czHNt mtid Xtpag; Gytdhf;fpaJ.
rpwpa fj;jpiaf; nfhz;L rpwpjsT kug;gl;iliar; rPtp> mr;rt P g;ngw;w ,lj;jpy;
mofpa gps;isahH cUtj;ijf; fy;yhf; fdpkfd; mikf;fpd;whd;. mtdJ
cs;sj;jpypUe;J nghq;fp vOk; fiy Mw;wNy mtd; if topahfg; GFe;J
mt;tofpa rpw;gj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fiyQd; ,yf;fzk;
fyQd; ,aw;if mikg;Gf;fisf; $He;J ftdpj;jwpjy; Ntz;Lk;@ nghUs;fspd;
gy;NtW ,ay;GfisAk; mtw;Wf;Nfw;g nghUj;jj;ijAk; ed;F njspjy; Ntz;Lk;@ jd;
epidtpy; Njhd;Wtdtw;iwf; fhtpakhfNth> XtpakhfNth> rpw;gkhfNth>
Ntnwhd;whfNth ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyapd;
nghUisAk;> tho;f;if KiwiaAk; ed;F mwpe;J njhpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;@ fiyQd;
rpwe;j xOf;fk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it midj;Jk; xU Nrug; ngw;wtNd rpwe;j
fiyQd; Mthd;.
rq;ffhyf; fl;llf;fiy
Kjyhk; kNfe;jputHkUf;F (fp.gp.590-630) Kw;gl;L tho;e;j jkpoHfspd;
fl;llf;fiy mwpit mwpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. mit fhl;Lk; kidfs;
,iwtho; kidfshfTk; Fbtho; kidfshfTk; mike;jd. Fbtho; kidfSs;
rpwpa mstpd rpw;wpy;> Fuk;ig> vd;wiof;fg; ngw;wd. nghpa mstpd tskid> efH
vdg;gl;ld. Gy;Nta; Fuk;ig> Ftpe;j Fuk;ig> GJf; fyj;jd;d nrt;tha;r; rpw;wpy;
vDk; ,yf;fpar; Rl;ly;fs; ,tw;wpd; fl;likg;igf; $Wfpd;wd.
efH nrhy;
,iwtho; kidfisr; Rl;lTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s efH vDk; nrhy;>
‘khlkhd; efH’> ‘tpz;nghU neLefH’> ‘fbAiltpad; efH’> ‘mfy; efH’ ‘epow;faj;jd;d
ePs;efH’, ‘tpidtsk; nfO jpUefH’, ‘espkid neLefH’ vd tskidfspd;
mfyk;> ePl;rp> caHr;rp> ngUik Gyg;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fSld; ,izj;jhsg; gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j tPLfs; nrq;fy; fl;llq;fsha;r; Rij G+rg;ngw;W Xtpaj; jPw;wyhy; moFgLj;jg;
gl;bUe;jd. ,tw;wpy; mugpak; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l epyhKw;wq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
cj;jpuq;fSk; J}z;fSk; kuj;jhy; mikf;fg; gl;bUe;jd vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; ‘efH’
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
fl;ll mikg;G Kiwfs;
muz;kidfs; mike;j tpjk;> mtw;iw mikj;j rpw;ghrphpaH jpwd; Fwpj;J
neLey;thil ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. E}ywp GytHfs; vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; ,e;jf;
iftpidQHfs; kjpy;> thapy;> epiy> Njhuzk;> fjTfs;> khlk;> epyhKw;wk;> vOjzp
kz;lgk; ,tw;iwr; nrk;ikAw murHf;F Vw;gj; jpl;lkpl;L mikj;jdH. ‘nrk;G
,ad;wd;d nrQ;RtH’, ‘Fd;W Fapd;wd;d me;jzH gs;sp’, ‘Fd;W Fapd;wd;d
Xq;Fepiy thapy;’, ‘tiu Fapd;wd;d thd;Njha; neLQ;RtH’, ‘nfhLq;fhy; khlj;J
neLq;fil’, ‘xz;RtH ey; ,y; caHjpz;iz’ ,it Nghd;w nrhw;nwhlHfs;
mf;fhyf; fl;likg;Gfis tpsf;f ty;yd.
fhg;gpa fhy fl;ll mikg;G Kiwfs;
fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy;> Gjpa fl;llf;fiyr; nrhw;fs; njd;gLtjpypUe;J rq;ff;
fl;likg;Gfspy; khw;wq;fs; NeHe;jikia czuyhk;. Nghjpif vDk; nrhy;>
J}Zf;Fk; cj;jpuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilaykUk; jhq;fiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. kzpNkfiyapy;
ifahsg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fiyr; nrhy;> rq;f fhyj;jpy; fhy;fspd; kPJ mkHe;j
cj;jpuq;fs;> fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; ,ilapy; Nghjpifiag; ngwj; njhlq;fptpl;likiaj;
njsptha;r; Rl;LtJ fhzyhk;. $iuapd; Rikiag; gutyhfj; jhq;f ,g;Gj;jikg;G>
fl;Lkhd fiyQHfSf;F cjtpaJ. NkYk; Ntjpif vDQ;nrhy; mbj;jsj;jpw;Fk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
RtUf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fl;lkhdj;ijf; Fwpf;ff; fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg; gl;lJ.

fe;jpw;ghitfs; fhg;gpa fhyr; rpwg;gikg;Gfs;. rq;fr; RtHg; ghitfisg; Nghy
,itAk; nja;tjk; ngw;wd.
fhg;gpaf; fhyk;
jkpo;ehl;Lr; rpw;ghrphpaHfSld; kfjk;> kuhl;lk;> mte;jp> atdk; Mfpa
gy;ehl;Lf; iftpidQHfSk; $bj; njhopy; nra;j fhykhff; fhg;gpa fhyj;ijf;
Fwpf;fyhk;. ‘gtsj; jpus;fhy; gd;kzpg; Nghjpif jts epj;jpyj; jhkk; jho;e;j
Nfhzr; re;jp khz;tpid tpjhdj;Jj; jkdpak; Nta;e;j tifngW tdg;gpd; nkOfhg;
gRk;nghd; kz;lgk;’ ngw;w muz;kidfspd; fl;likg;Gg; gw;wp tphpthd juTfs;
fhg;gpaq;fspy; gjpthftpy;iy vdpDk;> mq;nfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkha;f; fpilf;Fk;
rhd;Wfs; nfhz;L Xustpw;F Cfpf;f KbfpwJ. Mly; muq;fk; E}y; newp kugpd;gb
mikf;fg;gl;lij muq;Nfw;W fhijahy; mwpayhk;.
Nfhtpy; fl;llq;fs;
fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; Nfhapw; fl;Lkhdj;jpy; epfo;e;j kpfg;nghpa Gul;rpia mwpa
gf;jp ,af;fk; cjTfpwJ. ,yf;fpak;> nrg;NgL> fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfshy; mwpag;gLk;
Nfhr;nrq;fzhd; vd;w Nrho murNu ,e;jg; Gj;jikg;ig cUthf;fpatH. mJehs;
tiuapYk; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fspd; fl;Lkhdq;fs; jiukl;lj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jd
my;yJ Fd;Wfspd; kPJ ,Ue;jd. Nfhr;nrq;fzhd;> khlf;Nfhapy;fs; vDk; GJtiff;
fl;likg;Gfisj; jkpo; ehl;Lf; fiyAyfpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH. ,jdhy; jiu
kl;lj;jpy; mika Ntz;ba Nfhapy;fs;> kiyNky; mike;jit Nghy; caHe;jd.
ntw;Wj; jsnkhd;iw Kjypy; epWtp> mj;jsj;jpd; Nky; Nfhapy; fl;llj;ij
mikf;Fk; ,e;j cj;jpNa gpd;dhisa Nfhapw; fl;lq;fspd; Jizj;js mikg;gpw;F
topNfhypd.
fl;llf;fiy tuyhw;wpd; jpUg;GKid
mopAk; nghUl;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;L mopTw;w fl;llq;fshy; Vw;gl;l khw;wkh
my;yJ tprpj;jpu rpj;jj;jhy; tpise;j GJg;ghHitapd; gadh vd;wwpatpayh tz;zk;
Kjyhk; kNfe;jputHkhpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; jkpo;ehl;Lf; fl;llf;fiy tuyhw;wpd;
jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ. nrq;fy; ,y;yhky;> Rijapy;yhky;> kukpy;yhky;>
cNyhfKk; ,y;yhky; me;jr; rpj;jpufhug; Gypahy; njhz;il ehl;bd; Kjw;fl;llk;
fy;ypy; tbntLj;jJ. <kr;rpd;dq;fSf;fhfNt xJf;fg;gl;bUe;j fy;ypy; ,iwf;Nfhapy;
vOg;gpaJ GJik kl;Lky;y> fhyg;Gul;rpAkhFk;. ,e;jf; iftpid ghz;ba ehl;bYk;
,Ue;jJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; Filtiufs; mike;jd. ,it
mikg;gpy; rq;fg; nghjpapy;fis mbnahw;wpd. xU nrt;tf kz;lgKk; kz;lgg;
gpd;Rthpy; fUtiwfSnkd cUthd ,f;Filtiuf; Nfhapyf;s; kug;nghl;b
mike;jitjhd; vd;whYk; Gjpa Kaw;rpfisAk; cs;slf;fpaitNa.
Filtiufs;
Kfg;G> kz;lgk;> fUtiw vd xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf mike;Js;s Filtiuf;
fl;likg;gpd; Kfg;G> J}z;fshy; MdJ. ghiwr; Rtiu xl;baikAk; gf;fj;J}z;fs;
miuj;J}z;fshfTk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilg;gl;like;J Kfg;igg; gy mq;fzq;fshfg;
gphpg;git KOj;J}z;fshfTk; mikf;fg;ngWk;. ,j;J}z;fspd; jiyNky; kzpNkfiy
mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; Nghjpif> ,jd; iffs; ,UGwj;Jk; tphpe;J jhq;Fk; cj;jpuj;jpw;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nky;> $iuia xl;br; rpWfk;G> kuj;jpYk; nrq;fy;ypYk; mike;j fl;Lkhdq;fisg;

gpd;gw;wp> kuG tOthJ fy;ypYk;> gad;ghl;L Nehf;fpd;wp> mNj cWg;Gfis
me;ehisa fy; jr;rHfs; nfhzHe;jdH. fl;Lkhdg; nghUs; khwpaNghJk; fl;likg;G
khwhjfhykJ. rJuk;> fl;L> rJuk; vd;w mikg;gpYk; ehd;KfkhfTk; kz;lfg;gl;by;
cjakhFk; Kfg;Gj; J}z;fspd; J}Zly;> tsHepiyfshf vz;Kf> gd;Kf cly;
ngw;wiktij khky;yGuk; Filtiufspy; fhz KbfpwJ.
J}z;fspy; tbtikg;G Kiwfs;
J}zpd; mbg;gFjpahfg; ghjk; rw;Wg; gpw;gl;l epiyapYk;> me;jg; ghjj;jpw;Fk;
J}ZlYf;Fk; ,ilapy; tpyq;FUtk; xd;W ,lk;ngWtJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dhspYk;
mwpKfkhapd. rpk;kk;> ahsp> ML> ahid> ehfk; vdg; gy;NtW cUtq;fs;
J}zbfshf tbntLj;jpUg;gijg; gy;ytH Nfhapy;fspy; ghHf;f KbfpwJ. rJuk;>
fl;L> rJuk; vd mike;j J}Zlypd; ntWikahd rJu Kfq;fspy;> GJik
mthtpa rpyH jhkiug; gjf;fq;fis mikj;jdH. kfuk;> ahid> fpd;duH vdg;
gy;NtW nrJf;fy;fis mikj;Jf; fhl;bdH. nfhbfspd; tisTfspy; fUj;jpoe;j
rpyH> nfhbf;fUf;Ffisg; gy;NtW glHTfspy; gilj;Jg; gutrkhapdH. Kjyhk;
kNfe;jpuH fhyj;jpNyNa ,itaidj;Jk; ,lk;ngWtJ Nehf;f> fhy ,ilntspf;Ff;
fhj;jpuhky; Gj;jikg;Gfs; kuGrhH fl;Lkhdq;fspy; Gug;ghHf;Nfw;g gjpthdik
czuyhk;.
jkpohpd; fl;blf;fiy tpag;G
Filtiufspy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fs;> me;j mikg;GfNshL> xd;wpg;
gpwe;jitahjyhYk; mtw;wpw;F cap&l;LgitahfNt miktjhYk; mtw;iwf;
fl;likg;GfspypUe;J gphpj;Jg; ghHj;jy; ,ayhJ vd;gJ kl;Lky;y> rhpad;Wk; $l
gy;ytHfspd; njhlf;ff; fhyf; fUtiw ,iwahf ,lk;ngWk; Nrhkh];fe;jH tbtk;
gy;ytr; rpw;ghrphpaHfspd; Gjpa tbtikg;ghFk;. rq;f> fhg;gpag; ghlybfspy; vq;Fk;
,e;jf; FLk;gpiaf; fhzf;$ltpy;iy. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fl;llf;fiy tuyhw;wpYk;
rpw;gf;fiy tuyhw;wpYk; ,e;jg; NguoFg; gbtk; gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; jdpj;Jtk;
ngw;WtpLtij ahNu kWf;f KbAk;?
tpkhd mikg;G Kiwfs;
KOikAwhj ,k;Kj;js xUfy; jsp xd;wd;Nky; xd;wha; mike;j %d;W
jsq;fspYk; ,iwafk; nfhz;lJ. xt;NthH ,iwafj;jpd; Kd;Dk; Kd;wpy; ngw;wJ.
Kj;jsf; fUtiwfSk; jpUr;Rw;Wg; ngWkhW jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. NkypU jsq;fspYk;
,iwafr; RtHfs; gj;jpfshf;fg;gl;Lg; gj;jpik tpsf;fr; rpw;gq;fs; nfhz;ld.
fPo;j;jsr; Rw;W Kfg;Gfshyhd ehy;topr; Rw;wha; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. Nkw;wsr;
Rw;Wfs; jsq;fisj; jOthJ js;spaike;j Muq;fshy; tpise;jit.
ghjr;RtHf;fl;Nlh mJtiu fhl;lg;glhj fNghjge;jkhdJ. fl;likg;gpYk; cUthf;fj;
jpwdpYk; rpw;g miktpYk; gy Gjpa kuGfis tpijj;j ,e;jg; gy;ytg; ngUe;jsp>
‘mj;ae;jfhkk;’ vd;w ngahpy; fhy ntspr;rj;jpw;F Kiwahff; nfhzug;gl;Ls;s jkpoH
jk; fl;llf;fiy cd;djkhFk;. ,j;jspapy; ,lk;ngw;w rpw;gq;fs; rpy> mjw;F
Kd;dUk; gpd;dUk; NtW vj;jspapYk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Gjpa fl;llf;fiy mikg;Gfs;

jkpo;ehl;Lf; fl;llf;fiyapy; gpw;NrhoH fhyj;jpy; tpise;j Gjpa
fl;likg;Gfshf E}w;Wf;fhy;> Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,it Gjpa
mikg;Gfs;. jpUtuq;fk; Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgj;jpd; mbj;jsk; lhf;lH
kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhH tuyhw;wha;T ikaj;jhy; mz;ikapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
jhq;Fjsf; fz;lg; gFjpapy; njhluhf Mlw;rpw;gq;fs;. kz;lgj;jpd; fhy;fs; E}y;
gpbj;jhw; Nghy; XH xOq;fpw;Fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kw;NrhoH fhyj;jpUNghyf;f
kz;lgq;fspd; tsHepiyfshf ,tw;iwf; nfhs;syhk;.
KbTiu
jkpoH fl;llf;fiy> kuG tl;lj;jpw;Fs; kl;Lk; Roytpy;iy. mNj rkak;
kuig Kw;wpYkha;j; Jwe;J GJik kakha; khwplTk; ,y;iy. kuGfisg; gpd;gw;wpAk;
khw;wpaikj;Jk; Gjpadtw;iw Ntz;Lkpj;J Ntz;LkhW Njitf;Nfw;g NrHj;Jf;
nfhz;Lk; tsHe;j jkpoH fl;llj;jpd;> fhye;NjhWk; cyfk; tpae;J Nghw;Wk;
cd;djf; fl;Lkhdq;fis cUthf;fpaJ. ve;jg; Gj;jikg;igAk; gad;ghl;L Nehf;fpYk;
mofpay; Nehf;fpYk; rpe;jpj;J cUthf;fpa jkpo;ehl;Lr; rpw;ghrphpaHfs; mtw;iw
kuGrhH fl;likg;gpy; ed;F nghUe;jpLkhW ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l NeHj;jp
ghuhl;lw;FhpajhFk;. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fl;llf;fiy mwpQHfis topg;gLj;j gy
E}y;fspUe;jd. neLey;thilf; fhyj;jNyNa E}ywp Gytnud;Wjhd; fl;Lkhd
mwpQHfs; miof;fg;gl;ld. kakjk;> fhrpagk;> khdrhuk; Nghd;w gy fl;llf;fiy
E}y;fs; me;ehspy; ,Ue;jdntdf; fUjyhk;. E}y;topg; gbj;J> FUFyf; fy;tpaha;f;
fw;W> fsj;jpypwq;fpa fiyQHfs; vj;jF fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdH. fw;fisf;
nfhzuTk; cauq;fSf;F Vw;wTk; vj;jF njhopy;Kiwia ifahsg;gl;lJ vd;gJ
gw;wpnay;yhk; mwpa tphpthd juTfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
ghHit E}y;fs;
1. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhH kh.> jkpoff; fiyfs;> %d;whk; gjpg;G : khHr;> 1980> ghhp

epiyak;> 184> gpuhl;Nt> nrd;id-600001.
2. fiyf;Nfhtd; ,uh.> thUzpf;F vOjpa tuyhw;W kly;fs;> Kjw;gjpg;G : 2012>
mUs; gjpg;gfk;> 66> nghpahH njU> vk;.[p.MH. efH> nrd;id-78.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
[t;thJ kiy- kiyahspg; goq;Fbapdupd; nja;t ek;gpf;iffs;

Deity Beliefs of Javathu Hills Malayali Tribes
m. uhN[\;> KidtH gl;l Ma;thsH

cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id- 600 113
Abstract
The paper focuses on the beliefs of deities amidst the Malayali Tribes of Javadhu
Hills. It is a clear evidence of the ancient worship among the tribal people. It reveals the fact
that they follow Tamil culture in the worshipping methods. Hence, the article traces the
evidences related to it.
Keywords : Javathu Hills, Malayali Tribes, Deity Beliefs
gz;ilafhy kdpjd; ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J tho;f;ifia elj;jpatd;.

,aw;if khWjYf;Nfw;g mtDila kdKk; khWgl;lJ. mtdpd; ,aw;ifNahL
,iae;j tho;tpy; ek;gpf;iffs; Njhd;wpd. ehfupfk; Njhd;wpa kdpj rKjhaj;jpy;
kf;fs; ek;gpf;ifNahL nray;gLtijf; fhzKbfpwJ. Mdhy; jdpkdpj ek;gpf;if
Njhd;wpaJ. mJ me;je;j kdpjHfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rKjha ek;gpf;ifahf
khwpte;jpUg;gij It;thJ kiytho; kf;fspd;top mwpayhk;. fhuzfhupaq;fspd;
thapyhf epWt Kbe;jij ek;gpf;if vd;Wk; fhuz fhupaq;fspd; %ykhf epWt
Kbahjtw;iw %lek;gpf;if vd;Wk; mwpQHfs; $WtH.
[t;thJ kiyahdJ jkpo;ehl;by; NtY}H> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lq;fspd;
vy;iyfspy; gutpAs;sJ. [t;thJ kiy GJ}HehL> rpj;J}H> NkY}H> ney;ypthry;>
Nfhk;ig> tyir vd 32 fpuhkq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf mike;Js;sJ. ,q;Fs;s
kiyahspg; goq;FbapdH khLNka;j;jy;> tptrhak; nra;jy;> NjndLj;jy; Nghd;w
njhopy;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdH. mtHfSila nja;tek;gpf;iffs; Fwpj;J Ma;tNj
,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
nja;t ek;gpf;if
It;thJ kiyapd; 32 fpuhkq;fSk; fy;yht+H vd;w fpuhkk; tuyhw;Wr;
rpwg;Gtha;e;j ,lk; vdyhk;. “,q;F %q;fpy; kuq;fSf;F eLtpy; xU fy;jpl;il
cs;sJ. mjw;Fs; %d;W kz;ghidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mijg; ghHg;gjw;F
ahUf;Fk; mDkjpapy;iy. me;jg;ghidf;Fs; ghk;G ,Uf;fpwJ vd;Wk;> mg;gbg;
ghHj;jhy; mJ nja;t Fw;wkhfptpLk; vd;Wk; kf;fs; ek;gpf;iff; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
fy;jpl;ilapd; mikg;G goq;fw;fhy kdpjHfspd; cly;fis mlf;fk; nra;Jitj;j
,lk;Nghy Njhd;WfpwJ" ([t;thJ kiy goq;Fb kf;fs;> g.11) vd;fpwhH N[ . MH.
,yl;Rkp. ,ij ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;bAs;sJ.
[t;thJ kiytho; kiyahspg; goq;Fbapd kf;fs; flTs; ek;gpf;if
kpFe;jtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH. fP*upy; Nte;jpag;gd; rpiy xU eLfy;yhf cs;sJ.
mjidf; flTshf topgLfpd;wdH kiyahspfs;. ,e;j eLfy; Nghupy; my;yJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Ntl;ilapd;NghJ tPu kuzk; mile;jtUf;F vLf;fg;gl;ljhff; $l ,Uf;fyhk;.

mt;thW Nte;jpag;gDf;fhd topghLfs; elf;fpd;wd. mf;NfhapypDs; mike;jpUf;Fk;
tpjhdj;jpy; kyHe;j jhkiu Nghd;W eLtpy; kfue;jk; epuk;gpa gFjp kQ;rs;
epwj;jpYk;> ,jo;fs; rpte;j epwj;jpYk; mjidr; Rw;wpg; gr;ir tz;zj;jpYk;
tz;zq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd
nja;tk; ,isg;ghWjy;
xt;nthU CupYk; cw;rtH cyhtUk; NghJ> ,ilapy; ,isg;ghWtjw;Fg;
g+g;ge;jy; Nghlg;gLfpwJ. mij ~,isg;ghj;jp| vd;fpd;wdH. ,t;thW flTs;
,isg;ghWtjhf kf;fs; ek;gpf;iff; nfhz;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
Ntl;bag;gid tzq;fpr; nry;Yjy;
nkhoiy fpuhkj;jpy; Ntl;bag;gd; Nfhapy; cs;sJ. ,f;fpuhk kf;fs;
fhl;Lf;Fs; nry;Yk;NghJ ,j;nja;tj;ij tzq;fptpl;L nry;fpd;wdH. Vndd;why;
,t;Ntl;bag;gid tzq;fpr; nrd;why; jq;fSf;Fg; ngUe;Jd;gk; VJk; NeuhJ vd;gjpy;
ek;gpf;if cilatHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
Nfhapypy; fhzpf;if
GJ}H ehl;by; jq;fspd; ey;tho;Tf;fhf Ntz;bf;nfhs;NthH fhzpf;ifahf
kz;zhyhd Mz;> ngz;> tpyq;F Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; cs;s nghk;ikfisr;
Rz;zhk;Gk; fhtpAk; fye;j tHzq;fNshL myq;fupj;J Nfhapypd; cl;RtHfspNy
itj;jpUf;fpd;wdH. ,t;thW nghk;ikfis itj;jhy; jq;fSf;F ey;tho;T mikAk;
vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;iff; nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH.
nja;tk; NgRjy;
rpj;J}H fpuhkj;jpy; Gw;Wf;Nfhapy; jhdhfg; gpwe;jJ vd;fpd;wdH. “me;j
,lj;jpy; khL Xl;br; nry;Yk; NghJ> khl;bd; fhybapy; ,uj;jk; te;jjhfTk;>
mjd;gpd; mq;fpUe;j> xUtUf;F mUs;te;J> ehd; ngUkhs; Njhd;wpapUf;fpd;Nwd;.
vdf;Ff; Nfhapy; fl;Lq;fs; vd;W nrhd;djhy; ,t;tplj;ij kf;fs; ghHj;jdH. mq;Nf
Gw;W ,Ug;gijf; fz;ldH. mjd; gpd; Gw;wpidr; Rw;wpYk; rpnkz;lhy; Nfhapy;fl;b
topgl;ldH".([t;thJ kiy kf;fs;> g.38) vd;W N[. MH. ,yl;Rkp gjptpLfpwhH.
,t;thW ,iwtNd Neupy;te;J Ngrpajhf> kf;fs; ek;gpf;if nfhz;lNjhL
Nfhapy;fl;b topghl;bidAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdH.
nfhy;iy Kdp
NkY}upy; cs;s kf;fs;> jq;fSila xt;nthUtupd; epyj;jpYk; ~nfhy;iy
Kdp| ,Ug;gjhf ek;gpf;ifnfhz;L topgLfpd;wdH.
Kd;NdhHfisj; nja;tkhf topgLjy;
It;thJ kiytho; kf;fs; ,we;jtHfisj; jq;fsJ epyq;fspNyNa
mlf;fk;nra;J tpLfpd;wdH. mtHfis ~Kd;Ndhbf;fhuH| vd;W $wp nja;tkhf
tzq;Ffpd;wdH. Gypa+H fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs; gyh kuj;jpd; mbapy;
Kd;NdhHfspd; epidthfr; rpwpa fw;fshy;Md rkhjp mikj;J ,iwtdhf
topgLtijf; fhzKbfpwJ. fw;fis Kd;NdhHfshf epidj;J topgLtjpy; ek;gpf;if
cilatHfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mopQ;rp kuj;ijj; nja;tkhf topgLjy;

nkhoiy fpuhkj;jpy; “Ntb vd;gtH ghk;Gf;fbf;F kUj;Jtuhf tpsq;FfpwhH.
,e;jg; ghk;Gf; fbapy; ,Ue;J kPz;L tUtjw;Fg; GOq;fy; muprp> Gspg;gpy;yhurk;
Nghd;w czTfisg; gj;jpakhf cl;nfhz;lhy; rupahfptpLk; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;if
cilatHfshf kiytho; kf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wdH".(g.31) vd;W N[. ,yl;Rkp $WfpwhH.
ngUk;Gs;sp fpuhkk; gRikahd tay;ntsp> kuq;fSf;F eLNt mike;Js;sJ.
,q;Fs;s NfhapypDs; mopQ;rpkuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;kuk; ke;jpuk; nra;jy;> Nga;
Xl;Ljy; Nghd;w nray;fSf;Fg; gad;gLtjhf kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdH.
Nrhjpl ek;gpf;if
fk;Gf;Fb fpuhk kf;fs; Nrhjplj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifAilatHfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wdH.
mtUf;Ff; ~fdp nrhy;YgtH| vd;W ngaupl;L miof;fpd;wdH.
Nga;> gprhR> Mtp Fwpj;j ek;gpf;if
tre;jGuk; kiyf; fpuhkj;jpy; ,we;jtHfSf;fhf nkhl;il mbj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
gof;fk; ,y;iy. ,we;jtHfisg; Gijg;gjw;Fj; jdpahf RLfhL mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cly;eyk; rupapy;yhJ ntspaplq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;Lnrd;W mq;F ,we;J tpl;lhy;
mtHfis CUf;Fs; nfhz;LtUk; NghJ gy tpjkhd rlq;Ffisr; nra;fpd;wdH.
Fwpg;ghf “CUf;Fs; tUk;NghJ me;j ,lq;fspy; tpwFr; Rs;spfis itj;J neUg;G
%l;ba tz;zk; tUfpwhHfs;. mg;NghJjhd; CUf;Fs;Ns Nga;> gprhR> nfl;l Mtpfs;
cs;Ns tuhJ vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdH kiyahspfs;". (g.114) vd;W N[. MH. ,yl;Rkp
mtHfs; $Wtjpd; %yk; [t;thJ kiyahspfspd; Nga;> gprhR ek;gpf;ifiaj;
njupe;Jnfhs;sKbfpwJ.
kfhghujk; Fwpj;j ek;gpf;if
It;thJ kiyapy; ~mq;Fj;jp n[hid| vd;w Rid cs;sJ. mjpy; ngupa
Ridia jHkuh[h n[hid vd;Wk;> rpwpa Ridia fpU\;zn[hid vd;Wk;
$Wfpd;wdH. NkYk; mijtpl rpwpaRidia mH[{dd; n[hid vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdH.
NkYk; eFyd; Fsk;> rfhNjtd; Fsk; vd;w ngaUld; Fsq;fs; cs;sd. ,q;Fj;
JupNahjdH ghk;ig Vtptpl;ljhfTk; ,e;jg; ghiwapy;jhd; gQ;rghz;ltHfs;
gLj;jpUe;jjhfTk; kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdH.
KbTiu
It;thJ kiytho; kf;fs; nja;tj;jpd;kPJ ek;gpf;if cilatHfshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdH. cw;rtH cyhtUk; ,ilapy; nja;tj;ij ,isg;ghw itf;fpd;wdH.
nkhl;ilNghLjy;> fhJFj;Jjy; rlq;Ffspy; ek;gpf;iff; nfhz;Ls;sdH. fP*upy;
Nte;jpag;gd; rpiy xU eLfy;yhf cs;sJ. mjidf; flTshf topgLfpd;wdH
kiyahspfs;. ,e;j eLfy; Nghupy; my;yJ Ntl;ilapd;NghJ tPu kuzk;
mile;jtUf;F vLf;fg;gl;ljhff; $l ,Uf;fyhk;. jq;fspd; ey; tho;tpw;fhfj;
nja;tj;jpw;Ff; fhzpf;ifapLfpd;wdH. ,we;jtHfisj; jq;fSila epyj;jpy; Gijj;J
nja;tkhf topgLfpd;wdH. Nrhjplj;jpy; ek;gpf;if cilatHfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH.
ke;jpuk; nra;jy;> Nga; Xl;LjYf;F mopQ;rkuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. ghk;Gf;
fbf;Fg; gj;jpa czit cl;nfhz;lhy; rupahFk; vd;w ek;gpf;iffisf;
nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH vd;gij ,f;fl;Liutop mwpaKbfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
E}y;fs;
1. e.uj;jpdf;Fkhh;> ng.f.nghparhkp uh[h (njhg;ghrphpah;fs;) njhy;ypay; jkpoh;

tuyhw;Wj; jlq;fs; rpe;J rkntsp Kjy; fPobtiu (kJiu : fUj;Jg;gl;liw>
2018)> 13 – 14.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ts;StH etpYk; jkpoh; gz;ghl;L tho;f;if eyg;gz;Gfs;

Life Ethics of Tamil Culture by Valluvar
=. nu[pyh Fkhhp> KidtH gl;l Ma;thsH>

jkpo;f;fiy Ma;tfk;> nj.jp. ,e;Jf;fy;Y}hp> ehfHNfhtpy;.
Abstract
Thirukkural is great social treatise of Tamil culture written by Thiru Valluvar. His
ideas are really the ones of soulfully experienced ones. The Tamil people are very notable for
moral and ethical life. The customs of the society and the attitude of the people are clearly
portrayed in the work by Valluvar. Hence, this paper tries to bring out thr values from the
work that has been taken from the antique literary sources.
Keywords: Life Ethics, Tamil Culture, Valluvar
Kd;Diu
ePjpE}w;fSs; tho;T newp fhl;Lk; tsk; kpFe;j topfhl;b E}yhf jpUf;Fws;
jpfo;fpwJ. thd;Gfo; ts;StH mspj;j njs;sKjhfpa jpUf;Fws; cyfg;
nghJkiwahf tpsq;FtNjhL tho;f;iff;F topfhl;Lk; fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhfTk;
fw;Fk; NjhWk; GJg;nghUs; jUk; ew;wkpo; ,yf;fpakhf njhd;Wj;njhl;Nl toq;fp
tUfpwJ. ,jd; njhd;ikahd fUj;Jfs; xt;nthd;Wk; kf;fisr; nrk;ikahd
ghijapy; etpyr; nra;a itf;fpd;wJ. ,d;W cyf kf;fshy; jq;fSf;F chpa
nry;tkhf nghJr;nrhj;jhf mhpa ,yf;fzkhf Nghw;wg;gl;L tUk; ngUikia kpfTk;
mile;J tUfpwJ. ,jdhyd;Nwh gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNk ek; Njrpa ftpQuhd
Rg;ukzpa ghujpahH jkJ Kd;Ndhf;fpg; ghHf;Fk; jpwdhy; ts;Std; jd;id
cyfpDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL vd;whh;.
gz;ghL
gz;ghL vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ ‘culture’ vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypd;
nkhopg;ngaHg;G MFk;. ,t;thq;fpyr; nrhy;ypw;F xU nghUs; cz;L. xU nghUs;
n;jhd;Kiw kf;fs; tuyhw;wpaYf;Fg; nghUe;JtJ. kw;nwhUg; nghUs; jpUj;jKw
KaYk; kdepiyia Fwpf;f tUtJ MFk;. gFj;jwpthy; ey;yjd; eyDk; jPajd;
jPikAk; Ma;e;jwpe;J KOKjw; nrOk;nghUs; gw;NwhL xOf;fj;ij tpOkpajhf
Nghw;wp Nkd;NkYk; jpUj;j jpUj;jKw KaYk; kdepiyNa csg;ghq;Nf gz;ghlhFk;.
jpUf;Fws; fhl;Lk; gz;ghL
jpUf;Fwspy; kf;fs; gz;ghL ngWjw;F vz;zw;w fUj;Jfis toq;fp
topfhl;bdhH jpUts;Sth;. mtH ,sikj; njhl;Nl fUj;J tskpf;f E}y;fs; gy
gapd;W mwkdg;ghd;ikAld; FLk;gj;NjhL tho;e;J Foe;ijfs; kPJk; jhapd; kPJk;
vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf kf;fs; kPJk; jzpahj md;G nfhz;L ehk; tho ey;Yyfk;
tho ekJ gz;ghL tsu mwpa fUj;Jfis jpUf;Fwspy; ms;sp toq;fpAs;shH.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
NkYk; ,y;yw tho;f;ifapd; rpwg;gpid xg;gpLk; NghJ Nkiy ehLfSf;F ghujg;

gz;ghL jUfpd;w nfhil vd;Nw $wyhk;. ,y;ywNk mwq;fspnyy;yhk; jiyaha
mwk; MFk;. ,y;tho;f;if jhd; vd;nwd;Wk; ey;tho;f;if. Vnddpy; mq;Nfjhd; md;G
Njhd;WfpwJ. md;G ,y;iyNay; mwk;> nghUs; ,y;iy. mwKk; nghUSk;
,y;iyNay; ,d;gk; ,y;iy vdyhk;.
jpUkzk;
jpUkzk; Gdpjkhd xd;whf njhd;ikf; fhyk; njhl;Nl fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,iwtid epidj;J nghpNahHfs; MrPh;thjj;NjhL ,UtUk; md;Gld;
xUtUf;nfhUtH Ghpe;Jf; nfhz;L tho;f vd;W tho;j;Jfpd;wdH. ek;Kila jpUkz
tho;f;if xUtiunahUtH Ghpe;Jf; nfhz;L md;ghfTk; xw;WikahfTk;
cz;ikahfTk; mike;Jtpl;lhy; mJNt rpwe;j gads;s gz;GfisAila
tho;f;ifahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,ij>
“md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if
gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ” (Fws;.45)
vd;Dk; Fws; %yk; ts;StH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
jha;ik
ve;jnthU jhAk; jhd; ngw;w gps;isia kpfr; rpwe;j mwpQd; vd;W cyfk; Ngrf;
Nfl;;lhy; mtidg; ngw;nwLf;Fk; nghOJ ngw;w kfpo;rr ; pia tpl mjpfkhf
kfpo;fpwhs;. ,jid ts;Sth;>
“<d;w nghOjpd; nghpJtf;Fk; jd;kfidr;
rhd;Nwhd; vdf;Nfl;l jha;” (Fws;.69)
vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
kf;fl;NgW
vy;yh NgWfspYk; kpf cd;djkhd ngUk;NgW kf;fl;NgW jhd;.
kf;fl;nry;tq;fisg; ngw;nwLf;Fk; jFjpf;FhpatHfs; ngz;fshtH. jk; nghUs;> jk;
kf;fs; vd;W chpikf; nfhs;sf; $ba kf;fl;nry;tk; ,y;iynad;why; tho;Nt
gadw;wJ vd;gij>
“Foypdp jpahopdp njd;gHjk; kf;fs;
koiyr;nrhy; Nfsh jtH” (Fws;.66)
ts;StH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
tpUe;jpidiu vjph;ghh;j;jy;
jk; tPL Njb tUgtHfis tuNtw;W cztspj;J NkYk; NkYk; tpUe;jpdiu
vjph;g;ghh;j;J fhj;jpUf;Fk; gz;ghL cilatHfshf ,Ue;jdH vd;gij>
“nry;tpUe; Njhk;gpr; tUtpUe;J ghh;j;jpUg;ghd;
ey;tpUe;J thdj; jtHf;F” (Fws;.86)
vd;Dk; Fws; %yk; fhzyhk;.
tpUe;Njhk;gy;
tpUe;Njhk;gy; vd;gJ jkpoh;fspd; jiyr;rpwe;j gz;ghL. gpwUf;F thhp
toq;Ftij ,y;yw jh;kkhfNt md;W gpd;gw;wpdH; vd;gij>
“Nkhg;gf; FioAk; mdpr;rk; Kfk;jphpe;J
Nehf;ff; FioAk; tpUe;J” (Fws;.90)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mdpr;r kyiu tpl nkd;ikahd kdk; nfhz;l tpUe;jpdHfis Kfkyh;r;rpapd;wp

tuNtw;why; mtHfspd; Kfk; thb tpLk;. vdNt tpUe;jpdHfis Kfkyr;rpNahL
tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ts;StH $WtjpypUe;J mf;fhyj;jpy; tpUe;Njhk;gy; vd;Dk;
tho;f;ifg; gz;ghL Kf;fpakhd xd;whf ,Ue;jij mwpa KbfpwJ.
Nritr; nra;jy;
FLk;gj; jiytpahdts; jd;Dila nja;tj;ij tzq;fhJ ,Ue;jhYk;
jd;Dila fztidj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wp tzq;Fgtshf ,Ue;jhy; mts; nga;
vd;why; kio nga;Ak; mstpw;F rpwg;Gg; ngWths; vd;gij>
“nja;tk; njhohms; nfhOew; nwhOnjhOths;
nga;nadg; nga;Ak; kio” (Fws;.55)
vd;Dk; Fws; %yk; fhzyhk;. NkYk;> cyfpy; jd;idAk; fhj;Jf; nfhz;L jhd;
ifg;gpbj;j fztdpd; Rfj;Jf;fq;fisAk; mts; Foe;ijfspd; eyd;fspy; gq;Nfw;W
mts; Rw;wj;jhiuAk; mutizj;J ey;y nrhw;fisg; Ngrp vg;nghOJk;
NrhHtpy;yhky; kdjstpy; RWRWg;ghf ,aq;FgtNs ngz;. ,JNt ngz;zpd; rpwe;;j
,y;y
; wg; gz;ghlhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
KbTiu
jpUf;Fws; jdp kdpjdpd; FiwfisAk; rKjhaj;jpd; FiwfisAk; Nghf;fp
KOikj; jd;ik mila toptFj;jpUf;fpwJ. jdpkdpjid cUthf;fpdhy; ey;y
rKjhak; cUthFk; vd;gJ ts;StH; fUj;J. xUth; gz;ghl;il miltjw;F
KjyhtJ gz;ghl;by; Mo;e;jg;gw;Wk; cWjpahd ek;gpf;ifAk; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
tha;ik> mwkdg;ghd;ik> flTs;gw;W> cwTld; cte;J thOk; czHr;rp> ey;y
,yf;fpaq;fis ,iltplhJ gapyy; Mfpa ,itAk; gz;ghl;bw;F Ntz;baitahFk;.
Jiz E}w;fs;
1. Gytu; Foe;ij> jpUf;Fws; Gytu; Foe;ij ciu ntspaPL: rhujh gjpg;gfk;>

[p 4> rhe;jp mLf;ffk;> 3 = fpU\;zhGuk; njU> uhag;Nghl;il nrd;id
600014. Vohk; gjpg;G 2014.
2. jpU rp.f.kzp fy;yf;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;l eLfw;fs; tuyhW rpj;jpiur; nry;tp
gjpg;gfk;> jkpofg; goq;Fb kf;fs; Ma;T ikak;>40/1> uhrh efu; tlf;F> fhe;jp
rhiy> fy;yf;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;lk; - 606202. Kjw;gjpg;G 2016.
3. tpf;fpgPbah


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nrhoh; fhyj; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs;

Bronze Idols of the Chola Period
Kidth; [h.tsh;kjp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>jkpo;Jiw

mwpQu; mz;zh muR kfspu; fiyf;fy;Yup> NtYu; khtl;lk;.
Abstract
The paper scrutinizes the bronze idols belong to the Chola Pariod. The Cholas are
very notable Tamil Kings who are very keen and magnanimous in building temples of
immortal architecture and wroughting of unbelievable bronze idols. These idols are the
evidences of their aesthetic sence. Today, many of the idols were smuggled for its valuable
art and the quality of the metal. In such a sort of condition the tamil people have to know
about these relics. Consequently, the study convey out the facts related to the study.
Keywords: Bronze Idols, Chola Period
Kd;Diu
jkpo;ehl;by; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; tbf;Fk; fiy rpwe;J tpsq;fp ,Ue;jhYk;>
Nrhoh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; tbf;Fk; fiy cd;dj epiyia mile;jJ vdyhk;. nrk;gpy;
rpwe;j cUtq;fisg; gilf;Fk; fiy rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;Nj rpwe;J te;jpUf;fpwJ
vd;gjw;F rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. jkpof Nfhapy;fspy; topghl;Lf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; cyf kf;fspd; ftdj;ij fth;;e;Js;sd. ,it vopYk;> fw;gid
cUtKk; jd;dfj;Nj epiwe;J fhzg;gLtjhy; tpiyapy;yh nry;tq;fshf
jpfo;fpd;wd. mj;jifa rpwg;G kpf;f nrg;G jpUNkdpfs; nra;j epiyjid Muha;tNj
,t;tha;T fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
tuyhW
,e;jnrg;G gbkk; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghq;F Mil> mzpfyd;fs; Kb mikg;G>
cUt mikjp Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; nghOJ ,J Nrhoh;fisg;
gilg;gikg;gpw;F rpwe;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;fhyk; fp.gp.11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjp vdyhk;. ,f;fhyk; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspd; tho; fhykhFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;
vLf;fg;ngw;Ws;s nrg;G jpUNkdpfs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jit.
“jpUntz;fhL VW}Uk; ngUkhd; nrg;Gj;jpUNkdp Kjyhk;; ,uhNre;jpud; fiyg;
gilg;gpw;F XH rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L. ,e;j mikg;gpy; NtnwhU jpUNkdpia ghh;f;f
,ayhJ. Ntjhuz;aj;jpy; (2) fpilj;j fhis thfd Njth; jpUTUtk; rw;W khWgl;l
jiyf; Nfhyj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ehif fhapNjkpy;yj; khtl;lk; ed;dpyk; tl;lk;
“mk;gh; khfhsk;” (3) jpUNkdpia ,g;gbkk; xj;Js;sJ. tpOg;Guk; khtl;lj;jpy; Nrhoh;
fiyr; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; kpFjpahf fpilf;fhtpl;lhYk;> fpilj;Js;s xU rpy
nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspy; moFkpf;fjhf jpUNkdpfs; tpsq;FfpwJ. ,k;khtl;lj;jpy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;gl;L vd;w ChpypUe;J Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l ,g;gbkk; jw;NghJ flY}H muR

mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mjpr;r ey;Y}H vd;w ,lj;jpy; mfoha;tpy; nrk;ghyhd gy nghUs;fs;
fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; ‘md;id nja;tk;’ cUtk; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,it
fpwp];Jtpw;F Kd;dh; Rkhh; 700 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lit. fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bzj;jpy;
NkiyA+H vd;w gFjpapy; XH ikj;Nuah; cUtk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ ,g;nghOJ
nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; cs;sJ. Nfhapy;fspy; nrk;ghyhd nja;t gbkq;fis
myq;fhpj;J tPjpapy; cyhthf vLj;Jr; nry;tJ Njthuj; jpUg;gjpfq;fspy;
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fp.gp.8Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; Nfhit khefUf;F
mUfpy; cs;s rpq;fhu ey;Y}H vd;w ,lj;jpy; Xq;fp cyfse;j cj;jkd; Mfpa
jphptpf;fpukdpd; nrg;Gj;jpUNkkdp xd;W topghl;by; cs;sJ.
nrg;Gf; fiyapd; nghw;fhyk;
Nrhog; ngUkd;dh;fs; ngUq;Nfhapy;fs; gy vLj;jdh;. Vuhshkhd nrg;Gj;
jpUNkdpfs; Mjpj;j Nrhod;> guhe;jf Nrhod; Mfpa kd;dh;fspd; fhyj;Nj
nra;jspf;fg;gl;l nrg;Gj; jpUNkkdpfs; mofhdit. guhe;jf Nrhodpd; kfd; fz;L
Muhjpf;f Nrhod; rpwe;j rptgf;jp epiwe;jtd; MfNt mtdJ Njtpahh; nrk;gpad;
khNjtpah; gy Nfhapy;fSf;F nts;sp> nrk;G> nrg;G vd;w gbkq;fis gilj;jspj;J
cs;sdh;. jkpofj;jpy; cs;s nrg;G jpUNkdpfs; kpfTk; vopy; tha;e;jit. ed;dpyk;
tl;lj;jpy; NfhNdhp uh[Guk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,j;Njtp nra;J itj;j xg;gw;w nrg;Gj;
jpUNkdpfs; ,d;Wk; cs;sd. jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; gy Nfhapy;fspy; ,j;Njtpahh;
mspj;j nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; cs;sd.
Mlty;yhd;
jkpofk; Njhw;Wtpj;j rpwe;j fiyg;gilg;Gfspy; “Mlty;y ngUkhdhf eluh[
%Hj;jpahf cs;s cUNt cyNfhh; midthpd; fUj;J ftdj;ij fth;e;jJ. eluh[
cUtpNy tPrp vLj;j ghjk; vd;Wk; “FwpQ;rpj jpUtb vd;Wk; rJu elk; vd;Wk;
gy;NtW jhz;ltq;fs; cz;L. ,itahtw;wpYk; jpy;iyapy; MLfpd;w Mde;j
jhz;ltk; vd;Dk; Mlty;yhd; vd;w gbk epiyNa moF epiwe;jJ. Mde;j
jhz;ltk; GhpAk; Mlty;y ngUkhdpd; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp ,y;yhj Nfhapy;fs;
njd;dfj;jpy; ,y;iy. ,t;TUtk; guhe;j NrhoDila fhyj;jpypUe;J jhd;
fhzg;gLfpwJ vd tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;.
cj;jk NrhoDk; mtuJ NjtpahUk; gy nrg;G cUtq;fis nra;J
Nfhapy;fSf;F mspj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. jkpofNk tpaf;Fk; tz;zk; jQ;irapy;
ngUq;Nfhapiyj; Njhw;Wtpj;j “,uh[uh[g;ngUe;jif” gy rpwe;j nja;t cUtq;fis
nrk;gpy; tbj;J mspj;jpUf;fpwhd;. ,t;thW mspf;fg;gl;l gy nrg;G cUtq;fis
jQ;ir ngUq;Nfhapw; fy;ntl;Lfs; gy Fwpf;fpd;wd. cUtq;fspd; mikjpia
vt;tsT rpwg;ghf fy;ntl;by; Fwpj;Js;sdh; vd;gjw;F fy;ntl;Lfs; rhd;W $Wk;.
,Utif
nrg;G jpUNkdpfs; ,Utifg;gLk; KOtJk; fdkhfr; nra;ag;gl;l jpUNkdpfs;
vd;Wk; cs;Ns nghs;syhfr; nra;ag;gl;l jpUNkdpfs; vd;Wk; ,Utifg;gLk;.
jkpofj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s jpUNkdpfs; midj;Jk; KOtJk; fdkhfr; nra;ag;gl;l
nrg;G cUtq;fs;; MFk;. mtw;wpy; gy thfdq;fs; fsg;nghs;shfr; nra;ag;gl;lit.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Njd;nkOf;F Kiw gbkk;

nrg;G gbkq;fisr; nra;Ak; fiy ,d;Wk; jkpofj;jpy; epiyj;Js;sJ. ve;j
cUt cUit nra;a Ntz;LNkh mt;TU Nghy; Kjypy; Njd; nkUfpdhy; nra;th;
nkOfpdhy; Md cUtpd; Nky; “Gw;W” kz; G+rp epoypNy cyuitg;gh;. ,jd;
gpd;Gwj;Nj jiyapYk; ,ilapYk; mbapYk; Jisfs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,J ed;F cyh;e;j
gpd;dh; jPapNy ,Lth;. kz;zpy; cs;s nkOfpUe;j gFjp mr;rhf epw;Fk;. ngUk;gFjp
nrk;Gk;> kpf rpwpa mstpy; gpj;jis> jq;fk;> nts;sp> ntz;fyk; fye;J cUf;fp
mr;rpd; gpd; eLtpYs;s Jisapd; topahf Cw;Wth;. jiyapYk;> mbapYk; cs;s
Jisapd; topahf cNyhf Fok;G ntspg;gLk;. mg;nghOJ mr;R KOtJk; cNyhfk;
gutp ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W mwpth;. gpd;Gjhd; mjid Fspu itg;gh;. Cw;wpa cNyhfk;
nfl;bahFk;. gpd;dh; rpw;Wsp nfhz;L jpwDf;F Vw;g nrJf;fp VOYw mikg;gh;.
,k;KiwNa nkOf;F Kiw vd;gh;.
jkpofj;jpy; nrg;G cUtq;fs; nra;Ak; NghJ kz;zhyhd mr;ir cilj;J
tpLtjhy; kw;nwhU cUtk; mNj mr;rpypUe;J nra;a KbahJ. kPz;Lk; nkOfpdhy;
gbkq;fs; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
gbkq;fs; cyh
jkpofj;J E}yfspy; rpwe;j Fwpg;G xd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ. XH Chpy; nja;t
cUit nrk;gpdhy; nra;a tpioAk; NghJ nkOfpdhy; nra;j cUit myq;fhpj;J
CH KOtJk; tykhf vLj;Jr; nry;th;. gpd;dNu kz;zpl;L mr;R nra;th;. ,t;thW
CHtykhf nry;tjhy; Cuhh;fspd; xg;GjiyAk; mth;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; Ntz;ba
khw;wq;fis nra;a tha;g;Gz;L.
cUtk; KOtJk; thh;j;J nrJf;fpaikj;J mjd;gpd;dh; mtw;iw chpa
gPlq;fspNy mikf;Fk; NghJ gy ,uj;jpdf; fw;fisg; gPlj;jpypl;L gpd;dh; nja;t
cUit mg;gPlj;jpy; nghUj;Jth;. gpd;dh; ,jw;F ,uj;jpd epahrk; nra;jy;” vd;W
ngah;. fUtiw nja;tr; rpiyfis gpujp\;il nra;fpNwhNkh mJNghyNt nrg;G
jpUNkdpfSf;F ,r;nray; mikAk; cUit nja;tkhf khw;Wk; filrpr; nray; fz;
jpwg;gJ MFk;. fz; jpwg;gJ rpwe;j tpohthf nfhz;lhlg;gLk;.
,jw;F Kd;dh; itf;fg;ngw;Ws;s tp[a uhftg;ngUkhs; =Njtp> G+Njtp>
Nghwfj;jpg;ngUkhs;> Mz;lhs; Mfpa cw;rt %Hj;jpfs; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfshf
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdh;. ,j;jpUNkdpfs; fp.gp.14-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jitahFk;.
Nghwfj;jpg; nghUkhs; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp kpfTk; mofhf tbf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
rJugPlj;jpd; kPJ c s;s gj;k gPlj;jpy; epd;w epiyapy; ,lJ Kd; ifia fijapd;
kPJ Cd;wpAk;> ,lJ gpd;ifapy; rq;Fk;> tyJ Kd;if mga Kj;jpiuAk;> tyJ
gpd;ifapy; rf;fuj;ijAk; Ve;jpa epiy. khh;gpy; GhpE}y; %d;W gphpthfg; gphpe;J
nry;fpwJ. tyJ gf;f khh;gpy; ‘jpUkU’ fOj;jpy; mzp. fhJfspy; kfu Fz;lyq;fs;>
fphPl kFlk;> jiyapd; gpd;gf;fk; rpur;rf;fuk; fhl;lg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ghjq;fspy;
ghjr;rq;fpyp> fZf;fhypy; ,Ue;J ,Lg;Gtiu Mil. Milapd; kPJ ‘fPHj;jpKff; fr;R’
vd;W ,Ue;jijAk; fhz KbfpwJ.
njhz;il kz;lyj;jp;y; kz;lyj;jpy; rpw;gf;iyAk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ.
$j;jhLgtu;fspd; rpw;gq;fs; fhQ;rp jhd;Njhd;wPRtu; Nfhapypy; fhzf;fplf;fpwJ. (fp.gp.
5>6Mk; E}w;whz;L). khky;iyapy; ghiwr; rpw;gq;fSk; Fltiur; rpw;gq;fSk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gy;ytu; rpw;gq;fs; Kg;Gup E}y;> gue;j khu;G Mfpatw;Wld;

vspikahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Nrhou; fhyr; rpw;gq;fSk; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfSk;
,g;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ikyhg;G+u; Nfhytpopak;kd; Nfhapypd; fhspak;kd;
nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpAk; jpUnthw;wpA+u; jl;rpzh%u;j;jp nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpAk; rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
njhFg;Giu
Nrhoh; fhyj; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; jkpoupd; njhy; fiyfs;
rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;sd. mtw;Ws; nrg;Gf; fiyapd; nghw;fhyk;> Mlty;yhd;>
Njd;nkOf;F Kiw gbkk;> gbkq;fs; cyh> rpw;gq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs; Kjypad
,t;tha;tpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
2. e.uj;jpdf;Fkhh;> ng.f.nghparhkp uh[h (njhg;ghrphpah;fs;) njhy;ypay; jkpoh;

tuyhw;Wj; jlq;fs; rpe;J rkntsp Kjy; fPobtiu (kJiu : fUj;Jg;gl;liw>
2018)> 13 – 14.
3. rk;ge;j%h;j;jp> itiff;fiuapNy (kJiu : Ntytd; mr;rfk;> 1978) 9.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
NrhoNfusd; fy;ntl;Lfs; ciuf;Fk; jkpoH gz;ghl;Lr; nra;jpfs;

