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Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface

ds' ds

ds
Deflection of beams and But ds  dx  dq and ds'    y dq
  y dq  dq s 
 or
simple frames 1 
dq
m
 
 y c

1   1 Mc
 m  m 
 c Ec Ec I
M

EI

4- 2

Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
• Relationship between bending moment and • Overhanging beam
curvature for pure bending remains valid for • Reactions at A and C
general transverse loadings.
1 M ( x) • Bending moment diagram

 EI • Curvature is zero at points where the bending
moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
• Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated
load at the free end, 1 M ( x)

 EI
1 Px

 EI • Beam is concave upwards where the bending
moment is positive and concave downwards
• Curvature varies linearly with x where it is negative.
 is radius of curvature
1 1 • Maximum curvature occurs where the moment
is the curvature. • At the free end A, ρ  0, ρA  
 A magnitude is a maximum.
1 EI • An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve
• At the support B,   0, B  PL
EI is the flexural stiffness B is required to determine maximum deflection
and slope.
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Equation of the Elastic Curve y  y ( x)

• From elementary calculus, simplified for beam
dy
parameters,
d2y
q
1 dx 2 d2y
dx
 
   dy 
1    
2 3 2 dx 2
M d2y
  dx   
EI dx 2
• Substituting and integrating,
EI
1
 EI
d2y
 M x  V d3y
 dx 2 
EI q  EI
dy
x
 M  x dx  C1
EI dx 3
dx 
0
w d4y
x x
EI y   dx  M x  dx  C1x  C2
 4
0 0 EI dx
9- 5 9- 6

Equation of the Elastic Curve Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the
• Constants are determined from boundary
Load Distribution
conditions • For a beam subjected to a distributed load,
x x
EI y   dx  M  x  dx  C1x  C2 dM d 2M dV
 V x    w x 
0 0 dx dx 2 dx
• Three cases for statically determinant beams, • Equation for beam displacement becomes
– Simply supported beam d 2M d4y
 EI   w x 
y A  0, yB  0 dx 2 dx 4
– Overhanging beam • Integrating four times yields
y A  0, yB  0
EI y x     dx  dx  dx  w x dx
– Cantilever beam
y A  0, q A  0  1 C1x 3  1 C2 x 2  C3 x  C4
6 2

• More complicated loadings require multiple • Constants are determined from boundary
integrals and application of requirement for conditions.
continuity of displacement and slope.
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Statically Indeterminate Beams Sample Problem 9.1

• Consider beam with fixed support at A and roller
support at B.
• From free-body diagram, note that there are four SOLUTION:
unknown reaction components. • Develop an expression for M(x)
• Conditions for static equilibrium yield and derive differential equation for
 Fx  0  Fy  0  M A  0 elastic curve.

The beam is statically indeterminate. • Integrate differential equation twice

• Also have the beam deflection equation, and apply boundary conditions to
x x obtain elastic curve.
EI y   dx  M  x  dx  C1x  C2
For portion AB of the overhanging beam, • Locate point of zero slope or point
0 0
which introduces two unknowns but provides (a) derive the equation for the elastic curve, of maximum deflection.
three additional equations from the boundary (b) determine the maximum deflection,
• Evaluate corresponding maximum
conditions: (c) evaluate ymax.
deflection.
At x  0, q  0 y  0 At x  L, y  0

9- 9 9- 10

Sample Problem 9.1 Sample Problem 9.1

SOLUTION: • Integrate differential equation twice and apply
• Develop an expression for M(x) and derive boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
differential equation for elastic curve. dy 1 a
EI   P x 2  C1
dx 2 L
- Reactions: 1 a
EI y   P x3  C1x  C2
Pa  a 6 L
RA   RB  P1   
L  L at x  0, y  0 : C2  0
d2y a
EI  P x 1 a 1
- From the free-body diagram for section AD, dx 2 L at x  L, y  0 : 0   P L3  C1L C1  PaL
6 L 6
a
M  P x 0  x  L  Substituting,
L
2
dy 1 a 1 dy PaL   x 
EI   P x 2  PaL  1  3  
- The differential equation for the elastic dx 2 L 6 dx 6 EI   L  
curve,
1 a 1
d2y a EI y   P x 3  PaLx 3
EI  P x 6 L 6 PaL2  x  x 
dx2 L y    
6 EI  L  L  
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Sample Problem 9.1 Sample Problem 9.3

