An angle is the intersection of two rays with a common endpoint.

Remember that an angle is named using three letters, where the middle
letter corresponds to the vertex of the angle. The angle at the right is
<ABC or <CBA. If it is perfectly clear which angle is being named, an
angle may be referred to by its vertex letter alone, such as <B.

Angle Addition Postulate

If D lies in the interior of <ABC, then

m<ABD + m<DBC = m<ABC.
This concept is sometimes stated as
"the whole is equal to the sum of its parts".

Types of Angles
(Definitions)

An acute angle is an angle whose measure is less than 90°

A right angle is an angle whose measure is 90°.

An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is more than 90°,
but less than 1800

A straight angle is an angle whose measure is 180°.

A reflex angle is an angle whose measure is more than 180°.

Pairs of Angles
(Definitions)

The definitions above apply to angles when we look at one angle alone, but there are
also some special relationships between pairs of angles.

Adjacent Angles are 2 angles that share a common vertex, a common

side and no common interior points.
(They share a vertex and share a side, but do not overlap.)
 <1 and <2 are adjacent angles.

<1 and <ABC are NOT adjacent.

(<ABC overlaps <1)

Vertical Angles are 2 angles whose sides form two pairs of opposite
rays (straight lines). Vertical angles are not adjacent. They are located across from one
another in the corners of the "X" formed by the two straight lines. They are always equal in
measure.

<1 and <3 are vertical angles.

<2 and <4 are vertical angles.

<1 and <2 are NOT vertical.

THEOREM: Vertical angles are congruent.

Complementary Angles are 2 angles the sum of whose measures is

90°.
Complementary angles can be placed so that they form perpendicular lines, but do not "have to
be" in this configuration.

<1 and <2 are complementary.

<XYZ and <1 are NOT complementary.

(the rays are perpendicular)

THEOREM: Complements of the same angle, or congruent angles, are congruent.

Supplementary Angles are 2 angles the sum of whose measures is

 180°. Supplementary angles can be placed so that they form a straight line (a linear pair),
but they do not "have to be" in this configuration.

<1 and <2 are supplementary.

The line passing through points A, B,

and Cis a straight line.

THEOREM: Supplements of the same angle, or congruent angles, are congruent.

A Linear Pair is 2 adjacent angles whose non-common sides form

opposite rays. The angles MUST be adjacent.
<1 and <2 form a linear pair.

The line passing through points A,

B, and Cis a straight line.

<1 and <2 are supplementary.

THEOREM: If two angles form a linear pair, they are supplementary.

THEOREM: If two congruent angles form a linear pair, they are right angles.

Triangles can be classified

in two ways:
by Sides and by Angles.

Classified by Sides:
(Definitions)
 A Scalene Triangle has no congruent sides.
Each side in this triangle has a different length.

An Isosceles Triangle has two congruent sides.

The sides that are the same length are called the legs.
The other side is called the base.

An Equilateral Triangle has three congruent

sides.

All three sides of this triangle are of the same length.

Classified by Angles:
(Definitions)

An Acute Triangle has all angles measuring less than

90°.

A Right Triangle has one right angle.

(A right angle measures exactly 90°).
 An Obtuse Triangle has one angle measuring more
than 90°.
It is not possible to draw a triangle with more than one obtuse angle.

An Equiangular Triangle has 3 congruent angles.

All angles measure the same, and each angle measures 60°.
This triangle is the same as the equilateral triangle.

Area of Triangles:
Finding the area of a triangle can be as simple as plugging numbers into the well
known formula for the area of a triangle:

But how do you find the area of a triangle when you do not know the height of the
triangle?

A Greek engineer and geometer, Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria, who lived in the first
century 10 - 75, is credited with discovering a means of finding the area of a triangle
when the height is not known.

where a, b and c are the sides of the triangle, and

Heron's
formula:
s is called the semi-perimeter.
Theorem The sum of the measures of
: the interior angles
 of any triangle is180°.

In at the left,
m<M + m<N + m<P = 180°.

Remember that this theorem works for ANY

type of triangle. The sum of the angles in ANY
type of triangle is 180°.

Examples

1. In ABC, m<A = 42° and m<C = 63°. What is the measure of <B ?
Let x = m<B. x + 42 + 63 = 180
Add up all three angles and set x + 105 = 180
them equal to 180º. x = 75
Solve for x. So m<B = 75°

2. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio of 1:2:3. Find the measure of the smallest angle of
the triangle.
Then:
x + 2x + 3x = 180
Let x = smallest angle 6x = 180
2x = second angle x = 30
3x = largest angle
So the smallest angle
 measures 30°

3. The vertex angle of an isosceles triangle measures 58° Find the measure of a base angle.

The base angles are the 2 congruent angles in

an isosceles triangle. So, let x = a base angle.

Then
x + x + 58 = 180
2x + 58 = 180
2x = 122
x = 61

So a base angle measures

61°.
Theorem: An measure of an exterior angle of
a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures
of the two non-adjacent interior angles.
(non-adjacent interior angles may also be referred to as remote interior angles)

An exterior angle is formed by one side of a triangle and the extension

of an adjacent side of the triangle.
In the triangle at the right, <4 is an exterior angle.

The theorem above states that if <4 is an exterior angle, its measure is equal to the sum of the
measures of the 2 interior angles to which it is not adjacent, namely, <2 and <3.

m<4 = m<2 + m<3

 Since the measure of an exterior angle equals the sum of its two non-adjacent interior
angles, the exterior angle is also greater than either of the individual non-adjacent
interior angles.

m<4 > m<2 and also m<4 > m<3

Theorem: The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is

greater than either of its two non-adjacent interior angles.

Examples

1. In PQR, m<Q = 45°, and m<R = 72°. Find the measure of an exterior angle at P.
It is always helpful to draw a diagram and label it
with the given information.

Then, using the first theorem above, set the x = 45 + 72

exterior angle ( x ) equal to the sum of the two x = 117
non-adjacent interior angles which are 45° and
72°. So, an exterior angle
at Pmeasures 117°.

2. In DEF, an exterior angle at F is represented by 8x + 15. If the two non-adjacent interior

angles are represented by 4x + 5, and 3x + 20, find the value of x.
 First, draw and label a diagram.

Next, use the first theorem to set up an equation.

Then solve the equation for x.

8x + 15=(4x + 5)+(3x + 20)
8x + 15 = 7x + 25
8x = 7x + 10
x = 10

So, x = 10

3. Find the measure of an exterior angle at the base of an isosceles triangle whose vertex angle
measures 40°.
 First.....the diagram.
You may choose to place the exterior angle at either
vertex B or C. They will have the same measure.

Next, we have to find the measure of a base angle--

-- let's say <B.

Remember that the 2 base angles of an isosceles

triangle are equal, so we'll represent each as y.

Then, write an equation, using the fact that there are

180 degrees in a triangle.

y + y + 40 = 180
2y + 40 = 180
Now we can solve for x using the exterior angle 2y = 140
theorem. Set the measure of the exterior angle equal to y = 70
the sum of the measures of the two non-adjacent
interior angles. x = 70 + 40
x = 110

So,
an exterior angle at the base
measures 110°.