Tamil Cultural Facts as Revealed in the Culverts of Cholakeralan
KidtH.r.tdpjh> cjtpg; NguhrphpaH>

jkpopay;Jiw> jUkGuk; Qhdhk;gpif muR kfspH fy;Y}up> kapyhLJiw.
Abstract
The study of the paper extends the facts related to the culvert edicts of Cholakeralan
and his donations to charity and other sorts of philanthrophical aids done to his people. The
culverts are the sole proofs of the kings ruled the Tamil country’s Chola’s reign and
reigndom. The assessment tells of the edicts in the culverts that tell the title names of the king
Rajendra Chola and his creation of cities on the time of his reign. The culverts taken as
sources help us to know the culture of the Tamil people through the culverts edicted by the
great Chola kings.Hence, the study helps to know the cultural ethics and informations of
Tamil Culture.
Keywords: Cholakeralan, Culverts, Tamils, Tamil Culture.
Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpuNrhodpd; epHthfj; jpwikahy; mike;j ngaNu

NrhoNfusd; vd;gjhFk;. ,uhNre;jpuNrhod; jhd; ntd;w ehLfSf;Fj; jdJ
ike;jHfisNa MSeuhf epakpj;jhH. ve;j ehl;Lf;F mtHfs; mDg;gg;gl;lhYk;
mtHfSf;F Kd; ~Nrho| vd;w milnkhopia ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. Nrhofq;fd;>
Nrhoyq;NfRtud; Nghd;wit vz;zj;jf;fd. me;jtupirapy; NrhoNfusd; vd;w
ngaUk; vz;zj;jf;fJ. vdNt> ,td; ,uhNre;jpudpd; kfdhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W
fy;ntl;L mwpQH ,y.jpahfuhrd; njuptpj;Js;shH. (,y.jpahfuhrd;> NrhoNfusd;> g.1)
,r;nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;s jpl;lf;Fbtl;lj;jpy; nts;shw;wq;fiuapy; mike;Js;s
trpl;lGuk; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L ngupJk; cjTfpwJ. ,f;Nfhapypy; ehw;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
Jz;Lj;Jz;lhd fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sdvd;Wk; ,it ,d;Dk; ika murhy;
gbnaLf;ftpy;iy vd;Wk; ,y.jpahfuhrd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
fy;ntl;L Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpuNrhodpd; ,Ugj;J %d;whtJ Ml;rpMz;by;
vOjg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; mwpayhFk; gz;ghl;Lr; nra;jp tlfiuuhNre;jpu rpq;fs
tsehl;Lg; gpuk;kNjak; jdpa+H =Kbnfhz;lNrhor; rJHNtjpkq;fyj;jpy;
nraky;yPRtuk; vd;w Gjpa rptd;Nfhapy; jpUkz;lgk; fw;wspahf vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;Nfhapypd; topghl;bw;F neUg;giwgl;L vd;w CupypUe;J Ik;gj;J,uz;L Ntyp
epyk; fhzpf; fldhf tUfpd;w 1703 fyk; ney; epte;jkhfTk; tplg;gl;lJ vd;W
$WfpwJ. topghL epfo;j;Jtjw;F epyq;fs; mspf;fg;gl;l gz;ghL ,jdhy;
Gyg;gLfpwJ.
czTr;rhiy
NrhoNfusd; ngaupy; czT cz;gtHfSf;F czTr; rhiy Vw;gLj;jpdH.
,r;rhiyfspy; czT gilg;gjw;fhf Vw;gLk; ney; Nghd;w nryTfSf;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Kbnfhz;lNrhor; rJHNtjpkq;fyj;ijr; NrHe;j NjD}H thl;if> khk;g+z;b>

tlfps;spey;Y}H CHfis ,izj;J NrhoNfusey;Y}H vd ngaupl;Ls;sdH.
CHfSf;F Nrhokd;dHfspd; ngaHfis ,Lk; kuG ,jdhy; Gyg;gLfpwJ. <z;L
,uhNre;jpud; fq;ifia ntw;wp nfhz;L te;jjd; milahskhf
fq;iff;nfhz;lNrhoGuk; vd;w efiu cUthf;fpAs;sik xg;gplj;jf;fr; nra;jpahFk;.
,t;t+iu tupapy;yh Cuhf mwptpj;Js;shH. mg;gFjpf;F ,iwapiyepyk; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ. czTr; rhiyia epHtfpf;f irNte;jpuNjtd; vd;gtiu
epakpj;Js;sdH. ,e;j Mizia GuTtupjpizf;fsehafk; jiyikapy; gy
mjpfhupfisf; nfhz;L nray;gLj;jpAs;sdH.
Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpuNrhodpd; 23tJ Ml;rp Mz;by; mjhtJ fp.gp.1035 ,y; vOjg;gl;l
fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpahf;fj;jpy; tlfiuuhN[e;jpu rpq;ftsehl;Lg; gpuk;kNjak; jdpa+H
=Kbnfhz;lNrhor; rJHNtjpkq;fyj;jpy; Iaky;yPRtuk; vd;w Gjpa rptd; Nfhapy;
jpUkz;lgk;> m\;lgupthuq;fSld; fw;wspahfvLf;fg;gl;l epfo;Tfs; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd. ,r;nra;jpfshy; Nfhapy; mikf;Fk; gz;ghL jkpo; kd;dHfsplk;
,Ue;jij ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdH. ney; epte;jk; tplg;gl;l epfo;Tk; gz;ghl;L
tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTfpwJ.
[aky;yPRtuH NfhapYf;F ee;jhtpsf;F vupf;ffq;ifnfhz;lNrhokpyhLilahH
vd;w kiyakhehl;L kd;dUk; mtUila kidtpaUk; gRf;fisj; jhdkhf toq;fpa
nra;jpmwpaf;fpilf;fpwJ. gz;ilf;fhyk; KjNyNa gRf;fisj; jhdkhff;
nfhLj;Js;s epfo;T vz;zj;jf;fg; gz;ghl;L epfo;thFk;. Nrho kd;dHfSk; jq;fs;
ngaUf;F Kd;G mil NrHj;J nrhy;Yk; kuG ,Ue;Js;sikia mwpa KbfpwJ.
Kbnfhz;l Nrhor;rJHNtjpkq;fyk; vd;gjhy; Kbnfhz;l milg;ngaH ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sikiaf; fhzyhk;. ,JTk; xUgz;ghl;L kuG MFk;. [aky;yPRtuk; Nfhapy;
fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspy; xd;W ~=kjh`j;Jf;F| vd;w njhlH ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,j;njhlH nkhopAk; nghUs; ,we;jtHfspd; Md;k rhe;jp ngwTk; kw;Wk; jz;zPH
jhfj;ij jzpg;gjw;Fk; nra;af; $ba topghl;Lr; rlq;Ffisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
,r;rlq;F Kiwahd gz;ghL ,d;Wk; jkpo; kf;fspilNa cs;sikiag;
ghHf;ftpaYk;. ,we;jtH gLf;fitf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; gjpdhW ehl;fs; nrk;G epiwa
jz;zPUk; tpsf;Fk; Vw;WtH. ,jid Nkhl;rjPg topghL vd;Wk; miog;gH.
,jid nka;g;gpf;Fk; nrg;Ngl;Lr; nra;jp xd;Wk; fhzj;jf;fJ. Re;juNrhodpd;
jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;Lr; nrg;Ngl;by; nfhy;ypkotH gw;wpa nra;jp ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
nfhy;ypkotdpd; kfd; gpujpfz;ld; ,we;j jd; je;ijapd; Md;khitj; jzpg;gjw;Fj;
J}rpa+H vd;w ,lj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; jpUf;fw;wspguNkRtuHf;F epyf;nfhil
mspj;jhH. ,jid “];t];jp= nfhy;ypkotd; gpujpfz;ld; Re;juNrhoNdd;
vq;fshr;rePbj;Jg; glmtH =kjh`j;Jf;Fr; rpWghL fy;NyhL Fopf;Fj; njd;Nkw;F
J}rpa+upy; jpUf;fw;wspguNkRtuHf;F nra;JFLj;Njd; gpujpfz;ld; Re;juNrhoNdd;”vd;W
,lk; ngw;Ws;s thrfj;jhy; mwpayhk;.
Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; fhs`];jpapy; gs;spg;gilf; Nfhapy;
xd;iw vOg;gpdhd;. ,f;Nfhapypy; me;jzHfs;> kfhtpujk; Nkw;nfhs;NthH> jgrpfs;>
gy rkaj;ijAk; NrHe;j gf;jHfs; cs;spl;l Mapuk; NgHfSf;F cztspf;f epyk;
toq;fpa gz;ghl;L epfo;T ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. grpg;gpzp Nghf;FtJ kd;duhl;rpf;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhyj;jpy; kpfg; ngupa gz;ghlhf ,Ue;jJ. mf ,yf;fpaq;fSk; mw ,yf;fpaq;fSk;

ngupJk; Nghw;WtJ tpUe;Njhk;giyj;jhd;. me;j mwtopg; gz;ghL fy;ntl;LfspYk;
vjpnuhypf;fr; nra;Js;sik vz;zj;jf;fjhFk;.
NkYk;> NrhoNfusNjtHf;F =kjh`j;Jf;F ,j;NjtH Nfhapypy; cz;ghHf;Fr;
rhiy itf;fg;gl;lJ. NrhoNfusd; rhiyf;Fr; rhiyNghfkhf mike;jpl
NrhoNfusey;Y}H vd;w CH ,iwapypahf (tup ,y;yhj epykhf) tplg;gl;lJ.
mjpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; ney;iyf; nfhz;L ,r;rhiyapy; czT gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;
fy;ntl;L Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpudpd; Mizahf 23tJ Ml;rp Mz;by; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,f;NfhapYf;Fk; rhiyf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;l ,iwapyp kd;dupd; 21tJ Mz;L KjNy
mjhtJ (fp.gp.1033Mk; ;Mz;L KjNy) eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jpypUe;J
fp.gp.1033f;F Kd;Ng NrhoNfusd; ,we;J tpl;lhH vdj; njupfpwJ. ,r;rhiy Gjpjhf
fl;lg;gl;l Iaky;yPRtuj;Jf; Nfhapypy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt> ,f;Nfhapy;
NrhoNfusd; epidthff; fl;lg;gl;l gs;spg;gil Nfhapy; vdyhk;. Iaky;yd; vd;gJk;
NrhoNfusdpd; rpwg;Gg; ngauhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
,t;thW rpwg;Gg; ngaUld; gs;spg;gil mikf;Fk; gz;ghl;L kuG
,Ue;Js;sikf;F NkYk; gy rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. Kjyhk; Mjpj;j NrhoUf;F
thfPrgz;bjd;> Nfhjz;luhkd; vd;w ngaHfs; ,Ue;jd. ,g;ngaupy; ,tUf;Ff;
fl;lg;gl;l gs;spg;gilf; Nfhapy; ~~gs;spg;gilthfP];tugz;bjglhuH
=Nfhjz;luhkP]t ; ukhfpa Mjpj;Na]; tufj;J Ms;thH|| vd mike;Js;s njhlH
vz;zj;jf;fJ. ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr Nrhodpd; (fp.gp.1146-11-66) rpwg;Gg; ngaH
,uhrfk;gPud; vd;gjhFk;. ,g;ngaupy; jhd; ,tUf;F gs;spg;gil ,uhrfk;gPu<];tuk;
vd;w Nfhapy; vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ vd jhuhRuj;Jf; fy;ntl;L nkhopfpwJ. ,t;thNw
NrhoNfusDf;F mtUila ngauhd Iaky;yd; vd;w ngaupy; fl;lg;gl;l
NjIaky;yPRtuk; Nfhapy;. ,t;thW kd;dd; nauhy; Nfhapy; fl;Lk; gz;ghl;L kuG
vz;zj;jf;fJ.
jz;zPHge;jy; itj;j epfo;itg; gjpAk; kw;nwhU fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp
vz;zj;jf;fJ. tlhHf;fhL khtl;lk; te;jthrpf;F mUfpy; cs;s gpuk;kNjrk; vd;w
Cupy; fp.gp.1044y; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu NrhoH ,we;J tpLfpwhH. mg;NghJ mtupd;
kidtpaupy; xUtuhd tPukhNjtp vd;gtUk; cld; fl;il Vwp ,we;J tpl;lhH.
tPukhNjtpapd; rNfhjuH ,we;Jtpl;ljd; rNfhjupapd; Md;khjhf rhe;jp ngw;W
mikjpaila Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf jz;zPHge;jy; xd;iw ,t;t+upy; epWtpdhH.
,jid rptd; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L nra;jpahf ntl;bg; gug;gpaJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L
fp.gp.1044Mk;; Mz;ilr; rhHe;jJ.
fy;ntl;Lthrfk;
~~cilahH =uhN[e;jpuNrhoNjtH rptNyhfj;Jf;F vOe;jUspd jpUg;gs;spg;
gilapNyNa cliy gpuk;kd; ghjj;NjwTk; rptNyhfj;Jf;F vOe;jUspd
ek;gpuhl;bahtPuk`hNjtpaw;F =kjh`j;Jf;F ,tUld; gpwe;j N]ehgjpfs;
kJuhe;jfdhdguNfrupNtshH itj;j jz;zPHge;jy;|| vd;W kpf mofhff; $WfpwJ.
(,y.jpahfuhrd;>NrhoNfusd;> g.9) fy;ntl;Lfspy; kd;dHfspd; ngaHfSf;F Kd;G
milNrHj;J mioj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; kuGg; gz;G ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kd;dHfs;> Gjpjhff; Nfhapy;fisf; fl;Ljy;> czTr; rhiyfs; mikj;jy;>

,we;jtHfspd; Md;kh rhe;jpaila jz;zPH ge;jy; mikj;J gz;ghl;L kuG fhj;jdH.
mtHfspd; ,uhNre;jpudpd; kfdhdNrhoNfusDk; mtd; epidthfg; gpd;te;NjhUk;
,r;nray;fisr; nra;jdH vd;gJ ,t;tha;tpd; %yk; GydhfpwJ.
gad;ik E}y;fs;
1. ARE 234 of 1928-29.

2. ,y.jpahfuhrd;>NrhoNfusd;
3. S.R.ghyRg;ukzpad;> Later Chola Temples.
4. S.I.Vol.III, No.142, No.589


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; khz;G

The Nobility of Karantai Copper Plates
lhf;lh; Nt. tpf;NdR> jkpo; cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>

g+.rh.Nfh. fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 14.
Abstract
The paper tries to sort out the Karanthaai Coperplates of tha Chola kings. These are
the very antique ones and made systematically. In the Indian copper plates history, these are
the ones which are multitude in numbers. The inscriptions tells of the merits of the Sangam.
Hence, the study delineates the related facts from the explanations found on the plates.
Keywords: Nobility, Karantai, Copper Plates, Chola Kings
Njhw;Wtha;
nre;jkpo; ehl;bd; tuyhw;iwf; fzpj;njOJjw;F Kjd;ikr; rhd;Wfshf
tpsq;Ftd fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;> Rtbfs;> ,yf;fztpyf;fpaq;fs; vd;wpd;dthk;.
jkpohpd; mwpTg; gjpTfspd; epiyfyd;fshfj; jpfOk; ,tw;why; ee;jkpofj;ij Ml;rp
nra;j khl;rpik jq;fpa kd;dh;fs;jk; tuyhWfSk;> mf;fhy murpay;> rKjhak;>
nghUshjhuk;> mwepiyfs;> rkatsh;r;rp> epyg;ghFghL vd;wpd;Ndhud;dTk; njs;sjpw;
Gydhfpd;wdthk;. mt;tifapy;> ,w;iwf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; Nrhoh;fhyr;
nrg;NgLfSs; Fwpf;fj;jFe;j fue;ijj; jkpo;rr ; q;fj;jpd; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhodpd;
nrg;Ngl;Lj;njhFjp;apd; rpwg;Gf;fisr; rhw;w vOe;jNj ,f;fl;Liuahk;.
Nrhoh;fspd; nrg;NgLfs;
fUq;fy;ypw; nghwpf;fg; ngw;wdtha fy;ntl;Lfs; fhynts;sj;jhYk;
gifapdhYk; mopf;fg;gl;L kiwe;J NghFQ;#oy; Vw;gLnkd;gij ed;Fzh;e;j
ek;Kd;Ndhh;fs;> mjd; Neh; gpujpahf epd;W epyTk; tifapy; nrg;Gj; jfLfspYk;
rhrdr; nra;jpfisr; nrJf;fp itj;jdh;. ,k;kuGg;gb cUg;ngw;w nrg;NgLfs;
jdpj;Jk; gy VLfisAila njhFjpfshfTk; fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;Ws;> fp.gp.957
Kjy; 970 tiuapy; Nrhoehl;il Ml;rp nra;j Re;juNrhod; vDk; ngah; nfhz;l
,uz;lhk; guhe;jfdpd; ‘md;gpy;’ nrg;NgLfNs Nrhokd;dh;fs; ntspapl;l nrg;NgLfspw;
fhyj;jhw; Kw;gl;ljhff; fpilj;Js;sd.
md;wpAk;> Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdpd; Midkq;fyr; nrg;NgLfs;> Kjyhk;
,uhNre;jpudpd; jpUthyq;fhl;Lr; nrg;NgLfs;> tPuuhNre;jpudpd; rhuhyr; nrg;NgLfs;>
Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Midkq;fyr; nrg;NgLfs; vd;wpd;dTk; Nrhog; Nguurpd;
tuyhw;iwg; giwrhw;Wtdtha;j; jpfo;fpd;wd.
fue;ijr; nrg;NgLfs;
Nrhog; Nguurpd; jiyefuha;j; jpfo;e;j jQ;irak;gjpapy; fhtphpapd;
fpisahwhfpa ntz;zhw;wpw;Fk;> ntz;zhw;wpd; fpisahwhfpa tlthw;wpw;Fk;
eLepw;Fk; rkntspg;gFjpahf mike;j gioikahd CNu ‘fUe;;jpl;ilf;Fb’ MFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,jd; k&cg; ngaNu ‘fue;ij’ vd;gjhk;. Kjw; guhe;jf Nrhodhy; ntl;Ltpf;fg;gl;l

tlthw;wpd; tlfiuapy;> rq;fk; epWtpa Jq;fd; j.Nt.,uhfpUl;bdg; gps;isath;fshy;
1911 Mk; Mz;L Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJk; nre;jkpo;g;Gutyh; jkpoNts; j.Nt.
ckhkNfRtuk; gps;isath;fshy; jiyikNaw;fg; ngw;wJkhd> jz;zhh; jkpo;
tsh;fF ; k; fue;ijj; jkpo;rr ; q;fk; vd;Dk; nrOq;fiy epakk; vopy;kpF nghypTld;
tpsq;FfpwJ.
fue;ijj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpd; nghUshsUk; ehl;Lj; njhz;lUk; ‘fue;ijf;fhe;jp’
vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltUkhd jpUthsh; r.m.rhk;grptk; gps;is gp.V. mth;fshy; 1949-Mk;
Mz;L fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjp ,r;rq;fj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhodpd; Ml;rpahz;L vl;by; (fp.gp.1020) mtd; jd;
jhapd; ngauhy; nra;j jphpGtd khNjtpr; rJh;Ntjpkq;fy mikg;gpd; mwtpsf;fkhf
mike;jNj ,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpahk;.
jdpr;rpwg;G
Ik;gj;NjO nrg;NgLfshy; Nfhh;f;fg;gl;l ,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjp Nrhoturpd;
Kj;jpiu Kfg;Gld; thh;ff ; g;gl;l cNyhf tisaj;Jld; mike;Js;sjhk;. ghuj
ehl;by; ,JfhWq; fpilj;Js;s nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpfSs; ,j;njhFjpnahd;Nw
mstpYk;> vz;zpf;ifapYk;> vilapYk; kpfg; nghpajhf tpsq;FtJ Fwpf;fj;jFe;j
rpwg;gpdjhk;.
“VO VLfisf; nfhz;l md;gpw; nrg;NgLfisAk; 21 VLfisf; nfhz;l
Midkq;fyr; nrg;NgLfisAk; 31 VLfisf; nfhz;l jpUthyq;fhl;Lr;
nrg;NgLfisAk;> 7 VLfisf; nfhz;l rhuhyr; nrg;NgLfisAk;> 3
VLfisf; nfhz;l rpwpa nya;ld; nrg;NgLfisAk; VLfspd;
vz;zpf;ifahYk; epiwahYk; msthYk; tpQ;rp khngUe;njhFjpahf
tpsq;FtJ ,f;fue;ijr; nrg;NgLfNsahFk;.” (‘fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj;
njhFjpfs;’ – Nfhtpe;juhrdhh;> rp., nja;tehafk;> rp.Nfh., kJiu
fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;> g.7) vd;Dk; gFjp ,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd;
rpwg;gpid ed;F njsptpf;Fk;.
,j;njhFjpiaf; fz;Zw;w ,e;jpa murpd; njhy;nyOj;Jg; gbtj;Jiwapdh;
,jw;Ff; ‘fue;ijr;nrg;NgLfs;’ vd;Dk; ngah; nfhLj;Jj; jkpof tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;
ngwr; nra;jdh;.
md;wpAk;> fspk;Gk; kz; gw;Wk; nrwpe;jpUe;j> VLfisAk; Kfg;Gldike;j
tisaj;ijAk; 1950 -,y; J}a;ik nra;J Kiwg;gLj;jp ikg;gbtq;fs; vLj;jJld;
ghh;itg; gbtq;fshfTk; chpa gioa vOj;Jf;fs; cs;s mstpy; gpujp nra;jth;
fue;ijj; jkpo;rr ; q;fj;jpd; Nkdhs;; jkpo;g;Nguhrphpah; ngUk;Gyth; rp.Nfhtpe;juhrdhh;
mth;fshthh;. ,t;thpa gzpapidr; nra;j ,g;ngUe;jiff;F ee;jkpofk; vd;nwd;Wk;
ed;wpf;fld;gl;ljhk;.
Ejy;nghUs;
Ik;gj;NjO VLfisf; nfhz;l fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj;njhFjpahdJ Kg;ngUk;
gphpthf mike;Js;sJ. Kjw;gFjp: kd;dh; kuGg; Gfo;rr ; pAiu> ,uz;lhk;gFjp:
mwtpsf;fk;> %d;whk; gFjp: jhdk; ngw;w me;jzh;fisg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; vd;wpd;d
gFjpfisr; nfhz;ljhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhg;Gr; nra;As;
tlnkhopapy; ‘mD\;Lg; RNyhfk;’ vd toq;fg;ngWk; ,f;fhg;Gr; nra;As;
,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; Nfhg;G tisaj;jpd; tl;lkhd Kfg;gpy; cs;sJ. 32
fpue;jntOj;Jf;fshdike;j tlnkhopr; RNyhfkhf ,J Kiwngw tpaw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,r;nra;Aisf; fhz;kpd;:
“uh[j; uh[d;a kFl];Nuzp uj;Ne\{ ]h]ek;
Vjj; uhN[e;u Nrhs];a guNfrhp th;k;kz” (Nkw;gb-g-20)
,r;nra;Aspd; nghUs; tUkhW:
“guNfrhpth;kdhd ,uhNre;jpu NrhoDila ,e;j
rhrdk; murh;fspd; KbthpirfspYs;s ,uj;
jpdq;fspd; kPJ nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.” (Nkw;gb-g-20)
rhrd Kjw;gFjp
,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj;njhFjpapd; Kjw;gFjpahdJ kd;dh;Fyg; Gfo;ghLk; ‘kd;dh; kuGg;
Gfo;rr; paiu’ahFk;. tlnkhopapy; ,J ‘gpur];jp’ vd toq;fg;gLk;.
Nrhoh; Fyj;Njhw;wk; Kjyhf> Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhodpd; vl;lhtJ
Ml;rpahz;L tiuapYk; (fp.gp.1020) mtd; epfo;j;jpa ntw;wpr; rpwg;Gf;fisAk;> mwr;
nra;jpfisAk;> rhrdj;ij vOjpath;> rhrdj;ijr; nrg;NgLfspy; ntl;bth;
MfpNahiug; gw;wpAk; mwr;nray; vf;fhyj;Jk; fhg;ghw;wg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;w Nehf;Fld;
kd;dd; $Wk; fhg;Giu gw;wpAk; Ety;tJ ,g;gFjpahk;.
Kjy; %d;W VLfspy; MW gf;fq;fspy; vOgj;njl;L tlnkhopr; nra;Al;fshd
,r;nra;jpfs; rhw;wg;gLfpd;wd. vOj;Jf;fsidj;Jk; tlnkhopr; nrhy;nyhypfl;Nfw;g
goq;fpue;j vOj;Jf;fshyhditahk;. (Nkw;gb-gf;-20>21)
,tw;Ws; Kjypuz;L nra;Al;fs; mur tho;j;jhFk;. %d;whtJ Kjy; MwhtJ
nra;Al;fs; tiu KiwNa #upaFyj;Njhd;wy;fshd ‘fjputd;’, mtd; kfd; ‘kD’,
mtd; kfdhd ‘,l;RthF’> mtd; kfd; ‘khe;jh;’> ‘Kff;;RFe;jd;’> ‘rpgp’
vd;wpd;Ndhiug; Gfo;e;Jiuf;fpd;wdthk;.
VohtJ nra;As; ‘Nrhod;’ vDk; Fbg;ngah; Kjy;tid etpy;fpwJ. vl;lhtJ
Kjy; gd;dpuz;lhtJ nra;Al;fs; tiu KiwNa> ,uhrNfrhp> guNfrhp> kpUj;A[pj;
vDk; RuFU> cghhprutR vd;Nghiug; gw;wpg; GfYfpd;wd. gjpd;%d;W Kjy;
gjpide;jhtJ nra;Al;fs; fhpfhyd;> tprahyad;> Mjpj;j Nrhod; MfpNahiur;
rpwg;gpf;fpd;wd. gjpdhwhtJ nra;As; Mjpj;jDf;F kfdhfpa ‘guhe;jf Nrhodpd;’
gpwg;gpidAk; gjpNdO Kjy; ,Ugj;jpnahd;W tiuapyhd Ie;J nra;Al;fSk;
guhe;jfdpd; gyjpwr; rpwg;Gf;fisg; Nghw;Wfpd;wd. ,Ugj;jpapuz;lhtJ nra;As;
mhpQ;raidAk; ,Ugj;jp %d;whtJ nra;As; ,uz;lhk; guhe;jfidAk; gw;wpg;
NgRfpd;wd. gue;jfdpd; Nrt+h;g; Nghhpid EtYtd ,Ugj;jpehd;F kw;Wk; ,Ugj;jp
Ie;jhk; nra;Al;fshFk;. ,Ugj;jp MwhtJ nra;As; Kjy; Kg;gj;jpnal;lhtJ
nra;As; tiuapyhd gd;dpnuz;L nra;Al;fs; Kjyhk; ,uhruhrNrhoidg;
gy;yhw;whDk; rpwg;gpf;fpd;wd.
Kg;gj;jpnahd;gJ Kjy; vOgj;jp%d;W tiuapyhd nra;Al;fs;
,uhNre;jpuNrhodpd; gpwg;G> ,sikf;fhyk;> ,tdhl;rpapy; NrhzhL ngw;w ey;tho;T>
ntd;wpfs;> ,td; toq;;fpa gpukNjaq;fs; vd;wpd;dtw;iw ,dpjpd; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vOgj;jpehd;F> vOgj;;jpIe;J Mfpa nra;Al;fs; jpUGtdkhNjtpr; rJh;Ntjp

kq;fyKk; ,uhNre;jpuNrhoDk; CopasTk; thol;Lk; vd tho;j;jpaikfpd;wd.
vOgj;jpahW> vOgj;jpNaO> vOgj;jpnal;L Mfpad KiwNa> ,k;kd;dh; kuGiuapid
,aw;wpa tlnkhopf; ftpQuhd ‘ehuhazd;’> ,r;rhrdj;ij VLfspy; nghwpj;jth;fshd
jphpGtdkhNjtpg; Nguhrhhpad; uhN[e;jpu Nrhog; Nguhrhhpad; MfpNahiuAk;
mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
rhrdj;jpd; ,ilg;gFjp
fue;ijr; nrg;NgLfspy; eLepd;w gFjpahdJ ,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd;
Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd mwr;nraypidAk; MizapidAk; cs;slf;fpajhk;. 22 VLfspd; 44
gf;fq;fspy; 1066 thpfsp;y; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,g;gFjp KOtz; ew;wkpohy;
,ad;wjhk;. ,t;tpUgj;jpapuz;L VLfSk; ,uhNre;jpud; toq;fpa jphpGtdkhNjtpr;
rJh;Ntjp kq;fyj;jpd; mikg;gpidj; njs;spjpd; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,t;turd; fhyj;jpa
,lg;ngah;> epyg;gFg;G> ,aw;ifaikg;G vd;wpd;dtw;iw mwpe;J Nfhlw;F ,g;gFjp
Jiz nra;tjhk;.
rhrd filg;gFjp
,uhNre;jpud; toq;fpa jpUGtdkhNjtpr; rJh;Ntjp kq;fyj;jpy; gq;F ngw;w;
epyf;nfhil ngw;w me;jzh;fspd; kuGk; ngaUk; EtYtJ ,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd;
,Wjpg; gFjpahFk;. ,g;gFjp 32 VLfspy; 64 gf;fq;fspy; 1455 thpfspy; jkpOk;
fpue;jKk; ,ilkpile;j eilapdjha; ,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; kpfg;ngUk;
gFjpahfj; jpfo;fpd;wjhk;.
,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; nra;jpfsidj;ijAk; nrg;NgLfisg; ghuhkNyNa
xUth; ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;SkhW ngUk;Nguhrphpah; rp.Nfhtpe;juhrdhuth;fs; jhk;
mwpjpy; Kad;W ‘fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjp’ vd;Dk; mhpa E}yhf;fpj;
je;Js;snud;gJ <z;Lr; rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplw;ghyjhk;. (fUj;JilNahh; fhz;guhf)
,Wtha;
,w;iwf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; Nrhokd;dh;fspd; nrg;NgLfspy; mstpYk;
vz;zpf;ifapYk; vilapYk; kpfg;nghpjhf tpQ;rp epd;W epyTtJ fue;ijj;
jkpo;rr
; q;fj;jpd; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhodpd; nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpNaahk;.
,uhNre;jpud; jd; jhapd; ngauhy; nra;j jphpGtd khNjtpr; rJh;Ntjp kq;fy
mikg;gpd; mwtpsf;fkhaike;j ,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; Kjw;gFjpahd kd;dh;
kuGg; Gfo;rr ; pAiuahd; Nrhoh; tuyhw;wpid Xuhw;whd; mwpatpaYk;. md;wpAk;>
,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; ,ilepd;w gFjpahDk; filg;gFjpahDk; ,uhNre;jpud;
fhyj;jpa ,lg;ngah;fs;> epytpaw;ghFghL> Nrhzhl;bd; murpaw;gphpT> ,aw;ifaikg;G>
me;jzh; kuGk; mth;jk; Nfhj;jpukuGk;> jkpo; vOj;jpd; tsh;r;rpepiy vd;wpd;Ndhud;d
mhpa tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; gytw;iw mwpe;J Nfhlw;fpaYk;. ,t;tifapy;> fue;ijj;
jkpo;rr
; q;fj;jpd; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpuNrhodpd; nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpahdJ ee;jkpoh;fF ; f;
fpilj;j ngWjw;fhpa tuyhw;Wf; fUt+ykha;j; jpfo;fpd;wJ vd;gjpy; vl;LizAk;
Iakpd;W vd;w mstpy; ,f;fl;Liuapid epiwT nra;thk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Kjd;ikr; rhd;W %yk;:
1. fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjp – Nfhtpe;juhrd;> rp., nja;tehafk;> rp.Nfh>

kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
Kjw;gjpg;G – 1984.
Jizr; rhd;whjhuq;fs;:
1. 30 fy;ntl;Lfs; - it. Re;jNur thz;ilahh;> (mz;zhkiyg;

gy;fiyf;fof nkhopapay; Jiwapd; Kd;dhs; fy;ntl;L Muha;r;rpahsh;)> 30
fy;ntl;Lfs;> 25> gPll
; h;]; rhiy> nrd;id - 600004. Kjw;gjpg;G - 1958.
2. fl;Liug; nghopy; - fue;ijj; jkpo;rr
; q;f kzptpoh kyh;> jQ;ir.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; eLfy; nra;jpfs;

Stonehenge shown in Literatures
rP.tpky;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

kJiuf;fy;Y}hp> kJiu
Abstract
Tamil culture is an ancient culture very much devoted to valorable feats. The people
are brave and sturdy. In the classic history of the Tamils there are many evidences that show
they revere the warriors who died in chivalric, valorable acts and sacrificial customs. They
erected stonehenges in memory of them. These are seen in many literary sources and in the
culverts seen all over the Tamil region. Nallor, Virudhunagar, Villlupuram, cholavandha,
Kangeyam and many othey parts had culverts in commemorating the adventurous deeds of
the warriors. Hence, this paper tries to fetch out the details associated to the domain topic.
Keywords: Stonehenge, Literatures, Culverts, Tamil Warriors, Commemoration
Njhw;Wtha;
rq;ffhy kf;fs; tho;f;ifia cah;epiyf;F ,l;Lr;nrd;wth;fs; vd;why;
mJkpifapy;iy. mfj;ijg; NghyNt> Gwj;jpw;Fk; jq;fs; jdp ,lk; tFj;jpUe;jdh;.
gz;ilj; jkpohpd; tho;tpay; gjpTfis ,t;Tyfpw;F czh;j;jpLk; rhd;WfSs;
eLfw;fspd; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpofk; kl;Lkpd;wp ,e;jpah KOtJk; eLfw;fs;
Mq;fhq;Nf fz;lwpag;gl;L tphpthd Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
,Ug;gpDk; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhl;lg;ngw;Ws;s eLfy; nra;jpapid gz;ilkf;fs;
ek;gpf;;ifapidAk; ,izj;Jf; fhl;LtNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
eLfw;fs; elg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk;
‘tPud;fy;> tPuf;fy;’ vdTk; ‘epidTj;J}z;’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tPuAff;fhyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;w fhyq;fspy; Vw;gl;l Nghh;fspy; tpOg;Gz;
gl;LkbAk; tPuDf;fhf> mtdJ tPuj;ijg; Nghw;Wfpd;w tifapYk;> mtdJ
jpahfj;jpid kjpf;fpd;w tifapYk; fy; xd;wpid el;L> mjid topgLtJ jkpohpd;
kughf ,Ue;Js;sjid ,yf;fpaq;fs; top mwpaKbfpwJ.
eLfw;fspd; mikg;G
eLfw;fspd; tPudpd; cUtk;> ngah; nray; Nghd;w Fwpg;Gfs; ngUk;ghYk;
,Ug;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj; juTfisAk;> eLfw;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
cUtq;fisAk; vOj;Jf;fisAk; Muha;fpd;wNghJ MNfhs; Ghpe;Njh> kPl;Nlh> nfhba
tpyq;FfSld; Nghhpl;Nlh> gypahfNth jhd; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;fhf ,wf;Fk;
tPuDf;Nf eLfy; vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Muk;gfhyj;jpy; vOg;gg;gl;l midj;Jf; fw;fSNk xw;iwf; fy;yhf mike;Js;sd.
fy;tLP mikg;gpyhd eLfw;fs; rw;Wg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; vOg;gg;gl;ld. %d;W


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gf;fq;fspYk; nrq;Fj;jhd gyiff; fw;fshy; milf;fg;gl;L Nkw;gFjpapy; ePskhd

gyiff; fy;yhy; Fwpaplg;gl;l rpWmiw mikg;gpy; ,f;fw;fs; mike;Js;sd.
topgLNthh; ek;gpf;iffs;
eLfw;fis kf;fs; topgLk; KiwapypUe;J mth;fsJ ek;gpf;iffs;
Gydhfpd;wd. eLfw;fisr; Rw;wp Nty;fisAk; rhh;j;jp itf;Fk; tof;fKk;
,Ue;Js;sJ. Nty;fis el;L itj;jikf;F NtW rpy fhuzq;fSk; ,Uf;ff;$Lk;.
mf;fw;fis topgLNthh;> mtw;wpy; ciwAk; nja;tk; jkf;F Jd;gk; jUk; vjphpfis
mopg;gjw;fhf el;L itj;jdthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mf;fw;fspd; Kd;ghff; Fjpiu
cUtq;fisr; nra;J itg;gjw;Fk; ,J Nghd;w xU ek;gpf;ifNa fhuzkhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ fy;ypy; ciwAk; nja;tk; Fjpiuapd; kPJ mkh;e;J ,uT Neuj;jpy;
cyhte;J ChpYs;s vy;yh kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifahf ,Ue;jJ. mt;thW topghl;L
Kiwapy; te;j nja;tq;fNs mz;zd;khh; kJiu tPud; fhj;jtuhad;> ehl;luhad;>
fUg;gzrhkp> fw;FNty; ma;adhh; Mfpait tPutif tzf;fj;jpd; kW
cUtq;fshFk;.
tpyq;FfSf;fhd eLfy;
kf;fs; kdpjh; jk; rpwg;G tpidf; fUjp mth;jk; epidtpy; eLfy;
epWj;jpaJNghy Ntjhk; nry;ykhf tsh;j;j fpsp> Nfhop> vUJ> Fjpiu Mfpa
gwitfs; tpyq;Ffs; Kjypatw;Wf;Fk; eLfy; vOg;gp cs;sdh;. mt;thNw xU
eha;fspd; epidthf epidTf;fy; epWtp cs;shd;. kd;dd; ngaUk; Ml;rp Mz;Lk;
rpije;J cs;sd. mk;kYhh; vd;W toq;fg;gl;l ,d;iwa mk;gYHhpy; Nfhtd;
vd;gtd; ,U eha;fis tsh;j;jpUe;jhd;. mt;T+Us; GFe;j fhl;Lg;gd;wp xd;Wld;
mtDila eha;fshd KofDk;> te;jpf;fhfj;jpAk; gpize;J rz;ilapl;Lg; Nghuhbg;
gd;wpiaf; nfhd;wdjhKk; nrj;jd vdf; fy;ntl;L nghwpj;jNfhtd; Gwpj;J cs;shd;.
nry;y tpyq;FfSf;F eLfy; vLf;fg;gl;l nra;jp kpfmhpjhfNt jkpofj;jpy; gjpthfp
cs;sJ. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJNghy nry;ytpyq;FfSf;F kdpjiug; Nghy;
ngahpLk; tof;fKk; ,Ue;Js;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.
NtY}h; khtl;lk;> thzpak;ghbtl;lj;jpy; cs;s mk;gYhhpy; cs;s eLfy;
eha;fSf;fhf elj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L.
,yf;fpaj;jpy; eLfy; nra;jpfs;
njhy;fhg;gpah; eLfy; vLg;gjw;fhd MWepiyfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
mitfhl;rp> fhy;Nfhs;> ePh;g;gileLfy;> ngUk;gil tho;j;jy; vd;gjhFk;.
,jdbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fifapy; ,t;tof;fk; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhye;njhl;Nl
,Ue;Js;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.
“vd;idKd; epy;yd;kpd; njt;tph; gynud;d
Kd;epd;Wfy;epd; wth;” (Fws; - 771)
vd;W Nghhpy; ,we;j gifth; fy;yhfp epd;wjhf jpUts;StUk; gjpT nra;fpwhh;.
“tpLtha;r; nrq;fidf;
nfhLtpy; Mlth;
ey;epiynghwpj;jfy;” (mfk; - 179)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rq;ffhyr; rpw;W}h; kf;fs; eLfy;ypidg; Nghw;wp tzq;fpaijg; Gwg;ghly;fs;

top mwpayhk;. jk; ,dj;jpw;fhf caph;Jwe;j tPuDf;Fr; nra;Ak; khpahijahfTk;>
nra;ed;wp kwthg; gz;gpidAk; ,r;nray; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. GwehD}w;;wpy;>
“guYilakUq;fpw; gJf;ifNrh;j;jp
kuy;tFe;JnjhLj;jnrk;koq; fz;zpNahL>
mzpkapw; gPypR+l;bg;>ngah; nghwpj;J
,dpel;ldNu! fy;Yk;>fd;nwhL
fwitje;Jgifth; xl;ba…….” (Gwk; - 264)
fd;WlNd fwitAk; kPl;Lj; je;jtd;: gif kwtiu XlXl ntUl;ba neLe;jif>
mtDk; NghhpNy gl;lhd;. Mjid mwpe;Jk;> Rw;wk; Nrh;e;J gPypAk; fz;zpAk;
R+l;bg;ngaUk; nghwpj;J> mtDf;Ff; fy;iyAk; ,g;NghJ el;Ltpl;ldNu! vd;W
tUe;jpf; $wpaJ.
“eLfy; gPypR+l;b>ehh; mhp
rpWfyj;JcFg;gTk; nfhs;td; nfhy;Nyh–
NfhLcah;gpwq;FkiynfoP,a
ehLcld; nfhLg;gTk; nfhs;shNjhNd?” Gwk; -232
NfhLfs; cah;e;j kiyfs; nrwpe;jehL KOtijAk; nfhLg;gpDk; eLfy;iy
ehl;b> mjw;Fg; gPypAQ; R+l;b> ehuhyhpf;fg;gl;l kJitAk; rpwpa fyj;jpNy
gilf;fpd;wPhf ; Ns? mjid mtd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;thNdh vd;fpwJ Gwg;ghly;. ,g;ghlypy;
tPukwtdpd; ahhplKk; ,ue;J epw;fhj mtDila jd;;ikg; Gyg;gLfpwJ. mJNghy>
Ngnuapd; KWtyhh;> ek;gpneLQ;nropad; ,we;jgpd; ifaw;W ghLfpwhh;. Fsph;r;rpjUk;
rhe;ijg; G+rpdhd; gifj;Njhiuf; fpisnahLk; mopj;jhd;. typatnud;W mtiug;
Nghw;wpAk;> nkypatnud;W mtiu ,fo;e;Jk; mwpahd; murh;fs; $ba
mitaj;jpNyjd; Xq;fpa Gfio vy;iyAk; Gfhky; jLj;J> Gwkpl;L XLgtiu
Gwf;nfhil nfhs;tjd;wp ntUl;b mopj;jiyr; nra;ahd;. mg;gb xUgz;Gkpf;f
neLQ;nropad; kbe;J tpl;lhd;. ,dpmtd; jiyiag; Gijg;gNjh> RLtNjh vJTk;
nra;tPuhf” mtd; Gfo; vd;Wk;; vjdhYk; mopahJ ,t;TyfpNyNa epiyj;J epw;Fk;;
vd;gJ kl;Lk; cWjpahFk;.
eLfw;fs; cs;s ,lq;fs;
,e;jpahit nghUj;j tiuapy; tlf;Nf ,khryg;gpuNjrk;> F[uhj;> kfhuhl;buk;
Mfpa khepyq;fs; cl;gl;l gy ,lq;fspy; ,it cs;sd. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Me;jpuh>
fUehlfk;> jkpo;ehL> Nfush Mfpa ehd;F khepyq;fspy; goq;fhy eLfw;fs;
1. ney;YHh; khtl;lk; $^h; tl;lk; ky;yhk; vDk; rpw;Whhpy; cs;s Rg;ukzpah;
jpUf;Nfhapypd; nrt;tff; fy;ypy; etf;fz;lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nra;jp
fy;ntl;lhfg; gjpthfp cs;sJ. mjd; fhyk; 9Mk; EHw;whz;L. (etfz;lk; -
gpwh; eyd; fUjp Mlth; jk; ,d;Dapiuj; jhNk jw;nfhiyahf nja;tj;
jpUTUKd; jk;ik $h;ikahd thshy; xd;gJ ghfkhfg; gypapl;L nfhs;tJ
etf;fz;lk; MFk;.
2. tpUJefh; khtl;lk; JYf;fh;gl;b mUfpy; cs;s kd;dhh; Nfhl;il rptd;
Nfhtpypy; cs;s 10Mk; Ehw;whz;L eLfy; fy;ntl;L.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
3. tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk; rq;fuhGuk; tl;lk; Nky; rpWth; vd;Dk; Chpy; tl;nlOj;J

nghwpg;G cs;s 6Mk; E}w;whz;L vOj;jikjpnfhz;l eLfy; cs;sJ.
4. fp.gp.3-4 Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; vOg;gg;gl;ljhff; fUjj;jf;f eLfw;fs; vitAk;
fpilf;fg; ngwtpy;iy. jUkGhp khtl;lk; ,Ushg;gl;b vd;Dk; ,lj;jpypUe;J
fpilj;j eLfw;fs; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg;goikahd eLfw;fshFk;.
5. jkpofg; gFjpapy; fpilj;Js;s eLfw;fspy; fhyg;goik tha;e;j eLfw;fs;
gy;yth; fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jitahfj; njhpfpd;wd. gy;yt kd;dd; rpk;kth;kd;
fhyj;jpypUe;Nj eLfw;fs; fpilf;fj; njhlq;fp tpl;ld. Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy;
tPuf;fy; vOg;Gk; kuG njhlh;e;jnjd;whYk; Nghw;wpg; Ngzg;gl;ljhfj;
njhpatpy;iy.
6. ghz;bah; fhyj;J eLfw;fs; rpy jkpofj;jpd; njd;khtl;lq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpYs;s Muy;tha;nkhop vd;Dk;
,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpilj;j eLfy; ghz;baUf;Fk; NruUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
Nghhpy; ,we;j ghz;ba tPudhd ,uzfPh;j;jp vd;gtdpd; epidthf
vOg;gg;gl;ljhFk;. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s Vuy; vd;w ChpypUe;J
fpilj;Js;s tPuf;fy; ghz;bah; fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j gilnaLg;gpidF;
fhl;LfpwJ. ,k;khtl;lj;jpYs;s fOFkiy vd;Dkplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; eLfy;
Muy;tha;nkhopapypUe;J fpilj;j eLf;fy;NyhL njhlh;Gilajhfj; njhpfpwJ.
,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bYk; tPuf;fw;fs; vOg;gg;gl;likf;fhd rhd;Wfs;
nfhq;Fehl;Lg; gFjpapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. gy;ylk; tl;lk; ePyk;G+h;> Nfhgptl;lk;
ngUe;jiyA+h;> fhq;Nfak; tl;lk; nts;sf;Nfhtpy; Mfpa Ch;fspy; cs;s
eLfw;fs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
epiwTiu
,d;iwa ,uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; tPud; jPtputhjpfSlNdh>
mz;ilehLfSlNdh Vw;gLk; rz;ilfspy; Nghuhb ,wf;f Nehpl;lhy; murhy;
toq;fg;gLk; tpUJfs; Nghy md;iwafhy fl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; eLfw;fisel;L
nfsutpj;;jdh;;. ,e;jeLfw;fs; ahTk; ek; gz;ghl;bw;Fk;> tPuj;jpw;Fk; rhd;Wfnsd;why;
mJkpifapy;iy.
ghh;it Ehy;fs;
1. jUkGhp fy;ntl;Lfs; njhFjp 1> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw> 1972.

2. eLfw;fs;> fpU\;z%h;j;jp> kzpthrfk; gjpg;gfk;.
3. fy;nyOj;jpy; fhyr;RtLfs;> Kidth;. #.Rthkpehjd;.
4. njd;dpe;jpa tPuf;fw;fs;> Nfrtuh[; nt> 2008> fht;ahntspaPL.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kUj epyj;jpd; tho;Tk; tPo;Tk;

The Life and Fall of the Marutham Land
lhf;lh;.R.tpNtfyjh> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhh; cWg;Gf; fy;Y}hp> ehfyhGuk;. Jhj;Jf;Fb.
Abstract
The paper elicits a study on the life and fall of the Marutham Land of Tamil culture
and antiquity. It becomes very important to know about the culture and the civilization
existed lang back through the evidences. Hence, the study paves way to understand the region
to understand the cultural origins of the ancient Tamil people.
Keywords: Life and Fall, Marutham Land, Tamil Culture
kUjepyj;jpy; kdpjd; thoj; jiyg;gl;l gpd;G> jhDk; gz;gl;L> epyj;jijAk;

ePiuAk; gz;gLj;jpg; gad;gLj;jpa tho;tpay;jhd; NguuRfspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk;
NghUf;Fk; mtid efh;j;jpd. mjd; tpisthd Mjpf;fg;Nghl;b> mbikj;jdk; Nghd;w
rhpTfisAk; re;jpf;f Nehpl;ld. gy mhpa epfo;Tfis Mtzg;gLj;jpAs;s
fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLfSk;> RtbfSk; mt;tf;fhy kdpjh;fspd; Nkd;ikfisAk;
mtyq;fisAk; gjpT nra;jpUf;fpd;wd. jkJ tho;tpay; #oiyg; gy njhopy;
El;gq;fshy; gz;gLj;jp rpwg;Gwg; gad;jU tho;f;if tho;e;jth;fs; gbg;gbahff;
ifaWepiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;likia tpsf;Ftjhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpd;wJ.
Ch;fspd; mikg;G
,aw;ifr; rPw;wq;fSf;F <LnfhLf;Fk; tpjkhf jhk; thOk; Ciu mikj;jtd;
goe;jkpod;. xU Ch; vdpy; mq;F ePh; epyd;> Gd;nra;> Fsk;> Nfhapy;> giwNrhp>
fk;kzhQ;Nrhp> RLfhL> kid> gilg;ig> fil> kd;W> fd;W Nka; gho;> Fsk;>
nfhl;lfhuk;> fplq;F> Nfzp> Gw;W> njw;wp> fhL> gpbypif> fsh;> cth;> MW> MwpL
gLif> Xil> cilg;G> kPd;gapy; gs;sk;> Njd;gapy; nghJk;G> kuq;fs;> fpzWfs;>
ePh;G+rp neLk;guk; ngw;W> cLk;Gk; MikAk; jtOk; epyk; Nghd;w #oypaYld;
kdpjDk; tho;e;jhd;. “efug; nghJk; GQ;ir” vd;w nrhy; mtdJ nghJey Nehf;iff;
fhl;LfpwJ. ,itnay;yhk; jw;NghJ kiwe;jJ vg;gb?
Chpd; vy;iyfshfNth> tptrha epyq;fspd; vy;iyfshfNth murq;fd;W>
Gspaq;fd;W> ehtw;fl;il> Gspaq;fl;il Nghd;wtw;iw el;bAs;sdh;. jkpod; nghJey
Nehf;Fk;> ,aw;if Mh;tKk; nfhz;ltd; vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. ve;j
vy;iyfisahtJ ehk; kjpf;fpNwhkh?
ePh;epiyfs;
Fsk;> fiu> Re;juNrhod; tha;f;fhy;> rpq;fshe;jfd; tha;f;fhy;> fUtha;f;fhy;>
Kk;Kbr; Nrhog; NguhW> fhk gjhif tha;f;fhy;> ePh; XLfhy;> Xilfs; vdg; gy;NtW
ngah;fspy; mike;j> mth;fs; jiyikapy; ntl;lg;gl;l> tha;f;fhy;fSk;> XilfSk;
ePiu Kiwg;gLj;jpg; gad;gLj;jpaik njhpfpwJ. tha;f;fhy; nry;Yk; ghijfSk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
‘Ch;epyj;ij ClWj;Jg; Gw Ch;fSf;Fg; ghAk;;’ fhk gjhif tha;f;fhy;>

Nrhw;Wj;Jiw tha;f;fhy; vd;W ,it Nghd;W ghijfSk; tiuaiw nra;J
tho;e;jik njhpfpd;wJ.
fp.gp. 800 ,NyNa ntl;lg;gl;l fpzWfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; gy;yth;fhyr;
nrg;NgLfs; %yk; njhpa tUfpd;wJ.( khw;gpLF ngUq;fpzW- yhy;Fb- jpUnts;siw)
‘tapuNkfj; jlhfk;- Fsj;jpd; tz;liy tUle;NjhWk; mg;Gwg;gLj;jTk;> fiuia
gyg;gLj;jTk; mguh[pjd; vd;gtd; 1000 foQ;Rg; nghd;id cj;jpuNk&h; rigahhplk;
884 ,y; nfhLj;Js;shd; (itFz;lg;ngUkhs; Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;L). Mdhy; ,d;W
ePh;epiyfspd; fjp? Jhh; thug; ngwg;gLk; ifA+l;Lfs;?
gof;ftof;fq;fs;
Ng&h;fspYk; rpw;Whh;fspYk; cs;sth;fs; NjtG+ir elf;f 1G+l;L Ehy;> czT>
Vh;f;Ff; fhy;> juhRf;Ff; fhy;> ghy;> japh;> Gy;> tpwF> fha;fwp> fPiu> kyh;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw kd;dDf;Ff; nfhLg;gJk; tof;fkhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ghjp $ypf;F
Ntiyghh;f;Fk; nfhj;jbikfs; ,Ue;Js;sdh;.
jdp egh;fSf;fhd epyq;fSk;> gy;NtW njhopyhsh;fSf;fhd tpisepyq;fSk;
kidfSk; jdpj;jdpNa ,Ue;Js;sd.
1.nts;shsd; cwhg;gopg; ghf;fud; - 1kh
2.ntz;zp t;ahghhp Jiwad; mwpQ;rp kidg; Nguhd epyk; - ,it Nghd;w
jdpegh; epyq;fSk;>
NfhT+h; Frtd; epyd;> tz;zhug; Nguhd epyk;> nfhy;yd; Fop> kapwpL Fop –
Nghd;w njhopy; epyq;fSk; ,Ue;jik Nrhoh; nrg;NgLfs; top njhpfpd;wJ. gphpTfSk;
Ntw;WikfSk; gpw;fhyj;Nj Njhd;wpad.
Rkj;jg;gl;l thpfs;
epyq;fs; gy;NtW NtWgl;l msitfs; %yk; msf;fg;gl;Lj; jhdpaq;fSk;
fhRk; thpahf t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ.
‘miuNa %d;W Kf;fhzpf; fPo; Kf;fhNy ehd;F khtiuf;fhzp Ke;jphpiff;
fPo; ehd;F kh ePf;fp epyd; 124 x 2 khtpd; fPo; Kf;fhNy. x 2 khtpehy; = 3800
fyk;’ ney; thpahff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. rpytplq;fspy; 1500 fyk; ney;Yk kPd; ghl;lq;
fhRk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 tl;b ehop> gpjh ehop> jpUkz thp> tz;zhh; thp> Fath; thp> ePh;f;$yp>
jwpf;$yp.
 njd;id> gid> ghf;F> fy;yhy kuk;> rpj;jpu %yk; vd;w nrq;nfhb>
fhpryhq;fz;zp> khpf;nfhOe;J> ePNyhw;gtk;> Ftis – gaphpl thp.
 fs; ,wf;f> fUk;Gr; rhW ,wf;f> gdk; ghF fha;r;r> ghf;F tpw;f – thp.
 ML> khL itj;jpUe;jhy; thp> Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy; - kd;WghL thp.
 GNuhfpjh;> gytiff; nfhy;yh;> tiyQh;> Njhy; Ntiy nra;Nthh;> gl;Lj;Jzp
tpw;Nghh;> nghpa rl;ilfs; cLj;jpr; Rw;WNthh;> eldkhLgth;> fiof;$j;jhb>
filf;fhuh;> i[dj; Jwtpfs;> ChpypUe;J js;sp itf;fg;gl;Nlhh;> ehlf
ebfh;> jz;zPh; fz;Lgpbg;Nghh;> #jhbfs;> [Kf;fhsk; kw;Wk; gha; tpw;Nghh;>
Kbntl;LNthh;> Fbahdth;fs;> iftpidQh;fs;> xw;wh;fs;> epyk; msg;Nghh;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nghd;Nwhh; thp fl;bdh;. (rpk;kth;kdpd; gPfpur; nrg;N

; gL> tpohntl;br;
nrg;NgL> Atkfhuh[d; rpt ];fe;jth;kDila kapjNthYr; nrg;NgL)
i[dj; JwtpfSf;F thp Vd;?rl;il NghLgth;fs; Cjhhpfsh?
GNuhfpjh;fSf;F thpah>? gpuhkzh;fSf;F thptpyf;fh>? me;jg; GNuhfpjh;
ahh;?
kWrPuikg;Gk; Ch;g;ngah; khw;wKk;
rpy Ch;fspd; ngah;fs; khw;wg;gl;Lj; jhdkhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 2 my;yJ 3
Ch;fs; xNu Cuhf;fg;gl;Lj; jhdkhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpd;dzp Muhag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Mtzq;fs; vd;gJ ngUikiag; giwrhw;Wtjw;F kl;Lky;yhky; ek;ik
kPl;nlLf;fTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 jpUts;Stg;ghb ehl;L ntz;kzpg;ghbr; rpw;Whiuj; ‘jhapDk;
ey;yGuk;’ vd;w tzpf efuhf tzpfh;fNs $b khw;wpAs;sdh; (
ARE – 456 – 1913)
 fhQ;rpthapy; vd;w ,fd;kiw kq;fyk; + cja re;u kq;fyk; =
xNu Ch; ( cjNae;uk; nrg;NgL – 495)
 nra;ahw;wq;fiu – Fkhukq;fy nts;shl;^h; + nfhw;wf; fpuhkk; =
cjare;u kq;fyk; vd;W gilj;jiytd; ngahpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. (
2Mk; ee;jpth;kd; - cjNae;u nrg;NgL -752 )
 fPo; Ntzhl;L ney;yp + Gy;Yhh; + FbA+h; + jf;fhW = eajPu
kq;fyk; ( 2Mk; ee;jp. Gy;Yhh; nrg;NgL – 764).
jhdq;fs;
muR mYtyh;fSf;F epy [Ptpjk; ( tho;ehs; mDgtk;) toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nfhapy; topghl;Lf;F> epte;jq;fl;F> czTf;fhf> tpsf;F vhpf;f epyk; jhdkhfj; jdp
egh;fshYk; ( jpUr;rp – f&h;. mk;kd; NfhtpYf;F mUfpYs;s fy;ntl;L) murdhYk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (S.I.I.vol-III).
NrT+uhd nrk;gpad; fpohdb ey;Yhh;> neLq;fuha> cja re;u kq;fyk;> eajPu
kq;fyk; Nghd;w Ch;fs; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;ld. ruzile;j murh;fSf;Fk;>
milf;fyk; Njbte;jth;f;Fk;> gpuhkzh;fSf;Fk;> gs;spg;gil mikf;fTk;
tptrhapfSf;Fk; epyq;fs; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;ld.
jhdk; ngw;w Ch;fspd; - kf;fspd; epiy
jhdkhff; nfhLj;j Ch;fspy; cg;Gf;Fop Njhd;lf; $lhJ. vjphpfsplkpUe;J
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fs; ,wf;ff; $lhJ. nghjpf;fhisfisf; ifg;gw;wf; $lhJ.
mth;fs; ve;j thpAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;lhk;. kd;dDf;Nfh kf;fSf;Nfh ve;jg; nghUSk;
nfhLf;f Ntz;lhk;. giltPuh;fs; Eioaf; $lhJ. mth;fis ahUk; jtwhfg; Ngrf;
$lhJ Nghd;w fl;lisfs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
gpuhkzh;fs; nrhj;J nfhba tp\k;. mth;fSila nrhj;Jf;fis
mgfhpg;NghUk; mtuJ FyKk; ghjpf;fg;gLk; ( rptd; nrhj;J Fy ehrk;). mtw;iw
mgfhpg;Nghh; 100000 gRf;fisf; nfhd;w ghtj;ijg; ngw;W eufj;jpy; coy;th; - ,it
Nghd;w mr;r czh;it Vw;gLj;jp mth;fsJ nrhj;Jf;fs; ghJfhffg;gl;ld.
(rpk;kth;kd; tpontl;br; nrg;NgL - 446). $Ljy; rYiffshfg; ghjptpiyapy;
nfhj;jbikfSk;> jwpnea;NthUk; toq;fg;gl;ldh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mfj;jpah; JthuifapypUe;J 18 Ntsph; ,dj;jtiuj; jkpofj;jpw;;F nfhz;L

te;J fhj;jhh;.( fe;j rp\;ath;kDila uhaf;Nfhl;ilr; nrg;NgL – fp.gp. 8k; Ehw;).
Nkw;fz;l jhdq;fSk; 18 tpj thpr; rYiffSk;> ,d;d gpw trjpfSk;
fpilj;jhy; te;jhiu thoitf;Fk; jkpofj;jpw;F Vd; Fbngau khl;lhh;fs;? ,d;Wtiu
,e;epiy njhlh;tijf; fhzyhk;.
FbePf;fYk; mg;Gwg;gLj;jYk;
ehfhpfj;jpd; cr;rj;jpy; tho;e;jth;fspd; thoplq;fisAk;> tptrha
epyq;fisAk; tYf;fl;lhakhfg; gwpj;J> mth;fSila tho;it KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;LtUtUjhd; Kbahl;rpah?
 rhUNjtp vd;w murpahh; mJyd; vd;gtDila epyj;ij mtid
mg;Gwg;gLj;jptpl;L jhkYhh; gfthd; ehuhazDf;Fj; jhdkhf;fpdhh;
(rhUNjtpapd; FzkNjar; nrg;NgL – 350 ).
 Uj;jpurh;kd; - r\;b Fkhud; Nghd;w 8 NgUf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyk;> kw;w
ahUf;fhtJ chpikapUe;jhy; mJ uj;jhfpwJ’ vd Miz
gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 murd; rpk;k tp\;Z epyTilikahshplk; tpiyf;F thq;fp> FbePf;fpj;
jdjhf;fp> rkz Kdpth;fSf;Fj; jhdkspj;Js;shd;.
 gy;yt murFkhuh;fspd; tpz;zg;gj;jpw;Fr; nrtprha;j;J nfhq;fzp
kfhuhrd; 4 fpuhkq;fis xd;whf;fp> mij 66 gq;fhf;fpj;
jhdkhf;fpAs;shd; ( rptkhwd; - yy;yNfNur; nrg;NgL).
 murDf;Fk;> jsgjpfSf;Fk; Ntz;lhjth;fisf; FbePf;fptpl;Lj; jhdk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 MW> Xil.......Nghd;wtw;iw mEgtpj;J tUk; Fbia ePf;fp fUzhfu
kq;fyk;’ vd;w ngahplg;gl;L> ePh;g;gad;ghl;bd; Kd;dilAk;> gok;gpaUk;>
gotpiwAk; jtph;ff ; g;gLfpwJ.
 tPuehuhaz kq;fyk;.............( ntz;zpf; $w;wk; jtph;j;j) Ch;fs;
fhzpAilahiu khw;wp FbePf;fp – ntz;zpf; $w;wj;J ehl;lhh;fF ; k;>
g;ukNjaf;fpoth;f;Fk;> Njtjhdg; gs;spr; re;jf; - fzpKw;Whl;L –
ntl;lg; Ngw;Wg; gotwr; rhyhNghfk; cs;spl;l Chpyhh;fF; k;
efuq;fspyhh;f;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ (Nrhoh; nrg;NgLfs;).
Ch; cs;sth;fis Chpypfshf khw;wptpl;L ahh;ahUf;nfy;yhNkh jhdk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ: ,jd; gpd;dzp Muhag;glNtz;Lk;.
jhdk; ngw;w epyj;jpy; vd;d nra;ayhk;?
jhd epyq;fspy; me;epah;fs; FWq;;Fj;Jf;Fj;jf; $lhJ. tpyq;F milf;ff;
$lhJ. ePh; ,iwf;ff; $lhJ.
Rl;Nlhl;lhy; khlkhspif fl;lyhk;. JuT> fpzW cz;lhf;fyhk;. njd;id>
jke(f)Kk;> kUTk;> nrz;gfKk;> nrq;fOePh;> kh>gyh> fKF> gid> nfhbAs;s gad;
kuq;fs; ,lyhk;: elyhk;: nrf;fplyhk;;: jd; Fbf;Nfw;w tz;zk; KiuRk; Kg;gbj;
NjhuzKk; ehl;lyhk;.
jz;lidfs;
1. rhjpf;fytuq;fSf;F – 12 gzk; mguhjk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
2. thpf;nfhlhjtUila tPl;by; Eioe;J ntz;fyg; ghj;jpuq;fis

vLf;fyhk;: kz; ghj;jpuq;fis cilf;fyhk; (FLkpahd; kiyf;
Nfhapy; Fk;ghgpNrfj; jiythp juhjth;fs; - 1229 – fy;ntl;Lfs;).
3. nghJkuq;fis ntl;bdhy; jz;lid.
njhFg;Giu
fuL Kulhd epyq;fisnay;yhk; nghd;tpisAk; G+kpahfj; jkJ
clYiog;gpdhy; cUthf;fpath;fsplk; ,Ue;J mjpfkhd thpfisg; ngw;W kd;dh;fs;
Ml;rp elj;jpAs;sdh;. rpyuJ Jhz;LjypdhYk;> jd;dyj;jpw;fhfTk;>
,t;tpisepyq;fis ,ytrkhfg; ngWk;nghUl;L Mizfisg; gpwg;gpj;Js;sdh;. epy
chpikahsh;fis tYf;fl;lhakhf ntspNaw;wpapUf;fpd;wdh;. mg;gb
ntspNaw;wg;gl;Nlhh; kPz;Lk; fuL Kulhd epyq;fisg; gz;gLj;Jk; clYiog;gpw;Fj;
jpUk;gpj; Jd;g tho;f;ifia Muk;gpj;Js;sdh;.
,ytrkhf tpisepyq;fSk;> mjpy; ciof;fg; ghjpf; $ypapy; Ml;fSk;
fpilf;f> ghy;>japh;> mhprp Nghd;w czTg; nghUl;fSf;Fk; ciof;f Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;yhky; ,ytrkhfNt fpilj;Js;sJ. thptpyf;Ffs;> nrytpd;ik>
kdpjdplkpUe;Jk;> tpyq;FfsplkpUe;Jk; ghJfhf;f Ml;fs;> Rj;jKk; RfhjhuKk;
mikjpAk; jtOk; Ch;fspy; mike;j khlkhspiffs;> gad;jU kuq;fSlDk;
Njhuzq;fSlDk; tho;gth;fs; tho;f;ifapd; mLj;j fl;lj;ij Nehf;fp efu
tha;g;Gs;sJ.
64 tpjkhd fiyfis kl;Lky;y 64 Nfhbf; fiyfisAk; mth;fshy;
gilf;fTk; KbAk;;: gbf;fTk; KbAk;. me;j Ml;rpapy; fiyfs; rpwe;J tpsq;fpj;jhd;
,Uf;Fk;. Fbkf;fspd; epiy?
Xg;ge;jq;fs; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;Lfs; tiu NghLtJ tof;fk;. 99
Mz;LfSf;Ff; $l Nghlg;gl;l rpy xg;ge;jq;fs; ek;khy; kwf;fg;gl;L
(kwf;fbf;fg;gl;L) tpl;ld. murh;fs; xg;ge;jq;fis 100000 Mz;Lfs; jq;fs;
Mizfs; elg;gpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fl;lisapl;Ls;sdh;. me;j 100000
Mz;Lfs; vg;NghJ KbTf;F tUk;? ek;Kila epyq;fs; ekf;Fr; nrhe;jkhtJ
vg;NghJ? mJtiu ,j;jfty;fs; mlq;fpa fy;ntl;LfisAk;> nrg;NgLfisAk;>
RtbfisAk; vg;gbg; ghJfhf;fg; Nghfpd;Nwhk;?
,j;jifa Mtzq;fs; jUk; nra;jpfisf; fPob Nghyf; fUjp NkYk; Ma;T
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLfSk;> RtbfSk; kpfj; Jhpjkhfg;
gbf;fg;gl;Lr; nra;jpfs; ntspf;nfhzu Ntz;baJ ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpd; kpf mtruj;
Njit vd;gij ehk; czu Ntz;Lk;.
gad;gl;l Ehy;fs;
1. fy;ntl;bay;> uh[d;.fh> kNdh gjpg;gfk;> jQ;ir-5> 2006.
2. fy;ntl;LfSk; RtbfSk;> Nguh.Kid.ehr;rpKj;J.fp.> Nrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id-
78> 2007.
3. fy;ntl;Lj; Njd;Jspfs;> tpj;. kfhNjtd;.Nt.>Nrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id-78>2009.
4. Nrhoh; nrg;NgLfs;> eld. Fhrpehjd;> Nrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id- 78> 2011
5. gy;yth; fhyr; nrg;NgLfs;> ,uhN[ejpud;.K.> ,.M.g.> mfep ntspaPL>
te;jthrp-8> 2015.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; rhd;WfSk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk;

Archaeological Evidences and Tamilar Culture
J. tp[afyh>
ntq;fNl];tuh fy;tpapay; fy;Y}hp> GJf;Nfhl;il - 622001
Abstract
The paper elicits a study on the Archaeological Evidences and Tamilar culture. It
becomes very important to know about the culture and the civilization that existed lang back
through the evidences. Hence, the study paves way to understand the the cultural origins of
the ancient Tamil people.
Keywords: Archaeological Evidence, Tamilar Culture
Kd;Diu
gz;ila ehw;fspy;> nghJthf ,e;jpahtpYk;> rpwg;ghfj; jkpofj;jpYk;
tuyhw;W epfo;rr ; pfis VLfspy; vOjp itf;Fk; tof;fj;ij kf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;byh;.
kpfr; rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> ciufisAk; gilj;Jf; nfhLj;j goe;jkpoh;fs;
tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisf; Fwpj;J itf;fhkw;NghdJ tpag;gpDk; tpag;ghf cs;sJ.
Mo;e;j Muha;r;rpapd; gadha; jkpofj;jpd; tuyhWfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sd.
vt;thW mit Mo;e;j Muha;r;rp %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ ,f;fl;Liu
Muha;fpwJ.
rpe;J rkntsp mfo;thuha;rr ; p
rpe;Jrkntsp mfo;thuha;r;rpfSf;Fg; gpwF jkpohpd; tuyhWk; ehfhpfKk; Gjpa
Nfhzj;jpypUe;J Nehf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfk; gz;ila jkpouhy;
tsh;ff; g;gl;lJ vd;W mz;ikapy; rpy Ma;thsh;fs; jk; fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;L
tUfpd;wdh;. `Puh]; ghjphpahh; ùg;gh vOj;JfSf;Fk; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk;
njhlh;G cz;nld;W $Wfpwhh;. NuhkhGhp ehzaq;fs; jkpofj;jpy; rpy ,lq;fspy;
fpilj;Js;sd. mhpf;fNkl;L mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L NuhkhGhp
ehzaq;fs; ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd nropg;ghd thzpfj;Jf;F rhd;W
gfh;fpd;wd.
rq;f fhyk;
,f;fhyj;J kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwfisAk;> gz;ghLfisAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;Fr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd. gok; ghz;ba kd;dhpd;
ehzaq;fs; rpy rJutbtpYk;> rJutbtpYk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy; xU Gwk;
kPd; rpd;dKk;> gpd;Gwk; ahid my;yJ fhis rpd;dKk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it
fp.K.2 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp.2 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd fhy mstpy;
ntspaplg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; jkpoh; gz;ghl;bd; goik jd;ikia
mwpayhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpo;r; rKjhaKk; gz;ghLk;

jkpoh; rKjhak; kpfTk; goikahd xd;whFk;. gz;ila vfpg;J ghgpNyhdpah
fphpR> Nuhk; Mfpa ehLfs; ehfhpfj;jpy; kpfTk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa gz;ilf;
fhyj;jpNyNa jkf;nfd xU ehfhpfj;ijAk; rpwe;j gz;ghl;ilAk; tsh;j;J
te;jth;fs; jkpoh;fs;. xU ehl;bd; tuyhw;iw vOJtjw;F me;ehl;by; vOe;Js;s
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; goq;fhyf; fl;llr; rpijTfs;> rpw;gr;rpd;dq;fs;> rka
Fwpg;Gfs;> fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfs;> Gijg;nghUl;fs; Mfpait rhd;Wfshf
cjtp te;Js;sd. ,r;rhd;Wfs; mj;jidAk; jkpofj;jpYk; ngUksT fpilj;Js;sd.
,tw;iwf;nfhz;Nl jkpohpd; gz;ghl;bd; njhd;ikia mwpayhk;.
fPob mfo;thuha;r;rp
miktplk;
kJiuapypUe;J ,uhkehjGuj;jpd; mofd;Fsk; JiwKfj;Jf;Fr; nry;Yk;
gz;ila tzpfg;ghijapy; rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s fPob vd;w Chpd; fpof;Nf
Rkhh; 1 fp.kP njhiytpy; kzY}h; fz;khapd; Nkw;fiuapy; cs;s gs;spr;
re;ijj;jply; vd;w ngahpyhd kzy;Nkl;by; ,t;tfoha;T njhlf;fg;gl;lJ.
fsj;jpd; fhyk;
,e;jf; fsk; fp.K. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J fp.gp.10 Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiuahd fhyg;gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j trpg;gplkhf fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
cWjpg;gLj;jy;fSf;fhf ,e;j mfo;tha;tpy; ,Ue;J 2 khjphpfs; fhpkj; Njjpaply;
Kiwapy; gFg;gha;T nra;a mDg;gg;gl;lJ. [{iy 2017 ,y; ntspte;j ,jd;
KbTfs; ,e;j ikak; Rkhh; 2>200 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;idaJ vd;gij cWjp
nra;Js;sd.
Ma;tpd; jw;Nghija epiy
Njdp khtl;lk; njhlq;fp ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk; tiu itif Mw;wq;fiuapd;
mUfhikg; gFjpfspy; 2013-2014-apy; elj;jg;gl;l njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfspd;NghJ
njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs; cs;s 293 gFjpfs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. ,it fsQ;rpaq;fs;>
tzpfj;jsq;fs;> JiwKfq;fs;> thoplq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs; vd;w tifahFk;. fPobapy;
mUq;fhl;rpafk; mikf;f jkpo;ehL muR Mh;tk; fhl;ltpy;iy vd ,e;jpa
njhy;nghUs; Muha;rr ; pj;Jiw mwptpj;Js;sJ.
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
 fl;blq;fs;
 RLkz; Foha;> fopTePh; njhFjpfs;
 ciwfpzWfs;
 nrq;fw;Rth;fs;
 kz;ghz;lq;fs;
 jkpo;vOj;Jf;fs;
 mzpfyd;fs;
 mhpa njhy;nghUl;fs;
fPob mfoha;tpd; fhythpir
Kjy; fl;lk; “[Pd; 2015”>
,uz;lhk; fl;lk; “[dthp 2016”>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
%d;whk; fl;lk; “[dthp 2017”>

ehd;fhk; fl;lk; “gpg;uthp 2018”>
KbTiu
Mjpr;rey;Y}h; njhy;ypay; fsj;Jf;F mLj;J ,e;jpa njhy;ypay; Ma;T
epWtdj;jhy; jkpo;ehl;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nghpa mstpyhd mfoha;T MFk;. ,J
itif fiuapy; cUthd jkpoh;fyhr;rhuj;ij ntspf;nfhzh;fpwJ. Rkhh; 3000
Mz;LfSf;F Nky; goikahdJ vd mq;F fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Mguzq;fs; %yk;
fhzyhk;. mJ ghz;b rhk;uh[paj;jpd; vr;rq;fs; MFk;. ,e;j mfoha;T rpe;J
ntspehfhpfj;jpw;Fk; Ke;ijaJ MFk;.
flw;Nfhshy; %o;fpg;Nghd Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpy;jhd; Kjy; kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wpapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mk;kf;fs; Ngrpa Kjy; nkhopNa “jkpopd; %ynkhop” MFk;.
mk;kf;fs; Ngrpa nkhopapd; %yNk “njhy;jkpo;” mth;jk; topte;j cwtpdh;
thOk; epyNk “jkpo;ehL” vd;W KbT nra;ayhk;.
Mjpr;rey;Y}h; Ma;T ekf;F fpilj;j kpfg;nghpa nghf;fprkhFk;.
tUq;fhyq;fspy; ,t;tha;T Nkd;NkYk; njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,t;tha;T
Kd;Diuf;fpwJ.
E}w;gl;bay;
1. lhf;lh; Nf.Nf.gps;is –jkpof tuyhW kf;fSk; gz;ghLk;.

2. Kidth;.f.tp[ah- ,e;jpa tuyhW.
3. gz;ila jkpofk; - rpj;uh khjtd;.
4. rq;ffhy Ml;rpKiwAk; r%f tho;Tk; - Nguhrphpah; K.ePyfz;l rh];jphp.
5. njhiyNgrp top jfty; Nrfhpg;G Dr.[pe;jh M.A., Ph.D., jpUney;Ntyp.
6. ,izajs cjtpapd; %yk; ngw;w Fwpg;Gfs;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpof njhy;ypaypy; ,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;bd; gq;F

The Contribution of Robert Bruce Foote in Tamil Archaeologial Study
Kidtu; jpUkjp K. tp[arhe;jp> cjtpg;Nguhrpupau;>

tuyhw;Wj;Jiw> ghj;jpkh fy;Y}up> kJiu-18>
Abstract
The article brings forth the essential contribution of the famous Robert Bruce Foote
in archaeological field of the Tamil region. His contribution to the Tamil Archaeology is
immense and indebted one. He is the first one to proclaim that the Tamils are a group of
people who lived before million of years. He dedicated him in the land survey department of
the British Government of India and did lots of surveys and dig sites all over india. Very
important of his findings are the tools before to that of the Ice Age, Theri area of Thirunelveli
Dist, Atthirapakkam and pallavaram. Hence, the study brings out the related facts from the
corroboration.
Keywords: Contribution, Robert Bruce Foote, Tamil Archaeologial Study
Kd;Diu
vOj;J rhd;WfNs ,y;yhj fw;fhy kf;fspd; tuyhw;iw fzpj;J mtu;fsJ
tho;tplq;fis Muha;e;J mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa fUtpfs; %yk; kdpj ,dj;jpd;
tsu;r;rpia mwptpf;Fk; Jiw njhy;ypay; Jiw MFk;. njhy;ypaYk;> tuyhWk;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W kpfneUq;fpa njhlu;Giladthfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. fle;jfhy
kdpju;fspd; nray;fisAk;> rhjidfisAk; tpsf;FtNj tuyhW. tuyhW
nghJthf vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fisNa rhu;e;J cs;sJ. Mdhy; njhy;ypay; vd;gJ
vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fspd; fhyj;jpw;Fk; Kw;gl;lJ. jkpofj;jpy; gy njhd;ikkpf;f
Cu;fspy; mfo;tha;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mit goq;fhy kf;fspd; gz;ghL>
gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Ffpd;wd. jkpofj;jpy; ,Jtiu elj;jg;gl;l
mfo;tha;Tfis goq;fw;fhyk;> ,ilf;fw;fhyk;> Gjpa fw;fhyk;> ,Uk;Gf;fhyk;>
tuyhw;Wj; njhlf;f fhyk; vdg; gpupf;fyhk;. ,tw;wpy; goq;fw;fhyk; Fwpj;j
Ma;Tfis Kjd; Kjyhf Nkw;nfhz;l ngUik njhy;ypay; Ma;thsu; ,uhgu;l;
G&];G+l; mtu;fisNa rhUk;.
,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;bd; gpwg;Gk;> gzpAk;: (fp.gp. 1834-1912)
,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,uhgu;l; G&];G+l; mtu;fs; nrg;lk;gu; 22k; ehs; 1834y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;s

nry;l;ld;`hk; vd;w gFjpapy; Nfhgpah nty;];/Gl; kwk; tpy;ypak; n`d;wp Gl;bd;
,isa kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu; jd;Dila fy;tpia Kbj;j gpd;G 24tJ tajpy;
,e;jpahtpw;F te;J 1858> nrg;lk;gu; khjj;jpy; kj;jpa epytpay; Ma;Tj;Jiwapy;
(G.S.I) epy msitahsuhf jpUr;rpapy; gzpapy; (ru;Ntau;) Nru;e;jhu;.1 gpd;du;
nrd;idf;F gzpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L 1862 [{iyapy; ngl;];tpd; kfs; vyprngj;
md;Ndit nrd;idapy; G+l; jpUkzk; nra;jhu;. Vg;uy; 1863y; mtu;fSila Kjy;
Foe;ij n`d;wp G&];G+l; gpwe;jhu;. mj;Jiwapy; 33 Mz;Lfs; epytpay; Muha;r;rpg;
gzpia Nkw;nfhz;L 1891k; Mz;L KJepiyf; fhg;ghsuhf Xa;T ngw;whu;. ,tu;
kz;zpay; Ma;Tj; Jiwapy; gy Muha;r;rpfs; nra;J ~~jhu;thu; ghiw mikg;G-
njd;,e;jpahtpd; jq;fj; jhJj;Jfs;fslq;fpa xU Kjd;ikg; ghiwj; njhlu;||
(Dharwar system – The Chief Auriferous Rock Series of South India) vd;w Ma;Tf;
fl;Liuia ntspapl;lhu;. NkYk;> Mu;Nfad; ghiwfs; gw;wpAk; Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;L
gy epytpay; jfty;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.2 ,tuJ Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs;
epytpay; Ma;tpy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. nghJthf ,tuJ Ma;Tg; gzpfs;
nrd;id khfhzj;jpNyNa mike;jpUe;jd. ,e;epiyapy; ,tUf;F njhy;ypay;
Jiwapd; kPJ kpFe;j ehl;lk; Vw;gl;L njhy;ypay; Ma;tpy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf;
nfhz;lhu;.
njhy;ypay; gzpapy; G&];G+l;
,tUila fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gpl;uptu;];> ru; gpsp;zlu;]; ngl;up
Nghd;w njhy;ypayhsu;fs; gok; nghUl;fis Nrfupj;jNjhL> njhy;nghUs;fs;
Nrfupf;Fk; topapidAk; Gj;jfkhf ntspapl;ldu;.3 ,g;Gj;jfq;fspd; kPJ Mu;tk;
nfhz;lhu;. G&];G+l; ,tUf;F rhu;y]; lhu;tpdpd; kdpjg; gupzhkf; nfhs;ifapy;
mjpf Mu;tKz;L. NkYk; ~,e;jpaj; njhy;ypaypd; je;ij|4 vd;W miof;fg;gl;Lk;
mnyf;rhz;lu; fd;dpq;`hk;> ru;Ntau; n[duy; tl ,e;jpahtpy; mfoha;Tg; gzpfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. vdNt njd; ,e;jpahtpy; ,j;jifa mfoha;T Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu; G&];G+l;. ,tuJ Ma;Tg; gzpfSf;F tpy;ypak; fpq; vd;gtu; ngUk;
cjtpahf ,Ue;jhu;.5 epytpay; ty;Yeuhfj; jpfo;e;j NghjpYk;> njhy;goq;fhyk;
njhlu;ghd Muha;r;rpg;gzpia Mu;tj;Jld; Nkw;nfhz;L njd;dpe;jpahtpd; gy
,lq;fSf;Fk; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpapy;yhj fhyj;jpy; Fjpiuapd; kPJ gazk; nra;J
mupa njhy;goq;fhyg; gFjpfisf; fz;lwpe;jJ ,tuJ ngUk; rhjidahFk;.
,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;bd; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;
xUehs; epytpay; Ma;tpw;fhf Fopntl;bf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. md;W 1863k;
Mz;L Nk 30k; ehs; nrd;idia mLj;j gy;yhtuk; gFjpapy; G&];G+l; Kjd;
Kjyhfg; gioa fw;fhyf; fUtpapid fz;nlLj;J6 mjd; thapyhfg; gdpAff;
fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; kf;fs; tho;e;jpUe;jjw;fhd jlak; fpilf;fg; ngWtij
cyfpw;F ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j goq;fhyf; fUtpfs; cyf njhy;ypayhsu;fis
tpag;gpyho;j;jpaJ. Vnddpy; ,f;fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; INuhg;ghtpy; kdpjd; Njhd;wpa
fhyj;jpw;F rkkhdit MFk;.7 NkYk; ,J ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw kpfTk; njhd;ikf;F
js;spaJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gy;yhtuj;jpy; fy; MAjj;ijf; fz;nlLj;j gpwF jpUts;Su; khtl;l kw;Wk;

nrd;idiar; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfspYk; G+z;b ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpw;F mUNf mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;
Xilg;gFjp kw;Wk; mjd; Rw;Wg;gFjpfspy; fs Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;L gioa fw;fhyf;
fy; MAjq;fs; gytw;iwr; Nrfupj;Js;shu;. ,q;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w gioa fw;fhyf;
fUtpfs; nrd;id ifNfhlhup kuG tifiar; rhu;e;jit vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.8
,J nrd;idj;njhopy; El;gk; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
G&];G+l; fz;Lgpbj;j fw;fUtpfs;

nrq;fy;gl;L> jQ;rhT+u;> tlMw;fhL Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; iff;Nfhlhupfs;>
ntl;L fw;fUtpfs;> nrJf;F fUtpfs;> ,Ugf;f Kidf;fUtpfs; mfpait ,tuhy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; goq;fhy jkpoid ~gbff;fy; kdpjd;| vd mioj;jdu;.9
,e;jf; fUtpfs; kpfr; rpwpa msT njhopy; El;gj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jjhy;
~mr;#ypadk; tifj; njhopy; El;gk;| vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,tu; ~~goq;fw;fhyj;
jkpou;fs; gbff; fw;fshy; Md MAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Ntl;ilahb czTg;
nghUl;fis Nrfupj;jdu;. ,aw;ifahfNt fhzg;gl;l Fiffspy; jq;fpdu;.
nghJthf Mw;Wg;gLf;iffspNyNa tho;e;jdu;. ,tu;fs; kz;ghz;lq;fs; nra;Ak;
Kiwia mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy>|| vd fz;Lgpbj;jhu;.
,uhgu;l; G&];G+l; njd;dpe;jpaj; jPgfw;g gFjpapy; fz;Lgpbj;j 459 tuyhw;Wf;F
Kw;gl;lfhyg; gFjpfs; 42 gFjpfs; gioa fw;fhyj;ijAk; 252 gFjpfs; Gjpa
fw;fhyj;ijAk; rhu;e;jitahFk;.10 NkYk; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; Njupg;gFjpapy;
Ez;fw;fhyf; fUtpfisf; fz;nlLj;J mg;gFjpapy; Ez;fw;fhyj; njhopw;rhiy
,Ue;jikia cWjpg;gLj;jpdhu;. gioa fw;fhy> Gjpa fw;fhyf;fy; MAjq;fis
mjd; cUtikg;G kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g Kiwiaf; nfhz;L tifg;gLj;Jk; gzpiaAk;
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gioa fw;fhyj;jpw;Fk;> Gjpa
fw;fhyj;jpw;FkpilNaAs;s ePz;l ,ilntspiaf; fz;lwpe;J> mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij
mwpAk; nghUl;L Nkw;nfhz;l mtuJ Ma;T rpwg;G tha;e;jjhFk;.
mj;jpug; ghf;fk; Ma;tpy; G&];G+l;
mj;jpug; ghf;fk; Ma;Tf;fsk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mj;jpug;ghf;fk; goq;fw;fhy kf;fs; tho;e;j nrq;fw;gl;L khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s

xU rpw;W}uhFk;. Nfhj;jiyahWk; mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; XilAk; NrUfpd;w ,lj;jpy; ,J
mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j Nfhj;jiyahW %d;W Mw;wLf;F my;yJ NkLfSld; gy
iky;fSf;F gutyhf tpupe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j NkLfspy; jhd; fw;fUtpfs;
Gije;Jfple;jd. ,e;j Mw;wLf;Ffspy; uhgu;ll
; ; G&];G+l; mfoha;T nra;J gy
goq;fw;fhyf; fUtpfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. ,tw;Wld; kdpjdpd; fhy; vOk;gpd; Gij
gbtj;ijAk; fz;nlLj;jhu;.11 mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; goq;fw;fhyf; fUtpfs; nra;ag;gl;l
njhopw;$lkhf tpsq;fpaij njspTWj;jpdhu;. vj;jpug;ghf;fj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l
fUtpfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit iff;NfhlhupfshFk;. ,it cyfg;Gfo;ngw;wit. rpy
Nfhlhupfspd; ~ghl;bNerd;| vdg;gLk; rptg;G G+r;R fhzg;gLfpwJ.12 ,it jtpu rpwpa
nrJf;Ff; fUtpfs;> ,UFf; fUtpfs;> mk;GKid> fw;fUtpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;
fz;Lgpbj;jhu;.
,e;jpahtpy; goq;fw;fhyf; fUtpfs; mjpf mstpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
,uz;L ,lq;fspy; xd;W mjpuk;ghf;fk;. ,e;j Cupy; Vwj;jho ,uz;L yl;rk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; goq;fhy kdpjd; tho;e;Js;shd; vd;gij
,f;fw;fUtpfs; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd. ,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;il njhlu;e;J V.D. fpU\;zrhkp>
Ngl;lu;rd;> H.D. rq;fhypah> K.D. ghdu;[p gy Ma;Tfis ,q;F Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
njhy;goq;fhyj;jpd; je;ij G&];G+l;
mupa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis ntspf;nfhzu;e;J> gy njhy;ypay; rpf;fy;fSf;Fj;
jPu;T fz;Ls;s ,uhgu;l; G&];G+l; ~~,e;jpaj; njhy;goq;fhyj;jpd; je;ij||13 vd
njhy;ypay; ty;Yeu;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. 1873y; Fthu;li
; rl; iff;Nfhlhupia
eu;kij Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;fpy; fz;nlLj;J ,g;ngUikia jf;fitj;jhu;.
G&];G+l;bd; njhy;ypay; gq;fspg;Gfs;
Fbak; Fif
,uhgu;l; G&];G+l; goq;fw;fhykk;> Gjpa fw;fhyk; kw;Wk; cNyhf fhyk; gw;wpa
Ma;Tfisj; njhlu;e;J elj;jpdhu;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ghid XLfs; gw;wpa jdJ
fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;jhu;. eu;kij Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; ,tu; fz;Lgpbj;j
Guhjdr; rpd;dq;fs; ,tUf;F NkYk; Gfioj; Njbj;je;jd. Nkw;fpe;jpahtpy;
ngYk;Fif kw;Wk; Fbak; Fif Mfpatw;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. ,tu; jhd;
fz;Lgpbj;j nghUl;fs; gw;wpa vy;yhr; nra;jpfisAk; ~~The Foote Collection of Indian
Pre-Historic and Proto Historic Antiquities|| vd;w E}ypy; tpsf;fpf; $wpAs;shu;.14 NkYk;
jdJ ,e;jpag; gq;fspg;G epidTfis 12 ghfq;fshf ntspapl;lhu;. ,jid ,e;jpa
epytpay; Ma;Tf; fofk; ~~Geological Features of the South Maharatta Country and


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Adjacent District|| vd;w jiyg;gpy; 1876k; Mz;by; ntspapl;lJ.15 mtuhy; nrd;id>

ik#u;> i`juhghj; kw;Wk; gNuhlh gFjpfspy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l
fhyj; njhy;nghUl;fs; 1904k; Mz;L mUq;fhl;rpafj; Jiwahy; thq;fg;ngw;W
mjw;nfdj; jdpf; fhl;rp miwAk; njhy;ypay; gpuptpy; epWtg;gl;lJ. NkYk; mtuJ
kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF 1914k; Mz;L nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafj; Jiwapduhy; ,uz;L
gFjpfshf ntspaplg;gl;lJ. rpy njhy;nghUl;fs; fy;fj;jh mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy;
ghu;itahsu;fSf;fhff; fhl;rpg; ngl;bapy; itf;fg;gl;ld.
KbTiu
,e;jpa njhy;goq;fhy Muha;r;rp tsu;r;rpf;F mbj;jskpl;l ,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;
1912k; Mz;L brk;gu; 29k; ehspy; ,aw;if va;jpdhu;. mtuJ mbg;gilf; fs
Ma;Tf; Fwpg;Gfs; ,d;wsTk; ,e;jpaj; njhy;goq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s
ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ. fd;dpq;fhk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Nkw;nfhs;shky; tpl;l gzpfis
G&];G+l; nra;J Kbj;jhu;. ,e;jpa ehfuPf tuyhw;iw ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F
Kw;gl;lnjd Kjd; Kjypy; cyFf;Ff; fhl;ba ngUik ,tiuNa rhUk;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. fy;ntl;L> fhyhz;bjo;-53> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay;Jiw> nrd;id> rdtup>

2000> g. 13.
2. NkyJ> g. 14.
3. Kushwaha.H.C., History of Indian Archaeology, Kunal Books, New Delhi, 2013, P.
88.
4. ju;kuh[;. N[.> vgpN[k;];. j.> njhy;ypay;> nld;rp gjpg;gfk;> rptfhrp> 2010> g.
55.
5. NkyJ> g. 57.
6. Venkatraman. R., Indian Archaeology A (Survey), Ennes Publications, Udumalpet,
1985, P. 21.
7. Stuart Pig got, Prehistoric (to 1000 B.C.) Cassell & Company Ltd., London, 1962, P.
17.
8. md;Njhd;th. m.nfh.> Nghd;fhuj; - Nytpd;> fj;Njht;];fp .fp.fp.> ,e;jpahtpd;
tuyhW> Kd;Ndw;wg; gjpg;gfk;> kh];Nfh> 1979> g. 12.
9. ju;kuh[;.N[.> jkpof tuyhW> nld;rp gjpg;gfk;> rptfhrp> 2012> g. 8.
10. fy;ntl;L> g. 14.
11. Burton Stein (ed.), Essays on South India, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Delhi,
1975, P. 3.
12. ju;kuh[; .N[.> vgpn[k;]; .j.> njhy;ypay;> g. 244.
13. Venkatraman .R., Indian Archaeology, P. 22.
14. Idem.
15. www.frontlineonnet.com


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngz;fs;
Women in Culverts
KidtH V. tPug;gd;> cjtpg;NguhrpupaH>

jkpopay; Jiw> mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> rpjk;guk;.
Abstract
The article focuses on the state of women in the culverts of Tamil Nadu. It studies with
the title evidences and bring down the conclusion that in Tamil society women enjoyed
administrative rights and other autonomous previleges. Though women related inscriptions
are very rare, they have dedicated and donated to temples, charity, Queen’s philanthrophy,
dowry and other evidences are seen in the culverts. The culvert edicts are suitable proofs to
give a redeemed scenario among the present generation and to cultivate such qualities
among the the female genaration.
Keywords: Women, Culverts, Tamil Culture
Kd;Diu
r%fk;> mwptpay;> fiy ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ngz;fisg; gw;wpa gjpTfs;
kpff; FiwNt vdyhk;. mtw;wpYk;> fy;ntl;Lfspy; murHfspd; nfhil> tPuHfspd;
guhf;fpukq;fs; Mfpait gw;wpait jhd; mjpfk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. Mdhy;>
ngz;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; gy;NtW fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk;>
fy;tpawpTk;> cyfpay; mwpTKila ngz;fs; FLk;gg; nghWg;Ngw;W> ,y;ywj;jpid
ey;ywkhf;fpdH. ,jw;F rhd;whf fy;ntl;Lfs; rpy fpilj;Js;sd. vdNt>
mf;fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; ngz;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfis ,f;fl;Liu
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ
fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngz;fspd; jpUg;gzp
rq;f fhyj;jpy; jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyia> rq;fg; ghly;fs; %yk;
mwpfpNwhk;. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy;> mjhtJ fp.gp.8-k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp.13-k; E}w;whz;L
tiu jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyiaf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; thapyhf
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
md;iwf;F> murp kl;Lk; my;yhky;> tzpfH> tptrhap> fhtyH MfpNahuJ
kidtpfSk;> Nfhapy;fspy; jpUg;gzp nra;j NjtubahHfs;> gzpg;ngz; MfpNahUk;
nfhLj;j nfhilfis rpyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; gjpT nra;jpUg;gjd; %ykhf mf;fhy
ngz;fspd; NtWgl;l Nfhzk; ekf;Fg; Gyg;gLfpwJ.
ngz;fspd; nfhil
mtpehrp tl;lk; Myj;J}H rkzH Nfhapy; thry; fy;ypy; cs;s fp.gp. 10-k;
E}w;whz;L tl;nlOj;Jf; fy;ntl;L %yk;> rpj;jiuaH kfSk;> nfhq;Fr; Nrhod;
kidtpAkhd thdtd; khjtp rpw;whr;rH Myj;J}upy; tPu rq;fhjg; ngUk;gs;spiaj;
jpUg;gzp nra;J GJg;gpj;Js;shH vd;w nra;jpAk;> md;D}H kd;dPrH Nfhapy; fUtiwj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njd;RtHf; fy;ntl;L %yk;> fp.gp.1265-y; nfhq;Fr; NrhoH ,uz;lhk; tpf;fpuk Nrhod;

fhyj;jpy; rhj;J thzpfd; khyd; kidtp fTup> re;jp tpsf;nfupf;f 29 gzk;
nfhilahff; nfhLj;Js;shH vd;w nra;jpAk; ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
murpfspd; nfhil
mf;fhyg; ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jupik XusT ,Ue;Js;sJ. Fe;jitahH>
nrk;gpad;khNjtp Nghd;w mur FLk;gj;Jg; ngz;fs; kl;Lky;y rpy tzpfH> Ntl;LtH>
NtshsH Fyg; ngz;fSk; NfhapYf;Ff; nfhLj;j nfhil gw;wp rpy fy;ntl;Lfs;
$Wfpd;wd. fhtyd; FWk;gps;supy; nrhf;fd; kidf;fpoj;jp> Ntshsupy; fz;zd;
%Nte;jNtshd; kzthl;b ngUe;Njtp MfpNahH NfhapYf;Ff; nfhil nfhLj;jik
gw;wpa nra;jpfs; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uhruhrd; $l “ek; mf;fd;
FLj;jdTk; ek; ngz;Lfs; FLj;jdTk;” Mfpa ngz;fs; nfhilfisj; jd;
fy;ntl;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;shd;.
jhuhGuk; tl;lk; gpuk;kpak; mk;kd; NfhapYf;F tlf;fpy; cs;s tl;nlOj;Jj;
jdpf;fy; %yk; fp.gp.10-k; E}w;whz;by;> ghz;ba kd;dd; tuFz guhe;jfd; fhyj;jpy;
mz;lehl;Lg; Gj;J}H fpohd; cs;sq;fzg;gd; kidtpAk; $ly; fpohd; kfSkhd
tLfq;Nfhij> nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp nra;J itj;jJ gw;wpAk; mjw;F g+i[ nra;a epyk;
je;jJk; ,jpy; mwpa KbfpwJ.
fhq;Nfak; tl;lk; gl;lhyp ghy;tz;z <];tuH kz;lgk; fpof;F Rtupy; cs;s
3-k; tpf;fpuk Nrhod; fhy fy;ntl;L %yk;> fp.gp.1292-y; fhtyd; mfsq;fho;thd;
kidtp mtpehrpahz;b vd;gtH re;jp tpsf;F vupf;f xU foQ;Rg; nghd; (4.4fpuhk;)
mspj;Js;shH. ,JNghd;W ,d;Dk; gy murpfspd; nfhilr; rpwg;G gy fy;ntl;Lfs;
%yk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
Njtubahupd; nfhilAk;> cupikAk;
cLkiy tl;lk; flj;J}upy; cs;s kUjPrH Nfhapy; mHj;j kz;lgk;> fp.gp.1278-
k; Mz;L %d;whk; tpf;fpuk Nrhod; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;L %yk; nfhOkj;ijr; NrHe;j
ehl;ba kfs; nrhf;fp vd;gtH epyf;nfhil mspj;Js;shH.
jpUg;g+H jpUKUfd;g+z;b jpUKUfehjH Nfhapy; fUtiwf; fy;ntl;L %yk;>
tPughz;bad; fp.gp.13-k; E}w;whz;by; ,f;Nfhapy; Njtubahupy; Mlf;nfhz;l ehr;rpapd;
kfshfpa rTz;la eq;iff;Fk; mtHfisr; rhHe;NjhUf;Fk;> jpUtpohf;fspy; Kd;
muq;F VWk; cupik> Njupy; mkUk; cupik> fUtiw tiu nry;Yk; cupikAk;
ngw;wpUe;jdH vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.
gzpg;ngz;zpd; nfhil
mtpehrp mUNf Nrt+H fghyPrH Nfhapypy; cs;s fp.gp.1227-k; Mz;L fy;ntl;L
%yk;> murp Kf;Nfh fpohdbfspd; gzpg;ngz; miwad;ty;yp vd;gtH> re;jp tpsf;F
vupf;f xU foQ;Rg; nghd;idf; nfhilahff; nfhLj;Js;shH.
fztd; nfhil
mtpehrp Myj;J}H rkzH Nfhapy; fp.gp.10-k; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j
tl;nlOj;Jf; fUtiw thry;fy; fy;ntl;L> fztd; jd; kidtp kPJ nfhz;bUe;j
Mokhd md;igj; njuptpf;fpwJ. nghq;fY}H tz;zhd; ePyd; nry;yd; vd;gtH> jd;
kidtp fhtQ;rhj;jp kw;Wk; jd; kfd; nry;yq;fzj;jp MfpNahH ey;tho;Tf;fhf
Myj;J}H rkzH Nfhapy; fUtiw thry;fhiyf; nfhLj;Js;shH.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,e;jf; fy;ntl;Lfis itj;Jf;nfhz;L KOKw;whf me;jf; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs;

Rje;jpuk; ngw;wpUe;jhHfs; vd;nwy;yhk; KbTf;F te;Jtpl KbahJ. MdhYk;>
tuyhw;wpy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;Gfisf; Fwpj;Jf; Fiwe;jgl;rg; gjpTfshtJ
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gij rpyf; fy;ntl;L %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
ngz;fspd; rPjdKk; nrhj;JupikAk;
ngz;fs; “rPjdk;” ngw;Ws;sdH. ,J jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ ngw;NwhH
kzkfSf;Ff; nfhLg;gJ rPjdk; vdg;gLk;. xU fy;ntl;by; “vd; jkf;iff;Fr; rPjdk;
thj;j epyk;” vd;w Fwpg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mJ fztd; cupikahfpwJ. Mdhy;
fztd; ,we;jgpd; mtd; nrhj;Jf;fs; kidtpia NrHfpwJ vd;w Fwpg;Gf;fs;
thapyhf mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
ngz;fspd; ghJfhtyHfs;
rpy ,lq;fspy; ngz;fs; nfhil nfhLf;Fk;NghJ mg;ngz;zpd; je;ij
my;yJ fztd; my;yJ rNfhjud; MfpNahH mg;ngz;zpw;fhff; nfhil
nfhLj;jjhff; $wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. “jpUr;rpw;wk;gy Njtid KJfz;zhf cila
,td; gpuhkzp rhj;jp” vd;gJ xU fy;ntl;Lj; njhluhFk;. KJfz; vd;gJ
ghJfhtyiuf; Fwpf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lr; nrhy;yhFk;. kidtpf;Ff; fztUk;> kf;fSf;Fg;
ngw;NwhUk; ghJfhtyuhff; (KJfz;zhff;) Fwpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sdH.
NjtubahH epiy
NjtubahH vd;W ngaH ngw;w jpUf;Nfhapy; gzpg;ngz;fs; nfhil nfhLf;Fk;
mstpw;Fr; rpwg;Gld; jpfo;e;Js;sdH. rpy NjtubahHfs; jpUkzKk; nra;Jnfhz;L
fztNdhL tho;e;Js;sdH. mtHfs; kf;fl; nry;tq;fshd Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk;
nfhilaspj;Js;sdH. NjtubahUf;Ff; Nfhapypy; nghl;Lf;fl;Ljy; vd;Dk; rlq;F
nra;J> re;jdk; njspj;J> Gj;jhil> mzpfyd;fs; nfhLj;J efHtyk; nra;tpj;Jr;
rpwg;Gr; nra;Js;sdH. mtHfs; FLk;gj;jhHf;Ff; nfhil nfhLj;jdH.
ngz;fspd; MSik
murNdhL mj;jhzp kz;lgj;jpy; tPw;wpUe;J murpaH mjpfhuKk; nra;Js;sdH.
,jid>
“nrk;nghd; tPurpk;khrdj;J
cyfKOJilahnshLk;
tPw;wpUe;jUspa Nfhg;guNfrup
kpd;kuhd = uh[uh[d;”
vd;Wk;>
“cyFila Kf;Nfhf; fpohdbfnshLk;
nrk;nghd; tPurpk;khrdj;J
tPw;wpUe;jUspa rf;futHj;jp
= uh[hjpuh[d;”
vd;Dk; fy;ntl;L nka;f;fHP j;jpj; njhlHfshy; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
ngz; mjpfhupfs;
rpy ngz;fs; muR mjpfhupfshfg; ngz;fs; gzpg;Gupe;Js;sdH vd;gjid
“mjpfhupr;rp vUjd; FQ;ruky;yp” Nghd;NwhH ngaHfisf; fy;ntl;by; fhZfpNwhk;.
,tHfs; rpyH mjpfhupfspd; kidtpauhfTk; ,Ue;Js;sdH. rpy ,lq;fspy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
murkhNjtpapd; gzpg;ngz;fshf ,Ue;jdH. ,t;thW rpy ngz;fs; muR

mjpfhupfshf ,Ue;Js;sij fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
jPg;gha;jYk; Nehd;Gk;
fztd; ,we;jTld; mtNdhL cld;fl;ilNawp tPukuzk; mile;j ngz;fs;
gw;wpAk; rpy Fwpg;Gfs; fpilj;Js;sd. rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa ,t;tof;fk; cz;L
vd;gijg; GwehD}w;wpy; g+jg;ghz;bad; Njtpapd; tuyhw;why; mwpfpd;Nwhk;.
kzpNkfiyapy; rhJtd; kidtp Mjpiu jPg;gha Kw;gl;lijAk;> Kjy; guhe;jfd;
fhyj;jpy; ,Uq;NfhNts; kugpy; tPuNrho ,sq;NfhNts; kidtp fq;fkhNjtp
jPg;gha;e;J ,we;jijAk;> fq;ifnfhz;l Nrhod; Kjy; ,uhNre;jpud; kidtp
tPukhNjtpahH jPg;gha;e;jijAk;> %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; kidtp
jPg;gha;e;jijAk;> ,uz;lhk; guhe;jfdhfpa Re;juNrhod; kidtpAk; Kjyhk;
,uhruhrd; jhAkhfpa thdtd;khNjtp ,uhruhrd; Foe;ijahf ,Uf;Fk;NghNj
jPg;gha;e;J ,we;jijAk; fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. ,jid>
“Koq;F vup eLtZk;
jiykfd; gpupahj; ijay;”
vd ,uhruhrd; kidtp thdtd;khNjtp fy;ntl;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjha;
mwpaKbfpwJ.
ifk;ik Nehd;G
jPg;gha;e;J ,we;j ngz;fis tPukhrj;jp vd;gH. gpd;dH ,tHfs; “tPukhrj;jp”
vd;W topglg;gl;ldH. rKjhaj;jpy; vy;yhg; ngz;fSk; fztd; ,we;j gpd;dH
jPg;gha;e;jdH vd;W nfhs;s KbahJ. ,t;tof;fk; kpf mUfpNa fhzg;gl;lJ. gyH
ifk;ik Nehd;G Nehw;Wk; tho;e;jpUf;ff; $Lk;. fz;luhjpj;jd; jpUj;Njtpauuhd
nrk;gpad; khNjtp jd; fztd; ,we;jgpd;> gy Mz;Lfs; %d;W murH
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;J> gy ,iwg;gzpfs; nra;Js;shH. ,tHfs; ifk;ik Nehd;G
Nehw;wtHfs; MtH. murDk; murpAk; ,we;j gpd;dH mtHfl;Fg; gs;spg;gil vd;Dk;
rkhjpf; Nfhapy;fs; vLf;fg;gl;ld. gQ;rkhNjtp gs;spg;gil vd;w ngaiuf;
fy;ntl;by; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
rq;ffhyj;jpy;> ngz;ghw;GytHfs;
rq;ffhyj;jpy;> ngz;ghw; GytHfs; Kf;fpa gq;Ftfpj;jdH. mt;itf;F
mjpakhd; kd;dd; kjpg;G> kupahij mspj;jhH. rq;ffhyk; Kjy; gf;jp> murpay;>
nghUshjhu> r%f tsHr;rpf;F ngz;fs; ngUk;gzp Mw;wpdH. ,ij ,yf;fpak;>
fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzKbfpwJ. gy;yt Fy murpaH> ngaupy; gy fpuhkk; cUthapd.
jw;Nghija> tpOg;Guj;jpy; cs;s mf;fhy epk;khb fpuhkk; mt;thW cUthdJ. ,ij
gy;yt kd;dH je;jptHkd;> jd; kidtp mf;fy epk;khb ngaupy; Vw;gLj;jp>
ngz;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhH vd;gJ njspthf mwpag;gLfpwJ.
rpjk;guk; fy;ntl;by;> “ngH\pa ehl;il NrHe;j> ,U ngz;fs;> jpy;iy Nfhtpy;
tshfj;jpy; rd;dpjp mikf;f nfhil toq;fpdH” vd mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Nrhokd;dd;
fz;luhjpj;jd; kidtp nrk;gpad;khNjtp> Nrho murpaupy; Fwpg;gplf;fj;jf;ftH. ,tH
gy nrq;fw;Nfhtpiy fw;Nfhtpyhf (fw;wsp) khw;wpdhH. ,tHfs; rpy Gjpa
Nfhtpy;fis epHkhzpj;jhH vd;w Fwpg;Gk; fy;ntl;by; fhzKbfpd;wJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nfhtpy; fl;llf;fiyapy; gupzhk tsHr;rpAk; kpfr;rpwe;j Nrho nrg;G jpUNkdp

khjpupAk; cUthff; fhuzkhdtH. ngupaNfhtpy; fy;ntl;L> Kjyhk; uh[uh[dpd;
murpaH> rNfhjup Fe;jit NfhtpYf;F mspj;j nfhilia tpsf;Fk;. NfhNdup
uh[Guk; ckhkNf];tuH Nfhtpy;> MLJiw jpUFuq;fhLJiw Nfhtpy;> jpUf;Nfhb
fhty; jpUf;Nfhl;B];tuk; Nfhtpy;> Fj;jhyk; NrhoP]t; uH Nfhtpy;> nrk;gpad;khNjtp
ifyhaehjH Nfhtpy; mika Fe;jitNa fhuzk; vd fy;ntl;by; %yk; mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
KbTiu
murp kl;Lk; my;yhky; tzpfH> tptrhap> fhtyH MfpNahuJ kidtpfSk;>
Nfhapy;fspy; jpUg;gzp nra;j NjtubahHfs;> gzpg;ngz; MfpNahUk; nfhLj;j
nfhilfisf; fy;ntl;Lfspd; gjpT %ykhf tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpa NtWgl;l Nfhzk;
ekf;Fg; Gyg;gLfpwJ. fztd; ,we;jTld; mtNdhL cld;fl;ilNawp tPukuzk;
mile;j ngz;fs; gw;wpAk; rpy Fwpg;Gfs; fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk; fpilj;Js;sd. rpy
ngz;fs; muR mjpfhupfshf ,Ue;Js;sdH. NkYk;> kzkfSf;F rPjdk; nfhLg;gJ
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
JizEhw;gl;bay;
1. T.A Gopinatharao Hindu I conogtaphy voll II Pat, P – 321

2. S II VaX1X, 219 , 426,441
3. ARE – 63o to 906.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; gjpTfspy; fy;ntl;L tuyhW

Culvert Cronology in Archaeological Registration
Kidth; M.NtzP=> cjtpg;Nguhrpupah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mwpQh; mz;zh muR kfsph; fiyf;fy;Y}hp> thyh[hNgl;il.
Abstract
The paper scrutinizes the culvert cronology in archaeological registration. In Tamil

culture and traditional culvert marking is an essential part. The department of archaeology
has recorded many culvert evidences to preserve cuture. Accordingly, the study put into
words the culvert facts associated to the study.
Keywords: Culvert, Cronology, Archaeological Registration, Tamil Culture and Life
Kd;Diu
xU ehl;bd; tuyhw;wpw;F ,d;wpaikahj rhd;Wfisj; jUtJ
,yf;fpaq;fSk; fy;ntl;LfSk; MFk;. fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpoupd; gz;ghL> nfhil> tPuk;>
murhl;rp> ePjp Nghd;wtw;iwj; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk;
fy;ntl;Lfs; epfo;rr ; pfspd; ifNaLfs; vd;Wk;> rKjha gz;ghl;bd; tpsf;fq;fs;
kw;Wk; kf;fs; jk; gof;f tof;fq;fspd; gpujpgypg;Gfs; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. NkYk;
njhy;goq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;tij njhy;ypay; vdyhk;. njhd;ikahd
fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;f;ifKiwapy; mth;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;w
vr;rq;fshd fy;ntl;Lfs;> fl;llq;fs;> fhRfs;> nrg;NgLfs; Kjypatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; Ma;e;jhpjNy njhy;ypaypd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fq;fs; vdyhk;. njhy;ypay;
Ma;Tfs; ,y;iynadpy; kdpjdpd; fle;Jte;j ghijAk;
mth;fspd; tuyhw;iwAk; mwpe;Jf; nfhs;tJ fbdkhFk;. vdNt fy;ntl;L tuyhw;wpd;
%yk; njhy;ypay; gjpTfis ,f;fl;Liu tpsf;Fk; vdyhk;.
fy;ntl;bd; rpwg;Gfs;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; nra;jpfisg; ngUk;ghYk; Ie;J gFjpfshfg;
gpupf;fyhk;. mit>
1. fy;ntl;bd; njhlf;fk; mjhtJ kq;fythrfk;.
2. fy;ntl;L vOjg;gl;l fhyk;
3. fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp
4. ifnaOj;Jfs;
5. KbT mjhtJ Xk;gilf; fpstp1
vdyhk;. NkYk; fy;ntl;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; \];t];jp =| (kq;fyk; cz;lhfl;Lk;)
vd;Dk; nrhy;jhd; ngUk;ghYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J>
1. mUspr; nray;
2. ùp ed;whf FUNt Jiz


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
3. ùp Rgk];J
4. ùp = fzgjNa ek
5. rptkak; - Nghd;w nrhw;fSk; fy;ntl;bd; njhlf;fkhf mike;jJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
'ey;yhh; xUth;fF ; r; nra;j cgfhuk;
fy;Nky; vOj;Jg; Nghy; fhZNk"
vDk; xsitahh; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLk; fy;Nky; vOj;Jg; Nghy;| vd;w nrhy; %yk;
goq;fhyj;jpy; fy;Nky; vOJk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jij mwpayhk;. mf;fhy kf;fs; rpy
nra;jpfs; mopahky; ,Uf;f gy nghUs;fs; kPJ mtw;iw epiyahf vOJk;
tof;fj;ij cilath;fshf ,Ue;jdh; mtw;wpy; fy;Yk;> cNyhfKk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Kjypy; fy;ypd; kPJ vOj Ntz;ba nra;jpia Xtpak; Nghy;
tiuthh;fs;. gpd;G mjd; kPJ $h;ikahd csp Nghd;w fUtpahy;
ntl;Lthh;fs;. ntl;ba vOj;Jfs; fy;ypy; rpwpJ gs;skhfj; Njhd;Wk; fy;ypy;
ntl;lg;gl;bUg;gjhy; mit \fy;ntl;Lfs;| vdg;gLk;. fy;iyf; Fwpf;fr; rpiy
vd;w xU nrhy;Yk; cz;L. NkYk; rhrdk; vDk; nrhy; mwptpf;Fk; nra;jp
my;yJ cj;juT vdg; nghUisf; Fwpg;gpLk;. mjdhy; fy;ntl;ilr;
\rpyhrhrdk;| vdTk; toq;fpdh;. fy;ntl;bd; %yk; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
Xiyapy; vOjp gpwF fy;ntl;by; nghwpj;jdh;. rpytw;iw nrg;NglhfTk;
vOjg;gl;ld. gy fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,e;j Xiyia Mjhukhff; nfhz;L fy;ypYk;
nrk;gpYk; vOjpf; nfhs;syhk; vd;w Fwpg;GfisAk; fhzyhk;.
fy;ntl;bd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; vOjpath; ngah; my;yJ nrg;Ngl;il vOjpath;
ngah;fs; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; Fwpg;gh;. cjhukhf>
1. ,r;rhrdk; fy;ypy; ntl;bNdd;. ,t;T+h; mofpa jr;rd; - vd;Wk;
2. ,t;ntOj;J ntl;bNdd; fhypq;fuha Mrhupad; vOj;J - vd;Wk;
ntl;bath; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gJ fy;ntl;bd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.2
3. rptd; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; \gd;khNfRtuh; ,ul;ir| vd;Wk;
jpUkhy; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfspy;
\it~;zth; ,ul;ir| vd;Wk; vOjg; ngw;wpUf;fk;.
4. fy;ntl;Lfspy; ehLk; mjd; gpupTfSk; kpfj; njspthff; Fwpf;fg;
ngw;wpUf;fk;.
5. ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gpLk; gy;NtW tifahd msitfis
goq;fhy fy;ntl;by; fhzyhk;.
 epy msitfs; : Ntyp> kh> Fop> FWf;fk;> nra;
 epWit msitfs; : gyk;> f/R> tuhfndil> foQ;R
 Kfj;jy; msitfs; : nghjp> fyk;> kuf;fhy;
 ePl;ly; msitfs; : ghfk;> Kok;> rhz;> tpuy;
6. Nfhapy;fspy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w gy;NtW Jiwr; rhh;e;jth;fspd; Cjpa tptuk;>
kf;fs; nrYj;Jk; tup Kjypa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.3


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;L tuyhWk; njhy;ypaYk;

'njhd;ik tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; njhy;ypay;
rhd;Wfspy; xd;W fy;ntl;L vdyhk;. fPo;tUk; nra;jpfs; fy;ntl;Lg; gw;wp
ntspahd Fwpg;GfspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ."4 mit>
1. tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; thapY}h;f; fy;ntl;L
Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wJ. fhuzk; gy;ytkd;dh;fspd; topkuG mjpy;
njspthff; Fwpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
2. Nrhokd;dh;fspd; topkuigf; fd;dpahf;Fkupapy; fpilj;j
tPuuhNre;jpudpd; fy;ntl;L %yk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
3. fy;tpr; rhiyia kUj;Jtr; rhiyg; gw;wp vz;zhapuk; vd;w Cupy;
fhzg; ngWk; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpuDila fy;ntl;L njhptpf;fpd;wJ.
4. fy;ntl;by; gytifahd nkhopfs; vOjg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf ghurPfk;>
muGnkhopf; fy;ntl;LfSk;> fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp tUiff;Fg;gpd;
rpy Mq;fpyf; fy;ntl;LfSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld.
5. tl;nlOj;J Kjd;Kjypy; fy;ntl;by; vOJk; vOj;J Kiwahf
,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; tl;nlOj;jhfTk;
,d;iwa jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; Kd;Ndhb vOj;jhfTk; tuptbt
tsh;r;rp mile;jJ Fwpf;fj;jf;fJ.
6. fpue;jk; tlnkhop ehfup tuptbtj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ. gy;yth;fs; fhyk;
Kjy; tlnkhopia vOj fpue;jk; vd;w vOj;Jtif
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf> ]> ~> [> `> = Mfpait MFk;.
7. mjpakhd;> neLQ;nropad;> khf;Nfhij> Fl;Ltd; Nfhif> ngUtOjp>
nfhy;ypUk;nghiw> nfhy;ypg;nghiw> ngUq;fLq;Nfh> ,sq;fLq;Nfh
Nghd;w rq;ffhy murh; ngah;fs; jkpo; vOj;Jfspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Lf;
fpilj;Js;sJ.
8. ghid XLfspy; jkpo; vOj;Jg; nghwpg;Gfs; gy nrhw;fshff;
fpilf;fg; ngw;wd. mtw;wpy; gz;zd;> fz;zd;> me;ij> Mjd;>
gpl;ld;> nfhw;wd;> es;sp> rhj;jd; vd;gd rq;f ,yf;fpaj;NjhL
njhlh;Gila nrhw;fshf cs;sd.
9. ePjpKiwiag; gw;wp jpUg;ghjpupg; GypA+hpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ngUkhs;
guhf;fpuk ghz;baDila fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
gz;ilaf; FwpaPLfSk; vOj;JfSk;
,e;jpahtpy; kpfg;gok;ngU vOj;Jf;fs; Rkhh; fp.K.2500Ir; Nrh;e;j
rpe;Jrkntspg; gz;ghl;bd; tho;tplq;fspy; fpilj;j xUtif rpj;jpiu
vOj;Jf;fs; vDk; ,it ngUk;ghd;ik Kj;jpiufspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;lit MFk;.
'gioa vOj;Jf;fs; ,aw;ifahd fw;FifspYk; fhRfspYk; mfo;tha;tpy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ghid XLfspYk;> nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; fhRg;
nghwpg;Gfs; ghidg; nghwpg;Gfs; Kjypatw;wpYs;s vOj;Jf;fs; ed;F tsh;r;rp
mile;jJ"5 mjw;Ff; fhuzk; FwpaPLfs; vd Ma;thsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. FwpaPLfs;
ngUk;ghYk; ghidapd; ntspg;Gwj;jpNyh my;yJ cl;Gwj;jpNyh ghid Rl;lgpd;
fPwg;gl;litahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nka;f;fuP ;j;jpfspd; tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfs;

fy;ntl;L Ma;tpy; kpf Kf;fpag; gq;fpid tfpg;gJ nka;f;fuP ;j;jpfshFk;.
ghl;bay; E}y;fs; rpW gpuge;j tiffspy; nka;f;fuP ;j;jp> nka;f;fuP ;j;jp khiy
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; ,yf;fz mikjpfs;
ngUk;ghYk; nka;fPu;j;jpfspy; nghUe;jp tUk;. cjhuzkhf>
'rPu; ehd;F Mfp ,uz;L mb njhilaha;
Nte;jd; nka;g;Gfo; vy;yhk; nrhy;ypAk;
me;jj;J mtd; tuyhW nrhy;ypAk;"6
vd;w ghlypYk;
'rpwe;j nka;f; fPu;j;jp murd; nraw; nrhw;
mitahr; nra;As;
miwe;jNjhh; nrhw;rhP ; mbahk;"
vd;gd ghl;bay; E}y;fspYk; $Wk; ,yf;fzq;fshFk;.
XiyAk; fy;ntl;Lk;
fy;ntl;LfSf;Fk; nrg;NgLfSf;Fk; %yq;fshf ,Ug;git gid
xiyapy; vOjg;ngw;w nra;jpfshFk;. nghJthf murdhy; ,lg;ngWk;
Mizf;F ‘Xiy| vd;Nw ngah; toq;fpw;W. Xiy vOJfpd;w muR mYtyhpd; ngaUk;
‘Xiy| my;yJ \jpUke;jpu Xiy| vdg;gl;lJ. murdplkpUe;J te;j
Mtzk; XiyahfNt ,Ue;jhYk; mjidg; ngUk;ghYk; jpUKfk;> =Kfk; vd;Nw
miog;gh;.
‘NfhNdhpd;ik nfhz;lhd; Xiy| ,it ghz;bah; Nrho fy;ntl;Lfspy;
rpytw;wpy; nfhil nfhLj;j murh; ,aw;ngah; Fwpf;fg; ngwhky; NfhNdhpd;ik
nfhz;lhd; Xiy vdr; rpwg;Gg; ngah; Fwpf;fg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,jd; nghUs; \jdf;F
ahUk; xg;gpy;yhj jd;ikAilatd;| vd;gNJ ,jw;F nghUs;. NkYk;>
1. tpw;gidj; njhlh;ghd Xiyfs;
2. miwNahiy
3. gbNahiy
4. gl;Nlhiy
5. milNahiy
6. KwpNahiy
7. nghd;Ndhiy
vd ,d;Dk; gpw tifahd Xiyfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;W tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfs; kpfj;
njsptha; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
fy;ntl;Lr; rhrdk;
fy;ntl;bw;Fr; rhrdj;jpy; toq;Fk; ngah; \rpyhNyif| vd;gjhFk;.
,jw;fhd Mjhuk; Ch; kQ;rpf;fkhd G+kpNehf;fp fy;el;L rpyhNyif nra;J
nfhs;f vd;W ]ig jpUKfk; mUspr; nra;j jpUKfj;jpd;gb> 're;jpuhjpj;j
fhyKk; ,iwapyp mu;r;rdhNghfkhf itr;R rpyhNyif nra;J fy;el;L
FLj;Njhk;" vd;wg; gjpTfisf; fhzyhk;.
KbTiu
fy;ntl;Lfs; gz;ilaf; fhy tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; kpfg;nghpa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rhd;Wfshfk;. ePz;lfhyk; mopahjpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjg;gl;l nra;jpfs;

fw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;ld. ,t;thW fy;ntl;by; kd;dh;fspd; Mizfs;>
nra;j gzpfs;> mth;jk; nfhil> tPuk;> Gfo;> nrJf;fpatd; ngah;> Nfhapypd; tuyhW
vd gy;NtW tifahd Fwpg;Gfis fz;lwpayhk;. njhd;ikf; fhy gilg;Gfis
njhy;ypay; Ma;T %yk; mwpayhk;. fy;ntl;Lfspy; mikg;G> fy;ntl;Lfs;
czh;j;Jk; gz;ghl;Lr; nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. fy;ntlL;topg; gz;ghl;bay;.> ng. mh;j;jehuPRtud;. g.3.>

2. jw;fhyj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;.> gj;jhk; tFg;G ghlE}y;.>
3. fy;ntl;L topg; gz;ghl;bay;.> ng. mh;j;jehuPRtud;. g.5.>
4. fy;ntl;L - njhFg;G fl;Liufs;.>
5. gz;ilf; FwpaPLfSk; vOj;Jf;fSk;.> fh. uh[d;.> g.2.>
6. nka;f;fhP ;j;jp.> nr. ,uhR.> g.76.>
7. Kg;gJ fy;ntl;Lfs;.> tpj;Jthd; it. Re;jNur thz;ilahh;.> g. 216.>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
iff; $yp rPjd xg;ge;jf; fy;ntl;L - XH Ma;T

A Study on Dowry and Wages Agreement Culverts
nry;tp n[ [_ypal; Nkup> KidtH ngh guNk];tup

cjtp NguhrpupaH> jkpo;j;Jiw> ghj;jpkh fy;Y}up> kJiu - 18.
Abstract
The paper scrutinizes the culvert evidences of Dowry and Wages and the agreements
dealt with it. In Tamil culture and tradition culvert marking is an integral part. Cutting
culverts in regard to Dowry and wages settlement were also done on those days. Even
muslims followed the carving of culverts to settle wages. Accordingly, the study put into
words the culvert facts related to the study.
Keywords: Study, Dowry, Wages, Agreement, Culverts
Kd;Diu
~~kidj;jf;f khz;Gila shfpj;jw; nfhz;lhd;
tsj;jf;fhs; tho;f;ifj; Jiz.||
vd;gJ ts;StH thf;F. ,y;yw khz;Gila ew;FzKilats;jhd; fztDf;F
Vw;Gilats;. ngz; ghHj;jy; kw;Wk; khg;gps;is ghHj;jy; epfo;rr
; p eilngw;w gpd;G
epr;rajhHj;jk; eilngWk;. epr;rajhHj;jpd;NghJ gy;NtW rlq;Ffs; muq;NfWk;. mjd;
gpd;dH jpUkzk; eilngWk;. jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ ngz;izAk; nfhLj;J nghz;izAk;
nghUisAk; nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; gutyhf midj;J rkaq;fspYk; cs;sJ.1 Mdhy;
rPjdk; ngWtNj kpf Kf;fpakhf mikAk; NghJ khHf;f czHTs;s ngz;iz
Njly; ,uz;lhe;ju mk;rkhf mike;J tpLfpwJ. ,f;fl;Liu jpUr;nre;J}H tl;lk;
J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk; fhay; gl;bdk; nfhbkwg;gs;ypapy; elg;l;Ls;s gyif
fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpia gw;wp tptupf;fpd;wJ.
fy;ntl;Lfs;
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk; mopahjpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjg;gl;l
nra;jpfs; fw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;ld. ,t;thW fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpNa
fy;ntl;L vdg;gLfpd;wJ.2 ngUk;ghYk; kd;dHfspd; Mizfs; mtHfs; nra;j
gzpfs; Nghd;wit fy;ntl;Lf;fshfg; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld. ,it jtpu tPuHfs; gpuGf;fs;
mjpfhupfs; Nghd;NwhH njhlHgpYk; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; njhlHgpYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
cs;sd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; epiyj;jpUf;ff; $bait Mjyhy; kpfg;
goq;fhy tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; epfo;TfSf;fhd ek;gfkhd rhd;Wfshf ,it
jpfo;fpd;wd. gy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; xU nkhopapy; kl;Lkd;wp xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
nkhopfspYk; xNu nra;jpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;gb mike;Js;sd. ,j;jifa fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
tof;nfhope;J kwf;fg;gl;Ltpl;l nkhopfs; gytw;iw thrpj;J mwpaTk; mtw;iw
kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;aTk; cjTfpd;wd.3


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nghJkf;fs; ghHg;gjw;fhf ntl;lg;gLtjhy; ,it

nghJ ,lq;fspNyNa mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghyhd jkpo; ehl;Lf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; jkpopNyNa ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fj;jpy;
fy;ypy; ntl;lg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rk];fpUj nkhopapYk; cs;sd. fy;ntl;Lfs;
fw;fspy; csp nfhz;L nrJf;fp vOjg;gl;L cs;sd. vdNt fhyk; gy MdhYk;
,d;W tiu mopahJ epd;W tuyhw;wpd; vQ;rpa jfty;fis ,d;wsTk; toq;fp
nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghYk; jkpo; nkhopapy; tl;nlOj;Jf;fisg;
gad; gLj;jp vOj gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lfs; fhz fpilf;fpd;wd. NkYk; rk;];fpUj
nkhopapy; fpue;jk; kw;Wk; gpuhkp vOj;J tbtj;ijAk; gpd;gw;wp fy;ntl;Lfspy;
vOJk; eilKiw cs;sJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
tujl;rpiz vd;w rk];fpUj nrhy;Yf;F jkpopy; rupahd thHj;ij iff;$yp
vd;gJjhd;.4 ,f;fl;Liu jpUr;nre;J}H tl;lk; fhay; gl;bdk; nfhbkwg;gs;ypapy;
elg;l;Ls;s gyif fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpia gw;wp tptupf;fpd;wJ.
,f;fy;ntl;il mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk; gz;ila ,];yhkpaupd; r%f nghUshjhu
epiy kw;Wk; mtHfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rYiffs; kw;Wk; mtHfspd; tho;f;if jpwd;
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
iff;$yp rPjdk; Fwpj;J xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;l ,];yhkpa fy;ntl;L
,e;jpahtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW fy;ntl;Lfspy; xd;whd iff;$yp
rPjdk; Fwpj;J xg;ge;jk; njhlHghd fy;ntl;L jpUr;nre;J}H tl;lk; fay;gl;bdk; vDk;
Cupy; nfhbkwg;gs;sp vd;w gFjpapy; elg;gl;Ls;s gyiff;fy; ,];yhkpa kjk;
,e;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghf jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gl;lj;ijAk; ,];yhkpahHfSk; ,e;Jfis
Nghd;W jpUkz rlq;fpd; NghJ rPjdk; nfhLj;J jq;fs; ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhLj;Js;sdH vd;gJ gw;wp nra;jpiaAk; mspf;fpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L `p[;up 1271
tUlj;ij rhHe;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W njhy;ypay; Jiw fzpf;fpwJ.
gyiff;fy; fy;ntl;L $Wk; nra;jpfs;
fy;ntl;bd; njhlf;fk; fy;ntl;L vOjg;gl;l fhyj;NjhL njhlq;FfpwJ.
fPNuJ 1271 tUlk; fhHj;jpif khjk; 5k; Njjp vd;W Fwpf;f gLfpwJ. gyifffy;
vOjg;gl;l ,lKk; mjpy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by; rk];fpUj nkhopapd;
jhf;fk; mjpfk; ,Ug;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. ,];yhkpa kf;fspd; Ngr;R eil nkhopAk;
,jpy; gad;gLj;j gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; mtHfs; 150> 200> 250 kw;Wk; 300 tpuhfd; vd
khg;gps;iskhHfSf;F rPjdk; ,jw;F Kd; nfhLj;jjhfTk; nghUshjhu #o;epiyahy;
rPjdk; nfhLf;f Kbahky; gyH jpUkzk; Kbahky;,Ue;jjhfTk;> iff;$yp
caHe;jjjd; epkpj;jk; midtUk; xU Nru xg;ge;jk; vOjp nfhz;ljhf
Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; mg;gyiff; fy;ypy; iff;$yp gzk; tpuhfd; 71
ngz;Zf;F rPjd cilik 30 tpuhfd; vdTk; jPHkhdpj;J> mjd;gb midtUk; rup
$b FLj;J jpUkzk; elj;jTk; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg; gLfpwJ. mf;fy;ntl;by; ,uz;lhk;
jhuk; gw;wp Fwpg;G ,Ug;gjd; %yk; ,];yhkpahHfspd; jpUkz Kiw gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;s KbfpwJ.5
`p[;up 1271 vd;W mugp nkhopapy; Mz;il Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngz; tPl;lhH
khg;gps;is tPl;lhUf;F nfhLf;Fk; iff;$yp rPjdk; mjpfkhf caHe;jjhy; gyH
iff;$yp rPjdk; nfhLf;fKbatpy;iy. mjdhy; gy ngz;fs; jpUkzk; MfhkNyNa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Ue;Js;sdH. mjdhy; fhay;gl;bd ,];yhkpaH midtUk; $b iff;$yp rPjdk;

ngz;Zf;F rPjd cilik ,t;tsT jhd; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W KbntLj;J
vOjpa xg;ge;jk;. ,ij kPwpatHfs; tPl;by; eilngWk; ed;ik jPikf;F ahUk;
Nghff;$lhJ vd;Wk; jPHkhdpj;Js;sdH.6
fy;ntl;L cs;slf;fk;
1. rpfuj;J 1271 tU\k; (935)
2. fhHj;jpif khjk; 5 Njjp fhaw;gl;lzj;jpyUf;Fk K\;
3. ypkhfpa ek;ktH rfyj;jpdUk; vOjpf; nfhL
4. z;l rk;kj gj;jpuf; fwhH ehkh. vd;dntd;why;
5. ek;Ks; ,JKd; khg;gps;iskhHfSf;F if
6. f;$yp rPjdk; 150-200-250-300
7. 350-400 vy;iy kl;by; thq;fpf; fypahzk;
8. Kbf;fpwgbapdhNy ape;jg;gb Ngrpf; FLj;j vdj;Jtq;fp 47 tH tupapy;
47. ,e;jg;gbf;F elf;fhj ...................R+Y
48. f;F khWgl;L etpA.........ngwhky; NghthuhfTk;
49. Mkpd;........mg;gbr; rWf;Fg; Nghdtd; tPl;L
50. ed;ik jpd;ikf;Fg; Nghfhkypg;NghkhfTk;
51. naq;fs; kduhrpapy; Kfhtf;fhwiuf; nfhz;Nl na
52. Ojpf; nfhs;fpwJ7
vd KbtilfpwJ.
KbTiu
rPjdk; vd;Dk; r%ff; nfhLik Vw;gLj;jpAs;s mtyq;fs; vz;zpylq;fh. ,J
gy;NtW r%fj; jPikfSf;F top tFf;fpd;wJ. jkpof KfkjpaHfs; kjj;jpYk;
nfhs;ifapYk; KfkjpaHfshf ,Ue;jhYk; Ntisfspy; ,e;Jf;fspd; gof;f
tsf;fq;fhiyAk; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; gpd;gw;WfpwhHfs; kpf Kf;fpakhf jkpo;
,e;Jf;fspd; Ngr;R tof;f;ifAk; jpUkz rk;gpujhaq;fisAk; mtHfs; gpd;gw;wpajhf
tuyhw;W rhd;Wfs;%yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
nfhbkwg;gs;sp vd;w gFjpapy; elg;gl;Ls;s gyiff;fy; fy;ntl;L ,e;J
,];yhk; kf;f;fSf;fpapilNa ,Ue;j fyhr;rhu gfpHit vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ kw;Wk;
iff;$yp rPjd Kiw ,e;Jf;fsplk; ,Ue;J gpd;gw;wg;gl;l xU tof;fkhf ,Ue;jhYk;
KfkjpaHfs; mtHfspd; eyd;fis fUj;jpy; nfhz;Lk; mjpfg;gbahd ,og;Gfis
jLg;gjw;fhfTk; ,e;j xg;nghe;jij ghiyf;fy;ypy; vOjp nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gij
,f;fy;ntl;bd; %yk; Gyg;gLfpwJ. MfNt fy;ntl;Lfspd; thapyhf ,U kj
kf;fspilNa epytpa fyhr;rhu gupkhw;wk; rKjha kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiyia
ek;khy; mwpa KbfpwJ.
mbf;Fwpg;G
1. fzpad;ghyd;> goe;jkpo;r; rKjhaKk; tuyhWk;> vjpu; ntspaPL 2016> g. 49.

2. kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;> fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; jkpo;r; r%f tuyhWk;> epA+ nrQ;rup
Gf;
3. `T];> 2008>g. 51.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
4. NkyJ.> g. 52.
5. Kj;J vj;jpuhrd;> fy;ntl;Lfs; nrhy;Yk; tuyhW> tdpjh gjpg;gfk;> 2000> g.
31.
6. itif mdp\;> fl;bNyWtjw;F tup-fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wk; rhl;rpak;> ,iza
thug;gj;jpupif> Vg;uy;> 2019> g. 2.
7. Iravatham Mahadevan, Early Tamil Epigraphy : From the Earliest Times to the Sixth
Century C.E., Cre-A, 2003, P. 67.
8. Kj;J vj;jpuhrd;> NkyJ.> g. 54.
JizE}y;gl;bay;
1. kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhH> y;ntl;Lf;fSk; jkpo;r; r%f tuyhWk;> epa+ nrQ;Rup Gf;

`T];> 2008.
2. Kj;J vj;jpuhrd;> fy;ntl;Lfs; nrhy;Yk; tuyhW> tdpjh gjpg;gfk;> 2000.
3. itif mdp\;> fl;bNyWtjw;F tup-fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wk; rhl;rpak;> ,iza
thug;gj;jpupif> Vg;uy;> 2019.
4. S. Sakunthala, Islam – Religion, History and Civilization, C R Publications, New Delhi,
2013.
5. Iravatham Mahadevan, Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth
Century, C.E., Cre-A, New Delhi, 2003.
6. (Ed.,) Kenneth R. Hall, Structure and Society in Early South India, Essays in Honour of
Noburu Karashima, Oxford University press, New Delhi, 2001.
7. P. Subramanyam, Social History of Tamils (1707 - 1947), D.K. Print world pvt. ltd.,
New Delhi, 1999.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
khad; gz;ghL
Mayan Culture
KidtH ,uh. [Pthuhzp> cjtpg;NguhrphpaH> jkpo;j;Jiw>

ma;a ehlhH [hdfp mk;khs; fy;Y}hp> rptfhrp.
Abstract
The paper studies the lifestyle of the Mayan people and the connections of Tamil
people. Their lives are sophisticated, fulfilled with development and valuable tradition and
cultural norms. Those people lives are highly affirmed to the life style of the Tamils. The
name Mayan is also used by the Tamil people. Hence, the study helps to know the Mayan
people’s culture and informations regarding to Tamil Culture through evident sources.
Keywords: Lifestyle, Tamil People, Sangam Literature
njhy;nghUs; gz;ghl;bid nkhfQ;rjhNuh gz;ghL> ùg;gh gz;ghL>

nkn`HfH gz;ghL> RNkhpag; gz;ghL> khad; gz;ghL rpe;J ntsp ehfhpfk; vd;W
ghFgLj;jyhk;. ,jpy; khad; gz;ghL Njhw;wk; gw;wpAk; mtHfs; tho;e;j tho;f;if
Kiw gw;wpAk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
khad; - ahH?
khad; vd;gJ kf;fspd; ehfhpfj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mjhtJ tl mnkhpf;fh>
njd; mnkhpf;fh Mfpa fz;lq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fSila ehfhpfq;fNs khad;. ,e;j
khad; ehfhpfj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpatHfis nts;isaHfs; nrt;tpe;jpaHfs; vd;W
mioj;jdH.
nrt;tpe;jpaHfs; vd;W mioff; fhuzk;
khad; ehfhpfj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpatHfis nts;isaHfs;> nrt;tpe;jpaHfs; vd;W
miog;gjw;Fg; gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; cz;L.
 INuhg;gpaHfs; fp.gp.14>15 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; tUtjw;fhff;
fly;topapidj; Njbf;nfhz;bUe;jdH. Kd;G ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fliyf;
FWf;fhff; fle;jhy; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;J tplyhk; vd;W nfhyk;gz;
ek;gpdhH.
 Mdhy; nfhyk;g]; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioahky; mnkhpf;fh fz;lj;ijr;
nrd;wile;jhH. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp mJ jhd; ,e;jpah vd;W jtwhfNt fUjpdhH.
 mnkhpf;fh fz;lj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs; ,df;FO tof;fg;gbj; jq;fs; clk;gpy;
rptg;G epwk; G+rpf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. ,jidf; fz;l INuhg;gpaHfs; ,tHfs;
nrt;tpe;jpaHfs; vd;Wk; miof;f Muk;gpj;jdH.
 ,e;j nrt;tpe;jpaHfs; mnkhpf;ff; fz;lq;fshd fphPd;yhe;J> IRyhe;J> fdlh
Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W FbNawpdhHfs;. ,tHfs; Vwf;Fiwa %thapuk;
Mz;Lfshf mnkhpf;ff; fz;lq;fspNyNa tho;e;jdH.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
khad; ehfhpfj;jpd; njhlf;f fhyk;

 khad; ehfhpfj;jpd; njhlf;f fhyj;jpid jpl;ltl;lkhff; $w ,aytpy;iy.
 khad; ehfhpff; fhyfl;lj;jp;y; cUthf;fg;gl;l epidTr; rpd;dq;fis itj;J>
,tHfspd; fhyk; fp.K.2600 Mk; Mz;lhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W fUJfpd;wdH.
 kPNfh mnkhpf;fd; vd;Dk; ePz;l vz;zpf;if nfhz;l khah ehl;fhl;b
fpK.3114 Mf];L 11 Mk; ehspypUe;J njhlq;FfpwJ.
 ,tHfs; grpgpf; flw;fiuapy; cs;s nrhnfhE];Nfh vd;Dk; flw;fiug;
gFjpapy; RkhH 1800 Mk; Mz;by; FbNawpdH.
 fp.gp.250 Kjy; 900 Mz;L tiu khad ,dj;ijr; rhHe;j kf;fs; kpy;ypad;
fzf;fpy; ngUfpdH. mjd; gpd;> muz;kidfs;> epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;>
Nfhapy;fs; vd;W gy fl;Lkhdq;fSk; cUthfp efukakhf;fyhf khw
Muk;gpj;jJ.
vz; fzpjk;
khad; ,dj;jtH 20 mbkhd vz; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpdH. ,jpy; G+[;[pak;
gad;gLj;jpaJ kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whFk;. tsHr;rp mile;j fpNuf;fHfs; $l
G+[;[paj;ij mNugpaHfsplkpUe;Nj mwpe;J nfhz;ldH. NkYk;> kpfg;nghpa vz;fisf;
$l vOjty;y xU FwpaPl;L Kiwiaf; ifahz;ldH. ,f;FwpaPl;L Kiwia xU “_”
,e;;j khjphpahd NfhL xU Gs;sp> xU ePs;tl;lf;Fwp Mfpatw;iw kl;LNk
cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
fl;blf;fiy
fl;blf;fiyapy; jiyrpwe;j mnkhpf;fg; G+HtFb ,dj;jtHfspy; khad;
,dj;jtHfNs rpwe;J tpsq;fpdH. NkYk; ,tHfs; ,Uk;G Nghd;w cNyhfq;fs; kw;Wk;
rf;fuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jhkNyNa kpfg;nghpa kjr; rlq;FfSf;fhd ,lq;fisAk;>
,Ug;gplq;fisAk;> gpukpLfisAk; fl;bAs;sdH. ,j;jifa fl;blq;fspy; kpf
EZf;fkhd Ntiyg;ghLfs; epiwe;j rpw;gq;fisAk; mtHfspd; fyhr;rhu
rpd;dq;fisAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
thdpay;
khad; ,dj;jtHfs; thdpay; mwptpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdH vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. #hpad;> re;jpud;> Gjd;> Rf;fpud Mfpatw;wpd; Row;rp Kiwfis
ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jdH. re;jpu fpufzq;fisAk; #hpa fpufzq;fisAk; Kd;$l;bNa
mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jdH. khad; ,dj;jhhpd; gQ;rhq;fk; l;nunlf;]; vd;gjhFk;.
,g;gq;rhq;f Fwpg;Ngl;bd; thapyhf> khad; ,dj;jtHfs; thdpay; epfo;rr ; pfis
mbnahl;bNa rlq;Ffis elj;jpdH.
vOj;J Kiwfs;
i`Nuh fpspg;]; vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; miof;fg;gLk; gl vOj;J Kiwiag;
gpd;gw;wpdH. ,j;jifa vOj;J Kiwfisf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy;
fhzKbfpwJ.
khad; ,dj;jtHfs; jkpoHfNs
khad; ,dj;jtHfs; jkpoHfNs vd;W gy mwpQHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. mjw;fhd
rhd;Wfs; gpd;tUkhW> khad; ,dj;jtHfs; jkpoHfNs vd;gjw;fhd rhd;W
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk; cs;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“Ez;tpidf; fk;kpaH fhzh kugpd

JaH ePq;F rpwg;gpd; mtH njhy;NyhH cjtpf;F
kad; tpjpj;Jf; nfhLj;j kugpd
kad; tpjpj;jd;d kzpf;fhy; mksp”
vd;w rpyg;gjpfhug; ghly; mbfspd; thapyhf khad; ,dj;jtHfs; jkpoHfNs
vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
khad; ,dj;jtHfspd; gpukpLfs; jkpoHfspd; fl;blf;fiy Nghd;Nw cs;sJ.
Fwpg;ghfj; jQ;ir Nfhapypd; tbtKk;> khad; ,dj;jhpd; gpukpLfSk; xj;j tbtk;
nfhz;L jpfo;fpd;wJ. khad; ,dj;jhhpd; ehl;fhl;bf; fzpj KiwAk;> jkpoHfspd;
fzpj gQ;rhq;fKk; xd;W NghyNt cs;sJ. jkpoHfspd; Mjp nja;tk; fjputd;
vd;gJ Nghd;W khad; ,dj;jhhpd; Mjp nja;tKk; fjputNd MFk;. ,uhkhazj;jpYk;
khad; ,dj;jtHfs; Gyk;ngaHe;j jkpoHfs;> njd; ,e;jpaHfs; my;yJ <o ehl;ilr;
rhHe;jtHfs;. ,tHfs; fl;ba efuNk nghd; ,yq;ifahFk; vd;w Fwpg;Gk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. khad; ,dj;jtHfs; fly; topahfg; gazk; nra;j NghJ mtHfs;
nrd;wile;j ,lNk nkf;rpNfh efukhFk;. ,d;Wk; $l ,yq;ifapy; cs;s ngaHfs;
nkf;rpNfhtpYk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
kJiu ehaf;fHfs; fl;ba kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhtpypy; cs;s Mapuq;fhy;
kz;lgk; Nghd;W nkf;rpNfhtpy; cs;s Nahf];jhd; jPgfw;gj;jpy; fp~d; ,l;rh vd;Dk;
,lj;jpYk; Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpaHfs; tpisahLk; ML Gyp
Ml;lk; tpisahl;bid khad; ,d kf;fs; ,d;Wk; tpisahLfpd;wdH. khad;
,dj;jtHfs; jd; gps;isfSf;Fg; G+> gok;> ghk;G> fUld; Nghd;w ngaHfisr;
#l;Lfpd;wdH. mJ Nghd;W jkpoHfshfpa ehKk; jhkiu> ky;ypif> ehfuhzp vd;W
ngaH #l;Lfpd;Nwhk;. jkpoHfs; epytpy; Kay; ,Ug;gjhff; fUJfpd;wijg; Nghd;W
khad; ,dj;jtHfSk; fUJfpd;wdH. Nkw;fz;ltw;wpd; thapyhf> khad; ,dj;jtHfs;
jkpoHfNs vd;gjid mwpa KbfpwJ.
khad; ,dj;jtHfspd; tPo;r;rp
khad; ,dj;jtHfs; gy;NtW ehLfSld; NghH nra;j fhuzj;jpdhy; rpwpJ
rpwpjhf tPo;rr
; p mila Muk;gpj;jdH. Nghhpd; fhuzkhf tptrha epyq;fSk; mopa
Muk;gpj;jJ. ];ghdpa FbNaw;wq;fs; te;j gpd;G mk;ik> fhyuh Nghd;w Neha;fspd;
jhf;fj;jpw;F kf;fs; cs;shfpdH. ,J Nghd;w gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; khad;
,dj;jtHfs; mopa Muk;gpj;jdH. jw;NghJ nkf;]pNfh> Ftjpkhyh Nghd;w ehLfspy;
RkhH MW ,yl;rk; khad; ,dj;jtHfs; tho;e;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
njhFg;Giu
tl mnkhpf;fh> njd; mnkhpf;fh Mfpa fz;lq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fSila
ehfhpfq;fNs khad;. ,e;j khad; ehfhpfj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpatHfis nts;isaHfs;
nrt;tpe;jpaHfs; vd;W mioj;jdH. khad; ,dj;jtH 20 mbkhd vz; Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;jpdH. ,jpy; G+[;[pak; gad;gLj;jpaJ kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whFk;. khad;
,dj;jtHfs; thdpay; mwptpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdH. fl;blf;fiyapy; jiyrpwe;j
mnkhpf;fg; G+HtFb ,dj;jtHfspy; khad; ,dj;jtHfNs rpwe;J tpsq;fpdH. i`Nuh
fpspg;]; vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; miof;fg;gLk; gl vOj;J Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpdH. khad;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,dj;jtHfs; jkpoHfNsahtH. jw;NghJ nkf;]pNfh> Ftjpkhyh Nghd;w ehLfspy;

RkhH MW ,yl;rk; khad; ,dj;jtHfs; tho;e;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
E}y;fs;
1. jkpou; gz;ghLk;> ehfupfKk;> (ngupahu; gy;fiyf; fofk; ghlE}y;)

2. gz;ghl;L mirTfs; - njh.gukrptd;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy; goq;fhy rkaKk; gz;ghl;L; epiyf;fsDk;

Primordial Religion and Cultural State
n[. n[akjp> nfsut tphpTiuahsh;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

vk;.[p. Mh; muR fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> fhl;Lkd;dhh;Nfhtpy;.
Abstract
The paper finds out the changing stages of culture with the advent of religion and
politics. The scrutiny puts its base as the Saiva, Vainava, Country Deities as institutions or
cultural origins and the Kamatchi lamp gradual change and the land based cultural
discussions; especially the Tamil division of land segregation are the aims of the article.
Accordingly, the study put into words the facts related to the study.
Keywords: Primordial Religion, Cultural State, Tamil Culture
Kd;Diu
njhd;ikfhy gz;ghl;bw;F rkaq;fNs mbg;gil epiyf;fsdhf mike;jJ.
gz;ghL vDk; nrhy; khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;lJ. khh;f;rpd; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g r%fj;jpYk; khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;J nfhz;Nljhd; cs;sJ. ,j;jifa
khw;wq;fSf;Fg; gpd;Gykhf rpy fhuzpfs; miktJz;L. ,f;fhuzp;fs; ,lk;> fhyk;>
#oy; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g mikAk;. mjhtJ jkpoh;fspd; rka MSikia
gpd;Gykhff; nfhz;L gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fisAk; mjw;fhd fhuzpfisAk; Ma;T
nra;ayhk;.
rkatho;Tk; gz;ghLk;
r%f tho;tpd; mr;rhzpahf tpsq;Fk; gz;ghL ,dk;> ehL> nkhopf;Nfw;g
khWgLk; jd;ik cilad. rhd;whf ,e;J kjj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; ,e;jpah
OOikf;FNkh> cyfk; kOikf;FNkh xNu khjphpahd nray;ghLfisf;
nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. MfNt gz;ghl;L Nehf;fpyhd rka Ma;T mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l Xh; ,dj;jpd; gz;ghl;il Muha Kw;gl;lhy; mjw;fhd fhyr;#oiyAk;
mwptJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ Vnddpy; gz;ghL vd;gJ njhz;ik fhye;njhl;L
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g gy;NtW khw;wq;fis mile;j tz;zk; tsh;e;J tUfpd;wJ. ,jw;F
mbg;gilf; fhuzk; gpw gz;ghLfspd; fyg;Gk;> gpw rkaq;fspd; jhf;fq;fSNk MFk;.
jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghL Fwpj;j Ma;tpy; jkpohpd;; rka tho;f;ifapd; Kd;id
tuyhw;iw mwptJ mtrpakhFk;. jkpoh;fsplk; jdpj;Jtkhd rkak; VJk; ,y;iy
vd;W tuyhw;wpayhu;> mfo;tha;tpayhh; fUj;J njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. rpe;Jrkntsp
ehfhPfj;ij Mjhukhff; nfhz;L Kd;itf;fg;gl;l KbTfspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;. 1
irt khh;f;fk;
njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; xNu khh;f;fk; ,Ue;jhfTk; mJNt irt
khh;f;fk; vd;Wk; mNj mfo;tha;tpayhh; $Wfpd;wdh;. vdpDk; ,r;irt khh;f;fk;
epWtdkakhf;fg;gltpy;iy. Md;kPf khh;f;fkhfNt jpfo;e;jJ vdyhk;. ,iwepiyia


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kl;LNk czh;tjw;fhf gy ehLfspy; gy;NtW khh;f;fq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngw;wd.

mitahtd kp];bf;Ffs; (MYSTICS)> jhNthf;fs; (TAOS)> #gpfs; (SUJIS) irtKk;
mt;thNw ,iwepiyf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jJ. Nahf newpapd; %yk; Kf;jp
miltijNa Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L njhlf;ffhyr; irt kjq;fs; nray;gl;L te;jd.
Mhpah;fspd; tUiff;Fg; gpd; jhd; Ntjq;fspd; Mjpf;fk; fhuzkhf irt khh;f;fk;
irt rkakhf khwpaJ. jpuhtplh;fspd; khh;f;fkhf ,Ue;j irtk;
,e;Jkakhf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,jdhy; jkpohpd; rkanewp epWtdkakhf;fg;gl;l epiyapy;
,d;Wtiu toq;fp tUfpd;wJ vdyhk;.
itzt khh;f;fk;
fp.gp.7k; E}w;whz;by; gf;jp ,af;fk; jPtukhf cUthf;fk; ngw;wJ fp.gp.5k;
E}w;whz;bNyNa ,J gw;wpa fUj;jhly;fs; kf;fspilNa cUthf;fk; ngw;wd.
murpay; neUf;fb kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu neUf;fb fhuzkhf jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy; FLk;g
mikg;GfSk; rpijTf;Fs;shfpd. Xtpak; rpw;gk;> ,ay;> ,ir Nghd;witAk; Nja;e;J
nfhz;bUe;jd. jkpo;ehL gy;yth;> ghz;bah; vd;fpw ,U ngUk; Ml;rpfspd; fPo;
,aq;fpa nghKJ mk;kd;dh;fs; rkznewpfisj; jOtp nray;gl;Lte;jdh;.
,r;#oypy; gf;jp ,af;f Kd;Ndhbfs; gz;ghl;Lj; jsj;jpypUe;J jq;fs; gzpiaj;
njhlq;fpdh;. gf;jp ,af;f Kd;Ndhbfshf>
 jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
 jpUehTf;furh;
 nghpaho;thh;
 njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;
jpUkq;ifaho;thh; MfpNahiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,th;fs;; jq;fspd; ,irahYk;
ghlyhYk; ,iwtidg; ghbg; gutpdh;. ,it Nky;jl;L kf;fisf; fth;e;jhYk;
fPo;jl;L kf;fspilNa xUtif ,Wf;fepiyNa fhzg;gl;lJ. fPo;jl;L kf;fisAk;
<h;g;gjw;fhfj; jq;fs; tiuaiwfisj; jsh;j;jpdh;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whfj;
jpUg;ghzho;thh;> ee;jdhh; MfpNahh; jpUkhybahh;> rptdbahh; vd;w mikg;Gf;Fs;
cl;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F khpahij kWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mj;jifa
#o;epiyapYk;. Mz;lhs;> kq;ifah;f;furpahh;> fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; Nghd;Nwhh;
Md;kpfj;jhy; XusT tpLjiy ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;J te;jdh;.
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ntFrdg; gz;ghlhf kl;LNk jpfo;e;J te;j itztk;
mbj;jl;L kf;fisAk; jd;ghy; <h;f;Fk; nghUl;L jd; rl;ljpl;lq;fisj;
jsh;j;jpf;nfhz;lNjhL mbj;js kf;fSila gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; rpytw;iwj;
jd;NdhL ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,jw;Fr;rhd;whf njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thhpd;.
“Fspj;J %d;W mdiy Xk;Gk; Fwpf;nfhs;
mj;jd;ik jd;id xopj;jpl;Nld; vd; fz; ,y;iy” 2
,t;tbfisf; $wyhk; NkYk; ,jw;F mzp Nrh;f;Fk; tpjkha;f; fpU\;zhtjhuf;
fijfSk; mike;jpUe;jd. vg;gbnadpy; vspa Fyj;jpy; gpwe;J> fhy;eilfs;
tsh;fF ; k; njhopiyr; nra;J tsh;e;J te;jhd; vd;fpw fijg;Nghf;F mikjNy
fhuzkhFk;. ML khLfis Nka;f;Fk; njhopiyr; nra;tjhy; Gwj;J}a;ik ,q;F
Ngzg;gltpy;iy. MfNt cah; tpOkpaq;fs; vd;W jUk rh];jpuq;fs; $wpte;j
gz;ghL ,q;F Ngzg;gltpy;iy vdyhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
itzt kjk; ntFrd gz;ghl;L fl;likg;Gfisj; jsh;j;jpf; nfhz;likf;Fr;

rpy rhd;Wfis Kd;itf;ff; fhzyhk;.
 mofh; Nfhtpy; rpj;jpiuj; jpUtpohtpy; kJiuf;F tUk; ,iwtd; Nfhapiyr;
Rw;wpAs;s fs;sh; rhjpapd; Mz;kfidg; NghyNt Ntlkzpe;J tUjy; kw;Wk;
Mo;thh;fs; mofh; vd;w ngahpy; ,g;NghJ fs;sh; rhjpapd; njhlh;ghy;
‘fs;sofh;’ vd;Nw toq;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
 njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lk; =PK\;zg; G+tuhfg; ngUkhs; Nfhapypy; ,d;wsTk;
,];yhkpahh; mh;rr ; id nra;J topgl mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. 3
 jpUtuq;fg;ngUkhs; kPJ nly;yp Ry;jhdpd; kfs; xUj;jp Nkhfq; nfhz;L caph;
ePj;jhs; Nfhapypd; tlf;Fj; jpUkhspifapy; rhe;J ehr;rpahh; vd;Dk; JYf;f
ehr;rpahhpd; re;epjp ,d;Wk; jpUtuq;ff; NfhapYs; mike;Js;sJ.
4
,r;rd;dpjpapy; rg;ghj;jp gilf;fg;gl;L topglg;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpofj;jpd; gz;ghl;L epiyf;fsq;fs;
tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy; jkpofj;jpd; murpay; rhh;e;j epytpay; vy;iyfs;
epue;jukhdjhf ,Ue;jjpy;iy Nguurh;fs;> rpw;wurh;fs; kw;Wk; FWepy kd;dh;fs;
Nghd;Nwhhpd; gilnaLg;GfSk; Mq;fpukpg;GfSk; mth;fsJ vy;iyfis
khw;wpf;nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jd. Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapy; nkhop mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW
khfhzq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lhYk; rpy rpf;fy;fs; Njhd;wpd. Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; jkpo;>
kiyahsk; ,uz;Lk; nkhopfSk; Ngrg;gl;ld. Mdhy; 1956y; ,J Nfusj;NjhL
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd; jkpoh;fspd; Nghul;lj;jpw;Fg; gpd;Ng Fkhp khtl;lk;
jkpofj;NjhL ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
kf;fs; midtUk; epue;jukhf xNu epytpay; vy;iyf;Fs; Klq;fpf;
fplg;gjpy;iy. gy;NtW tho;tpay; Nghuhl;lq;fs; fhuzkhfj; njhlh;e;J Fbngah;e;J
nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gh;. mt;thW mth;fs; Fbngah;tjw;Nfw;g mjpfhuk; rhh;e;j epytpay;
vy;iyfs; tphptiltJ ,y;iy. ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fspd; kuGfisf; nfhz;Nl
gz;ghl;L epiyf;fsd;fisj; njspthf;f ,aYk;.
jkpofj;jpd; gz;ghl;L epiyf;fsd;fis Qh.];Bgd; mth;fs; Ie;J tifaha;
gFj;Jzh;j;Jfpd;whh;. 5
1. njd;jkpofk; fd;dpahFkhp> jpUney;Ntyp> J}j;Jf;Fb ,uhkehjGuk;>
tpUJefh;> Njdp> rptfq;if kJiu.
2. eLtz; jkpofk; jpz;Lf;fy;> GJf;Nfhl;il> jQ;rhT+h;> jpUr;rp> Nryk;>
Nfhit> f&h;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> <NuhL> ehkf;fy;> ePyfphp>
jpUth&h;> fhiuf;fhy; nguk;gY}h; khtl;lq;fs;
3. tljkpofk; jUkGhp> tpOg;Guk;> fhQ;rpGuk;> jpUts;SH> nrq;fy;gl;L>
nrd;id> NtY}h;> jpUtz;zhkiy> flY}h; ghz;br;Nrhp
khtl;lq;fs;
4. kiyj;jkpofk; Nkw;Fj; njhlr;rp kiyg;gFjpfs;
5. fly; jkpofk; jkpof vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l Nkw;F fpof;F flw;fiwNahug;
gFjpfs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
khhpak;kd; topghL
khhpak;kd; gutyhfj; jkpofk; KOtjpYk; fhzg;gLk; njatkhFk;. vdpDk;
,j;nja;tj;jpw;F tl;lhuj;jd;ikAz;L.
,Uf;fd;Fb khhpak;kd;> nghpaghisak; khhpak;kd;> rkaGuk; khhpak;kd;
%d;Wk; xd;wy;y. ,tw;wpw;F cUtk;> topgLk; Kiw kw;Wk; fijfs; ntt;Ntwhf
mike;Js;sd.
njd; jkpofj;jpYs;s khhpak;kd; rpiyf;Fk;> tl jkpofj;jpYs;s khhpak;kd;
rpiyf;Fk; mjpf NtWghL cz;L tl jkpofj;jpYs;s khhpak;kDf;F jiy kl;LNk
mikf;fgl;bUf;Fk;. Vnddpy; mq;F khhpak;kd; NuZfh guNkRthpNahL ([kjf;dp
Kdpfij) ,izf;fg;gLfpwhs;. njd;jkpofj;jpy; cs;s khhpak;kDf;F KO
cUtr;rpiy mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,q;F khhpak;kd; fhspak;kNdhL
,izf;fg;gLfpwhs;. Njhw;wj;jpy; xd;WNghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; rpy EZf;fkhd
NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gijf; fz;lwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
rkak;rhh; Gyq;FnghUs; gz;ghL
Gyq;F nghUl;fspYk; gy;NtW njhd;ikrhh; kuGfs; kwf;fg;gl;bUg;gpDk;
mj;njhd;ikf;fhy nghUl;fisf; fhZk; NghJ njhy;goq;fhy jkpoh;fspd;
jkpo;g;gz;ghl;ilg; giwrhw;Wk; vr;rq;fsha; vQ;rpAs;sd.
rhd;whf md;iwa fhy mfy;tpsf;fhd fhkhl;rp tpsf;fpidf; $wyhk;. ,jpy;
vz;nza; Cw;Wk; gFjp cauk; FiwthfTk; mNjrkaj;jpy; rw;W mfykhfTk;
fhzg;gLk; gf;fthl;by; jw;fhyk; Nghd;Nw tWk;Gfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mk;kd;
rpiyNah ahidNah ,d;iwa fhy fhkhl;rp tpsf;fpy; mike;jpUg;gJ Nghy;
njspthf mike;jpUg;gjpy;iy. ,it jw;fhyj;jpy; ,Ug;gpDk; Gyq;F nghUshf
md;whlk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tutpy;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;.
KbTiu
njhy; goq;fhye;njhl;L rkak; gy;NtW khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L thpDk;
,d;Wtiuj; jdf;fhd epiyj;jj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;L gz;ghl;bd; epiyf;fsdhfj;
jpfo;e;J tUfpd;wJ. njhy;goq;fhyg; nghUl;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; gyuJ tPLfspy;
,Ug;gpDk; mJ Gyq;F nghUshf md;whlk; gad;gLj;jhj epiyNa epytp tUfpd;wJ
vdyhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mbf;Fwpg;G
1. Qh.];Bgd; (njh.M)> gz;ghl;L Nth;fisj; Njb> ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; Ma;T

ikak;> ghisaq;Nfhl;il-627002 gf;f vz;.140> gjpg;G – 1999>
2. =.fpU\;z];thkp ma;aq;fhh;(g.M)> ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jk; - njhz;lubg;
nghbaho;thh; ghRuk;> 3-B> Gj;J}h; m`;u`huk;> jpUr;rp – 17. Gjpg;G – 1988.
3. fs Ma;T
4. fs Ma;T
5. Qh. ];Bgd; - jkpofg; gz;ghl;L epiyf;fsq;fs; gf;f vz;.7. ehl;lhh;
tof;fhw;wpay; Ma;T ikak;> ghisaq;Nfhl;il-627002. gjpg;G – 1999>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fPob mfoha;T
Keeladi Archaeological Excavation
Kidth;. ng.n[akhhp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>

jkpo;j;Jiw> Nehgps; kfsph; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> tpUJefh;.
Abstract
The paper detracts the Keeladi Excavations, near Madurai by the Archaeology
Department of the Indian Government. The paper tells about the four stages of
archaeological survey. The classic antiquity of Tamil culture and civilization on the banks of
the famous Vigai River has been in the verge to identify itself as a great relic of India. Even
there are some complications from the government, the voice and action from the Tamil
people and politicians has made a remarkable point in safeguarding the evacuations. The
products got from these areas dates back to 2200 years and all sorts of sophisticated
equipment and possessions were with the people and inscriptions of Brahmi Tamil were also
found. Hence, the paper brings forth the evidences of the Keeladi evacuations to the
limelight.
Keywords: Keeladi, Archaeology, Excavation, Tamil Civilization
Kd;Diu
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng efu ehfupfk; jkpofj;jpy; nropj;J
tpsq;fpaJ vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mike;jJ fPob mfoha;T. ,e;j Ma;thdJ
jkpoh;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j tuyhw;iwNa Gul;bg;Nghl;lJ. jkpoh;fspd; njhd;ikahd
tuyhw;iw mk;gyg;gLj;jp jkpo;j; Njrpa njhd;ik epiwe;j tuyhw;iw epiy
epWj;jpaJ. fle;j 2015 Mk; Mz;L rptfq;if khtl;lk; kzYhUf;F mUNf kj;jpa
njhy;ypay; Jiwahy; njhlq;fg;gl;l fPob mfoha;T 2016 kw;Wk; 2017 Mk;
Mz;Lfspy; njhlh;e;J eilngw;W tUfpwJ. ,e;jpah kl;Lkd;wp cyfNk fPob
mfo;tha;tpd; KbTfs; Fwpj;J mwpe;Jnfhs;s Mh;tk; fhl;LfpwJ. ,uz;lhk; fl;l
mfoha;tpy; Ehw;Wf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l jkpo;, gpuhkp vOj;Jg; nghwpf;fg;gl;l
ghidNahLfSk;, 6 Mapuj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd gok; nghUl;fs; vd Njhz;lj;
Njhz;lj; jkpoh;fspd; goq;fhy ehfhpfk; ntspg;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
mfoha;T gw;wpa tuyhW
mfoha;T vd;gJ njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fis ntspf;nfhzh;jy;, nray;gLjy;,
gjpTnra;jy; vd;gtw;iw xUq;Nf Fwpf;fpwJ. ,r;nray; ,d;ndhU nghUspYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ cz;L. ,J xU fsj;ij Ma;T nra;tjw;fhd topKiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,g;gbahd mfoha;T xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhy;ypay; fsk;
my;yJ njhlh;Gs;s gy fsq;fNshL rk;ge;jg;gLtJld; ,J gy Mz;Lfs;
elj;jg;glTk; $Lk; Xhplj;jpy; njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs; ,Ug;gij epyk; CLUTk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
uhlhh;fs; Nghd;w njhiyAzh;jy; Kiwfs; %yk; XusT Jy;ypakhfNt mwpe;J

nfhs;s KbAk;. ,k;Kiw %yk; fsnkhd;wpd; tsh;r;rp Fwpj;j NkNyhl;lkhd
EZf;fkhd mk;rq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F mfoha;T ,d;wpaikahjJ.
mfoha;T El;gk; Kjypy; Gijay; NjLk; Kaw;rpfspy; ,Ue;J njhlq;fpaJ.
fhyhg;;Nghf;fpy; ,j;JiwahdJ XU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;ff;$ba kdpj
eltbf;iffisAk;> mt;tplk; gpw ,lq;fNshLk; mt;tplk; mike;Js;s
epyj;Njhw;wj;NjhLk; nfhz;Ls;s njhlh;GfisAk; KOikahfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s
KaYk; xU Jiwahf tsh;r;rp ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jd; tuyhW njhlf;fj;jpy;
mUk;nghUs; Nrfhpg;gth;fspd; Njitf;fhf mUq;fiyg; nghUl;fisj;
NjbnaLg;gjw;fhd xU jpUj;jkw;w KiwahfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,j;jifa Njhz;Ljy;
eltbf;iffs; goq;fhy kf;fs; njhlh;ghd rhd;Wfis mopj;J tpLfpd;wd vd;gJ
czug;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa mUk;nghUl;fs; mtw;wpd; #oypy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gl;lJk;,
mtw;wpy; nghjpe;Js;s ngUk;ghyhd jfty;fs; ,y;yhJ Ngha;tpLfpd;wd. ,g;Ghpjypd;
mbg;gilapNyNa mUk;nghUs; Nrfhpg;G vd;gJ njhy;ypay; my;yJ njhy;nghUspay;
vd;Dk; Jiwahf tsh;e;jJ.
mfoha;tpd; tiffs;
jw;fhyj; njhy;ypaypy; ,uz;L tifahd mfoha;Tfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
Ma;Tf;Fhpa mfoha;T
xU ,lj;jpy; KO mstpyhd mfoha;itr; nra;tjw;fhd NeuKk; ,lKk;
,Uf;Fk;NghJ ,t;tif mfoha;T elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J jw;NghJ Nghjpa epjpiaAk;
jd;dhh;t ciog;igAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba fy;tpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l
mikg;Gf;fspdhy; iff;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mfoha;tpd; msT Ntiyfs; eilngWk;
fhyj;jpy; Ntiyfis ,af;Fgtuhy; jPh;jhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tsh;r;rp rhh;e;j mfoha;T
,J njhopy; Kiwj; njhy;ypayhsh;fshy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. njhy;ypay; fsk;>
fl;blr; nraw;ghL Nghd;w tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; epiy tUk;NghJ
,t;tif mfoha;Tfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthf tsh;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jgth;fNs ,t;tha;Tf;fhd epjpiaAk; toq;Fth;. ,j;jifa
#o;epiyfspy; Neuk; kl;Lg;gl;ljhf ,Ug;gJld; Ma;TfSk; tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpdhy;
ghjpg;GWk; ,lq;fis kl;LNk ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wd. Ntiyahl;fSk; nghJthf
mfoha;T nra;tjpy; Njh;r;rp ngw;wth;fshf ,Ug;gh;.
jfty; fsk;
njhy;ypay; nghUl;fs; ngUk;ghYk; xU fhyj;jpy; mt;tplq;fspNy
Fg;igfshf tplg;gl;litahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,it mq;F mLj;jLj;J ,lk;ngWk;
epfo;Tfspdhy; mt;tplj;jpy; Ftpfpd;wd. xU Njhl;lf;fhud; ngUf;fpf;Ftpf;Fk;
kz;Ftpay;, mtd; fw;fisf; nfhz;L mikf;Fk; xU eilghij> gpd;dh;
mt;tplj;jpy; fl;lg;gLk; Rth;> ,d;ndhU fhyj;jpy; mq;F mikAk; xU
khl;Lj;njhOtk;, Kd;dh; mikj;j Rth; ,bjy; Nghd;w xt;nthU epfo;Tk;
mt;tplj;jpNy xU #o;epiyia tpl;Lr; nry;fpd;wd. ,t;thwhd epfo;Tfspd;
mLf;Ffs; nghJthfj; njhy;ypay; njhlhpak; my;yJ njhy;ypay; gjpTfs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vdg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;njhlhpaj;ij my;yJ gjpTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjpd; %yNk

mfoha;T fle;j fhyj;ijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kay;fpwJ.
gioa fw;fhy fz;Lgpbg;G
gioa fw;fhyk; kpfj; njhd;ikahdjhFk; “,f;fhy kf;fs; jkpofj;jpd;
tlgFjpapy; mjpfkhd mstpy; tho;e;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. nrq;fw;gl;L>
njd;dhw;fhL> tlMw;fhL Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; fw;fUtpfs; kpFjpahff;
fpilj;Js;sd. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,f;fhy kdpjh; gad;gLj;jpa fw;fUtpfs;> Kjd;
Kjypy; nrd;idf;fUNf gy;yhtuk; vd;w ,lj;jpy Mq;fpy epyEhy; ty;Yeh; uhgh;l;
GU]; g+l; vd;gtuhy; fp.gp. 1863 y; mfoha;T %yk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.
nrq;fw;gl;Lf;fUNf jpUts;ShpYk; ,th; ,f;fhyj;ijj; jlaq;fisf; fz;lwpe;Js;shh;.
,q;Fs;s nfhy;iyahw;Wg; gLifj; jsq;fs; njhd;ikahdit vdTk;;> ,tw;wpy;
gioa fw;fhy kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa fy;yhyhd MAjq;fs; nghjpe;Js;sd vd;gJk;
mz;ikapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.”1
fPob fpuhkk;
jkpo;ehl;by; rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; jpUg;Gtdk; tl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUg;Gtdk;
Cuhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpd;> fPob Cuhl;rpapy; cs;sJ fPob fpuhkk;. kJiu efupypUe;J 11
fpNyhkPll; h; njhiytpy; itif Mw;wpd; njd;fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ. “,e;jpaj;
njhy;ypay; Ma;tfk; rhh;gpy; ,e;j Chpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; rq;ffhyg;
ghly;fspy; (rpyg;gjpfhuk;> gupghly;> kJiuf;fhQ;rp) Nghd;wtw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;j
gy nghUl;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;fhf ,q;F 40 f;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l Fopfs;
Njhz;lg;gl;ld. ,JNt jkpo;ehl;by; elj;jg;gl;l ngupa mfo;thuha;rr ; p MFk;.”2
,e;jpahtpy; goq;fhy ehfhpfk; Kd;Dhop fhyj;jpy; my;yJ gdpa+op fhyj;jpy;
Njhd;wp tsh;e;jJ. “Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fw;fUtpfSld; $ba
kdpj vr;rq;fs; 26 yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lit”3 vd;w NghjpYk; ,e;jpahtpy;
kdpjd; Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy; njhopy;fs; kj;jpa gdpa+op fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpait my;y
vd;gJ ,q;F fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fw;fUtpfspypUe;J njspthfj; njhpfpwJ.
fPob ehfhpfk;
“1974 – Mk; Mz;L cotpw;fhfj; Njhz;lg;gl;l fpzw;wpypUe;J fpilj;j
nrq;fw;fis khztd; xUtd; fPob gs;spapd; Mrphpauhd jpU. ghyRg;gpukzp
mth;fsplk; fhz;gpj;jhd;. me;j nrq;fy;iyg; ghh;j;j Mrphpah; mit rq;ffhyj;ijr;
Nrh;e;jJ vd mwpe;jhh;. ,J jhd; fPob tuyhw;wpd; Kjw;nghwp”4 vd;Nw $wyhk;. me;j
Mrphpah; rpy khzth;fis mioj;Jf;nfhz;L nrq;fy; fpilj;j fpzw;iwg;
ghh;itapl;lhh;. fOj;Jf;F NkNy jiy kl;LNk cs;s kz;nghk;ik> fUg;G rptg;G
tz;zk; nfhz;l kz;Ftis> kz;ilXLfs;> vYk;Gfs;> ehzaq;fs;> jhopfs; vdf;
fpilj;jd. mtw;iwnay;yhk; ghJfhf;f gs;spapy; ,lkpy;yhj fhuzj;jhy; mtUila
tPl;bNyNa itj;Jtpl;L mg;NghJ xUq;fpide;j ,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F
fPobapy; fpilj;j nghUl;fisg;gw;wpf; fbjk; xd;iw mDg;gpdhh;. fPobapy; fpilj;jg;
nghUl;fisg; gs;spapNyNa `p];lhp fhh;dh; vd;w gFjpia Vw;;gLj;jp ghJfhj;J
itj;jdh;. gpd;dh; nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafj;Jf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJ. rhpahf 37
Mz;Lfs; fle;J 2013 ,y; njhy;ypay; Ma;thsh;fs; jpU. Ntjhryk;> jpU.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
uhN[e;jpud; MfpNahh; gz;ila nghUl;fs; fpilj;j fpzw;iw epyj;jpd; chpikahsh;

jpU. jpyPg;fhd; JizNahL Ma;T nra;jdh;.;
tuyhw;W Ma;T
“itif ejp gLifapy; eilngw;w fsMaptpy; Rkhh; 293 gy;tifj;
njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs; nfhz;l Ch;fs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld. mtw;wpy; fPobiaj;
Njh;T nra;J 2015 kw;Wk; 2016Mk; Mz;Lfspy; njhy;ypay; Ma;T nra;a kj;jpa
murplk; mDkjp ngw;W Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.”5 2015 Mk; Mz;L 43 FopfSk;,
2016 Mk; Mz;L 59 FopfSk; mikj;J Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
,uz;lhk; fl;l mfoha;T
,uz;lhk; fl;l mfoha;tpd;NghJ fz;lwpag;gl;l rhaj;njhl;b> fopTePh;
ntspNaWk; tha;f;fhy;fs;> ciwf;fpzWfs; vd kpfr;nrOik kpf;f jkpoh; ehfhpf
tho;tpay;Kiw fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; jkpoh; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;l Ml;rpKiw
Nghd;wit Mjhuq;fSld; cyfpw;F njhpaj;Jtq;fpd. fPobapy; fz;lwpag;gl;l
njhy;ypay; rpd;dq;fSs; rpy fpwp];Jf;F Kw;gl;l goikiaf; nfhz;ljhf murpd;
%ykhfNt mwptpg;G ntspte;jJ. ,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf jkpofj;jpy; njhy;ypay;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,lq;fSs; xd;whf fPob khwpAs;sij czh;e;J midj;J
jug;gpdUk;> njhy;ypay; Mh;tyh;fSk; fPob mfoha;tpy; Kf;fpa ftdk; nrYj;jj;
njhlq;fptpl;ldh;.
%d;whk; fl;l mfoha;T
jkpoh;fspd; njhd;ikahd ehfhpfj;ij tpsf;Fk; fPobapy; %d;whk; fl;l
mfoha;T gzpfSf;fhf Njhz;lg;gl;l Fopfs; %lg;gl;ld. Rptfq;if khtl;lk;
fPobapy; kj;jpa njhy;ypay;Jiw rhh;gpy; mg;Nghija fz;fhzpg;ghsh; mkh;ehj;
uhkfpU\;zd; jiyikapy; ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; mfoha;Tg; gzpfs; eilngw;wd. ,jpy;
Rkhh;> 2200 Mz;LfSf;Fk; mjpfkhd njhd;ikahd jkpoh; ehfhPfj;ij
ntspf;nfhdUk; mhpa nghUl;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyapy; fPobapy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis ngq;fS& nfhz;L nry;y kj;jpa muR Kad;wJ.
murpay; jiyth;fspilNaAk;> r%f Mh;tyh;fspilNaAk; ,jw;F vjph;g;G fpsk;gpaJ.
mjd;gpwF fPob mfoha;Tg; gzpfSf;F =uhk; vd;gtiu fz;fhzpg;ghsuhf epakpj;J
mfoha;Tg; gzpfs; njhlug;gl;ld. njw;F Gwj;jpy; fl;llq;fspd; kPjk; ,Uf;fyhk;
vd mkh;ehj; jiyikapyhd FOtpdh; tlf;F Gwj;jpy; mfoha;T Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
NkYk;> Ke;ija ,U Mz;LfSld; xg;gpLifapy; kpfkpf Fiwthd Fopfisj;
Njhz;b Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. 3k; fl;l mfoha;T mwpf;ifia mspj;j =uhk;
fPobapy; fl;llq;fspd; njhlh;r;rp VJkpy;iy vd njhptpj;jij mLj;J mfoha;Tf;fhf
Njhz;lg;gl;l Fopfs; %lg;gl;ld.
ehd;fhk; fl;l mfoha;T
fPobapy; mfoha;Tg; gzpapy; jq;f Mguzk; cl;gl 7000f;Fk; mjpfkhd
nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sjhf njhy;ypay; Jiw rhh;gpy; mwpf;if jhf;fy;
nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. fPobapy; mfoha;Tg; gzpfis njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
mq;fpUe;J fpilj;j nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L mq;NfNa mUq;fhl;rpafk; mikf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; cj;jutpl typAWj;jp nrd;id cah;ePjpkd;w fpisapy; tof;F
njhlug;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ jkpof murpd; njhy;ypay; Jiw rhh;gpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwpf;ifapy; ehd;fhk; fl;l mfoha;Tg; gzpfs; Kbtile;Js;sd. 7000 f;Fk;

mjpfkhd goikahd nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. Kjy; Kjyhf jq;f Mguzk;
xd;Wk; fPobapy; fpilj;Js;sJ vdf; $wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. fhyj;ij fz;lwpAk;
Nrhjidf;fhf ,e;j nghUl;fis mnkupf;fhtpd; fypNghh;dpahtpy; cs;s Ma;T
ikaj;Jf;F mDg;gp itf;f eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk;
njhptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
njhy;ypay; Jiw elj;jpa Muha;r;rpapy; gy nghUl;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mit midj;Jk; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fs; vd;W Muha;tpy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kj;Jkzpfs;> ngz;fspd; nfhz;il Crpfs;> jhaf;fl;ilfs;>
rJuq;ff; fha;fs;> RLkz; nghk;ikfs;> rpy;Yfs;> Ehy; Ehw;Fk; jf;sp Nghd;wit
,q;F fpilj;Js;sd. tPLfs; Rl;l nrq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;L Nkw;$iufs; XLfs;
Ntag;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;gijAk; tPLfspd; mUNf gl;bdg;ghiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
RLkz; ciwNfzpfSk; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;gjidAk; ,q;F fpilj;Js;s rhd;Wfs;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. tPLfspy; Fspayiwfs; ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;Wk; fpilj;Js;sJ.
jkpo;g;gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fUg;G> rptg;G epwq;fspyhd Vwj;jho 1000
fpNyh fpuhk; jpzpTila kz; XLfs; mfo;thuha;rr ; papd; nghOJ fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
,Uk;ghyhd mk;GKidfs;, vOj;jhzp> RLkz; Kj;jpiu fl;ilfs;
je;jj;jhy; Md jhaf;fl;ilfs;> RLkz; nghk;ikfs; cl;gl gy;NtW mhpa
njhy;nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. mzpfyd;fs; #J gtsk;> gspq;F> mNfl;kzpfs;>
gr;ir> kQ;rs;> ePy epwf; fz;zhb kzpfs; MfpaitAk; fpilj;Js;sd.
jhkpuj;jpyhd fz;ik jPl;Lk; fk;gp MfpaitAk; fpilj;Js;sd. tuyhw;wpd; njhlf;f
fhyj;jpa nrq;fy; fl;blr; rhd;Wfs; fpilg;gJ kpfTk; mhpjhff; fUjg;gLk; epiyapy;
,q;F ngUkstpy; nrq;fy; fl;blq;fs; cs;sJ Ma;thsh;fspd; Mh;tj;ijj;
Jhz;bAs;sJ.
RLkz; Foha;fs;
“ePh; toq;fYk;> fopTePh; mfw;wYk; ehfhpf tsh;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa
iky;f;fy;fshff; fUjg;gLtd. fPobapy; RLkz; Foha; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l
fopTePh; fhy;tha; trjpAld; fl;blq;fs; ,Ue;jJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.”6
ciw fpzWfs;
fPobapy; goq;fhy RLkz; ciw fpzWfs; fz;lwpag;glLs;sd. ,it
gl;bdg;ghiy $Wk; ciw fpzw;Wg; Gwr;Nrhp vd;w njhlUf;Fr; rhd;W
gfh;tdthfTk;> Mw;wq;fiufspYk;> nghpa Fsf;;fiufspYk; ,t;thW ciwfpzWfs;
mikj;J ePnuLf;Fk; jkpohpd; gz;ila tof;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;LtdthfTk;
cs;sjhfj; njhy;ypay; mwpQh; nt. Ntjhr;ryk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,NjNghd;W
“mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;> #bak;> tlkJiu> vUikntl;bg; ghisak;> kQ;rdfuid Nghd;w
Ch;fspy; cyfg; Gfo;tha;e;j fw;fUtpfs; fpilj;Js;sd.”7 “mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; fw;fhy
kf;fspd; fUtp cw;gj;jpf; $lkhf tpsq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;”8 Vnddpy;> mq;Fkl;Lk;
Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fw;fUtpfs; fpilj;Js;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kz;ghz;lq;fs;
“Nuhkg; NguuRld; nfhz;bUe;j tzpfj;njlh;ig nka;g;gpf;Fk;gbahd
tzpfh;fshy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l nusyl;> (rouletted) mhpl;ild; (arretine) tif
kz;ghz;lq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. NkYk; tuyhw;wpd; njhlf;ffhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jitahd
fUg;G> rptg;G kz;ghz;lj; Jz;Lfs;> nrk;gOg;Gepw fyit g+rg;gl;l kz;ghz;lj;
Jz;Lfs; MfpaitAk; fpilj;Js;sd.”9 jkpofj;jpy; nrk;gOg;Gepw url; (russet)
fyit g+rg;gl;l ghz;lq;fs; ,Jtiu nfhq;Fg;gFjpNyNa fpilj;jpUg;gijf; nfhz;L
,g;gFjp nfhq;Fg;gFjpAlDk; thzpgj; njhlh;gpypUe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;
nfhq;F ehl;by; “Nuhk; ehzaq;fs; mjpf mstpy; fpilg;gJ Nghd;W ,q;Ff;
fw;fUtpfs; epyg;gug;gpd; Nky; rpjwpf;fplg;gJ fz;Zf;fpdpa fhl;rpahFk;.”10
jkpop vOj;Jf;fs;
“Mjd;> cjpud;> jprd; Nghd;w jdpegh;fspd; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk; jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l kz;ghz;l XLfs; fPobapy; fpilj;Js;sd.”11
fsj;jpd; fhyk;
Kjw;fl;lkhf ,e;jf;fhyk; fp.K.%d;whk; Ehw;whz;by; ,Ue;J fp.gp.gj;jhk;
Ehw;whz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j trpg;gplkhf fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. Ma;it
cWjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf “,e;j mfoha;tpy; ,Ue;J ,uz;L khjhpfs; (samples) fhpkj;
Njjpaply; Kiwapy; gFg;gha;T nra;a mDg;gl;lJ. [Piy 2017,y; ntspte;j
,jd;KbTfs; ,e;j ikak; Rkhh; 2200 Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ijaJ vd;gij
cWjpnra;Js;sJ.”12
mUq;fhl;rpafk; mikf;f Nfhhpf;if
fPob mfoha;T khjphpfs; 2200 Mz;Lfs; goikahdit. fPobapy;
mUq;fhl;rpafk; mikf;f kJiu cah; ePjpkd;wk; cj;juTk; gpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. ,J
jtpu ciwfpzW xd;wpd; fl;Lkhdk; xd;Wk; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,e;j ciwfpzW 93
nrd;bkPl;lh; Rw;wsT nfhz;l MW ciwfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,jw;F Kd;ghf
fPobapy; kj;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Jiw elj;jpa Ma;tpYk; ,NjNghy ,uz;L
ciwfpzWfs; fpilj;jd. jw;NghJ fpilj;Js;s nghUl;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jk;
Kaw;rpfSk; fhh;gd; Nll;bq; Ma;Tf;F mDg;Gk; Kaw;rpfSk; ele;J tUfpd;wd.
,jw;F Ke;ija fhyq;fspy; Kbe;j gpwF Ma;Tf;nfd jdpahf murplk; epjp Nfhhp
mjw;Fg; gpwFjhd; fhh;gd; Nll;bq; Ma;Tf;F nghUl;fis mDg;GtJ tof;fkhf
,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ Jtf;fj;jpy; xJf;fg;gLk; epjpapypUe;Nj Ma;TfSf;nfd
epjp jdpahf vLj;J itf;fg;gl;L tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; fhh;gd; Nll;bq; Nghd;w
Ma;Tfis cldbahfr; nra;a KbAk; vd;fpwhh; nIfehjd; vd;gth;.
KbTiu
rpe;J vd;w ejpf;fiuapy;jhd; kdpjFyj;jpd; Kjy; ehfhPfk; njhlq;fpaJ vd;W
tuyhW $WfpwJ. mjdhy; jhd; Mhpah;fs; %j;j Fbkf;fs; vd;W ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2017 Mk; Mz;L elj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; fpilj;j nghUl;fs;
2200 Mz;Lfs; goikahdJ. NkYk;> ,J rpe;Jrkntsp ehfhpfj;ijtpl
kpfg;goikahdJ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; ,q;Nf fpilj;Js;s jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fspy; goikahd jkpo; vOj;JKiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. Kidth;. F.NrJuhkd;> jkpofr; rKjhag; gz;ghl;Lf; fiy tuyhW>

g.vz; - 13.
2. http://tnmaps.tn.nic.com
3. Kidth;. F.NrJuhkd;> jkpofr; rKjhag; gz;ghl;Lf; fiy tuyhW>
g.vz; -13.
4. https://tamil.oneindia.com
5. NkyJ.
6. tamil.the hindu.com (March 29,2019 )
7. Ringwells in ANCIENT INDIA
8. Kidth;. F.NrJuhkd;> jkpofr; rKjhag; gz;ghl;Lf; fiy tuyhW
9. rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa ntspehLfNshL th;j;jfk; tzpfg; ngUtopg;
ghijapy; mike;j efuk;. jp.,e;J (jkpo;).
10. Mh;.v];. rh;kh> gz;ilaf;fhy ,e;jpah. g. vz; 54.
11. capUl;lk; nfhz;l rpw;Whhpd; fPNo GijAz;l efuk;> jp. ,e;J.
12. fPob mfoha;T khjphpfs;.
JizEhw;gl;bay;
1. jkpofr; rKjhag; gz;ghl;Lf; fiy tuyhW> Mrphpah; Kidth;. F.

NrJuhkd;> epa+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;.> 41-gp> rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay;
v];Nll;> mk;gj;Jhh;> nrd;id – 600 098. Kjy; gjpg;G : IPiy 2017.
2. gz;ilf;fhy ,e;jpah> Mrphpah;;. Mh;.v];. uhk; ruz; rh;kh> epa+ nrQ;Rhp
Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;.> 41-gp> rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;> mk;gj;Jhh;>
nrd;id – 600 098.
3. v];. mz;zhkiy (IPd; 18> 2015) mfo;njLf;fg;gl;lJ ghz;ba – Nuhk
tzpfj;njhlh;G jp. ,e;J (Mq;fpyk;)
4. g.#hpauhI; (IPd; 16. 2015) 2200 Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ija goq;fhy efuk;
kJiu mUNf fz;Lgpbg;G tpfld;. fhk;.
5. fPobapy; mUq;fhl;rpafk; mikf;f muR Mh;tk; fhl;ltpy;iy.
Dinamalar. Com (19march 2016)
6. https://tamil. Samaayam.com


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoH tho;Tk; nfhLkzy; mfoha;T

Tamil Life in Kodumanal and Archaeological Substantiation
vk;.n[anyl;Rkp> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>

kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;> kJiu-21.
Abstract
The paper detracts the Tamil Life in Kodumanal and Archaeological Substantiation
by the Archaeology Department of the Indian Government. The paper tells about the stages
of archaeological survey. The classic antiquity of Tamil culture and civilization on has been
revealed now. Hence, the paper brings forth the evidences of the Kodumanal evacuations to
the limelight.
Keywords: Tamil Life, Kodumanal, Archaeological Substantiation
jkpofj;jpy; <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; ngUe;Jiw tl;lj;jpy; neha;ay; Mw;wpd; tyJ

fiuapy; nrd;dpkiyf;F Nkw;fpy; 15 fp.kP njhiytpy; mike;Js;s rpw;Wh;
nfhLkzy;. (Nehpy; fz;lit) ,t;T+h; rq;ffhyj;jpy; kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;w tzpfk;
kw;Wk; njhopy; efukhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. gjpw;Wg;gj;J vd;Wk; rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;
njhFjp ,t;T+iu Nru ehl;Lf;Fs; ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; kjpg;G kpf;f Mguzf; fw;fs;
Fwpg;ghf gspq;Ff; fw;fs; epiwe;j CH vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
FbapUg;G gFjpapy; elj;jg;gl;l fy;ntl;L ,t;t+h; ck;kj;Jh; jiytd; tP.eQ;ruh[
cilahh; vd;gtuhy; (fp. gp.1489 - 1500) Msg;gl;lJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
nfhLkzypd; njhy;ypay; NkL Kjd; Kjypy; 1961y; kj;jpa njhy;ypay; Jiw
mYtyh; tp.vd; rPdpthrNjrpfd; mth;fshy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh;
jkpo;g;gy;fiyf;foff; fy;ntl;Lj;Jiw Nguhrphpah; Gyth; nr.,uhR mth;fs; mbf;fb
Ma;T nra;ag;gl;L> ,t;t+hpd; njhy;ypay; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij 1981y; kJiuapy;
eilngw;w Ie;jhk; cyfj;jkpo; khehl;by; ntspapl;L fl;Liu xd;wpd; %yk;
cyfpw;F mspj;jhh;.
nfhLkzy; njhy;ypay; NkL fpof;fpy; Nruh; jiyefukhd fUiu (tQ;rp)Ak;
Nkw;fpy; JiwKfkhd KrpwpAk; ,izf;Fk; xU njhd;ikahd ngUtopapy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,ilf;fhy fy;ntl;Lfspy; f&Uf;Fk; Nfhak;gj;J}Uf;FkpilNa
,Ue;j nfhq;fg; ngUtopiaAk; Nfhak;Gj;J}iuAk;> Krpwp (gl;bzk;) JiwKfj;ijAk;
,izf;Fk; ,uh[Nfrupg; ngUtop ,Ue;jijAk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. nfhLkzYf;FmUfpy;
cs;s fj;jq;;fz;zp> #Y}h;> nts;sYhh;> Ntye;jhtsk;> va;ay; Nghd;w Ch;fspy;
Gijay; Ftpay;fshfTk; jdpj;jdpahfTk; Nuhkhdpa ehzaq;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd.
Rkhh; 15 n`f;Nlh; gug;gsTs;s FbapUg;Gg; gFjpAk;> 40 n`f;Nlh;
gug;gsTs;s ,Lfhl;Lg;gFjpAk; njhy;ypay; Ma;thsh;fshy;;
ghpNrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. fle;j MW Mz;Lfshf ele;j mfoha;tpy; 69
mfo;Tf;Fopfs; Njhz;lg;gl;lJ. 16 fy;yiwfSk; mfo;tha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
VohtJ Mz;by; kl;Lk; 9 FopfSk; 1 fy;yiwAk; mfog;gl;L ,g;gFjpapd;

gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;G Muhag;gl;lJ.
2013 – k; Mz;bd; mfoha;T
2013 – k; Mz;by; Nkw;nfhz;zg;gl;l 9 FopfspYk;> xU fy;yiwapYk; gy
nra;jpfs; mwpag;gl;ld. FbapUg;Gg; gFjpapy; mfog;gl;l 9 Fopfspd; %yk;
nfhLkzypy; nrg;G cUf;F MiyAk; rq;F tisay; nra;Ak; njhopy; $lKk;
Mguzf;fw;fspd; njhopw;$lKk; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. Ke;ija mfoha;Tfspy; ,t;T+hpy;
,Ue;j ,Uk;G cUf;F cw;gj;jpf; $lKk; Jzp nea;Ak; njhopw;$lKk;
fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
Mguzf;fw;fspd; njhopw;$lk;
,t;thz;bd; mfoha;tpd; Kf;fpakhd ntspg;ghL Kw;wpYk; Mguzf;fw;fspd;
njhopw;$lj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jjhFk;. FbapUg;G gFjpapd; ikag;gFjpapy; mfog;gl;l
ehd;F mfo;Tf;Fopfspy; ,j;njhopw;$lj;jpy; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l
fw;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. xU nghpa gbff;fw;Jz;L> FLit (Barrel shape) tbt
gspq;Fj; Jz;Lfs;> gy;tpj tbtq;fspyhd gspq;F tl;lq;fs; (discs) Nghd;wit
,j;njhopw; $lj;jpd; gFjpfs; ntt;NtW fhyfl;lj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtdthf
mike;Js;sd. gy;NtW epiyfspy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l kzpfs;> KOikahf
nra;ag;gl;l> miuFiwahf ghjpasT nra;ag;gl;l> Jisaplg;gl;l> Jisaplhj>
nkUNfw;wg;gl;l> nkUNfw;wg;glhj Mfpatw;Wld; %yf;fw;fSk; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
Ntz;lhnkd xJf;fg;gl;l Jfs;fs;> kw;Wk; tpuy; jlk; ngw;w fw;fs; Nghd;wit ,Nj
,lj;jpy; ,j;njhopy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf;fpd;wd. gytpj
tz;zq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf ePykzp> ,sk;gr;irf;fy;> kzp> #Jgtsk;> ePyf;fy;> gSg;G>
nre;epwf;fy;> gbff;fy; Nghd;wit FbapUg;G gFjpfspypUe;J mfo;e;J
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. GijFopfspypUe;J ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd #J gts kzpfs;
Fwpg;ghf eff;FwpfSld; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;Ls;sd.
nrk;G cUf;Fk; CJiy
FbapUg;Gg; gFjpapd; njw;fpy; Njhz;lg;gl;l mfo;Tf; Fopfspy; nrk;G
cUf;Fk; CJiyfs; ntspg;gl;ld. ,e;j CJiyfs; cNyhfq;fis Glk;NghLk;
fyq;fNshL (Crucibles) fpilj;jd. ,f;fyq;fspy; gbe;jpUe;j cNyhfg;gbTfs;
cNyhfthh;g;G Kiwfisf; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;jpd. ,j;NjhL gbe;jpUe;j gbfj;Jfs;fs;
cNyhfq;fis ,sfitf;Fk; fhuzpfshfr; nray;gl;lijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
ngUkstpyhd gbfg; gbkq;fSk; Jfs;fSk; CJiyfisr; Rw;wpYk; epiwe;J
fple;jd.
rq;F tisay; njhopy; $lk;
ngUkstpy; ,q;F fpilj;j Kw;whfr; nra;J Kbf;fg;gl;l tisay;fs;>
miuFiwahfr; nra;ag;gl;lit> nra;J Kbf;fg;glhj tisay;fs; Nghd;wit
,t;tplj;jpy; rq;F mWf;Fk; njhopy; rpwg;gile;jpUe;jijf; fhl;Ltjhf cs;sd.
kzpf;fw;fspd; njhopw;$lk; ,Ug;gJk;> ,Uk;G kw;Wk; v/Fj; njhopw;$lk;>
nrk;G cUf;fhiy> rq;F mWf;Fk; njhopy;> Jiz Miy Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk;
nfhLkzypy; fp. K. 5k; Ehw;whz;L Kjy;; fp. K. Kjy; Ew;whz;L tiu
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tzpf kw;Wk; njhopy; efukhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gijf;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd njhopy; eltbf;iffspd; ngUf;fk; ,e;jpahtpd; gy

gFjpfspypUe;J tzpfh;fisAk;> iftpidQh;fisAk;> njhopy; El;gtpayhsh;fisAk;
nfhz;L te;J Nrh;j;jd. ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd ghid Xl;Lg; nghwpg;Gfspy; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;s tlehl;Lg; ngah;fSk;> mtw;wpy; cs;s gpuhfpUj nkhopj; jhf;fKk;
,t;Tz;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,Jtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;tha;Tfspy;
500f;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j ghid XLfSk; Fwpg;ghf 2013y; kl;Lk; EhW
XLfspy; vOj;Jf;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd fz;Lgpbg;G vd;gJ kj;jpa
fq;ifg; (c.gp) gFjpf;Nf chpa tl,e;jpa nkU$l;lg;gl;;l fUg;G ghid XLfs;
fpilj;jjhFk;;. ,t;tifg; ghid XLfs; jkpo;ehl;by; ghz;bah; JiwKfq;fshd
nfhw;if> mofd;Fsk; gFjp mfoha;TfspYk; fpilj;Js;sd. kj;jpa fq;ifr;
rkntspapy; Vw;gl;l ,uz;lhtJ efukhakhjypd; njhlf;fj;jpy; fpilj;jikahy;
(NBPW) tl,e;jpa fUg;G nkU$l;lg;gl;l ghid XLfs; kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngUfpd;wd. Kjw;fl;l mfoha;tpy; nfhLkzypy; nts;spahyhd Kj;jpiu Fj;;jg;;l;l
ehzaq;fSk; fpilj;jjhfj; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fPwy; Fwpfs; (Graffiti)
FbapUg;Gg; gFjpfspd; mfoha;tpy; ngUkstpyhd fPwy;FwpfSld; $ba
ghid XLfs; fpilj;Js;sd. Ik;gJ tifahd FwpaPLfs; fyq;fis Rl;lgpd;
fPwg;gl;litahf fyq;fspd; Njhs; gFjpfspy; Fwpg;ghf czT Nkirfspy;
gad;gLj;Jk; fyq;fspy; fPwg;gl;litahf fpilj;Js;sd. rpy FwpaPLfs; $l;Lf;
FwpaPLfshf mjhtJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;g;gl;l FwpfSld; ,ize;J fPwg;gl;Ls;sd. xU
rpy FwpapLfs; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; ntt;NtW Moj;jpy; kWgbAk; kWgbAlk;
fpilf;fpd;wd. #hpad;> Rt];jpfk;> el;rj;jpuk;> Vzp> ee;jpghjk;> kPd;> tpy;> mk;G>
rf;fuk;> tz;b Nghd;w FwpaPLfNs nghJthff; fpilj;Js;sd. xU rpy XLfspy;
gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fspd; KbTg; gFjpapy; Nrh;;e;J rpy dFwpapLfs; fPwg;gl;Ls;sd.
,f;FwpaPLfspd; rupahd Nehf;fj;ij ehk; jplkhf mwpa Kbahtpl;lhYk; ,tw;iw
EZfp Muha;e;jhy; mit fpilf;fpd;w ,lk;> vz;zpf;if Nghd;wit ,it VNjh
XU nra;jpia glntOj;jhfNth> RUf;nfOj;jhfNth ntspg;gLj;Jtdthff;
nfhs;syhk;.
fy;yiwiag; nghUj;jtiu xt;nthU FopAk; xU tpjkhd fPwy;FwpaPl;ilf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Njhz;lg;gl;l 17 fy;yiwfspYk; ntt;NtW tpjkhd rpwg;ghd FwpaPL
vy;yh ghidfspYk; fPwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it fy;yiwapy; ,lg;gl;l kdpjNuhL VNjh
xU tifapy; njhlh;Gilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l FwpaPL xd;Wf;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l fy;iyiwfspy; fpilg;gjhy; ,ij xU tifahd Fyf;FwpaPlhff;
nfhs;sTk; tha;g;Gs;sJ. ,k;KbT fy;yiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; FwpaPLfSf;F kl;Lk;
nghUe;Jk;;. ,it jtpu FbapUg;Gg; gFjpapy; fpilf;Fk; gy FwpaPLfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,d;Dk; jpUg;jpfukhf tpsf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
jkpo; -gpuhkp vOj;Jg; nghwpg;Gfs;
nfhLkzypy; kl;Lk; 500f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j ghid XLfs;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ahTk; fyq;fspd; Njhs; gFjpapy; Rl;lgpd;
fPwg;gl;litahFk;. gy vOj;Jf;fs;> mjpe;ij> kfpe;ij> Ftpud;;> Rkzd;> rk;gd;>
re;;ijntsp> gz;zd;> ghfd;> Mjd; Nghd;w Ml;ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gdthf cs;sd.
kpFjpahff; fpilf;Fk; vOj;Jg; nghwpg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;L ,k;kf;fs; vOj;jwpT


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngw;wth;fshf ,Ue;jdh; vdyhk;. ,g;ngah;fis vOJtjpy; ,th;fs; vt;tpj

gpiofisAk; nra;atpy;iy. ,jd;Kyk; mth;fsJ fy;tpapd; juk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
,Lfhl;by; xU fy;yiw (Meg.17) vd;gJ mfoha;Tf;fhfj; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
xU fy; tl;lkhf ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;l fy;yiwAld; %Lfy; xd;iwAk;
nfhz;ljhf mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; thrYk; ,Ue;jJ. cs;tl;lk;
fy;RtH Nghy 3 my;yJ 4 thpirf; fw;fis itj;Jf; fl;lgl;ljhf ,Ue;jJ.
ntsptl;lk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspapy; fw;gyiffs; elgl;ljhf ,Ue;jJ.
fy;tl;lj;jpd; tlNkw;F %iyapy; XH cile;j nrg;Gf;fpz;zk; Jisapl;;l
mbg;ghfj;Jld; fpilj;jJ. ,J xU ry;yil Nghyg; gad;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,jw;F
Ke;ja mfo;Tfspy; ,J Nghd;W fpilj;Js;sJ. ,f;fpz;zj;jpd; miktplj;jpw;F
VNjDk; Kf;fpar; rlq;Fr; rpwg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; 218 #J gts kzpfs;
fPwYlDk; fPwy; ,y;yhkYk; fy;tl;lj;jpd; tlf;F kw;Wk; njw;F miwfspYk;
eilghijapYk; fpilj;Js;sd. tlf;F kw;Wk; njw;F miwfs; xU tl;lkhd
,LJisahy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ eilghijAk; tlf;F miwAk; xU ehw;fu tbt
,LJisahy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhytiuaiw
,f;FopfspypUe;J 60nr.kP.> 80nr.kP.> 1.20nr.kP Moq;fspy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l fhpk
khjphpfs; V.vk;.v]; (Accelerator Mass Sepctometry) vDk; Ntjpay; gFg;gha;Tf;fhf
mnkhpf;fhtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;L gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; KiwNa fp.K
275> 330: fp.K408 vd;w fhy fzpg;Gfs; ngwg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpw;Ff; fPohf 60nr.kP
gz;ghl;L kz; mLf;F cs;sJ. ,jpypUe;Jk; khjphpfs; vLf;f Kaw;rpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nkw;fz;l fhyfzpg;gpd; %ykhff; nfhLkzy; mfoha;T Nkl;bd; fhy vy;iyia
fp.K 6 - 5 k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.K 22 - 1k; E}w;whz;L tiu vdf; fzf;fplyhk; .
,t;thwhf kzpf;fw; njhopw;$lk;> ,Uk;G> v/F cUf;fhiy> nrk;G
cUf;fhiy> rq;F mWf;Fk; njhopw;$lk>; Jzp nerT> ngUkstpyhd
vOj;Jg;nghwpj;jg; ghid XLfs;> ePyk;> gr;ir> rptg;G> nrt;te;jp> gOg;G> #Jgtsk;
Nghd;w kjpg;Gkpf;f kzpfspd; Ftpg;G Mfpait nfhz;L ,t;tplk; fp.K 5 k;
E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.K Kjy; E}w;whz;L tiu ngUk; tzpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
njhopy; ikakhf ,Ue;jpUf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.
Ma;Tf;FO
,t;tfo;tha;it Kjypy; jkpo;g;gy;fiyf;fof fy;ntl;bay; Jiw NguhrphpaH
KidtH.v.Rg;GuhaY jiyikapy; NguhrphpaH GytH Nr.,uhR> KidtH f.uhrd;
MfpNahh; Nkw;nfhz;ldH. gpd;dH 2013-y; NguhrphpaH rh.,uh[d; jiyikapy; Ma;T
khztHfs; vd;.gp.ajP]F ; khh;> v];.nry;tf;Fkhh;> MH.,uNk];> gp. ghyKUfd;>
ghy;Jiu kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiwapy; Xa;Tg;ngw;w cjtp ,af;FeH
jp.Rg;gpukzpak; MfpNahh; nfhz;l FOtpdH <Lgl;ldH.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1. NguhrphpaH rp.f.rpw;wk;gyk; vk;.V.> gp.vr;.b> NguhrphpaH tuyhw;Wj;Jiw> gz;ila
jkpofk;> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpUney;Ntyp> ,yq;if.
2. fh.,uhrd;> rq;f fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;T> cyfj;jkpo; Muha;rr ; p epWtdk;>
nrd;id.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
Kodumanal Archaeological Excavation
g.n[anyl;Rkp> KidtH gl;l Ma;thsH (jkpo;j;Jiw)

N`hyp fpuh]; N`hk; rapd;]; fy;Y}hp> J}j;Jf;Fb.
Abstract
The paper discusses on the archaeological substantiation and the lifestyle of the
Tamil people. The study tries to absorb the details of the people from the ancient literary
sources, once they were found in the paimarya leaflets, culverts and the tltles carved by the
kings. The fact is that the cultural vestige and traditional loftiness of the culture seems highly
ethical and enriched with systematic principles of life. They enjoyed every thing with reason
and logic. Hence, the paper discusses these details in a research point of view.
Keywords: Tamilar, Lifestyle, Archaeological Substantiation
gz;ghL vd;gJ tho;f;if Kiw. xt;nthU kdpj r%fj;jpw;Fk; xU gz;ghL

cz;L. kdpjdpd; vz;zq;fisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk;> gz;ghNl ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
gz;ghL vd;gJ ‘gz;gl;L xOFjy;’ vdg;gLk;. njhy; nghUs; gz;ghL: “gaDk; gz;Gk;
ghlwpe; njhOfYk;” - ew;.160
xU r%fj;jpy; cs;s fiy> ek;gpf;if> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> tpOkpaq;fs;
Mfpait gz;ghl;Lf; $WfshFk;. ehk; cz;Zk; czT> mzpAk; Mil> ciwtplk;
Kjypait gz;ghl;L thapy;fs;. kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; fl;llq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;>
rpw;gq;fs; Kjypait Gwj;Njhw;wj;jhy; ntspg;gLk; gz;ghL. mijg;Nghy; kf;fspd;
rpe;jid> vz;zk;> tpOkpak; Mfpait mfj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; gz;ghLfs; ,ijg;gw;wpa
nra;jpfis njhy;ypay; Mjhuj;Jld; Ma;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk;.
czT
kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njit czT. Mdhy; mtd; vij cz;z Ntz;Lk;>
vg;nghOJ cz;z Ntz;Lk;> vg;gb cz;z Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mtdJ gz;ghL
fw;Wf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
,l;yp
njd;dpe;jpa czT vd;wJk; ek; epidTf;F tUtJ ,l;yp. ,l;yp vd;why;
,l;L+Mtp vd;W nghUs;. ,e;NjhNd\pahit Mz;l ,e;J rka murHfspd;
E}y;fspy; ,l;yp gw;wpa nra;Kiw Fwpg;Gfs; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,l;yp gw;wpa Kjy;
gz;ila Fwpg;G fd;dl nkhopapYk;> tlnkhopapYk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodhy;
gdpnuz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;jpy; ,l;yp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
cg;G
kdpj ehfhPf tsHr;rpapy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WtJ cg;G. rq;f fhyj;jpy;cg;G
kjpg;Gkpf;fjhf ,Ue;jij


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“ney;ypd; NeNu ntz;fy; cg;G tpw;wij”1 (mfehD}W)

vd;w ghly; thp vLj;Jf;$WfpwJ. NrhoHfhyj;jpy; cg;gpd; kjpg;Gk;> ney;ypd; kjpg;Gk;
rkkhfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. cg;G vd;gJ njhlHG my;yJ cwit Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gJ
jkpohpd; ek;gpf;ifahf cs;sJ. mjdhy; jhd; jpUkzkhd kzkfs; jd; fztd;
tPl;bw;F Xiyg;ngl;bapy; cg;G vLj;J nry;fpd;whs;. jpUkz tPl;by; kzkfdpd;
mf;fhs; cg;G $il vLg;gJk; tof;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
GJkid GFtpohtpy; cwtpdHfs; cg;ig ghprspg;gjd; %yk; cg;G cwtpd;
njhlHr;rpia tYg;gLj;Jk; xU FwpaPlhf mikfpd;wJ. ,we;jtHfSf;F gilf;Fk;
cztpy; ‘cg;G’ NrHf;fhky; rikg;gJ ,we;jtHfSf;F cs;s cwit
mWg;gjw;fhfNt. vdNt jhd; cg;ig cwT kw;Wk; nropg;gpd; milahskhfNt
jkpof kf;fs; fUJfpd;wdH.
vz;nza;
goq;fhyj;jpy; vs;> Mkzf;F> Ntk;G> Gd;id> ,Yk;ig Nghd;w vz;nza;
kl;LNk gad;gLj;jpAs;sdH. jkpoHfsplk; jiyf;F vz;nza; Nja;f;Fk; gof;fk;
,Ue;jij
‘ghW kapHf;FLkp vz;nza; ePtp” (Gwk;)
vd;w GwehD}w;Wg;ghly; thpahy; mwpayhk;.
gf;jp ,af;f fhyk; tiu Njq;fha; vz;nza; gad;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; ,y;iy. Njq;fha;
vz;nza;ia mkq;fyg; nghUshf fUjpdH. mjdhy; jhd; ,we;jtH tPl;by;
‘vz;nza; Nja;g;G;’ my;yJ %d;whk; ehs; tpNr\k; vd;W elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J
,we;jthpd; epidit mDg;Gtjw;fhf elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gof;fk; tp[aefu NguuR
fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpAs;sJ. ,ijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;G gioa rq;f fhy E}ypy; ,lk;
ngwtpy;iy. vdNt gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;lhd tp[aefu NguuR fhyj;jpy; jhd;
rikaypy; fliy vz;nza; gad;gLj;Jk; gof;fk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
fUk;G
fUk;G A+fpdpah ehl;by; fp.K. Mwhk; E}w;whz;bw;F Ke;ija gapuhFk;.
<oj;jpd; topahf ‘mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rp’ kugpdH fUk;ig jkpo;ehl;bw;F nfhz;L
te;Js;s nra;jpia>
“mUk;ngwy; kugpd; fUk;G ,td; je;Jk;
ePuf ,Uf;if Mop #l;ba
njhd; epiy kugpd; epd; Kd;NdhH” (GwehD}W)
vd;w ghly; thpapypUe;J mwpa KbfpwJ. FWe;njhif> Iq;FWE}W> gl;bdg;ghiy
Nghd;w E}y;fspypUe;J ‘fUk;G’ <oj;J czT MFk;. ,r;rhd;Wfs; thapyhf rq;f
fhyj;jpNyNa jkpoHfs; fUk;ig gad;gLj;jpapUg;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.
njd;id
njd;id tq;ff;fly; jPtpypUe;J fly; topNa jkpofj;jpw;F te;Js;sJ.
njd;idiag; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. gf;jp ,af;f
fhyj;jpYk; Nfhtpypy; Njq;fha; cilf;Fk; gof;fk; ,y;iy. Mz;lhs; ghRuj;jpYk;
njd;id gw;wpa ghly; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;L tiu thio ,iyapy;
gilay; nghUsha; Njq;fha; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;by; Kjyhk;
ee;jptHkd; nrg;Ngl;bd; %yk; mwpayhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“njq;F epd;w ee;j tdk;” - Kjyhk; ee;jptHkd; nrg;NgL

‘el;lthuk;’ vd;Dk; epf;NfhgH jPit ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ntd;W> el;lthhp vd;w
ehl;Lj; njd;idia epf;NfhgH jPtpypUe;J jkpofj;jpw;Fs; te;jij
“NjdkH nghopy; #o; khef;fthuk;” - ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> nka;fPHj;jp
vd;w ghly; thp vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
kQ;rs;
jkpoH kq;fyfukhd nghUs; vd Fwpg;gpLtJ kQ;rs; kw;Wk; Fq;Fkk;. kQ;;rs;
gw;wpa Fwpg;G rq;ffhy E}y;fspy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. jkpoHfsplk; kQ;rs; MNuhf;fpa
nghUshfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Neha; vjpHg;G rf;jp nfhz;lJ vd fUJfpd;wdH. kQ;rspy;
Gfo; ngw;wJ tpuyp kQ;rs;. GJkid GFtpohtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; tPl;bw;Fs; tpuyp
kQ;rs; kw;Wk; cg;ig nfhz;L tUk; gof;fk; cs;sJ.
ngz;fs; Kfj;jpw;F kQ;rs; G+Rk; gof;fk; rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy. ‘tpwyp’
vd;why; Kfj;jpy; ghtidia khw;wpaikf;Fk; ngz;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. md;W $j;jhba
ngz;fs; tpsf;nfhspapy; jq;fs; Kfk; gspr;nrd njhpaNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf kQ;rs;
G+rpf; nfhz;ldH. tpwypaH eldj;jpw;fhf kQ;rs; G+Rk; gof;fk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; FLk;g
ngz;fSk; kQ;rs; G+rpf; nfhz;ldH. tpwypaiu kjpf;fhj jkpo; kf;fs; tpuyp
kQ;ris kl;Lk; caHthf vz;Zfpd;wdH.
jkpoHfSk;> MilAk;
xUtd; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Milia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mtd; ve;j
ehl;ilr; rhHe;jtd;> ve;j rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jtd;> mtd; thOk; epyj;jpd; ntg;g
#oiyAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
“Ms;ghjp Mil ghjp” - gonkhop
xUtd; mzpAk; MilapypUe;J mtdpd; juk; kw;Wk; ,ay;ig mwpa KbfpwJ.
“cz;gJ ehop> cLg;gJ ,uz;Nl” - GwehD}W
rq;f fhyj;jpy; Mz;> ngz; ,UtUk; Nkyhil xd;Wk; ,Lg;gpy; Rw;Wk; Mil
xd;Wk; mzpe;Js;sdH. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F Ke;ija jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ngz;fs;
khHG fr;ir mzpe;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; vitAk; ,y;iy. ethg;gpd; tUiff;Fg; gpd;
ijj;j rl;il mzpAk; tof;fk; Vw;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
jw;NghJ ngz;fs; mzpAk; Nriy tp[aefu NguuR fhyj;jhYk;> cwthYk;
,t;tof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. mr;rk;> klk;> ehzk;> gapHg;G Mfpa ehd;F gz;GeyDk; jkpo;g;
ngz;zplk; vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. mr;rKk;> ehzKk; nfhz;l ngz; jhd; mzpAk;
Milapd; thapyhf ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhs;. ,J jkpoH gz;ghl;bd; xU $whfNt
jpfo;fpwJ.
jhyp
,d;W ngz;fs; mzpAk; jhypia rpWjhyp> ngUe;jhyp> kz;il jhyp> ehdy;
jhyp> nghl;Ljhyp> gQ;rhu jhyp vd gytifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bw;F
Kd; ngz;fsplk; jhyp mzpAk; gof;fk; ,y;iy. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Nfhtyd;>
fz;zfp jpUkz epfo;tpy; jhyp gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy.
Mjpr;rey;Y}H cl;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; fpilj;j Gijg; nghUl;fspYk; ngz;fs;
mzpAk; jhyp gw;wpa nra;jpfs; vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. jpUkzg; ghlyhd


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Mz;lhspd; ‘ehr;rpahH jpUnkhopapYk; jhyp gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,y;iy. Mdhy;

tPuj;jpd; milahskhf Mz;fs; Gypg;gy;iy jhypahf mzpe;Js;s nra;jpia
‘Gypg;gy; Nfhj;j Gyk;G kzpj;jhyp’2 - mfehD}W
‘Gypg;gy; jhypg; Gd;jiyr; rpwhH’3 - GwehD}W
‘,Uk;Gyp vapw;Wj;jhyp ,ilapil kdT Nfhj;J’4 - nghpaGuhzk;
Nghd;w rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; thapyhf mwpa KbfpwJ.
jkpo;ehlby; jpUkzkhd ngz;fs; fOj;jpy; jhypAk;> fhypy; nkl;bAk;>
new;wpapy; jpyfKk;> jpUePWk;> ngz;fs; jiyapy; #Lk; kyUk;> iffspy; mzpAk;
tisaYk; gz;ghl;Lf; FwpaPLfshFk;.
G+thy; Gyg;gLk; gz;ghL
NruH> NrhoH> ghz;baH Mfpa %tUk; jk; ehl;bw;F KiwNa Ntg;gk; G+> gdk;
G+> Mj;jpg;G+ Mfpatw;iw jdJ ,yr;ridahf nfhz;bUe;jdH. jkpohpd;
,y;tho;f;ifapYk; G+ rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ. fd;dpaUk;> kzkhd ngz;fSk; jiyapy;
G+r;#Lk; gof;fk; fhyk; fhykhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ifk;ngz; jiyapy; G+r;#bf;
nfhs;tjpy;iy. new;wpapYk; Fq;Fkk; ,l;Lf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,itahTk;
Gwj;Njhw;wj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; MFk;.
ciwtplk;
jkpoHfspd; tPl;L mikg;gpy; cs; Kw;wk;> ntsp Kw;wk;> Kd;gf;f jpz;iz
Nghd;wit mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;j mikg;G KiwAk; jkpoH gz;ghl;il
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. goq;fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; Mltiug; Nghy; ngz;fs; ntsp
cyfj;NjhL njhlHG nfhs;stpy;iy. mtHfspd; md;whl nray;fshd mLf;fisapy;
rikay; nra;tJ> Xa;T Neuj;jpy; cs;Kw;wj;jpNyNa nghOij Nghf;FtJ>
ngz;fSf;Fs; ciuahly;> mk;khid Mly;> foy; tpisahly; czTg; nghUl;fis
cyu itj;jy; Nghd;wit ngUk;ghYk; cs; Kw;wj;jpNyNa epfo;fpd;wJ. cs;Kw;wk;
ehyhg;gf;fKk; jpwe;j ntspahfTk;> ‘Qhapw;wpd; xsp’ cs;Kw;wj;jpy; gLkhWk;
mikf;fg; gl;bUf;fpwJ.
goq;fhyj;jpy; tPl;bw;F Kd;dhy; ntspKw;wk; mike;jpUe;jJ. ngz;fs;
ehs;NjhWk; fhiyapy; vOe;jTld; Kw;wj;ijr; Rj;jk; nra;J> kQ;rs; fye;j
jz;zPiu njspj;Jk;> rhzj;jhy; nkOfpAk; fiyAzHNthL mofpa Nfhyq;fis
,l;ldH. xt;nthU tpohtpw;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; mofhd Nfhyq;fis ,l;ldH. jkpopy;
‘Nfhyk;’ vd;why; moF vd;W nghUs;. ,JTk; jkpoHfspd; gz;ghl;Lf;$wpd;
fiyj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
tpUe;Njhk;gy;
tpUe;J vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; ‘GJik’ vd;W nghUs;. ez;gHfs;> cwtpdhfs;
my;yhJ Gjpa egHfis ‘tpUe;J’ vd;fpd;wdH.
“nry;tpUe;J Xk;gp tUtpUe;J ghHj;jpUg;ghd;
ey;tpUe;J thdj; jtHf;F -Fws;:186
“tpUe;J Gwj;jhj; jhDz;ly; rhth
kUe;njdpDk; Ntz;lw; ghw;wd;W”


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;w ghly; thpapypUe;J tpUe;Njhk;gy; rq;f fhy kf;fspd; gz;ghf mikfpd;wJ.

,it kl;Lkpd;wp <if> nfhil> fw;Gilik cyf xUikg;ghL Mfpatw;iwAk
jkpohpd; gz;ghL vdyhk;.
,JNghd;w gy gz;ghLfs; fhykhw;wj;jhy; jkpohplk; fye;jJ Nghy;> gy
ehLfspYk; jkpohpd; fyhr;rhuKk;> nkhopAk; fye;jpUf;fpwJ. gytw;iwf; nfhLg;gJk;
rpytw;iw vLg;gJk; xU fyhr;rhuj;ij ePz;l epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;Ak;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. KidtH ,uh.nraghy;.
KidtH m.kh.ghpkzk;> mfehD}W> gf;.425.
KidtH F.nt.ghyRg;gpukzpad;.
2. KidtH ,uh.nraghy;> mfehD}W> g.vz; 20.
3. m.g.ghiyad;> GwehD}W %yKk; ciuAk;> g.vz; 359.
4. m.khzpf;fk;> nghpaGuhzk;> g.vz; 354.
Nkw;Nfhs; E}y;fs;
1. M.ehuhaz NtYgps;is> ew;wpiz %yKk; ciuAk;.

2. lhf;lH K.tujuhrdhH> jpUf;Fws; njspTiu.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;goq;fhy ghid XLfSk; gz;ghLk; Xh; ghh;it

A Glance on Ancient Pots and Culture
Kidth; gh.n[ah> cjtp Nguhrphpah;> ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;Lj;Jiw>

mUs;kpF godpahz;lth; fiy kw;Wk; gz;ghl;Lf; fy;Yhhp> godp- 624601.
Abstract
The study gives a close glance on Ancient Pots and Culture of the Tamil People in a
scientific perspective related to the finds of the archaeology department. It scrutinizes the
ware culture of the ancient people of the various world civilizations and the Tamil
civilizations inside India. Then, it moves to tell about the various types of pots especially the
black pots, red pots the polishing methods of the discovered relics. Hence, the paper is a
better review on the ware culture.
Keywords: Glance, Ancient Pots, Culture, Tamils
njhy;goq;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ek;Kd;Ndhh;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwia Cfpf;f

cjTgit mth;fs; gad;gLj;jp tpl;Lr; nrd;wg; gok;nghUl;fs; MFk;.
,g;nghUl;fis njhy; nghUl;fs; vd;W $WfpNwhk;. ,g;nghUl;fs; jhd; mth;fs;
tho;f;if Kiwfs; Fwpj;J ehk; mwpe;Jf; nfhs;s cjTk; mbg;gilr; rhd;Wfs;
MFk;. mf;fhyj;J kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa kz;ghz;lq;fs;
Fwpj;j gz;ghL> fUg;G rptg;Gg; ghid XLfs;> vOj;J nghwpf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs;>
FwpaPl;Lfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs;> may;ehl;L kl;fyq;fs; Mfpaitf; Fwpj;J
Muha;tJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.
gz;ila kdpjdpd; kl;fhyg; gz;ghL (Ware Culture)
gz;ila kdpjd; tpl;Lr; nrd;w gytpjkhd nghUl;fs;> fUtpfs;
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L goq;fhyj;ij; fzpg;gNj njhy;ypay; vdg;gLk;.
gz;ilaf;fhyr; rKjhaj;jpdh; tpl;Lr; nrd;w vr;rq;fspypUe;J fle;j fhyj;ij
cUthf;Fk; KiwNa njhy;ypay; vd;W $Wth;> njhy;ypay; vd;Dk; njhlh;fij
,g;G+Tyfpy; Kjy;Kjypy; kdpjd; Njhd;wpa fhyk; Kjy; KbTngWk; fhyk;tiu
vd;W $Wth;. mf;fhy kdpjFyKk; ,f;fhy kdpj Fyk; gad;gLj;Jk; xNu nghUs;
gz;ghz;lq;fs; MFk;.
njhy;ypay; Ma;thsh;fs; vg;gFjpapy; Ma;T nra;jhYk; mq;F fpilf;Fk;
Kf;fpa nghUs; kz;ghz;l Jz;Lfs; MFk;. kl;ghz;lq;fs; gz;ghl;bidg; glk;
gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lk; fhyf;fz;zhbfs; vd;W njhy;ypay; Ma;thsh;fs; $Wth;.
kl;ghz;lq;fs; gyf;fhyj;jpy; gytifahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. FwpaPL nghwpf;fg;gl;l
kz;ghz;lq;fs;> gy epwq;fs; nfhz;lit cNuhkhdpa kl;ghz;lq;fs;> rPd ehl;L
kl;ghz;lq;fs; Nghd;w gytifahd kz;ghz;lq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,tw;iwf;
nfhz;L gy Ma;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
KOf;fUg;G epw kl;ghz;lq;fs;

,f;fyd;fs; cl;Gwk; kl;Lkpd;wp ntspg;GwKk; fUikahf ,Ug;gjhy;
KOf;fUg;G kl;fyd;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. fUg;G rptg;G epw kl;fyd;fs;
fpilf;Fk; kz; mLf;FfspNyNa fhzg;gLtjhy; ,it ,uz;Lk; cld; fhyj;jit
vd;gJ GydhFk;. ,g;ghz;lq;fspy; KOf;fUg;G epwf; fyit G+rg;gLtjhYk;
#isapy; ed;F Rlg;gLtjhYk; KOf;fUg;G epwk; ngw;W gsgsg;ghf cs;sd.
nfhw;if> fhQ;rpGuk; mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;Js;s fUg;G epw kl;ghz;lj; Jz;Lfs;
rpytw;wpy; kl;Lk; ntz;ik epwk; jPl;lg;gl;bUg;gik GJikahFk;. kf;fs; tho;e;j
gFjpfspy; kl;Lkpd;wp> rtf;FopfspYk; ,t;tif kl;fyd;fs; ngUkstpy;
fpilj;Js;sd.
rptg;G epw kl;fyd;fs; (Red Ware)
jkpofj;jpy; ,t;tif kl;fyd;fs;> gy tbtq;fspy; mjpf mstpy;
fpilj;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; Neh;j;jpahd tiffSk; cz;L> Neh;j;jpaw;w tiffSk;
cz;L. Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,f;fyd;fs; ifapdhy; tidag;gl;L>
KOikahf Rlg;glhky; miuNtf;fhl;Lld; jpfo;e;jd. cNyhff; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh;
,it FatuJ rf;fuj;jpd; cjtpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpd; tbtikg;G
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g gz;ghl;bw;Nfw;g> Njitf;Nfw;g gy tbtq;fspy; tidag;gl;ld.
mtw;Ws; Neh;j;jpaw;w kl;ghz;lq;fs;> rptg;G epw rhak; G+rg;gl;l kl;fyd;fs;
Mfpait Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. Jisaplg;gl;l rptg;G epw kl;ghz;lq;fs; rpytw;wpy;
xg;gid kpFe;Js;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf NfhLfshyhd xg;gid> efk; gjpf;fg;gl;lJ
Nghd;w fPwy;fs; nghz;l xg;gid> G+ Ntiyg;ghL Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. rptg;G
epw kl;ghz;lq;fs; rikaYf;Fk; kw;Wk; gytpjkhd md;whl cgNghafj;jpw;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ,tw;wpy; rhaq;fs; G+rg;gLtjpy;iy> ,Ug;gpDk; tz;zk;
G+rg;gl;l ghid tiffs; rpy igak;gs;sp> jf;fsf;Nfhl;il> rq;fdfy;Y
mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;Js;sd.
fhtpf;fyit G+rg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs; (Russet coated Pottery)
fhtpf;fyit G+rg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fis Kjypy; jpU n[.ghgpq;f;ld; vd;gth;
1819-y; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. ,t;tif kl;ghz;lj;jpy; fhtpfyit ntspGwj;jpNyNa
G+rg;gl;bUf;Fk; rpytw;wpy; fhtpf;fyitapd; kPJ nts;is my;yJ kQ;rs; epw
tz;zq;fSk; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tz;zq;fspy; gy nfhLfs;> tisTfs;> Gs;spfs;>
tl;lq;fs; Mfpad Nghlg;gl;Ls;sd. fUg;G rptg;G kl;ghz;lq;Sk; fhtpf;fyit
G+rg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;gJ Ma;thsh;fspd; fUj;J.
fUg;G rpfg;Gf; ghiz XL (Black and Red Ware)
fspkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l ,k;kl;ghzlq;fisr; #isapy; ftpo;e;J itj;Jr;
RLth;. mg;NghJ fhw;W Gfhj cl;gFjpAk;> tha;g;gFjpAk; fUg;G epwkhfTk;> mdYk;
fhw;Wk; gLk; ntspg;gFjp KOtJk; rptg;G wpekhfTk; khwptpLfpd;wd. ,J xU
urhad khw;wk;. ,jd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; cg;G fye;j ePiuf; nfhz;L nkUfpLk;
Kiwahy; ,jpy; kpDkpDg;G (gsgsg;G) Vw;gLfpwJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpYk;
jf;fhzj;jpYk; fp.K.300 - fp.K.100 tiu fzpf;fj;jf;f gbTfspy; ,g;ghidNahLfs;
fpilj;Js;sd. Mdhy; tl ,e;jpag; gFjpfspd; rpy ,lq;fspy; ,it fp.K.1500-f;F
Kd;G fzpf;ff;$ba nrg;Gg; gz;ghLf; fhyj;jpy; fpilj;Js;sd. ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;jpw;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Kd;Ng ,it tl,e;jpahtpy; fpilj;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Fwpg;ghf Nrhd;G+h;>

Nyhj;jy; mfoha;TfspYk; ,it fhzg;gl;ld. rpe;J rkntspapy;>
njhlf;ff;fhyj;jpy;> ,it ,Uk;Gf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;tplq;fspYk;> rtf;FopfspYk;
fhzg;gl;ljhy;> ,it nghUq;fy;fhy kl;ghz;lq;fs; vdJk; miof;fg;gl;ld. fhQ;rp>
ciwA+h;> jpUf;fhk;GypA+h; mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;j rpy fUg;G - rptg;G epw
ghidNahLfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
vOj;Jfs; kw;Wk; FwpaPLfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs;
fhQ;rp> ciwA+h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fpilj;j ghid XLfspy; jkpopy; gpuhkp
vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; fPwy; FwpaPLfSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ghz;br;NrhpapYs;s
mhpf;fNkL> Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rhypFz;lk; mfoha;TfspYk; vOj;J
nghwpf;fg;gl;l kz;ghz;l XLfs; fpilj;Js;sd. rpe;J rkntsp Ma;tpy;
kz;ghz;lq;fspy; vOj;Jf;fs;> fPuy;fs;> FwpaPLfs; fhzg;gl;ld. <NuhL khtl;lk;
nfhLkzypy; fpilj;j kl;fyj;Jz;by; vOj;Jfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.
FwpaPLfs; nghwpwf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs;
jkpofj;jpy; mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fspy; gytpjkhd FwpaPLfSk;>
NfhLfSk;> xOq;fw;w kw;Wk; Neh;NfhLfs;> tl;lq;fs; Nghd;wit fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
FwpaPLfs; tpz;kPd;> mk;G> kPd;> glF> ];t];jpfk;> nrb> kuk;> Kf;Nfhzk; Nghd;w
FwpaPLfisf; fhzyhk;. fpypFy; KfkJ> Kz;bff; mfoha;Tfspy; ,it Muk;g
fhy kz;zLf;Ffspy; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it tz;zq;fs; gy jPl;lg;gl;L> gy
Ntiyg;ghLfSld; moFld; kpsph;e;jd. fpof;fpe;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLgit ifapdhy;
nra;ag;gl;lit> kpUJtw;wit> fh\;kPug; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; kl;fyd;fs; gOg;G
epwkhdit> njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLgit.
may;ehl;L kl;fyd;fs;
cNuhk; ehl;L kl;fyd;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpw;Fk;> cNuhk; ehl;bw;Fk; ,ilapy;
fpwp];J rfhg;jj;jpw;F Kd;dUk;> gpd;dUk; tzpf cwTfs; ,Ue;jd. ,jid
mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mhpl;ild;> Mk;Nghuh> nusyl;ll; Nghd;w
cNuhk; ehl;L kl;fyd;fshy; mwpayhk;. mhpl;ild; tif kl;fyd;fs; ,it
Kjd;Kjyhf mhpl;bak; (,j;jhyp) vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,J
mhpl;ild; tif kl;fyd; vdg;gl;lJ. kQ;rs; fye;j rptg;G epw kl;fyq;fshd
,it> jkpof mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;Js;sd.
nusyl;ll;l kl;fyd;fs;
jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lkpd;wp> njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,tw;wpd; cl;Gwk;
Gs;spfshyhd xg;gidfs; Kl;il tbtk; Nghd;Wk;> tl;l tbT> mWnfhzk;>
Kf;Nfhzk; Kjyhd tbtq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt jhd; ,it nusyl;ll;
kl;ghz;lq;fs; vd miof;fg;gl;ld. f&h;> ciwA+h;> mofd; Fsk;> nfhw;if>
ghz;br;Nrhp> re;jputy;yp> gpuk;kfphp> fhypf;Fz;lk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhz;l
mfoha;Tfspy; ,it fpilj;Js;sd.
rPd tif kl;fyd;fs;
f&h;> ciwA+h;> fhQ;rPGuk;> Nfusj;jpy; Nrukhd;gug;G Mfpa ,lq;fspy; nryld;
vd;Dk; rPd tif kl;fyd;fs; mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it rPd ehl;L gPq;fhd;
tifiar; rhh;e;jit. ,it gsgsg;ghfTk;> Neh;j;jpahfTk; cs;sd. ,sk;gr;ir


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
epwk; nfhz;l ,it Vwj;jho fp.gp.10>11>12 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; (gpw;fhy Nrhoh;

fhyk;) jkpo;ehl;bw;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Mk;Nghuh [hbfs;
kpUJthd fspkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;L> gOg;G epwk; nfhz;l ,e;j [hbfs;
cNuhkhdpa tifapdthFk;. cUtikg;gpy; ,J Ks;sq;fpf; fpoq;ifg; Nghd;W
Edpg;gFjp mfykhfTk;> mbg;gFjp FWfyhfTk; cs;sd. f&h;> mhpf;fNkL
mfoha;Tfspy; ,it fpilj;Js;sd. ,tw;iw cNuhkhdpah;fNs jkpofj;jpw;Ff;
nfhz;L te;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W Cfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
KbTiu:
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; njhd;W njhl;L ele;J tUfpd;wJ. fw;fhy kdpjd;
Kjy; jw;fhy kdpjd; tiu kdpjd; vt;thW tho;e;jhd; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gjpy; ghid
XLfs; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfk;> ùg;gh> nkhfQ;rjhNuh>
mhpf;fNkL> nfhw;if> G+k;Gfhh; Mjpr;rey;Yhh; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpy;
fpilj;Js;s ghid XLfs; vf;fhyj;ij rhh;e;jJ vd;Wk; ve;j tifia rhh;e;jJ
vd;Wk; gphpj;J Muhag;gl;L mf;fhy kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa kz;ghz;lq;fis jw;fhy
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jp Neha; ,y;yhj tho;it tho;Nthkhf.
ghu;it E}y;
1. njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2014.

2. jkpo;ehLk; njhy;ypaYk;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2008.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhq;F kz;lyk; nghpahh; khtl;lf; fy;ntl;Lk;> nrg;NgLk; gjpTk;

Culvert and Bronze Plate Inscriptions in Kongu Area of Periyar District
rh. n[dpgh;> Ma;tpay; epiwQh;

jkpoha;Tj;Jiw> gp\g; `Pgh; fy;Y}hp> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 620017
Abstract
The study is based on the culvert and Bronzelet evidences collected from the Kongu
area of the Periyar District. Most of the evidences are very classical and tells about the
contacts of the Tamil society with the Caesers of Rome in Business. It also tells about the
cultural rituals and ethical principles of the Tamil society. The sites of Kodumanal are
archaic evidences of the Tamil Brahmi script, society and their ancient past. Much more
evidences are unmistakably lucid proofs of the lofty society. Hence, the paper delves through
a keen survey with the aforesaid evidences.
Keywords: Culvert, Bronze Plate, Inscriptions, Kongu Area, Periyar District
Kd;Diu
gz;ilaj; jkpof tuyhw;wpy; NruehL> NrhoehL> ghz;baehL vd;w %d;W
ehLfisg; NghyNt> njhz;ilkz;lyk; kw;Wk; nfhq;F kz;lyk; MfpaitAk;
rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jd. jkpof tuyhw;wpy; nfhq;F kz;lyk; jdpnahU ,lj;ijg;
(1)
ngw;Ws;sJ. nfhq;F vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,dpik> Njd; vd;gd nghUshFk;. nfhq;F
kz;lykhff; fUjg;gLk; Ch;fs; Nryk;> <NuhL> jh;kGhp> ehkf;fy;> godp> Nfhit
Mfpait MFk;. rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; fy;ntl;bYk; nfhq;F ehl;bd; fiy>
gz;ghL> ehfhPfk; kw;Wk; gof;ftof;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
jpU%yh; jpUke;jpuj;jpy;
“jkpo; kz;lyk; Ie;J tiufSk;
<uhW nfhz;bl epw;Fq;
FbfSk; Mnwz;kh; fz;bl” - thp. 623(2)
“jkpo; kz;lyk; Ie;J” vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. ,e;j kz;lyq;fspy; xd;W nfhq;F
kz;lyk; ,e;j gFjpapy; thOk; kf;fisf; “nfhq;fh;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;ljhfr; rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy;
“nfhq;FGwk; ngw;w nfhw;w Nte;Nj!” - Gw. 373 ghly;(3)
vd;W GwehD}W $Wfpd;wd. nfhq;F ehL jdpehL vd;W “tuhfkpj;juhpd;” E}ypy;
Fwpg;G ,Uf;fpd;wd. nfhq;F kz;lyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; <NuhL khtl;lj;ijj; njhy;ypay;
rhd;Wfs; ,f;fy;ntl;by; Muhag;ngWfpd;wd.
njhy;nghUs;fs;
cyif Mz;l “rf;jp fhsp” gpuk;khtpd; jiyia cilj;jJk; mit
ehd;fhfr; rpjwp tpOe;jd. <uXL vd;gJ <NuhL vd;Wk;> nts;is XL vd;gJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nts;NshL vd;W ngauhf;fk; ngw;wd. <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s “nts;shap” vd;w

Ch; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. jw;NghJ nts;NshL vd;W kUtp
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ngUe;Jiw tl;lk; “gh#h;” vd;w
,lj;jpy; gioa fw;fhy fUtpfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
<NuhL khtl;lk; FwpQ;rp epyj;ijAk;> Ky;iy epyj;ijAk; nfhz;l gFjpahf
cs;sJ. kiyg;gFjpapy; re;jdk;> Njf;F ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;Wg; ngUq;fw;fhy
rpd;dq;fshd jhopfs;> fUg;G rptg;G ghidfs; fpilj;Js;sd. rq;f ,yf;fpakhd
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gr;ir fw;fs;> gspq;F fw;fs; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
“thd; gspq;F tpiu ,a nrk;guy; Kuk;gpd;” - gjpw;W. 66(4)
ngUq;fw;fhyk;
ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; vd;gJ ,we;jtUila fy;yiwf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fw;fs;
Fj;Jf;fy;> fy;tl;lk;> fy; muz; kw;Wk; njhg;gpf;fy; Mfpait fpilj;Js;sd.
,jidg; ngUq;fw;fhy rpd;dk; vd mioj;jdh;. ngUq;fw;fhy rpd;dq;fs; fhzg;gLk;
,lq;fs; mQ;#h;> tpUkhz;lk; ghisak;> Vtykiy> rptfphp> Nrhdk; ghisak;> nghpa
Nr%h;> khzpf;fk; ghisak; kw;Wk; gokq;fyk; Nghd;w Ch;fs; <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy;
mlq;Fk;.
<NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; tho;e;J te;jdh; vd;gjw;F gy
fpuhkq;fspy; rpd;dq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,e;j fhyk; fp.K.300 vd;gh;. ,JNghd;W
<kr;rpd;dq;fshd fy;gJf;if> fy;yud;> KJkf;fs; jhopfs; Nghd;wit
fpilj;Js;sd. ngUq;fw;fhy rpd;dq;fis itj;Jg;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ “NtsPh; kugpdh;”
fUg;G rptg;G ghidXL gad;gLj;jpdh; vd;gJ njhpfpd;wJ. ,th;fspd; njhopy;
kPd;gpbj;jy;> tptrhak; Nghd;wit MFk;.
ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; Mw;W Xuj;jpy; Rw;wpj; jphpe;jth;fs; mth;fSf;F vd;W Xh;
,lj;ij mikj;Jj; njhopiyr; nra;J te;jdh;. me;j njhopy; midj;Jk; tsh;r;rp
epiyia mile;jd. tzpfk; nra;aj; njhlq;fpd. kdpj ehfhPf tsh;rr ; papd;
fhuzkhf <Nuhl;by; fdpktsk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. fdpk tsq;fshd fly;ePh;
gr;irf;fy;> g+idf;fy;> N[];gh;> re;jpufhe;jf;fy; Nghd;witf; fpilj;jd.
<NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; nfhLkzy; mfoha;tpy; fUg;G rptg;G ghid Xl;by;
Vuhskhd FwpaPLfs; fpilj;Js;sd. jkpofj;jpy; jkpo; gpukpa thptbtk; te;jTld;
FwpaPl;bd; gad; Fiwe;jd. FwpaPL ,lkpUe;J tykhf tiuag;gLfpd;wd.
ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; rpd;dq;fspy; ,Ue;j FwpaPLfs; midj;Jk; xU fUj;ijr;
nrhy;Ytjhf ,Ue;jd. ,JNt ghid Xl;bd; FwpaPL MFk;.
tuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;
<NuhL khtl;l kf;fspd; tuyhw;iw mwpa gy Mtzq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
mit Xiyr; RtbfspYk; nrg;Gg; gl;laq;fspYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. fp.gp. 3 - Mk;
E}w;whz;L Kjy; fy;ntl;Lfs; fpilj;Js;sd. jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;Jfs; nfhLkzy;
ghid XLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s fd;dpthb> gpukpak;>
ePyhk;g+h; Nghd;w Ch;fspy; tl;nlOj;Jf; fy;ntl;LfSk;> rptd; Nfhapy;> ngUkhs;
Nfhapy;> ghiwfs;> eLfy; ,tw;wpy; jkpo; fy;ntl;Lfs; kpFjpahf fhzg;gl;ld.
nfhLKb> gthdp> rptd;kiy> nrd;dpkiy Nghd;w Ch;fspy; fpilj;Js;s


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Xiyr;Rtbfisf; nfhz;L <NuhL khtl;lj;jpd; jyGuhzq;fs; vOjg;gl;ld.

msr;rY}h; vd;w Chpy; Fifg;ghiwapy; ,irf;fy;ntl;L xd;W fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
,f;fy;ntl;by; ,irj;jhs thpirg; gjpTfs; midj;Jk; jkpop vOj;jhd> j ij jh
ij j vd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gthdp tl;lk; gUthr;rpapy; ed;kq;fyk; rpwf;f kq;fyj;
njhluhd:
1. “= ed;kq;fyQ; (rpwf;f)”
2. “it];jp tPu t (y;yhd;)”
3. “Njth; jpUtuh (r;rpak;)”
Nghd;witf; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gl;ld.(5) ,J kl;Lkpd;wp <Nuhl;by; goq;fhy
ehzaq;fSk; Vuhskhf cs;sd.
<NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhLkzy; mfoha;tpy; Vuhskhdg; nghUl;fs;
fpilj;Js;sd. ,Uk;G> nrg;G kw;Wk; mhpa fw;fy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; nghUl;fs; cs;sd.
,Uk;G nghUshd mk;G Ezp> mhpths;> fj;jp Nghd;witAk; nrg;G nghUl;fshd
tisay;fs;> Ftisfs;> Crpfs;> Mgfuzq;fs; Nghd;witAk; nts;spapy;
ehzaq;fSk;> jq;fj;jpy; tisaYk; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,jidg; Nghd;W gy
FwpaPLfSk; fpilj;Js;sd. ghid Rl;lgpd;Nd ghidapd; fPo;g;gFjpfspYk;>
fOj;Jg;gFjpapYk; FwpaPL kw;Wk; jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;Jfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo;
gpuhkpa vOj;Jfs; midj;Jk; kz;jl;L> rpW Ftis Nghd;wtw;wpy;
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
eLfw;fs;
jkpoh;fspd; gz;ila tof;fj;jpy; tPukuzk; va;jpath;fSf;F eLfy; eLtJ
tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. eLfy;iyg; gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpah;
“ehltw;F mUspa gps;isahl;Lk;
fhl;rp> fhy;Nfhs;> ePh;g;gil> eLfy;>
rPh;j;jF rpwg;gpd; ngUk;gil tho;j;jy; vd;W
,U%d;W tifapy; fy;nyhL Gzur;
nrhy;yg;gl;l vO%d;W Jiwj;Nj” (njhy;: 1006)(6)
njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; Gwj;jpizapy; $Wfpwhh;. ,e;j eLfy;fspy;
tPukuzk; mile;jth;fspd; ngaUk;> ngUikAk;> nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. <NuhL
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s mur;rY}h;> nts;NshL> gokq;fyk;> gthdp Nghd;w Ch;fspy;
eLfw;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j eLfy;iyg; Nghd;W fztd; ,we;j clNd kidtp
cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jidr; rjpf;fy; vd;W miog;gh;. gokq;fyk;
vd;w ,lj;jpy; eLfw;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,it ntz;gh tbtpy; vOjg;gl;l
fy;ntl;lhFk;. <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s rptfphp vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; eLfy; fpilj;jJ.
mjd; Njhw;wk; tPud; ifapy; <l;b> Nflak; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp
epiwa eLfw;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd.
“tpOj; njhil kwth; tpy;yplj; njhiye;Njhh;
vOj;Jil eLfy;” - Iq;FW : 352(7)
vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpakhd Iq;FWE}W fy;ypy; vOJk; tof;fk; ,Ug;gijf; $Wfpd;wJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
KbTiu
gz;ilaf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; nfhq;F kz;lyk; ehd;fhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. mjpy;
xU gFjp <NuhL khtl;lk; MFk;. ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; Vuhskhd fy;ntl;Lk;> nrg;NgLk;
fpilj;jd. ,it tuyhw;Wr; nray;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mbf;Fwpg;G
1. <NuhL khtl;lj; njhy;ypay; ifNaL g.1.

2. jpU%yh;> jpUke;jpuk;> %d;whk; je;jpuk; ghapuk; - thp: 623.
3. GwehD}W ghly; thp: 373 g.360.
4. gjpw;Wg;gj;J> Vohk; gj;Jg; ghly;: 66
5. gthdp tl;lk.;
6. njhy;fhg;gpak;> nghUsjpfhuk;> Gwj;jpizapay; E}w;gh: 1006 g.378.
7. Iq;FWE}W: 352.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1. nfsjk Gj;jpud;> ng. : <NuhL khtl;l njhy;ypay; ifNaL>

jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw>
nrd;id - 600 008.
2. Rg;gpujzpad;> r.Nt. : njhy;fhg;gpak; (njspTiu)>
kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id - 600 018.
3. jpU%yh; : jpUke;jpuk;>
irt rpj;jhe;j fofk;>
jpUney;Ntyp.
4. GypA+u;Nfrpfd; : GwehDhW (njspTiu)>
fq;if Gj;jf epiyak;>
nrd;id - 600 017.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpoHfspd; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk;

Tamil People’s Traditional Habits and Beliefs
v. \`Pyh> KidtH gl;l Ma;thsH>

nj.jp. ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hp> ehfHNfhtpy;
Abstract
Tamil nadu is a place of rich culture and it has been seen from the proto times to the
present times. The traditional habits and their beliefs are really moral with a staunch morale.
They have certain ethics based on the life to lead a gook life. They celebrated Birth and do
Death rituals, Maturity of girls, Marriage, Good time fixing, Dreams, Mantras, sorcery and
etc. Hence, this paper tries to bring out the informations related to the beliefs of the Tamil
people.
Keywords: Tamil People, Traditional Habits, Beliefs
Kd;Diu
jkpoHfspd; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; Vuhskhd gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;
ek;gpf;iffisAk; gpd;gw;wp te;Js;sdH. mtHfs; gpd;gw;wpa gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;
ek;gpf;iffisAk;; goq;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; Muha;r;rp %ykhfTk;
mwpe;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. kdpjdpd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; mtd; gpwe;j kz; rhjp> rkak;
Mfpatw;wpw;F Vw;g khWgLfpd;wd. ,d;Dk; jkpo; kf;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
gof;f tof;fq;fs;
jkpoHfs; vspikahd tho;f;ifia tho;e;J te;jtHfs;. ,d;Wk; #hpad;
cjpf;Fk; Kd;G vOe;J ePuhLjy; gof;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. gpd;G
Nfhtpy;fSf;Fr; nrd;W nja;tq;fis topgl;L jq;fSila Ntiyfis
Nkw;nfhz;ldH. cr;rpg;nghOjpy; ghYzT cz;Zjy; mtHfspd; tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
Kw;fhyj;jpy; FLk;g tho;tpdpy; gytifahd gof;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; jkpof kf;fspilNa jhahH> kidtp top cwtpdHfsplk; mjpf gw;Wk;
ek;gpf;ifAk; itf;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. r%f epfo;Tfspy; jha; khkDf;F
Kf;fpakhd flikfSk; nghWg;GfSk; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. FLk;g epfo;rr ; pfSf;F
Vw;gLk; nghWg;Gfis mtHfNs Vw;f Ntz;Lk;.
MltHfs; jq;fs; cld;gpwe;j mf;fhs; kfis kzg;gJ gof;fkhff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. Kiwg;igaDf;F jpUkzk; nra;J itf;fhky; ,Ue;jhy; mtUf;F
e\;l<L jUk; gof;fk; rpy rhjpfspy; fhzg;gl;lJ. kf;fspd; gof;f Kjph;rr ; pahy;
nfhz;litnay;yhk; tof;fkhf khWfpd;wd. rpy rkaq;fspy; ,e;j tof;fq;fs; rpy
caHe;Njhuhy; xOf;fkhfg; Ngzg;gl;L mwE}w;fspy; vOjg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. r%jha
tof;fq;fspy; gpiw vOJjy;> rpyk;G mzpjy;> nts;szp mzpjy;> nrt;tzp
mzpjy; Kjypad jkpohpilNa njhd;Wj;njhl;L fhzg;gLk; tof;fq;fshFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,aw;if topghl;L Kiw

jkpoHfs; jq;fs; tho;tpy; ,aw;ifia kpfTk; kjpj;jdH. ,aw;if topghlhfpa
#hpaid topgLjy; kuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; nja;tq;fshf topgl;ldH.
gpwg;Gr; rlq;Ffs;
Foe;ijg; gpwg;gJ Fwpg;ghf Kjy; Foe;ijg; gpwg;gJ FLk;gj;jpy; Kf;fpa
epfo;rr; pahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. fUTw;W Ie;jhtJ my;yJ VohtJ khjj;jpy; tisfhg;G
vd;Dk; rlq;F eilngWk;. tisay; Nghl;LO nghpNahhplk; MrPh;thjk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; epfo;rr ; pNa mJ. xd;gjhk; khjj;jpy; rPke;jk; vd;w rlq;F eilngWk;. Mb
khjj;jpy; ,sk; fztd;> kidtpaH Nrh;e;J tho jil tpjpj;J tpLtH. Mtzp
gpwe;jg; gpwJ jhd; kidtp fztd; tPl;bw;Fr; nry;yyhk;. Foe;ijg; gpwe;jJk;
nra;ag;gLk; Kf;fpa epfo;rr ; pfspy; xd;W fhJ Fj;JtJ. kw;nwhd;W Kb ,wf;FtJ.
G+g;Gr;rlq;F
xU ngz; gUtk; miltJ r%f tho;tpy; nghpanjhU epfo;rr ; pahf ,d;Wk;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. ngz;zpw;F fztidj; Njl xU tha;g;ghf ,e;j rlq;F
mike;jpUf;Fk;. G+g;nga;JtJ jpUkzk; Mfpa rlq;F epfo;rr ; pfSf;F ,ilNa ngz;
rhe;Jg; nghl;L itj;Jf; nfhs;ths;. fztDf;F ikj;jPlb ; f; nfhs;ths;.
,wg;Gr; rlq;F
jkpoH ,we;jg; gpwJ elj;jg;gLk; ,Wjpr;rlq;F gy top Kiwfisf;
nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ. xUtH ,we;J tpl;lhH vd;W $whky; ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jhH vd;Nw
Fwpg;gpLthh;. rdpf;fpoikapy; xUtH ,we;jhy; me;j tPl;by; ,d;ndhU rhT NehpLk;
vd;W mtHfs; ek;gpajhy; gpzj;ij ntspNa nfhz;L Nghf tPl;by; Gjpjhf
,d;ndhU thriy Vw;gLj;JtH. xg;ghhp itj;J mOk; gof;fk; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ. rhT
epfo;e;j tPL jPl;Lg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,we;j tPl;by; my;Yk; gfYk; xU tpsf;F
vhpatpLtJ tof;fk;. Jf;fehl;fspy; ,Wjpapy; ,we;Jg;Nghd Md;khit jpUg;jp
nra;a ViofSf;F czTf; nfhLg;gJ tof;fk;.
ek;gpf;iffs;
goikahd vy;yh ,d kf;fspilNa gy ek;gpf;iffs; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.
,e;j ek;gpf;iffs; xd;wd; Nky; cs;s MHj;jhYk; mr;rj;jhYk; Vw;gLgitahFk;.
ek;gpf;iffs; kf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;L mk;kf;fs; r%jhaj;jhy; czHT Nky;
ek;gpf;ifia tsHj;J tpLfpd;wdH. ek;gpf;iffs; fhyk; fhykhf xU
jiyKiwapdhplkpUe;J kw;nwhU jiyKiwapdUf;Fg; gutp tUfpd;wd. kdpjHfs;
gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu gytpj ek;gpf;iffisf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
ehs;Nfhs; ghHj;jy;
jhd; nra;Ak; nray; ntw;wpNahL Kba Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F ey;yehis
Njh;e;njLj;J mjid nra;tJk; jkpoH ek;gpf;ifahf cs;sJ. ey;yehs; ghHj;J
murH NghHj; njhlq;FtJ tPuHfs; NghUf;Fr; nry;Yk; Kd;G rpy gwitfisr;
rFdkhff; nfhz;ldH.
“Gs;Sk; nghOJk; gopj;jy; my;yij” vd;W GwehD}w;wg; ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
fdTg; gw;wpa ek;gpf;if
fdTfs; kf;fSf;F tho;tpd; gpd; epfog;Nghtij Kd;dH czHj;Jfpd;wd
vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdH. vy;yh kf;fsplKk; fdTg;; gw;wpa ek;gpf;if cz;L. jkpopy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
‘fdhE}y;’ ,Ue;jij jkpo; kf;fs; ve;j mstpw;F fdTg; gw;wp rpe;jpj;Js;sdH

vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
fz;zfp jhd; kJiuf;Fg; NghFk; Kd;G fdTf; fhz;fpwhs;. ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
fz;zfpapd; fditf; Fwpg;gplNt fdhj;jpwKiuj;j fhijapy; rpyk;gpy;
mike;Js;sJ. ghz;bkhNjtp jhd; fz;l fdit murdplk; $Wfpwhs;. kJiuAk;
murDk; muRk; moptij Kd; $l;bNa Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp fdTf; fhz;fpwhs;. ,JNt
fdTg; gw;wpa ek;gpf;iff;Fr; rhd;whfpwJ.
tphpr;rpf; Nfl;ly;
xU nraiy njhlq;Fk; Kd;G gpwh; nrhy;Yk; nrhy;iy rFdkhff;
nfhs;Sjy; cz;L. njhy;fhg;gpaH ,jid ‘ghf;fj;J tphpr;rp’ vd Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
,jid tphpr;rp epw;wy;> tha;g;Gs;> gwtha;g;Gs;> ew;nrhy;> tha;rn ; rhy; vd;Wk;
toq;Ffpd;wd. ,jid mrphphP vd;W $WtH.
“vOtzp rpW}h; ,sd; khiy Kdpwpw;
FOtpdk; iff;$g;gp epw;gj; - njhOtpw;
Flf;fzp nfhz;L th vd;whs; Fdptpy;
jlf;ifaha; ntd;wp jUk;”
fizakuQ; #o;e;j ekJ rpwpa CHg;Gwj;Nj ,Uz;l khiyg;nghOjpy; jpUf;Nfhtpy;
Kw;wj;jplj;jpy; ehq;fs; iff;$g;gp epd;w NghJ xU Ntl;Ltr;rp Vzpapd;fz; cs;s
kw;nwhUj;jpf;Ff; $wpdhs;. mjhdy; eyk; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s nray; ekf;F ntw;wpiaj;
jUk;.
gy;ypr; nry;ypw;F gyd;
‘gy;yp nrhy;Yjy; jkpoh;fsJ tho;tpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ekJ
rKjhaj;jpy; gy;yp rFdk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhy; ‘nfshp rhj;jpuk;’ vd;w
E}iyNa ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ,aw;wpAs;sdh;. gy;yp fj;jpdhy; jiyapy %d;W tpuy;
jl;Lk; gof;fk; ,d;Wk; rpyhplk; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. gy;yp nrhy;iy ek;GtJ
jkpohpd; gof;fkhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
fhjy; kpFjpahy; gphpTj;Jd;gj;jpy; thbapUe;j jiytp gpse;j thiaAila
gy;yp nrhy;Yk; Nghnjy;yhk; tzq;fpdhs; ey;yJ nrhy; vd;W eLq;fp Ntz;bdhs;.
“gy;ypAk; ghq;F xj;J ,irj;jd; ey; vopy;
cz;fz;Zk; MFkhy; MFk;”
ke;jpuq;fs; gw;wpa ek;gpf;if
gz;ilaj; jkpoH ke;jpuq;fspy; ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jdH. nghpNahH nrhy;ypag;
nghUs; njhpahj nkhopfis mtHfs; ke;jpuk; vd;W ek;gpf;if itj;jdH. ke;jpuk;
vd;gJ Nghyr; nra;jy; vd;w ek;gpf;ifia mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. jk;ikg;
NghyNt ,aw;iff;F MirfSk; czh;r;rpfSk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ek;gpdH. kha
ke;jpuq;fspdhy; Mtpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jTk; Kide;jdH.
Fwpf;Nfl;ly;> Neha; ePq;f nja;tq;fis Ntz;bf;nfhs;Sjy;> gio kuq;fspy; nja;tk;
trpg;gjhf ek;Gjy; Nghd;w ek;gpf;iffs; jkpo; kf;fsplk; ,d;Wk; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
epkpj;jq;fs; ghHj;jy; gw;wpa ek;gpf;iffs;
rFdk; my;yJ epkpj;jk; ghHf;Fk; ek;gpf;if cynfq;fpYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jkpoh;fs; ,jid Gs;> epkpj;jk; Mfpa nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. fd;dpg;ngz;


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jz;zPh;f; Flj;Jld; tUjy;> gpzk; vjpNu tUjy;> Rkq;fypiaf; fhzy; Nghd;wtw;iw

ey;y rFdk; vd;Wk; tpjit vjpNu tuy;> G+idf; FWf;fpLjy;> xw;iwg; ghHg;gd;
vjpNu tuy; Nghd;wit nfl;l epkpj;jk; MFk;. rFdj;jpy; kf;fSf;F ek;gpf;if
cz;L vd;gij gonkhopfs; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
fhfk; fiujy;
fhfk; fj;jpdhy; tpUe;jpdH tUtH vd;gJ mf;fhyk; ,f;fhyk; tiu
jkpohpilNa epytp tUk; ek;gpf;if MFk;.
“kWtpy; J}tpr; rpWfUq; fhf;if
md;Gil kugpdpd; fpisNah lku”
vd;fpwJ FWe;njhif. fhf;iff;F czT ,l;l gpwJ cztUe;Jk; gof;fk;
jkpohpilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. mJ mtHfspd; Kd;NdhHfis epidj;J czT
,Lfpd;wdH.
KbTiu
‘njhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lk;’ vd;w gonkhopf;F Vw;g fz;zhy; fhzhky;
mwpTf; nfhz;L MuhAk; Kd;NdhH toq;fpaij mg;gbNa Vw;W elf;Fk;
gof;ftof;fq;fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk; gy ,d;Wk; mopahky; jkpohpilNa ,Ue;J
tUfpd;wd.
Jizepd;w E}w;fs;
1. Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy – Iadhhpjdhh;

2. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;T – rf;jpNty;
3. gz;ghl;L khdpltpay; - gf;jtr;ry ghujp.


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The Origins of Tamil Civilization
M.Arul Darwin, A.P. of English & Dr. S Suresh Pandi A. P. of Economics,

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Constituent College, Nagalapuram, Thoothukudi Dist.
Abstract
The paper deals with the evidences based on the excavations in 1920 - 22 at Harappa
& Mohenjodaro (now Pakistan) confirmed the existences of a hitherto unknown civilization
in the Indus Valley are nearly proto Tamils. Contacts with dated phases of Mesopotamian
civilizations showed that the great cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, built of brick,
including well constructed houses, a regular city plan and an elaborate covered drainage
system, were flourishing before and after 2350 BC. After this discovery the Indus Valley took
its place with Mesopotamia and Egypt as the home of one of the oldest evolved civilizations
of the world. It is evident from the excavated material that the civilization was essentially
indigenous in character. Hence, the paper scrutinizes the facts as revealed from the research
facts as enunciated by Prof Ra. Mathivanan and authentic evidences in regard to Tamil
Civilization.
Keywords: Tamils, Origin, Civilization, Harappa, Mohenjadaro, Prof Ra. Mathivanan.
The archeological research and the signs exist that Harappa and Mohenjodaro which
were emphatically invigorated fortresses with rectangular watchtowers at standard interims
were seats of brought together government taking after that of dictatorial organizations or
minister lords who joined the mainstream and religious organization, like sanctuary leaders of
Ur in Mesopotamia. Seventy-five littler destinations have been related to a separation
between the two outrageous purposes of in excess of 1000 miles North to South, and 300
miles East to West. Its territory surpassed contemporary civic establishments in
Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran.
The Harappa site, shockingly, fell under the control of block diggers and this
vandalism is one of the best misfortunes to paleohistory as generally more information about
the Indus Valley culture would have been accessible. Unearthings have uncovered nine
occupation levels, one over the other, showing significant lots of thriving and after that
decrease. It was at last surrendered around 1700 BC. Notwithstanding staying houses, there
were efficient laborers' quarters, workers' stages for beating grains, and storehouses. Tops of
structures were level and were made of wood, reed and mud. Dividers were regularly 5 feet
thick and the extent of the normal house was 35 ft by 35 ft with a few rooms put around a
focal patio. A lion's share of the houses were two stories high and some were significantly


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higher. They seem very much planned and agreeable, with most having restrooms and a
roundabout well.
The most striking structure at Harappa is the "Incomparable Granary" with
measurements of 168 X 135 feet, potentially filling in as an open stockpiling, and at
Mohenjodaro, the "Incomparable Bath", perhaps utilized for religious or stylized washing.
The component of a huge royal residence was 242 X 112 feet and another was 177 X 116
feet.
Their arrangement of seepage is the most total old framework yet found and may
nearly be named "present day". A block lined channel streamed down each road and into this
fundamental channel ran little tributary channels from the houses on either side. The channels
were secured over with block laid a couple of crawls underneath road level and which could
be lifted if important, to investigate or clean. The lanes keep running in straight lines from
East to West and are crossed by others at right points going north to South, making these
urban areas to be viewed as the soonest models yet found where a plan of town arranging
existed. Wherever the impression is of request and symmetry. A portion of the principle
avenues of Mohenjodaro are of significant size. Sir John Marshall the master paleologist has
wondered about the arranged city and waste framework and says that such brilliant structures
were never found in some other antiquated progress. Some slight contrasts in the pottery
found in Harappa and Mohenjodaro drove analysts to the end that Harappa was more
seasoned than Mohenjodaro. Their boats cruised from the western port of Lottal uncovered in
what is currently Gujarat.
The skeletal remains have a place with heterogeneous races. The two urban areas
appear to have been cosmopolitan as they had a coasting populace attributable to their
business character. The valley had flanks open to the interruption of different races and the
inside was involved from times prehistoric by races of nearly lower phases of advancement.
The fundamental supply of the general population had affinities with the Mediterranean
individuals. Different sorts found were Austro-Asiatic and some Mongolian and Alpine
individuals from the Central Asiatic good countries. The internments contained expansive
accumulations of pots numbering 15 to 40. The dead wore trimmings - shell bangles, pieces
of jewelry, anklets of glue dabs, a copper finger ring, and hoops of flimsy copper wire.
In their stoneware there is everything from gigantic capacity jolts down through a
wide scope of family unit utensils to minor fragile residential holders. Stoneware is wheel-
made and all around terminated and for the most part demonstrates a thick red texture,
frequently treated with a brilliant red slip. There are putting forth stands, containers, glasses
and saucers, flagons, dishes, bowls, spoons, radiators, cooking pots and water pitchers.
Painted plans incorporate foliated and geometrical gadgets, for the most part between locking
circles, vase, brush, and scale themes. Can articles included took care of copper reflects (the
copper, when cleaned, needed to accomplish for the still unfamiliar glass), antimony poles,
shell spoons and mother of pearl shells.


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Different things found are etches, tomahawks, saws, blades, lances and sharpened
stones, even a copper razor; likewise fish snares, needles, searing skillet and even a supper
dish with spread. There are bone and ivory objects, statuettes in stone and red sand stone with
subtleties worked out with outrageous authenticity and aesthetic ability. Despite the fact that
preceding the Greco-Roman statuary by around 2000 years, it can without much of a stretch
stand correlation with it. There were likewise decorated work and high-class small scale
statuary.
Of the extensive number of earthenware human puppets found at Harappa, the larger
part are female, bare, aside from a limited support round the hips. Many wear a particular
fan-like hood at the back of the head and are embellished with abundant adornments.
Comparable highlights support the conviction that they were holy pictures speaking to the
"Incomparable Mother Goddess" whose pictures are found in extensive numbers in Iran,
Mesopotamia and Egypt. Male dolls were bare and for the most part whiskery and wore long
hair at the back. The dolls were displayed by hand and painted red. There were similitudes
with such items found in the Middle East around the second thousand years B.C. Creature
and fledgling puppets were additionally found in vast numbers.
The figural workmanship is likewise delineated by steatite seals bearing life-like
portrayals of such creatures as Brahamani bull, jokester, tiger, rhino, crocodile, unicorn, a
human figure with horns and a tail, and a horned tiger. The seals additionally bear short
engravings in pictographic content. The plastic craftsmanship was additionally very much
created. Decorations are of numerous materials - earthenware, shell, copper, bronze, globules,
valuable metals overlays with gold, ivory, carnelian and different stones. Accessories and
pendants of dots of semi-valuable stones are generally normal. Square plate formed carved
carnelian globules embellished with white plans like those of Mesopotamia and Iran have
additionally been found, to show exchange with those neighbors toward the west. Gold
neckbands, armlets, bangles, finger rings and filets for head wear were worn both by people
while carnelian dots, hoops, nose studs, anklets and funnel shaped head adornments were
worn only by ladies.
The most attributes of all articles found are the seals and sealings. Some Indus Valley
seals found in Mesopotamian destinations have set up the nearby associations between the
two societies and to fix a date for the Indus Valley human progress. The date of the Indus
Valley has been fixed with some conviction as contemporaneous with the early dynastic time
of Babylonia - around 2500 - 1800 B.C. It must be recalled that it relies upon Mesopotamian
order, and any change of the last should involve a comparing re-dating of the Indus Valley
finds. Copper and bronze were utilized for making household utensils, actualizes, statuettes
and adornments. The absolute nonappearance of iron made executes demonstrates that they
had a place with the Bronze Age.
Horticulture was the primary occupation. They developed wheat, grain and date palm
and were meat eaters. The presence of block lined road depletes and downpour water pipes,


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the general utilization of block in development and the portrayal of the seals of creatures, for
example, the tiger, rhino, elephant and wild oxen which support wet living space
demonstrated that the Indus Valley delighted in substantial precipitation. They bargained crop
surplus to import fundamental crude materials, for example, metals and different wares. The
design was plain and utilitarian. The point appears to have been to make life agreeable as
opposed to sumptuous. Their religion appears to have included "Mother Goddess", and trees
and creature adore.
It is sure that they were of non-Aryan racial stock and exceptionally edified, having
an elevated requirement of workmanship and craftsmanship and a well-created arrangement
of pictographic composition that had existed for an extensive period before the entry of Indo-
Aryans. It may be the case that they were intruders as their settlements have likewise been
found in Baluchistan. They were most likely as of now profoundly enlightened before they
entered the nation. Practically all specialists call the development "proto-Dravidian" and
many are of the conclusion that they are the progenitors of Tamils.
Prof Ra. Mathivanan, an examination researcher, has verified that letters found in the
Harappa engravings were antiquated Tamil. The pictographic composition found under an
artistic creation on a stone development in the South Arcot locale of Tamil Nadu was
equivalent to that found in the Indus Valley. A four foot long block discovered amid
unearthings in the Karunool region of Andrapradesh has engravings in Indus Valley letters. A
seal discovered amid unearthings in Anaicoddai in Eelam contained both Indus Valley letters
and brahmic content. The sum total of what these have been converted into advanced Tamil.
More proof of who the Indus Valley individuals were is found in the interpretations of
the Vedas ( which were composed by the Aryans who came to India somewhere in the range
of 3500 years prior) by H.H. Wilson, Ralph Griffith, and A.A. McDonnell and A.B. Keith in
English and by M.R. Sambunatha Iyer in Tamil. The Indus Valley individuals are portrayed
as noseless, dark and pagan brutes. They are called Dravidians, Thasar, Thayook, Asurar,
Arakkar, Rakshather and Sutra. They are likewise depicted as enemies of divine beings,
chandalas, milechas, children of whores and in numerous other unfavorable terms. Be that as
it may, their strength and battling capacities are applauded. There are a few reference to the
town of Hariyupa (later moved toward becoming Harappa). A portion of the many significant
lords of the Thasar (Tamils) alluded to in the Vedas are Samparan, Varacinan, Viruthiran and
Susunan with whom the Aryans took on numerous conflicts. These evidences are widely seen
and have authentic proofs of tamil civilization all over the world.
References
1. Epigraphiga Indica, Vol. VII, 8/3, p.133.

2. T.V. Sadasiva Pandarathar, Pirkala Solar Varalaru (T), Annamalai University,
Annamalainagar, 1979, p. 270.


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3. V. Balambal, Studies in Chola History, Kalinga Pubulications, New Delhi, 2010, p. 35.
4. A.R.E., 257 of 1939-40.
5. K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, Studies in Chola History and Administration, University of
Madras, Madras, 1932, p.210.
6. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Op.cit., p. 211.
7. K.K. Pillai, Tamilaga Varalarum Makkal Panpadum (T), Tamil Nadu Text Book
Society, Madras, 1973, p. 23.


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Archaeological Vestiges of Palur
Mrs.R.Brinda Kumari, Assistant Professor of History,

Meenakshi College for Women (Autonomous), Kodambakkam, Chennai -600 024
Abstract
Palur (12 46'N latitude and 95 55'E longitude) is situated in Chingleput Taluk of
Kanchipuram District, in Tamil Nadu, it is a small village about 12km away from chingleput
town, on the highway leading from Chinglepet to Kanchipuram. There is a railway station
known as palur railway station. There are frequent bus services from Chingleput as well as
from Kanchipuram to reach Palur. On the eastern side Reddipalalyam, on western side
Melacheri, on northwestern side Kongananjeri on southeastern side Villiyambakkam served
as the boundary village to the Palur. This village covers an area of 2341.25 hectares and
situated on nortern bank of river Palar. The paper studies the evidences related to it.
Keywords: Archaeological, Vestiges, Palur
Excavations at Palur
The Department of Ancient History And Archaeology, University of Madras has
undertaken field explorations at Palur in 2000. After this explorations the Department
conducted excavations at Palur from 2001 to 2005, for about five seasons under the
Directorship of Dr.P.Shanmuga and then under Dr. Ekarmbaranathan
Nearly 7 trenches were laid in these five seasons. They are as follows:
PLR - 1 in 2001,
PLR - 2, PLR -3, PLR -4 In 2002,
PLR - 5 in 2003
PLR - 6 in 2004 and
PLR - 7 in 2005.
From PLR - 1 to PLR - 7, all the trenches were laid at different parts on an
archaeological mound called Nathamedu situated on the northeastern side of the Patangesvara
temple. These trenches were laid to assess the general character of the habitation deposits at
the place and to determine its cultural sequences. The Excavation unfolded the presence of
two cultural periods, namely: Period - I and Period - II respectively. Period – I (3rd Century
B.C to 3rd Century A.D)
The earliest time limit of the period - 1 (3rd century B.C) is determined on the basis of the
occurrence of black and red ware, all black ware and painted ware.
Habitation layers assignable to this period are as follows:
PLR-1: (4) and (5)


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PLR-2: (5),(6),(7)
PLR-3: (3),(4),(5)
PLR-4: (4),(5),(6)
PLR-5: (5),(6)
PLR-6: (3),(4)
PLR-7: (5),(6),(7)
The second period (3rd Century A.D. to 9th Century A.D.) is characterized by the
occurrence of red slipped ware and coarse red ware. In this level, survivals of the potteries
found in Period I are available a few in number. This Period is represented in the following
layers
PLR-1: (1),(2),(3)
PLR-2: (1),(2),(3),(4)
PLR-3: (1),(2)
PLR-4: (1),(2),(3)
PLR-5: (1),(2),(3),(4)
PLR-6: (1),(2),(3),(4)
PLR-7: (1),(2),(3),(4)
Pottery
Pottery is very much associated with mankind right from Neolothic age in South India
and it becomes an inseparable unit of many cultural traits. This early historical site, which
was excavated for the five seasons from 2001 to 2005 had yielded a variety of pot sherds. On
the basis of ceramic types unearthed from the site, they can be broadly categorized as:
 Black ware
 Black and Red ware
 Rouletted ware
 Red slipped ware
 Russet coated and Painted ware
 Coarse Red Ware
(a) Black Ware
Black ware is a high quality ware among the South Indian potteries. Both interior and
exterior of this ware are black in colour. It is found in association with the black and red
ware. It was made out of well levigated clay and has a glossy appearance. It is wheel turned
and fired to a medium or high temperature. Both interior and exterior of this ware are black
in colour.
(b) Black and Red Ware
The black and red ware an unique pottery in the Iron age sites. This type of pottery
that undergoes inverted firing (to turn upside down). Due to this firing technique it is always
black in the interior. It was inside black colour and outside red colour. The common shapes
are dish, bowl, conical vessels and fine shaped lid.


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(c) Rouletted Ware

The excavations at Palur yielded a few sherds of rouletted ware sherds. It was made
out of well levigated clay. The pottery shows perfect firing under reducing conditions. Few
rim and body portions of rouletted sherds are recovered in PLR-7. The presence of this kind
of potsherds in the excavations normally endorsed the Roman connection with India.
(d) Russet Coated and Painted Ware
The russet coated and painted red ware and the russet coated and painted black ware
are the two varieties of this type which are generally described as russet coated and painted
ware. It is found in the 1st century B.C. in South India Presence of this ware was recorded in
every trench in association with black and red ware of Iron Age culture. It was made out of
well levigated clay using fine grained sand mixed with the charcoal straw and organic
materials. It was wheel made. Compare to black and red ware sherds, the russet coated are
available less in number. By using line or kaolin painting design where executed over the
pottery.
(f) Red Slipped Ware
This kind of pottery was a wheel made pottery made out of fine levigated clay. A slip
of red colour was applied to this type of pottery.
(g) Coarse red ware
It is a dull red ware made out of impure clay mixed with sand and grass. The surface
is rough and uniformly fired. It is entirely different from the black and red ware and red
slipped ware. It is in usage from the earliest period to the modern days. The potteries are in
different shapes.
Important Antiquities
The antiquities available in the excavation could be classified as
 Terracotta Objects
 Glass Objects
 Metal Objects
 Stone Objects
A few of terracotta objects such a spindle whorl, ear ornaments, seals and
hopscotches were recovered.
Glass objects such as beads and bangle pieces in different colours and shapes are also
found during the excavations.
Metal objects such as Iron spearhead, iron chisel, nails and copper coins are collected
in the excavation. Besides, stone objects like rubbing stones are also excavated in this site.
All these antiquities throw a flood of light on the material life of the people at Palur in the
early centuries of Christian era.
Conclusion
The foregoing pages gleaned that Palur, initially started as a micro settlement in
around 3rd Century B.C., grown up into a major, township and served as the headquarters of


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a Nadu in the medieval period. During the time of excavations at Nathamedu in Palur
different types of potteries, terracotta objects, minor antiquities and iron objects like nails,
slags, chisel and pieces of slightly rusted iron objects were exposed.
The study revealed that the people were first settled in the Nathamedu area and later
on moved to the present settlement on southern side. The traces of iron smelting noticed in
the excavation, indicate that iron smelting activity was in practice during the early historical
times.
References
1. S.Gurumoorthy, Archaeology and Tamil Culture, Madras University Publications,

Chennai, 1974.
2. H.D.Sankalia , Indian Archaeology Today , Asia Publications, Bombay, 1962.
3. K.S.Ramachandran, Archaeology of South India, Sundeep Prakasan Publications,
1980.


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Political Condition during the Chola’s as Gleaned from

Inscriptions of Thirunavalur
E. Jeeva, Ph.D., Full Time Research Scholar,

Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology, Chennai - 08.
Abstract
The history of Tamilnadu has many things to contribute to religion, art and culture.
One may notice that national wealth is innumerably sacred and holy temples have been
decorating the spiritual land of Tamils. Most of the temples contain valuable inscriptions
which serve as the most authentic sources for reconstructing the ancient history. Among such
ancient temples, the Thirunavalur temple is one of the few living South Indian temples with a
rich past. Hence, the paper decodes such evidences.
Keywords: Political Condition, Cholas , Inscriptions, Thirunavalur
Among the many reputed towns of South India, a unique place is enjoyed by the
Thirunavalur because of its hoary past spiritual and cultural greatness. It has also the rare
distinction of having been one of the seat of the Chola power. Thirunavalur is situated at a
distance of about 28 kms from villupuram. On the villupuram to Trichy National Highway, at
the Gedilam junction. The Temple is 12 kms from Panruti on the Panruti to Ulundoorpettai
road and it is 15 kms from Ulundoorpettai. The temple is now called Bhaktajaneshwara. This
Sanskrit name is represented in the inscriptions if the temple by its Tamil equivalent
Thiruthondishwara. Both names refer to the 63 devotees of Shiva (Thiruthondishwara or
Bhakthajaneshwara), whose lives are narrated in the periyapuranam and one of whom is
supposed to have been a chief of Thirunavalur itself. An inscription of the Chola king
Paranthaka I. States that the stone temple of Thiruthondishwara was built by his son
Rajadityadeva. Hence it is also called Rajadityesvara in some of its inscriptions.1
The inscriptions of the Cholas and their feudatories are found in the
Thiruthondishwara temple of Thirunavalur. These are the primary source of reconstructing
the political condition of Thirunavalur region. Most of the epigraphs mentioned the
endowments and gifts made in the form of lands, villages, jewel, lamps, etc. The donors
mentioned in the inscriptions are mainly the rulers, feudal chiefs, the officials, the merchants
the devaradiyars and the people.2
Administration
During the Chola period the Chola country founded by Vijayalaya had Tanjavur as its
capital, with river Godavari on the north, Kanniyakumari in the south, Bay of Bengal on the


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east and the Arabian sea on the west as its boundaries.3 From the inscriptions, we come to
know that Thirunavalur region had formed a part of Chola dynasty.
Administrative units
The Chola divided their empire into several units for administration namely
mandalams, valanadus, nadus, and oor.4
Mandalam
The “Mandalam” or province was the largest division of Chola administration, which
correlate to the present day “state” there were ten mandalams, in the Chola empire namely.
Chola manadalam,5 Tondaimandalam, Rajarajamandalam. Adiraja mandalam, Vikramachola
Mandalam. Mudikonda Cholamandalam, Malaimandalam, Mummudichaola mandalam and
Vengimandalam. Among them Thirunavalur was in “Jayangonda chola Mandalathau
Thirumunaipadi Melur Nattu thirunavalur”6 and from the Rajaraja-I inscriptions of
Thiruthondishwara temple, we come to know the other mandalans i.e. Chola mandalam and
Naduvil mandalam.7
Valanadu
Each Mandalam was subdivided into Valandus. “Valanadu” is equivalent to present
day district. Since these Valanadus, assumed the names of the respective king, with the
change of king the name was also changed. Besides a valanadu which was one unit in the
reign of one king got bifurcated into two Valanadus under another king.8
Thirunavalur region formed a part of Nadu Nadu, Rajaraja valanadu, Rajandra Chola
valanadu,9 Mathurantha valanadu, Gangaikonda Chola valanadu, Meykunra valanadu,10
Nittavinoda valanadu, Uyyakodar valanadu, Virarajendra valanadu, etc., successively.
Nadu
Each Valanadu within was divided into a number of nadus which were sometimes
known as Kurram. Those nadus can be compared with the present day taluks. From the
inscriptions of Tithuthondishwar temple, it is found that the Thirunavalur region formed a
part of Thirumunaipadi Melur nadu, Amur nadu, keezhamur nadu, Kundrathur nadu,
Peruganur nadu, Valaiyur nadu, Senkunda nadu,11 Narippali nadu, Tenkal nadu,
Therumunai pati nadu, Melataki meykunra nadu, Kunrattu nadu, etc., successively.
Village
The Village was the loweet unit to of the administration and was governed by an
assembly council. The Thirunavalur Thiruthondishwar temple inscriptions gives the
information that “Alunganam” a village as simply was functioning there. Thirumaligai Sabha
was also attached to the village administration.12
King
The king was the centre of the monarchical form of government who was ordained to
take care of the public. The kingship was hereditary. He was the head of the administration
and his presence and authority was felt throughout the empire.


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It was the custom of the kings to visit their kingdom personally and enquire with
officials in order to understand the condition and grievances of their citizens. The government
officials would bring all important issues to the attention of the king and would issue certain
orders to solve the problem.
Government officials
The rulers administered their kingdom with the assistance of ministers. The ministry
was advisory body and it assisted rulers. The advisory bodies were classified as Peruntharam
(higher grade) and Sirutharam (lower grade).13 The inscriptions of this temple also disclose
that Peruntharam officials were serving in the Thiruthondishwara temple administration.
Duties of the officials
There were many officials in the administration. The officer who wrote down the royal
decrees passed by the king from time to time on palm leaves was known as Tirumandira
Olai. An inscription shows that Meenavan Marayan and Moovendhavelan wrote monarch
orders.
During the reigns of the Cholas, the Thirumaligai assembly members were the
Brahmins and the administration of the temple was conferred on the government officials.14
The kings used to honour their government servants by conferring several titles. The
Thirunavalur Thiruthondishwara temple inscriptions evidence exhibits the fact that the
government officials were concerned with such titles. Among them the titles of Brahmarayan
and Brahmadhirayah were conferred only on the officials belonging to the Brahmin
community.15
Army
The King was the head of the army and the navy. Usually, the king used to different
keep of army to protect themselves and their kingdoms. The Chola king Vijayalaya was able
to vanquish Mutharayar and founded the Chola kingdom which developed the Chola empire
in to the regime by Chola Rajaraja I. It was due to the expansion of the Chola army. The
Cholas had several sections in the army such as the infantry, elephant corps, the navy, the
cavalry and the chariot force etc.16
Kings of those days were able to display their might and extent their region over seas
with their powerful naval forces. We are able to understand form the prasati “Kandalurchalai
Kalamaruth Earuliya” of Rajaraja I that the Cholas had a powerful navy.
Rajendra I invaded Eelam (Srilanka) in C.E. 1017 and conquered it. There are
inscriptions of his time in Srilanka to evidence this historical fact. Since he conquered Eelam,
he assumed the title “Maduraiyam Eelumum Konda Prakesari Verman.”17
Village Administration
The Chola period was famous for local administration. It was the village
administrative system that ensured that all the orders and beneficiary plans of the kings under
the monarchy percolated to the village public. It was only during the Chola regime the village
administrative system excelled.


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The Uttaramerur inscription give a vivid account of the functioning of the

administrative bodies in the village.18 One can trace the successful role of the Cholas and for
the peaceful life led by the people under the village assembly constituted in every village.
Sabha of the village was elected under the “Kudavolai system.”19 It played prominent
role during the Chola period in the local administration.
Thirunavalur functioned more efficiently under the executive members of the village
administration. The inscriptions from Thirunavalur show the existence of Sabha and
performance of the assemblies, enabled inscribing royal decrees on the inscriptions. The
public litigations in the village, attending the temple administration, the management of the
temple and its affairs, the administration20 of justice, etc.
Thus the Thirunavalur inscriptions form as a main source material to trace the
political history of the people during the medieval Chola period.
References
3. K.A. Nilakanta Satri, The Colas, University of Madras, Madras, 1955, p. 310.
4. R.K. Mookerji, Local Government of Ancient India, New Era Publication, New Delhi,
1958, p. 39.
5. A.R.E. 360 of 1902.
6. T.V. Mahalingam, South Indian Polity, University of Madras, Madras, 1955, pp. 23-25.
7. A.R.E., 252, 253, 254 of 1939-40.
8. T.V. Sadasiva Pandarathar, Op.cit., p. 280.
9. A.R.E., 361 of 1902, 260 of 1939-40.
10. Ibid., 350, 361 of 1902.
11. Y. Subbarayalu, The political geography of the Chola country, Department of
Archaeology, 1974, Madras, p. 76.
12. T.V.Mahalingam, Op.cit., p. 210.
13. M.S. Govindasamy, The Role of Feudatories in the later Chola History, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar, 1979, p. 21.
14. V. Balambal, Studies in Chola History, Kalinga Pubulications, New Delhi, 2010, p. 35.
15. A.R.E., 257 of 1939-40.
16. K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, Op.cit., p. 260.
17. K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, Studies in Chola History and Administration, University of
Madras, Madras, 1932, p.210.
18. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Op.cit., p. 211.


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19. K.K. Pillai, Tamilaga Varalarum Makkal Panpadum (T), Tamil Nadu Text Book
Society, Madras, 1973, p. 23.
20. N. Subramaniyan, Tamilaka Varalaru (T), Ennes Publication, Madurai, 1973, p. 242.


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A Bird View about Ravana’s Sigiriya Palace as an Archeological Evidence

S. Meenaatchi, Ph.D. Music, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.
Abstract
The article is about the chronicled and proof of extraordinary ruler lord Ravana in
SriLanka. He is depicted as an extraordinary adherent of Shiva, an incredible researcher, an
able ruler and a maestro of the Veena, however somebody who wished to overwhelm the
Devas. His dad was Visravas (child of Pulastya, one of the maker Prajapati) and mother
Nikasa. His ten heads speak as far as anyone is concerned of the six shastras and the four
Vedas. Ravana is likewise portrayed as the writer of the Ravana Samhita, a book on Hindu
crystal gazing, and the Arka Prakasham, a book on Siddha drug and treatment. It is said that
he composed a book of Ayurveda solutions for newborn children on the solicitation of his
significant other. Likewise he utilized the drug for his kin and the warrior who battled for
him.
Keywords: - Ravana, Sigiriya, Ten face, Lion, Pushpakavimana, Fountain of liquid magma
Ravana and his castle structure
Ravana had a considerable appearance with his ten heads (thus he is otherwise called
Dasakantha and Panktigriva) and twenty arms. His body was shrouded in scars, won in
unlimited fights with the divine beings. Three injuries, specifically, were from the plate of
Vishnu, the jolt of Indra, and the tusk of Airavata, the elephant of Indra. Through his
dedication and retribution to the extraordinary god Brahma, Ravana was made strong and had
the ability to accept any structure he wished from men to mountains to death itself. He was
powerful to the point that he could cause seismic tremors and tempests. He was an
extraordinary fan of Lord Shiva. Ravana would contemplate for quite a long time at a
conclusion to please him. Regardless of how he was as a human, one couldn't deny that he
was an enthusiastic aficionado. Ruler Shiva was so awed by him that he offered on him the
ability to utilize divine weapons, a respect that just a persevering enthusiast could procure.
In Ramayana, Pushpaka Vimana which Ravana utilized while snatching Sita, it was
the flying item that Ravana imagined (Within folklore). This story just demonstrates that his
insight wasn't simply restorative, yet additionally logical. He had a curve towards
development and thought of his novel vehicle. Hence, for Sri Lankans, even the beginning of
the war among Ravana and Lord Rama is altogether different. Indians trust that none of it had
happened had Ravana not snatched Sita. Notwithstanding, the Sri Lankans trust that
everything began with Lakshmana removing Surpanakha's nose after she proposed Lord
Rama. For them, what Ravana did was whatever an elder sibling would have done to
vindicate the damage caused to his more youthful sister. Sri Lankans don't revere Ravana as a


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divine being nevertheless they view him as an incredible lord for all that he is celebrated to
do. For them, he was the ruler who opposed intruders. For them, he is the disastrous saint
who was double-crossed by his own siblings when he attempted to vindicate his sister's
respect.
In SriLanka, there is a spot known as Sigiriya which elucidates the draftsman

significance of King Ravana. On the highest point of the stone, there are numerous strange
certainties that are as yet unexplainable even by the archeologists today. This is a solid shake
(660ft) considered as eighth miracle of the world. It has a level top, which appears someone
cut off on top. The engineer structure is astounding so that we wonder how the King Ravana
and manufacturers of that time (1500 years prior) constructed.
The Sigiriya Rock is really a solidified magma plug from a wiped out fountain of
liquid magma. The most critical element of the stone would be the Lion staircase prompting
the castle garden. The Lion could be imagined as an enormous figure transcending against the
stone bluff. The opened mouth of the Lion prompts the staircase worked of blocks and
timber. Anyway the main survives from this lofty structure are the two paws and the stone
work dividers encompassing it. All things considered the cuts and forests in the stone face
give an impression of a lion figure. The term Sigiriya begins from the word Sihagri, for
example Lion Rock. No less than, three million blocks are found over the stone which was
utilized in development here, and there is an inquiry still raised how they moved these blocks
from ground to the highest point of the stone which is 660ft in stature.
Smooth white marble stones are utilized for venture inside the royal residence and for
washing pool, which isn't local to that place. We can scarcely discover, 1000 marble squares
which gauge fifteen pounds. Another interesting element is that, there is no staircase from
ground to climb top where the castle is. Metal stairs where built just amid a century ago. It
takes two hours to climb the stone presently utilizing these stairs. The means where
extremely restricted before just on a ground level, with the goal that none could get on up and
see. There is a substantial water tank, which is the world's biggest solid water tank. This is
made by scooping out tons and huge amounts of stone from strong shake. This whole tank is
90ft long and 60ft wide with 7ft profundity. This implies about 3500 tons rock scooped out
without crude devices. The characteristic of scooping out the stone shows up as a long snake
like example, as if reminds like when a frozen yogurt is scooped out. The water in the tank
stays full even in overwhelming summer, it isn't dried or overflown notwithstanding for once.
This is viewed as bath of Ravana by local people. On the ground level, splendid passage has
been built by joining two immense rocks, which still a question mark to the specialists how
was this conceivable in that period. A few sides of the stone royal residence, contain forests
which are cubic fit as a fiddle, a vast entire, some profound even cuts ninety degree vertical
which are cut.


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The western mass of Sigiriya was predominantly secured by frescoes, made amid the
rule of Kasyapa. Eighteen frescoes have made due right up 'til the present time. The frescoes
are delineating naked females and are viewed as either the representations of Kasyapa' s
spouses and courtesans or priestess performing religious ceremonies. Regardless of the
obscure personality of the females delineated in the frescoes, these exceptional old artworks
are praising female magnificence and have extraordinary recorded importance.
A standout amongst the most striking highlights of Sigiriya is its Mirror divider. In
the days of yore it was cleaned so altogether that the ruler could see his appearance in it. The
development of such a landmark on a gigantic shake around 200 meters higher from the
encompassing scene required progressed building and designing aptitudes. The patio
nurseries of Sigiriya are among the most seasoned arranged gardens on the planet. Sigiriya
has water greenery enclosures, cavern and rock gardens, and furthermore terraced patio
nurseries. They are situated in the western piece of the stone and are with a complex pressure
driven framework, which comprises of waterways, locks, lakes, dams, spans, wellsprings, just
as surface and underground water siphons. In the blustery season, all channels are loaded up
with water, which starts to course through the entire territory of Sigiriya.
On either side of the street that leads from the western passage of the complex to the
stone greenhouse and Sigiriya shake are a couple of rectangular pools (photograph to one
side). Just before the pools are a progression of limestone wellsprings that are gravity
sustained from the storages at the second and more elevated amount of patio nursery two (the
wellsprings are appeared in the photograph to one side). Amid the stormy season they keep
on working. The royal residence and fortification complex is perceived as one of the best
instances of old urban arranging. The site quickly pulled in the consideration of students of
history and archeologists, however just during the 1980s real unearthings occurred here.
One of the two split stone passages that lead from the rock patio nurseries to the
terraced greenhouses. This is made by two rocks supporting each other like a curve so as to
confine the foe section in a constrained manner, so that Ravana could assault effectively.
Among the most noteworthy parts of the urban structure at Sigiriya are its arranging
arithmetic and all out plan idea. The arrangement of the city depends on an exact square
module. The design broadens outward from the directions at the focal point of the royal
residence complex over the stone. The eastern and western passages are legitimately lined up
with the focal east-west hub. The imperial water gardens and the canals and defenses of the
western area depend on a "reverberation" plan, which copies the format on either side of the
north-south and east-west tomahawks. In its absolute origination Sigiriya speaks to a splendid
mix of ideas of symmetry and asymmetry in an intentional interlocking of geometrical
arrangement and regular structure.


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Considering the uniqueness of Sigiriya UNESCO announced it a World Heritage site

in 1982. Sigiriya is an unmatched mix of urban arranging, water designing, cultivation and
expressions.
References
1. Inscriptions and portrayal.

2. Internet and antiquarianism recordings
3. Magazine
4. Buddhist Monarchy
5. Hindu religion Epic
Archaeological Evidences
A Birds view of Ravana’s palace The Side View The Tank
The Top View The Gate Way


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Marine Archaeological Museum at Poompuhar
Dr.B. Murugeswari Dr.A. Muniyandi

Assistant Professor of History Principal
M.V.Muthiah Government Arts Sri V.P.R. College of Education
College for Women, Dindigul Theni-District
Abstract
Archaeology is the scientific study of antiquity by analysing the material remains of

ancient human occupations. It embraces the whole range of ancient culture – architecture,
epigraphy, sculpture and paintings, ceramics cults, industry, institution and history. Thus it is
an empirical discipline concerned with the recovery, systematic description and study of old
artifacts. It helps us ‘looking back into the past and see where we came from and how we
have made our way from the Stone Age to the Space Age. This paper tries to study the
remnants and preserved evidences related to Poompuhar.
Keywords: Marine, Archaeological Museum, Poompuhar
As archaeology aims at studying the human cultural and social past, it has an
obvious alliance with history. History narrates the past with the aid of textual references that
were coexistent with the past. Archaeology relies on material remains and monuments. Both
these disciplines converge to give us a right perspective of the past; one supplementing the
other. Hence Archaeology is essentially a method of reconstructing the past from the
surviving traces of former societies. Both archaeology and history are concerned with the
study of human past. Archaeology presents another method of approach to history, a study of
human cultures through the material remains. Archaeology studies the story of man’s past
through his material remains. The word Archaeological comes from the Greek word
‘Archaios’ means ancient and ‘Logos’ means theory or science.
TamilNadu is famous for a number of ports on the eastern seacoast. The ports of
sopatanam, Kaverippumpattinam, Tranquebar, Karaikkal, Periyapattinam and Kanyakumari
are mentioned in the chronicles of foreign travellers as well as in Sangam literature. Among
them Poompuhar was once a flourishing ancient port city known as Kaveripumpattinam.
Dynasties that ruled over TamilNadu the Cholas held a place of eastern and used this ancient
town as their post capital. Puhar in Tamil means the estuary of rivers in the sea.
This port town has been mentioned and cited on the temple inscriptions, in ancient
literature and travelogues different names and its has been referred to as Kaganthi,
Sampapathi, PalarpukarMoothur, MannagathuVanpathi, cholapattinam, Kaberia Empourium
and Kolapattinam. There are frequent references to this important port town in ancient


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Tamil literature. Books like the Akananooru, Purnannooru, Pattinapalai, Pathiruppathu,

Muthollayiram, Silappathikaram, Manimekalai, Devaram, Thiruthondapuranam and
Nandhikkalampagam refer to this town. Ancient Pali literature like Milindapan,
BuutthaJathakakathaikal Abithamma Avathar and Buddhavamsakatha and the travelogues of
periplus, and MerrisErithroy contain the reference to Kaveripoompattinam. Ptolemy and
Pliny also mention poomphar in their writings.
Poompuhar is submerged under sea. Excavation work on the lost poompuhar city has
been in progress since 1910. The excavations conducted by Indian Archaeological
Deportment have revealed wells called Uraikinaru near the seashore. Pattinappalai a book
Sangam period speaks of these wells. The remains of the various buildings have been found
during the excavation in 1960-61. Remains of a brick building and a boat-jetty were
discovered at the Keezhaiyur area in Poompuhar. Archaeological water resevoir and the
remains of several buildings were also found. Relics of sixty feet of Buddha Vihar with
rectangular rooms were discovered at Pallavaneswaram. The Buddhapada or the feet of Lord
Buddha in limestone was unearthed. This Buddhapada in limestone resembles the marble feet
that was dug up from Amaravathi and Nagarjunakonda the Buddhist sites in Andra Pradesh.
Size of this Buddhapada 3½ x 2½ and it has two feet and holy symbols like flower the
poornakumbam and the swastika. Several other brick figures and copper coins were also
found. These coins were both rectangular and circular in shape. The Cholas emblems of the
tiger with the upright of the Sun were engraved on them. These coins are considered to be
those of KarikalaCholan. Recently the Archaeological Deportment of TamilNadu has
discovered the remains of several buildings of this period. The National institute of
Oceanography, Gao exploration of Poompuhar. The Ancient Priceline remain are exhibited in
the Marine Archaeological museum at Poompuhar.
Under-sea exploration resulted in a site museum. An exclusive underwater
Archaeological site museum was established at poompuhar to exhibit the antiquities
recovered from under water exploration. The museum inaugurated in the year 1997. Under
sea exploration was conducted by the state Department of Archaeological in collaboration
with the National Institute of Oceanography Goa, during 1990-94 and 1997.The undersea
Archaeological explorations around poompuhar throws light on the remains of Terracotta
ring wells, brick structures and lead ingots. The team also discovered storage jars in the inter
tidal Zone and brick structures, stone structures, pottery from offshore explorations.
The museum located at 24 km from Mayilduthurai, in the Srigazhi Taulk
Nagapattinam District was inaugurated in the year 1997. Antiquities recovered both from off-
shore and onshore exploration and excavation. Roman roulette sherd, Head of Buddha
(Terracotta) Buddhapadam (Terracotta), Big size bricks, Beads, Roman, Chinese Potteries,
Stamped potteries from Alagankulam Excavation, Wooden artifacts, Ring well megalithic
appendages, Chinese Jar, British cooling jar, Silambu, Terracotta Figurines, Lead Ingots and
Buddha Statue off poompuhar, stone sculpture of Ayyanar and models of ship.


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To conclude the aim of this museum is to give a total picture of human achievements
in the past, in a scientific manner. Not only that through the marine Aaechaeology survey we
made our civilization and passed it from the Stone Age to the Space Age.
References
1. R.Venkatraman , Indian Archaeology , Ennes Publications, Udumalpet, 1985.

Chennai, 1974.
4. K.S.Ramachandran, Archaeology of South India, Sundeep Prakasan Publications,
1980.
5. Pamphlet: Poompuhar Art Gallery, Department of Tourism, Tamil Nadu
Government, 1997.
6. The Economic Times, July 22, 2010.
7. The Hindu, 25 June 2012.


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Archaeological Vestiges of Kannur
Dr. (Mrs) J.D.Patrishiya Fernando, Assistant Professor of History,

Meenakshi College for Women (Autonomous), Kodambakkam, Chennai -600 024.
Abstract
Kannur is located to the west of Sriperumbudur and north of Sunguvarchatiram,

Thiruvallur District. The village at present bear only a recently built Siva temple called
Srimuhgaiswara temple. Some 20 years back, there were some vestiges of a buried temple,
scattered around the village. The temple originally belongs to Chola period but now the
temple has been renovated with modern architectural style. The image of Nandhi, Surya, and
Vishnu were found scattered around the village. The paper elicits the details regarding to the
evidences.
Keywords: Archaeology, Vestige, Kannur
The village Kannur was earlier denoted as kanrur. The toponomy of the village was
derived as Kanru + Ur, the term ‘Kanru’ in Tamil denotes the sapling or young tree and also
young calf of animals such as cow and sheep. The field survey shows that virtually offsprings
of coconut plants are grown in abundance whereas the Ur denotes the settlement. In course of
time the name Kanrur was changed into kannur.
Srimuhgaiswara temple facing towards east, enshrines the main deity in the linga
form and other accommodates the goddess Maragathambigai. The main shrine embellished
with the Garbagraha and ardhamandapa. The images of Vinayaka and subramanya are
enshrined in the kostha on either side of the entrance. Dvarapalaka is conspicuously absent in
this temple. The temple has simple architectural features, with simple adhisthana; the pithi
has devakosthas on the south embellished with Dakshinamurthy, west, and north. The
prastara has kudu motifs, above which rises the super structure vimana, which is in Vesara
style. Above the entrance, in a small niche, Siva and Parvathi are seated, which is built of
cement.
The Maragathambigai shrine also bear similar architectural features, but devoid of
devakosthas in the pilaster. Above the prastara raises the typical Dravidian vimana, with
three Kalasas on top. The super structure above the grabhagriha of the Amman statue is also
built in cement. The Amman statue is placed at the centre, on all the four cardinal directions
the image of lion is placed. A small Balipitha and square nandhi mandapa, with four pillars
are placed in an axial line.


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Ganesa Temple
There is a small temple dedicated to Lord Ganesa. The garbhagriha enshrines
Ganesa, with front mandapa with two round shaped pillars. The pillars pertains to the Chola
period, it is assumed the pillars pertains to the buried site of the ancient Siva temple. It is
located near the Srimuhaisvara temple.
Dilapidated Sculptures in Kannur
Surya
The Dilapidated sculpture of Surya is seen on the road side, which was once housed in
the ancient Siva temple. The Sculpture is buried upto his waist. The image is dilapidated
condition. He holds lotus flowers in his two hands. A thick yajnopavidha passes through his
chest. The waist band and drapery are clearly embellished. The image can be assigned to
Chola period 10th century A.D. There is another dilapidated temple near the new Siva temple.
The temple structure is completely encroached with Vegetation and ant hills inside the
garbagraha.
Nandhi
The ancient Nandhi is also seen on the road side. The sculpture is in a dilapidated
condition. The two small horns and small pendant is sculpted beautifully on its head. This
image also can be assigned to Chola period 10th Century 10th C.A.D.
Boundary Stone or Marking Stone
The lands were endowed to the Siva Temple were called Devadana lands.The Temple
and the Village Assembly controlled the Devadana lands. Sometimes, whole village was
granted as Devadana for carrying out daily worship and festivals. Likewise the land was also
endowed as Iraiyili to Temple, which was exempted from taxation. Iraiyili. For these kind of
lands there was a boundary stone planted to denote the boundaries of the donated land. The
boundary stone also called Marking stone adorned with the symbols of Trident Mark and
Circle mark was planted which was an ancient practice. The Tamil Lexicon mentions that the
boundary stone (vy;iyf;Fupa epUj;jq;fs;) is a stone planted to denote the boundary.
In order to represent this symbol, there is a boundary stone or marking stone is found
in front of the Pillar Temple very nearer to Mukeswara Temple (Siva temple) in kannur
Village which is 5 kilometers from Sriperumbadur taluk, Thiruvallur district. The Stone has
Trident Mark which facing upwards with blossom petals and Circle symbol mark. This sign
represents that the existence of Siva Temple in Kannur village and the circle denoted sun and


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star which represents that till existence of sun and star in the universe, the land donated to the
temple should maintained. These are some of the evidences of the place.
References

Chennai, 1974.


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Lord Siva as Candrasekharamurti - A Study
M.Srilatha, History Research Scholar,

V.V.V.College, Virudhunagar
Abstract
The cult of Siva known as Saivism is one of the oldest faiths in the world and most
widely spread in India. Siva means ‘in whom all things lie’, and connected to kind,
benevolent and friendly. The third among the Hindu Tirmurti. and in the Veda he was known
as Rudra ‘the terrible god’, the destroying deity but in the later times it became usual to give
that god the euphemistic name Siva the auspicious one’. Siva is identified with the symnbolic
form of Linga and the anthropomorphic forms like Bhairava, Nataraja, Virabhadramurti,
Umamaheswara, Daksinamurti, chandrasekharamurti, etc. The present paper is an attempt to
analyse the imagery of Siva as Daksinamurti in the context Konerirajapuram in south Indian
temple.
Keywords: Lord Siva, Candrasekharamurti
The silpasastra (e.g. Sritatvanidhi, (quoting Karanagama), Sakaladhikara of

Agastya, Kasyapiya and Sarasvatiyacitrakarmasastra) deal with an iconographical form,
called Candrasekharamurti. This form is not connected with Lingodbhava. The Karanagama,
cited in Sritatvanidhi, describes a simple form under the head, pancavimsati-lilamurti of siva.
Which appears to be the earliest canonified version. Candrasekhara is one among the twenty-
five sportive forms of the lord. He is caturbhuja holds in two hands the tanka and mrga, and
shows the abhaya and varada mudra in the other two. The face is broad and expression
benign.
The eyes resemble blossoming flowers. His crest bears the candra. Standing straight,
the image is samapada. The colour is of coral (cf. pavalakkunru in Tevaram) and if seated
appears on a padmapitha ‘lotus pedestal’ (Sritatvanidhi). The Silparatna, a 16th century work
of keral, talks of Candrasekhara in its 22nd chapter under three subheads, called kevala (all
alone) Parvatisameda (united with Devi) and Alinganamurti (Lord embracing Devi).
The pratima-laksana is the same as in the previcus account and adds that the eyes are
three, trinetra. The mrga is said to be feminine in gendre. He wears sakala-bharanas. The
other three texts talk much of iconometrical precision and are obviously meant for bronze
casting which was popular since Chola time (mid -9th to 13th century A.D) of which
Candrasekhara is a coveted theme (e.g Tanjavur art Gallery pieces).
The Sakaladhikara (Adhyaya) adss that the Lord wears the ardhacandra ‘half-moon’
on his jatamakuta. The vigraha is full of tejas ‘illumination’, naturally gold mixed bronzes


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shoulder have been glittering in those times. The bhava is srngara, one under the spell of
libido. The Kasyapa-silpasastra (patalam) talks of three types, called Kevalamurti,
Gaurisahita and Alingana. Much of the enumeration is (50 out of 62 sloka is reserved for
iconometrical details. It adds the lord is rajasabhava.
The headgear is of jatamakuta type, bearing candrakala. Be wears the pitambara and
sakalabharanas. If united with Devi, the latter is seated on the Lord’s left thigh and called
Gaurisamyuta. If alingana ‘embracing’ the left fore – hand in varada attitude holds Devi in
its grip. The sarasvatiyacitrakaramasastra (adhyaya 15)also presents lot of iconometrical
details (58 out of 72 slokas). It adds that the lord may wear the jata – or krita- makuta.
The tiara in addition to the crescent is decorated with nagapuspa ‘snake flower’. The
Lord is of the color of sphatika ‘crystal’i.e. white. He wears a dress consisting of the hide of
tiger or a pitambara. The ornaments include the following : katisutra (chord around hip),
yajnopavita (white sacred thread ), navaratnamala (necklace of nine gems), upagriva (cf.
Gudimallam image), karnika or karnapatra in left earlobe, makarakundala in right earlobe
and so on.
The face exhibits srngarabhava or rajasabhava. The emblems, attributed to the four
hands, arethesame in all these texts. See also filliogat. The above account would pertain to
independent murtis who were cast in three different types. Candrasekhara is perhaps
associated Lingoabhavamurti because he wears the candrakala.. in fact in Lingoabhavamurti,
apart from the shapeless (T. pintam) linga, the murti is Candrasekhara / otherwise called
because os his association with the Linga. This seems to be the outcome of a later tradition. .
The Nayanmar do not link Candrasekhara with Lingoabhava. But they have lot of data,
bearing on Candrasekhara as an independent Murti. Nanacampantar gives the Tamil
transcription of the epithet, Cantiracekaran (3:318:3).
Navukkaracar in a patikam (4:3) commences each hymn with reference to the moon-
crested Lord. They are Matarpiraikanniyan ‘Lord of the handsome – moon –crest, Pollian
Kanniyinan ‘Lord of the young-moon-crest’, Eripirailk kanniyinan Lord of crescent –crest;
(eri = pirai, redoubled expression), Piraiyilan kanniyinan
Lord of the young-crescent –crest’, Etumatik kanniyan ‘Lord of the crescent –crestt’,
Tanmatik kanniyinan ‘Lord of the cool –moon-crest’, Katimatik kanniyinan ‘Lord of the
crystal –moon –crest’, Virumpumatik kanniyan ‘Lord of the darling –crescent –crest’,
Murpiraik kanniyinan ‘Lord of the first-day moon-crest (candrarekha)’, Tinkamatik kanniyan
‘Lord of the crescent –crest ‘ and Valarmatik kanniyinan’Lord of the waxing –moon-crest’.
The moon is mati, pirai tinkal, nila, cantiran,coman, soma, and caci . The sekhara
‘crest’ aspect of the moon of siva is denoted by various terms such as cuti or tari ‘wear’, vai’
place’, utai’ possess’, cer (1:66:1)’unite ‘ and poti (2:215:10) ‘merge. The Lord’s headgear is
catai (1:3:6, 2:21:10) or cencatal ‘red –hued locks of hair’ (1:2:7).
The color of the moon is white and so called venmati (5:167:4) ‘white moon’ panimati
‘dewed moon’ (1:120:2) (Skt.himakirana). The moon may be full or waxing or wanning or a


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crescent. General expression such as mati katirvimatiyam ‘moon spread out like a bunch of
paddy crop’antivanmati’ (evening)twilight moon’ mancunamalaimati ‘twilight (yellow)
fogged moon and kutaticaimati eastern moon are likely to refer to the full-moon.
The crescent is generally called pirai. Some poetic forms are mulaittinkal ‘sprouting
moon’ pillaippirai ‘child crescent’ (Skt.balarka) illampirai ‘young crescent’, konalilampirai
‘curved young moon’, murracvenmati immature young moon’ valarumpirai ‘growing
crescent ‘and mekantoypirai crescent meshed in clouds’. The wanning moon is tyntatinkl.
The Sanskritic source of thought as recorded in the Sritatvanidhi (especially bearing
on Devi, have bequeathed a number of interesting terminologies. They are candraradha’ half
moon’ (STN 1:9), candrarekha ‘streak of moon’ (STN 1:44, 1:75), candrankita (1:65),
Sasisisu ‘baby moon’ (STN 1:6 ), indurekha (STN 1.77), candrakala ‘digit of the moon’
(STN 1:88, 1:234), ardhendramaulim (STN 1:121), kaladhara (STN 5:100) and candra
khanda ‘fracture of the moon’ (STN 5:254).
The myth behind the union of Siva with Candra is not clear in the Nayanmar hymns.
There is a rare allusion Siva who stole the moon and crested it (cantira-naik kavarntu tarittar
6:289:4). The cult value behind the moon- crested Lord is clearly stated in some of the
hymns. These evidences prove the name Chandrasekara as the prime name of Lord Shive.
Reference
1. This must be a reference to the nagalinga (Rawolfia serpentine) flower in the shape of
a cobra, expanding its hood above the sirvoartana of a Linga. The clue to obtaining
flowers from a tree is likely to the nagalinga flower as it blossoms at bought- tip of
the bulky tree.
2. Filliezat presents a copious account of the myth and iconography of
Lingodbhavamurti with due reference to Candrasekhara in his learned paper. I would
like to dedicate this small piece to the memory of the versatile genius, Professor Jean
Filliozat, but for whom there would have been no centre of the Ecole Francaise
Extreme orient at Pondichery.
3. Dehejia, Vidya slaves of the Lord: the path of the Tamil Saints. New Delhi. 1988.
4. Gauri Parimoo Development of Paradigms in western Indian Cave Temples 1991.
5. Goety, Hermman Art of the world : Indian. New York, 1959.
6. Heston, M.B. Iconographic themes of the Gopura of the Kailasanatha Temple at
Ellora. Artibus Asiae, 1981.
7. IPS Inscriptions of the Pudukkottai state. Pudkkottai. 1929.
8. Joshi,N.P. Early forms of Siva. in M.W. Meister ed., infra, 1984.
9. Kalidos, Raju History and Culture of the Tamils. Dindigul, 1976.
10. Kandan, K. ‘Kiratarjuniyam’ in Early Indian Art. Annali (AION), 1991.
11. Kramrisch, Stella The Presence of Siva , Bombay, 1981.
12. The Satyagirisvara Temple at Tirumeyyam: its Iconographical Significance. Journal
of the Indian Art History Congress. 1994.


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Adichanallur Artifacts: An Ancient Tamil Civilization of Great Elegance
Mr. B. Thangamarimuthu, Asssistant Professor of English,

Abstract
The existence of humans in the Indian subcontinent has been dated lower back to
round 30,000 years. The contemporary science has enabled us to excavate into the coronary
heart of the earth and examine the way of life of human beings who first inhabited this
country. Apart from human skeletons, numerous objects are found in either authentic or
dilapidated circumstance on every occasion an excavation is carried out. Such findings link
us to the past and assist us to examine about how we adapted ourselves to live on below the
changing circumstances. One famous website which has been of an exceptional help in
gaining knowledge of about the history of India is Adichanallur in the nation of Tamil Nadu.
The first character to rise out an excavation at this website was once Dr. Jagor from
Germany, with his two accomplices; the District Engineer and the Collector. His excavations
had been accompanied through two others: Alexander Rea from England and Louis Lapique
from France. Dr. Jagor managed to get greater than 50 types of utensils via the excavation
alongside with human skulls and skeletons. Despite being excavated from the Indian land,
Dr. Jagor carried all these objects to his mom country, the place they had been kept in the
Berlin Museum. Later, Alexander Rea managed to find out more than 5800 objects via
excavations inside duration of sixteen years from 1889 to 1905. Similar to the urns excavated
by means of Alexander Rea, the new observed urns have been stuffed with rice, paddy, empty
vessels, lamps, and different objects. The purpose behind packing all this stuff in the urns
ought to be the trust that the lifeless were to journey to any other region for the duration of
which they would require all these objects to survive. Other findings of the excavation
covered utensils in red, black, and red-black, vessels, copper bangles, ear-rings, spear-heads,
and many other objects of that period.
Key words: Artifacts, Ancient, Tamil Civilization, Great Elegance
Adichanallur in southern Tamil Nadu has been a lively playground of archaeologists

and anthropologists for more than a hundred and fifty years. M. Kalyanaraman reports on the
feasible implications of current lookup on skeletal stays and artefacts that advise an historic
Tamil civilisation of exceptional sophistication and antiquity. Its elements weren’t nicely
described but her physique conveyed a symbolism. Her massive hips were emphasised via
what regarded to be a skirt or possibly an oddiyanam — a belt-like jewellery. Her breasts had
been distinguished and the long, dangling rings she wore appeared typical of the Tirunelveli
region of Tamil Nadu.


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The palm-sized bronze figurine got here from the archaeological website online at
Adichanallur, positioned along the Tamirabarani River in Thoothukudi district, says C.
Maheswaran, the retired curator for anthropology at the Department of Museums. “It
probably represents a mom goddess who stood for fertility,” he adds. “The artefact is
primitive but is circa 1,500 BC,” surmises T. Satyamurthy. As superintending archaeologist
at the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), he had led the fourth excavation — fifth, as per
some information — in Adichanallur in 2004-05.
For almost a hundred years, the Mother Goddess has been mendacity safely internal a
vault at the Egmore Museum. Now the figurine, as properly as different artefacts, together
with gold diadems (gold jewellery tied with a string on the forehead) will join hundreds of
other Adichanallur artefacts for display at a revamped gallery in the museum, says Kavitha
Ramu, Director, and Department of Museums.
An Urn burial site at Adichanallur near Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.

Digging to the Sangam era
At the website in Adichanallur, abutting the sleepy hamlet known as Karungulam,
there is little, if any, sign of past grandeur. On a current Sunday evening, as the sun set over
the Tamirabarani River, the grassy knoll on the river bank became a grazing ground for
cattle. Bisected through the Tirunelveli-Tiruchendur road, two rusty signboards of the ASI
supply little statistics on the magnitude of the web page but warn vandals of punishment.
A team of female ready for the bus motioned to this correspondent. One of them
stated in Tamil, “If you climb up the mound, you will see what you are looking out for.” To
the untrained eye, there is nothing super on top of the hummock, besides for a view of two
temples of recent origin. But right here, the four excavations in Adichanallur — via a
German, a Frenchman, the British, and sooner or later by means of Indians — have unearthed
thousands of burial urns, most probable various lots of years old, along with skeletal remains
and hundreds of iron and bronze artefacts, including weapons and gold jewellery. These stays
have been shipped to Chennai, Kolkata, Berlin and Paris. A currently built constructing for an
on-site museum in Adichanallur waits for the remains to return.
Among Tamil enthusiasts, heritage lovers, and advocates of Dravidian ideology, there
has been a resurgence of interest in Adichanallur, following the latest discovery of an urban
settlement in Keezhadi, in Sivaganga district, dating back to the Sangam generation (300 BC
to 300 AD). Many of them have charged the Centre with wilfully stalling the excavations at


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Keezhadi, contending that the ASI used to be balking at the prospect of digging out an
extensive, ancient Tamil civilisation that was once independent of Vedic Hinduism.
Sangam literature, especially the before works, has been a touchstone for the
Dravidian movement. The poetry of the Sangam canon conjures up the internal world of
emotions and the outer world of activity however is largely silent on non secular practices or
even God. Many scholars aver that there is no trace of Vedic Hinduism in the verses, and
almost nothing of the caste system or Brahmins. To many proponents of the Dravidian
movement, the early Sangam technology represents an best non-Brahmin, non-caste past, and
offers them their separate identity. “If simply the burial website can throw up so many things,
think about what a full-fledged excavation in Adichanallur may unearth,” says R.
Mathivanan, who served as the Director the State government’s Tamil Etymological
Dictionary project.
A figurine of Mother Goddess unearthed at Adhichanallur, placed at Government Museum in

Egmore, Chennai.
The skeletal stays excavated at Adichanallur also did now not pretty healthy the
biological structure of the modern Tamil people. For instance, the jaws of many of the skulls
had been protruding, and regarded to match those of Australian aborigines or Black Africans
as a substitute than a typical Tamil or south Indian. The structure and measurement of the eye
sockets resembled these of the Caucasoid, Far Eastern or even African races. A receding
forehead was yet every other indicator of foreign origins. For many decades, professionals
assumed that the site used to be 3,000 to 4,000 years old, and had concluded that the skulls
belonged to primitive races that have been the ancestors of today’s Tamils. Some sought to
hyperlink them to the humans of the Indus Valley, which has been recognised with the aid of
some students as proto-Dravidian (‘proto’ would suggest ‘original, primitive or the earliest’).
Adichanallur was the missing link in time between the Tamils and the Indus Valley people,
they felt. But in the most recent research, P. Raghavan, a physical anthropologist, has
surmised that the stays belong to the 500 BC to 200 BC period, with the aid of which time the
contemporary Tamil populace had formed. He has concluded that the foreign-looking skeletal
stays have been indeed those of foreigners. But what were these foreigners doing in
Adichanallur heaps of years ago? Date with the past
The latest Adichanallur excavations in 2004-05, led through Mr. Satyamurthy,
showed that Adichanallur, except being an Iron Age burial site, was once additionally a


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‘habitation site’ where historical people lived. In a number of reports in The Hindu and
Frontline published at that time, journalist T.S. Subramanian explained what was once
excavated during that dig. A research paper posted in 2010 in the Indian Journal of History of
Science said that Adichanallur was additionally an historical centre for mining and
metalwork. A mineral pattern from a burial urn containing copper artefacts was dated to
1,500 BC, plus or minus seven hundred years, via Raj Kishore Gartia of Manipur University.
“At Adichanallur, arsenic was once intentionally delivered to copper so that the alloy may
want to be work-hardened over a huge vary of temperatures without worry of embrittlement.
Among the ancients in India, this technique has been located solely in the Indus Valley,
without Adichanallur,” says B. Sasisekaran, who used to be serving as a scientist at the
National Institute of Ocean Technology when he did the lookup as phase of the team. He
adds that at the close by Krishnapuram too, an ancient mining website online was found,
indicating that this used to be not an isolated activity. The experts concluded that metal
artefacts had been made here till the eighth century AD.
The courting approach used has, however, drawn criticism. In the Thermo-
luminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence relationship (OSL) techniques
adopted, the final time the mineral was once heated (probably for its manufacture) is
detected. Critics say that carbon relationship is more excellent for Adichanallur. Mr.
Sasisekaran counters that OSL is indeed the general for relationship minerals, as carbon
relationship is used more for natural material. He provides that OSL had efficaciously dated
findings through marine archaeologists at the Gulf of Khambat. But some archaeologists
insist that radio carbon courting at three reputed institutes would settle the trouble and
additionally limit the error margin in the OSL dating. Diversity of the remains. For pretty
some time now, Adichanallur has been the playground of contentious theories voiced
throughout the world. These theories have dealt with some of the biggest questions regarding
the history of no longer simply India however the complete human race. Starting in Chennai,
or Madras, as it was acknowledged then, the Adichanallur findings have exercised brilliant
minds in Kolkata, Berlin, Paris, London, Australia and Ithaca in New York State, home to
Cornell University.
“Adittanallur (Adichanallur) skeletal records have come to be considered as the
keystone for many theories of race formation, which were primarily based upon the tenets of
until now anthropological preoccupation called racial paleontology,” said Kenneth Kennedy,
former professor of physical anthropology at Cornell, in his essay, “Hauntings at
Adichanallur: An anthropological ghost story”, posted in 1986.
Adichanallur’s global hyperlinks began with the arrival of German antiquarian and
Berlin resident of Russian descent Friedrich (Fedor) Jagor in the nineteenth century.
Germany at some point of Jagor’s time was a late entrant to the imperialist recreation that
nonetheless fancied its chances. The Germans believed that they may want to use
ethnography to apprehend the native populations they were encountering in Asia and Africa.


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This resulted in a race amongst German cities to raise their cosmopolitan status and trap up
with different cities on the continent by using enhancing the ethnological collections of their
museums. Jagor, a resident of Berlin, used to be a outstanding player in this race. Between
1857 and 1893, Jagor made three trips to Asia. During his 2nd excursion in 1876, he
excavated “upwards of fifty kinds, of baked earthenware, utensils of all sizes and shapes, a
great quantity of iron weapons and implements… and a notable quantity of bones and skulls”,
wrote the District Gazetteer. Jagor shipped his finds to the Ethnological Museum of Berlin.
Jagor has left designated chronicles of his travels, but not of Adichanallur. “Jagor brought
again some 10,000 artefacts in all. The Indian artefacts were first saved at the Ethnological
Museum and in 1963 have been added to the newly hooked up Department of Indian Art,
now a phase of the Museum of Asian Art next to the Ethnological Museum,” says Roland
Platz, curator for South/Southeast Asia at the Berlin Ethnological Museum. Jagor may
additionally not have written about Adichanallur however his treasures have been turning into
properly known in Europe, cited Kennedy. Louis Lapicque, a French neuroscientist who
believed in race theories, landed in Adichanallur in 1903. Kennedy delivered that Lapicque
dug out one skull that, in accordance to Lapicque, constituted evidence of a primitive Negroid
race. This cranium was once “proudly displayed” at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
in Paris, in accordance to Kennedy, who cited that many different experts of that time were
additionally weighing in on the skeletal remains. Meanwhile, Alexander Rea, the
superintending archaeologist of the ASI in Madras, had commenced his very own excavation
at the turn of the 20th century. In all he excavated 14 skeletal remains, and many of the
artefacts he dug out were put on show at the Egmore Museum in Chennai.
In 1930, Solly Zuckerman, a research anatomist, did a measurement-based study of
two Adichanallur skulls. He located the first to be relatively Australoid but didn’t assume it
was too unique from being Dravidian. The second, he said, was once likely female, and
remarkably comparable to the Old Woman of Grimaldi, one of two Stone Age skeletal
remains observed in Italy. The Grimaldi finds had been thought to help the ‘Out of Europe’
concept which was later discredited. The Grimaldis had been supposed to be examples of
darker-skinned Europeans who gave upward jab to Black Africans and, probable for
Zuckermann, Dravidians too.
In 1963, Indian anthropologists B.K. Gupta and P. Chatterjee published a find out
about primarily based on extra superior skeletal contrast techniques in which they said the
skeletons showed a medley of “primitive” elements that belonged to Veddoid-Australoid and
Mediterranean races. These races had “contributed to the formation of Dravidian speakers”,
they said. ‘Vedda’ is a tribe that is nevertheless found in today’s Sri Lanka. In Tamil,
‘Vedda’ stands for the hunter tribe. As per the folklore, the most popular deity in the State,
Murugan, comes from that tribe. The two Indian anthropologists stated that the Australoid
and the Mediterranean skeletal remains had also been located in Indus Valley Civilisation,
thus establishing a link with Adichanallur.


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Reviewing these studies, Kennedy concluded in his essay that the Adichanallur
remains discovered until then were pretty diverse. On that basis, he called for more
conclusive excavations and evaluation so that the ghosts of Adichanallur ought to be put to
rest.
The Aussie connection
By 2014, the ‘Out of Africa’ concept had turn out to be the scientific consensus on the
beginning of man, and Australia had embarked on a undertaking that would exhibit that the
aborigines in that united states had been descendants of ‘Out of Africa’ migrants dwelling in
South and Southeast Asia throughout the Ice Age. The Australoids had reportedly pushed
towards Australia via sea and land routes — apparently, Australia used to be connected to the
mainland then. Among the scientists working in that mission used to be P. Raghavan, who
used to be born to Indian Tamil parents in Jaffna however left the island country in the late
Nineteen Seventies due to the ethnic strife there. He and his sister Gayatri Pathmanathan
moved to Chandigarh as researchers. Raghavan later moved to Australia.
In December 2004, he was on a visit to Chennai for his research on the hyperlink
between aborigines and South India. A motel receptionist, after asking about his profession,
knowledgeable him that some ancient skeletons had been unearthed at Adichanallur.
“Adichanallur grew to be my passion...” says Mr. Raghavan. While physical anthropologists
before him noticed Adichanallur in isolation, Mr. Raghavan, assisted by his sister, noticed it
in the context of Korkai, some 15 km from Adichanallur, and the Sangam references to it as a
port worried in sea exchange and pearl fishing. Radio carbon dating had discovered that a
pattern from Korkai used to be circa 800 BC. At that time (2,500 years ago) the sea would
possibly have been at least 6-7 km inland, he says.
After lookup the use of superior software and databases, and scrutiny of the fossil and
semi-fossil files in the area, he testifies to the foreign foundation of the humans whose
skeletal remains have been found. He says they date to 2,500-2,200 BC. “Many of the
Adichanallur skulls were that of people from the Middle East, the Mediterranean region,
Southeast Asia and the Far East, which include what is today Vietnam, Cambodia, China and
Japan. The skulls had abnormalities and dietary deficiencies of the form commonly suffered
by means of seafarers and deep-sea divers. They possibly got here in through the silk
alternate route, and the burial ground excavated was once probable a distinctive cemetery for
foreigners,” Mr. Raghavan says. The cranium remains pointed to sexually transmitted
diseases, which was once again was a usual thing of seafarers; he adds. Some of the skulls
had mysterious, well margined cavities simply above the eyebrows. Mr. Raghavan says that
they had been possibly brought about through non-cancerous (benign) tumors (also
recognized as Pott’s Puff Tumors) and related to excessive sinuses. They had been in all
likelihood prompted by using positive micro organism that often attack sailors and deep sea
divers, he adds.


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The Egmore Museum gallery seeks to highlight the sea exchange aspect. “The
revamped Adichanallur gallery in Egmore Museum will supply site visitors a feel of historic
Tamil life and their maritime things to do via the use of digital and augmented reality,” says
K. Pandiarajan, Tamil Nadu Minister for Tamil Official Language and Tamil Culture.“We
hope to draw in Central as well as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) dollars for the
usual museum revamp project,” he adds. “The State government has sanctioned ₹30 lakh for
refurbishing the Adichanallur gallery, which will be completed by using March-April,” says
Kavitha Ramu of the Department of Museums.
Awaiting closure
Mr. Raghavan says that of the almost one hundred seventy skeletal stays studied,
Caucasoid constituted 35%, Mongoloid 30%, Negroid 14%, Australoid 5%, Dravidian 8%,
and blended traits 8%. He says that the Australoid had been likely cutting-edge Australian
aborigines who have been recognized to have had seafaring qualities. Modern anthropologists
frown upon any value being attached to race, retailer for the purposes of reconstructing
history. The existing belief is that there are four races: Australoid, Negroid, Caucasoid and
Mongoloid. But these are statistical constructs that do not decide or describe culture,
behaviour or ability. No one is merely of any race and the races are no longer closed genetic
systems.
“In any case, India is an admixture of all the 4 races. The extent of the combine may
vary from place to region,” says Mr. Raghavan, adding that Dravidian and Aryan are
linguistic and no longer racial entities. Dravidianists argue that as lengthy as there are caste-
based inequalities and concentration of electricity in the higher castes, empowerment politics
primarily based on race and identification are each applicable and necessary. When marriage
across caste boundaries turns into commonplace, such politics won’t be required, they say.
They hope that an substantial excavation will conclusively set up a glorious Tamil civilisation
alongside the Tamirabarani. “Less than 10% of the web site has been excavated. There is
scope for lots more work there,” says Mr. Satyamurthy.Mr. Raghavan’s finding offers closure
to at least one aspect, however. Fedor Jagor got here looking for the stays of a primitive
humans to exhibit in a Berlin museum so that the city could present itself as greater
cosmopolitan. Little would he have recognized that he was digging up an historic
cosmopolitan cemetery, if now not the burial place of a complete cosmopolitan community.
Reference
1. Catalogue of the prehistoric antiquities from Adichanallur and Perumbair

2. Adichanallur - Keezhadi Mann Mooodiya Mahathaana Nahariham published by Dina
Thanthi
3. Chandar, B. Tilak (5 April 2019). "Adichanallur site belongs to a period between 905
and 696 BC". Retrieved 6 April 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.


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4. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/adichanallur-samples-sent-for-
carbon-dating-asi-tells-hc/article26369217.ece
5. "Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution - Times of India". The
Times of India. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
6. Kalyanaraman, M. (12 January 2018). "The ghosts of Adichanallur: Artefacts that
suggest an ancient Tamil civilisation of great sophistication". Retrieved 6
April 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.
7. Photo Credit: A. Shaikmohideen
8. Photo Credit: B. Jothi Ramalingam


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Inscriptions of Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, Madurai-A

Historical Study
Dr.D.Uma, Assistant Professor of History,
Mannar Thirumalai Naicker College, Madurai-4
Abstract
Madurai, one of the religious centers of Tamil Nadu has a continuous history of more
than 2500 years and the seat of Tamil Literary Academy known as Tamil Sangam. Madurai
city was of the ‘Sarvatobhadra’ type with streets laid around a temple in the center and roads
leading to it four sides. Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple which has become synonymous
with the city of Madurai is an ancient Saivaite shrine in the state. Known as ‘Koilnagar’ (the
temple city), this city is a sacred centre.The inscriptions of Madurai Meenakshi
Sundareswarar temple give more valuable accounts about the temple. There are 64
inscriptions in the temple. Among them 44 belong to the later Pandyas, 19 to Vijayanagar
Nayak rulers and 1 to the British regime. They give valuable accounts on various grants and
donations offered to the temple for the performance of daily, monthly and annual Pujas,
rituals and festivals.
Keywords: Inscriptions, Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, Madurai, Historical Study
Introduction
The Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple is a vast complex, containing 12 gopuras of
varying sizes, two vimanas, a beautiful tank, numerous mandapas with fine pillars and an
abundance of fine sculptures in stone and in mortars. The inscriptions of Madurai Meenakshi
Sundareswarar Temple give more valuable accounts about the temple. Most of the
inscriptions mention various grants and donations offered to the temple for the performance
of daily, monthly and annual Pujas, rituals and festivals. As such, 64 inscriptions are found in
the temple. Among them 44 belong to the later Pandyas, 19 to Vijayanagar Nayak rulers and
1 to the British regime. The sculptural evidences belonged to the early Pandayas of the 9th
and 10th century AD is found in the temple. As far as the inscription are concerned the
earliest inscriptions of 12th century AD onwards are found in the temple.
Inscriptions of the Later Pandyas
In the inscriptions of Later Pandyas, the God of Madurai temple was mentioned as
Thiruvalavayudaya Nayanar and the Goddess as Thirukama Kottamudaiya Nachiyar. The
earliest inscriptions of later Pandya ruler Kulasekarapandya I (1190 – 1216 AD), which is in
the north wall of second prakara of God’s Shrine, refer to the installation of two lamps at the
outer entrance of the garbhagraha of the temple of Thiruvalavayudaiyar. For this purpose,
twenty achchu (gold coin) was donated by Agapparivara Mudali, an officer of the king. An


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agreement was made by Urar (village people) to maintain the two sacred lamps. He also
donated tax free lands to the temple. Maravarman Sundara Pandya I (1216 – 38 AD) also
donated gold coins to light the lamps in the temple. He donated lands to the temple for
feeding tapasis in SundaraPandya Madam, and granted Brahmadeya lands. MadappuraIrai Ili
(donation of lands to madam) to Gnanasambandar madam was donated by Satayavaraman
Kulasekara Pandya II (1237 -39 AD).
According to an inscription at the north wall of II prahara of Sundareswarar shrine,
Maravarman Sundara Pandya II (1239-51AD) issued a royal order by that four gold coins
were donated from the income acquired in the name of tax from Turumur village in
Andanadu for the supply of sandal paste. In his 4th year of the kingship (1243 AD) he
assigned 25 kalam of paddy from Turumur village for offering to God Atiraveesi Aaduvar
and for the celebration of the puram festival in Aipasi. He also donated land as
Thiruvilakkupuram for burning the oil lamps at the temple. The king at the request of Annan
Tamil Pallavaraiyar granted a village CholaPandyaNallur for constructing Atiraveesi
Aaduvar Thirumandapam, a Thirumaligai and a processional car and for general repairs
including those to the gopura with seven stories. He remitted taxes in two villages for the
maintenance of garden to get flowers for daily pujas.
Tax free lands were granted for a special Puja to be performed on the birthday of
(Aipasiaham) Hoysala ruler Veerasomeswarar, during the reign of Maravarman Sundara
Pandya II. Lands were granted in Karunilakkudi Nadu for buying perfumes. Karunilakudi
Nadu denotes modern Sivakasi region.
During the time of SadayavarmanVikramaPandyan (1253- 1274 AD) taxes were
remitted for exchange of land for gosalai (cow shed) madapuram. Maravarman Kulasekaran I
(1268- 1312 AD) donated lands (Jivitakani) for eleven musicians of the temple, and also
granted land to a musician Periyan Tanivantan alias Valtanaivenra Pandya Vadyamarayar of
the temple. He donated lands for maintenance of gardens, to provide flowers for Puja and
rituals and for feeding pilgrims in the BhuvanekaVira mutt. In this mutt, 1000 people were
offered Annadanam (offering food) for ten days- 100 people for each day, during the Avani
festival. Tax free lands were donated in the name of Adukkalaipuram for the daily
expenditure of the temple kitchen. Tax free lands donated from Mattur in
MudithalaiPandyaChaturvedhiMangalam to MathevanAzhagiyachokkanar for service
rendered in the temple kitchen. Tax free lands were donated from
ParantakaPandyaChadurvedhimangalam to a Brahmin Thirunattapperumal as ‘maniyam’ for
service rendered in the kitchen. Similar land grands were also made to one Rasandan alias
Munayadarayan in Parittikudi Nadu.
Lands were donated in Pakanurkuttram for the supply of food to Mahesvaras who
stayed in the NaralokaSuriyanThirumadam during the rule of Maravarman
KulasekaraPandya. During the time of PandyasAnnadanam (offering food) was offered to the


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devotees every day at lunch time in some temples and few others had book shops in the
temple premises.
In an inscription of the Pandya period which is at the eastern tower of the temple,
mention that 801 persons were employed for the construction work. The following table
shows the details about the workers employed in the temple construction and their wage
structure during the period of SundaraPandya (1216- 1238 AD) who built this eastern tower
known as SundaraPandyan Thirukkopuram.
Wage structure and number of workers engaged in temple construction
No. of Hours of
S. Types of Wage rate as per the previous
workers work per
No employees records
employed day
1 Architects 74 10 hours 1/2 Panam and 12 olacku paddy
2 Sculptors 111 10 hours 1/4 Panam and 10 olacku paddy
3 Craftsmen 198 10 hours 1/4 Panam and 8 olacku paddy
4 Supervisors 50 10 hours 1/4 Panam and 12 olack paddy
5 Labour(men) 140 10 hours 1/4 Panam and 8 olacku paddy
6 Labour (women) 88 10 hours 1/3 Panam and 8 olacku paddy
During the Pandya period tax free lands were donated to the people for other various
services also rendered to the temple. Nallaperumal Annan Tamil Pallavarayan was appointed
to make Thiruchinnam (Emblem) in the Thiruvalavayudayar temple. For this purpose a land
was given to him as tax free, from which two gold coins were collected as tax and was given
as salary to the employees.
Inscriptions of the Chola Period
The Chola period of the ninth through thirteen centuries was a crucial period in the
development of South Indian temple practices and this includes the formulation of the pattern
of the Brahmotsava or Mahotsava as we know it today. There is good evidence to that certain
of festival practices were already present in Hindu temples of the earlier Pallavas and Pandya
period. A few Tamil hymns of the SaivaNayanmar poets, for example, refer to or describe the
processions of Shiva. The ninth century Saiva poet CeramanPerumal composed a lengthy
poem, the TirukkaliyanarVula, describing his vision of Siva’s procession among the Gods of
Sivapuram (the city of Siva), which provided a model for the actual processions organized by
the South Indian temples of Siva. However the most important period of festival
institutionalization took place during the rule of the Cholas. These practices has been
maintained and expanded by later rulers of the Vijayanagar, Nayaks and modern periods,
right upto the present.
There are some references to the services rendered by the Chola ruler Kulothunga III
in Madurai. This Chola monarch invaded the Madurai country in AD 1202- 1203 and
performed Veerabhisheka and Vijayabhisheka in the Madurai temple. He established a street
in his name around the Tiruvalavayudayar temple and performed special pujas. He made


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provisions for special pujas. An epigraph of the king in Pudukottai district mentions that he
covered the Vimana of the Madurai temple with gold plates. But none of the inscriptions of
the rulers prior to Kulothunga III could be found in the temple. The reasons might be the
Muslim invasions of Madurai, who destroyed the temple completely and when the Nayak
rulers renovated the temple including the garbagraha these inscriptions might have been
vanished from the place. Further research is to be made to find out these inscriptions.
Inscriptions of the Vanatirayas or Banas Period
Among the 64 inscriptions of the Madurai temple, 3 inscriptions mention about the
Vanatirayas. Taxes were remitted for the village NambidayaNallur in Vembainadu which was
granted by Vanatirayar for worship, offerings during Sandhi Puja, instituted by him in the
temple and for feeding the Kovanavar, reciting the Thiruvembavai during the month of
Margazhi. Provision was made to perform music Sadaripan in front of the Lord when he
stops at the VanatirayanTiruvasal in South of Goddess shrine. According to
Thiruvilayadalpuranam, this music was sung by Lord Siva in favour of Banabattar, when the
Lord came as a wood seller to teach a lesson to Somanathan a renounced poet. The musicians
who were singing Thiruppatikam in the temple were donated lands. An inscription of the
reign of MaravarmanKulasekaraPandya I from Ilayankudi provides new information about
the temple. Record from a Vishnu temple at Ilayankudi refers to the erection of
Kalingarayanmandapam on the banks of the Vaigai by Gangaikonda Suriyadevan
Vanathirayan Kalingarayan for the purpose of sacred bath to be provided to Lord
Thiruvalavayuda Nayanar of Madurai on important festival occasions. He also donated the
images of Suriyadeva and Isvaramudayar to the temple. It is also mentioned that he made an
image of Thiru Udaya Nachiyar in the name of his wife. Provision was made for the offerings
to ViradamudittaI swaramudaiyar shrine in the temple complex set up by Mahabali
Vanadirayar. Another record mentions the salary given to Sendaduvan alias Uttamapandya
Pichan for reciting Tevaram in front of Lord Siva.
Inscriptions of the Vijayanagara- Nayak Period
In the inscriptions of the Vijayanagara- Nayak period, the Madurai temple God is
referred to as Chokkanadaswamy and the Goddess is mentioned as Meenakshi Amman.
Kumarakambana II was the first ruler of Vijayanagar period who renovated the Madurai
temple. He brought back the images of Lord Siva which was taken to Nanchil Nadu during
the Muslim invasion and restored the worship in the Madurai temple, after purification
ceremonies. He also made ornaments for the deities and granted Thiruvilayadal village for
performing the daily pujas in the temple.
There are 19 inscriptions in the Madurai temple, which mention about the
Vijayanagara- Nayak period. The Nayak rulers renovated, expanded and enlarged this temple
into a spacious complex. During Krishnadevaraya’s period (1509- 1529 AD) 500 pon was
given as gift by Narasayar of Mahipala Kulakalacheri in Uttaramerur for taking out the deity.
Saluva Narasanayaka, an officer of Krishnadevaraya, dug a tank, Ezhukadal to the east of


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Pudumandapam in 1516 AD and named it as Saptasakara Tirtam. Kambattadimandapam was

constructed with beautiful sculptures of Virabatrar, Kali, Urtuvatandavar etc., by
Virappanayakkar in 1583 AD. The small gopura in front of the Sundareswarar shrine was
constructed by Visuvappa Nayakkar and Isvarappa Nayakkaar in favour of Acchuda
Devaraya (1529- 1542 AD). During the Nayak period many villages were granted for the
temple Pujas and temple servants. An inscription of Visvanatha Nayakkar (1533- 1564 AD)
mentions about a donation to Satyagnanadarsini, Sri Pandarathar of Tiruvalavayudayar
Tambiranar temple. During Sadashivarayar’s period (1542- 1570 AD) lands were donated for
the merit of Vittaladeva Maharaya for providing garlands to the deity.
MuttuVeerappaNayakkar (1608- 1623 AD) and Thirumalai Nayakkar (1623- 1659 AD)
remitted taxes for the Vahanam bearers.
Inscriptions of the British Period
An inscription of the British period is found in the MeenakshiNayakkarmandapam,
dated 1842 AD. Arrangements were made for the daily worship at the shrines. It refers to the
appointment of teachers for the purpose of teaching scriptures and English language. The
salaries for them were given from the interest acquired from 1 lakh pagodas donated by
Vallal Pacchayappamudaliyar of Kanchipuram. An inscription at Azhagarkoil tells that he
also donated one lakh varagan to Kallazhagar temple which yielded 240 varagan interests per
year. This inscription is noticed in the slabstone near the Pathinettampadi entrance of the
temple which belonged to the British period (1842 AD).
Conclusion
The inscriptions of the Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple provide the socio- economic
and cultural history of the temple. They also mention the development of the temple
throughout the period of history. Most of the inscriptions were not published in its full form.
If published in full form, they will definitely provide further significant information.
References
2. V. Balambal, Studies in Chola History, Kalinga Pubulications, New Delhi, 2010, p.
35.
3. A.R.E., 257 of 1939-40.
4. K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, Op.cit., p. 260.


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Tamil Civilization- A Glance

Mr. R. Vinayagamoorthy, Asssistant Professor of Computer Science,
R.Ganeshkumar, P.G. Assistant in English,
PNU APT Durairaj Hr, Sec School, Keerathurai, Madurai.
Abstract
Tamil civilisation shaped the reason for Indian civilisation. Tamils culture spread all
over India as per S.A. Taylor and different specialists. Tamils from the south moved north
when Kumari Kandam that is the southern tip of India was disintegrated by the ocean. These
individuals settled around the banks of the Sindu stream and throughout the years were in
charge of the making of Indus Valley civilisation as indicated by Hendry Heras, a christian
minister, who researched about that time. The Indus Valley is one of the universes soonest
urban human advancements, alongside its counterparts, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
Among the settlements were the major urban focuses of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO
World Heritage Site), Ganweriwala, Dholavira, and Rakhigarhi. Hence, this paper elicits the
details regarding to the decoding of Tamil Civilization.
Keywords: Tamil Civilization, A Glance
Indus valley civilisation is pretty much 7000 years of age and there is narrative
confirmation to demonstrate that it is exceptionally best in class, individuals were
knowledgeable in design, laying of streets, making garments, furniture, adornments and
utensils. The Tamils were truly proficient in expressions of the human experience, business,
religion, language and organization. At its pinnacle, the Indus Civilization may have had a
populace of well more than five million. Tamils of the old Indus stream valley grew new
procedures in craftsmanship (carnelian items, seal cutting) and metallurgy (copper, bronze,
lead, and tin).
About 1,400 Indus Valley destinations (towns) have now been found. That is
enormous human progress, sufficiently expansive to be called a domain. The towns were
spread out in lattices all over the place, straight roads, all around manufactured homes. These
individuals were mind blowing developers. The houses and structures were worked with
consistency and standard materials. The prepared block squares were made with standard
extents of materials. Researchers have discovered what they believe are mammoth stores for
new water. They have likewise discovered that even the littlest house at the edge of every
town was connected to that town's focal seepage framework. They depleted waste water out,
yet in addition had a framework to siphon new water into their homes, like current pipes. The
development is noted for its urban communities worked of block, roadside seepage


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framework, and multistoried houses. Keep in mind, these frameworks were manufactured
about 7000 years prior.
Tamil Language in Indus Valley
The Indus content, alludes to short series of images related with the Indus Valley
Civilization, individuals who lived in these 1400 towns had a typical language. Researchers
have discovered antiquities at various locales (towns) with the equivalent or comparative
image of a unicorn on them.
Russian researcher Yuri Knorozov deduced that the images speak to a logosyllabic
content and proposed, in light of examination, a basic agglutinative Dravidian language as the
doubtlessly contender for the fundamental language. Knorozov's recommendation was gone
before by crafted by Henry Heras, who proposed a few readings of signs dependent on a
proto-Dravidian suspicion. The word Tamilar experienced numerous progressions to Dravidia
as pursues: Tamilar > Tamilia > Tamila > Ithramila > Ithradida >Dravida As per
etymological scientists it very well may be seen that the Sindu-Dravida civilasations was
Tamil civilisation. Indus Valley Civilization is for the most part described as an educated
society on the proof of these engravings.
Among 400 and upwards of 600 particular Indus Valley images have been found on
seals, little tablets, clay pots and in excess of twelve different materials, including that
obviously once hung over the door of the inward stronghold of the Indus city. All the Indus
valley seals had been perused by Dr. R. Mathivanan and it is set up that it is Tamil works.
Fish image in Seals
A fish is a typical image found in all Indus Valley seals. Father Hera legitimately
distinguished it as meen. Fish is additionally appeared as image for planets in space. It is an
imagery that the stars swim in the space sea. So far different translators had distinguished this
fish pertinent both for stars just as planet. The most huge understanding is that this image
demonstrates a month in all Indus seals . This specific leap forward in Indus content
decipherment exertion appropriately clarifies all engravings found on these Indus seals.
Tamils in the Sindu region talked in bygone Tamil called Kodunth Tamil. When they
moved to different pieces of India, the language changed dependent on the vernaculars of
those territories. At the point when individuals moved to various nations, their language
further changed as it was impacted by that nation's tongue. Lingustic analysts state that the
north-dravidia Tamil converged with dialects from Sumeria, North Africa and even Europe.
The north-dravidia language later converged with the Persians and European dialects got by
the Aaryans.
Aaryan, a white race, who were for the most part shepherds, lived in the zone between
the Caspian Sea and Black Sea and the these individuals needed to relocate because of
cataclysmic events. They relocate in gatherings to Europe and Persia. From Persia, they
moved to India through passing Khyber. As their language had numerous Persian words,


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researchers utilized that as proof to demonstrate that they had remained there for an extensive
stretch.
Aaryan vedas were a mix of old Indo-European dialects. Subsequent to settling in
Sindu zone their language assimilated old Tamil words. This was called piragrtham and the
vast majority of the mantras were in this verbally expressed language.
Tamil Religion in Indus Valley
The examination discoveries from Indus Valley depicted the religious lifestyle of
Tamils, in that period. The proof to help components of Tamils Religion, Saivam present in
Indus Valley is with the recuperation of numerous images of Siva lingam from the Indus
Valley’s remains. A few seals show Swastikas, which are found in numerous overall
religions. Swastika is an advanced Tamil Syllabic character speaking to the sound. Swastika
Seals from the Indus Valley Civilization protected at the British Museum.
Saivam in Indus Valley
Numerous Indus valley seals show creatures. What's more, old cutting which was found
demonstrated a yogi with three horns, stooping under a banyan tree looking at the tip of his
nose. Encompassing him were a goat, wild ox, dairy animals, tiger, snake, and deer. Sir John
Marshall was of the sentiment that this seal demonstrated that individuals around there
trusted that God ensures man as well as all types of life and Pasupathi alluded to here, is the
Sivan referenced in Saivam as a definitive God. This supposition was acknowledged by
numerous scientists. As men and creatures were seen around God it was expected that,
individuals in that time likewise had confidence in the idea of re-birth. A statue which was
discovered remaining on one leg, with the other leg lifted was the early type of Nataraja, as
per specialists.
In Mohenjodaro, wells were found among the sanctuaries ruins and there were
structures with rooms. Subsequently, it was asserted that there were offices to clean up and
rooms to remain for the general population who went to the sanctuary. Statues of Gods and
proof of poosanai (adore) done by clerics were found in the sanctuaries. It was trusted that
there could have been rules to shape statues and to do poosanai around then.
These discoveries demonstrate that the four Tamil Vedas and Saiva Aagamams were
there before the entry of Aaryans. Therefore, it was found that the Aaryan vedas depended for
the most part on Tamils vedas. Tamils added to Aaryans vedas as per numerous researchers.
Thus, Aram, Porul, Inbam, and Veedu referenced by Tamils were the reason for Aaryan veda
considerations with respect to Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha or Mukthi. These
references prove that tamil Culture was all over the parts of Asia.
References


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3. K.A. Nilakanta Satri, The Colas, University of Madras, Madras, 1955, p. 310.
4. R.K. Mookerji, Local Government of Ancient India, New Era Publication, New Delhi,
1958, p. 39.
5. A.R.E. 360 of 1902.

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தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமயோை வரலோற்னையும் பண்போட்னையும்

வரலோற்று அைிஞர், பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர், மோனுைவியலோளர், பமோழியியலோளர்,

பண்போட்டு ஆய்வோளர், இலக் ிய ஆய்வைிஞர், ல்பவட்டியல் அைிஞர் எைப்

பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு ளில் ினைத்த பபோருள் னளக் ப ோண்டு தமிழர் ளின்

ோரணமோ பவளிவரும் பல்கவறு தைிக் ட்டுனர ளும், ட்டுனரத் பதோகுப்பு ளும்,

பதோிவிக்கும் தையங் ளோ த் தி ழ் ின்ைை. முப்பதுக்கும் கமற்பட்ை பதோல்லியல்

பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர் ள், பதோல்லியல் னல ள், ல்பவட்டியல், ைல் சோர்

கபரோசிோியர் ள், தமிழோசிோியர் ள், தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் எைக் ட்டுனர ள்

வழங் ிய அனைவனரயும் போரோட்டு ிகைன்.

ட்டுனர னளபயல்லோம் பசப்பம் பசய்து ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பன்ைோட்டுத்

சிைப்பு. இவ் அத்தனை முயற்சி னளயும் கமற்ப ோண்டு பன்ைோட்டுக் ருத்தரங் ம்

முனைவர் நோ.சுகலோசைோ அவர் ளுக்கும் பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்விதழின் ஆசிோியர் முனைவர்

இைம்: பசன்னை இயக்குநர்

தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோ ச் சங் ப் போைல் னளகயக் குைிப்பிட்டு

ல்பவட்டியல், பசப்கபடு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், நோணயங் ள், பதோல்லியல்

குைியீட்டு எண்ணுைன் (ISSN) ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பவளிவருவது ோலத்தின்

பதோைர்ந்து நோங் ள் நைத்தும் ருத்தரங்கு ளுக்கு ஆய்வுக் ட்டுனர வழங் ி

தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் மற்றும் ஆய்வு மோணவர் ள் எை அனைவோின்

ஒத்துனழப்போலும் ஒவ்பவோரு ருத்தரங் மும் சிைப்போ நனைபபற்ைது, நனைபபற்று

வரு ிைது என்பனத ம ிழ்கவோடும் நன்ைியுணர்கவோடும் நினைத்துப் போர்க் ிகைன்.

அந்த வன யில் உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவை தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல்

புலத்துைன் இனணந்து தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) இலக் ிய பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்வு இதழ் (IJTLLS)

இக் ருத்தரங்ன நைத்துவது உள்ளபடிகய ம ிழ்ச்சி.

தமிழர் ளின் பண்போட்னை உல ிற்கு எடுத்துனரக்கும் உன்ைத பணினயச்

தமிழ்ப்பணி னளச் பசவ்வகை பசய்ய போரோட்டு ளும் வோழ்த்து ளும்.

இைம்: பசன்னை இப்படிக்கு

jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhf vkJ jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk;

njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk; vd;w nghUz;ikapy;

,t;nthU ehs; gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;fj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhf

gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;fpy; jkJ Ma;it nrk;ik epWj;jp

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 308

jkpoh;fspd; tuyhW $Wk; rjpf;fy;

Kidth; gh. espdpg;hpah> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

Keywords: Stonehenge of Sati, Tamil People, Tamil Culture

Nghhpy; tPukuzk; mile;j tPudpd; kidtp cld;fl;il Vwp ,we;jhy;

gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 309

typAWj;jkhl;lhh;fs;. gjpdhW tajpw;F cl;gl;ltshf rpW ngz;zhfj; jPg;ghAk;

gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 310

vd;W Mjpiu tUe;jpa nra;jpia kzpNkfiyapy; Mjpiu gpr;irapl;lf;fhijapd;