• Locate point of zero slope or point SOLUTION:
of maximum deflection.
2 • Develop the differential equation for
dy PaL  x   L the elastic curve (will be functionally
0 1  3 m   xm   0.577 L
dx 6 EI   L   3 dependent on the reaction at A).

3 • Evaluate corresponding maximum

PaL2  x  x   • Integrate twice and apply boundary
y     deflection.
6 EI  L  L   For the uniform beam, determine the conditions to solve for reaction at A
PaL2 reaction at A, derive the equation for and to obtain the elastic curve.
ymax 
6 EI

0.577  0.577 3  the elastic curve, and determine the
slope at A. (Note that the beam is • Evaluate the slope at A.
PaL2
ymax  0.0642
EI
statically indeterminate to the first
degree)

ymax  0.0642
200 10 N 1.2 m 4.5 m 
3 2

200 10 Pa 300 10 m 

9 6 4

ymax  5.2 mm

9- 13 9- 14

Sample Problem 9.3 Sample Problem 9.3

• Consider moment acting at section D, • Integrate twice
dy 1 w x4
MD  0 EI  EIq  R A x 2  0  C1
dx 2 24 L
1  w x2  x w x5
RAx   0   M  0 1
EI y  R A x 3  0  C1x  C2
2  L  3 6 120 L
w x3 • Apply boundary conditions:
M  RA x  0
6L d2y w x3
EI 2
 M  RAx  0 at x  0, y  0 : C2  0
dx 6L
• The differential equation for the elastic 1 w L3
curve, at x  L, q  0 : RA L2  0  C1  0
2 24
d2y w x3
EI  M  RAx  0 1 w L4
dx 2 6L at x  L, y  0 : RA L3  0  C1L  C2  0
6 120
• Solve for reaction at A
1 1 1
R A L3  w0 L4  0 RA  w0 L 
3 30 10

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Sample Problem 9.3 Method of Superposition

• Substitute for C1, C2, and RA in the
elastic curve equation,
1 1  w x5  1 
EI y   w0 L  x 3  0   w0 L3  x
6  10  120 L  120 

y
w0
120 EIL

 x 5  2 L2 x 3  L4 x 
Principle of Superposition:

• Differentiate once to find the slope, • Deformations of beams subjected to • Procedure is facilitated by tables of
combinations of loadings may be solutions for common types of
q
dy

w0
dx 120 EIL

 5 x 4  6 L2 x 2  L4  obtained as the linear combination of loadings and supports.
the deformations from the individual
loadings
w0 L3
at x = 0, qA 
120 EI

9- 17 9- 18

Sample Problem 9.7 Sample Problem 9.7

Loading I
For the beam and loading shown,
determine the slope and deflection at wL3 wL4
q B I   y B I 
point B. 6 EI 8EI

Loading II
SOLUTION:
wL3 wL4
Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown. qC II   yC II 
48EI 128EI

In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

zero and the elastic curve is a straight line.
wL3
q B II  qC II 
48EI

wL4 wL3  L  7 wL4

 yB II    
128 EI 48 EI  2  384 EI

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Sample Problem 9.7 Application of Superposition to Statically

Indeterminate Beams

• Method of superposition may be • Determine the beam deformation

Combine the two solutions,
wL3 wL3
q B  q B I  q B II    qB  
6 EI 48EI
wL4 7 wL4
yB   y B I   y B II    yB  
8EI 384 EI
applied to determine the reactions at without the redundant support.
the supports of statically indeterminate
beams. • Treat the redundant reaction as an
unknown load which, together with
7 wL3
• Designate one of the reactions as the other loads, must produce
48 EI redundant and eliminate or modify deformations compatible with the
the support. original supports.
41wL4
384 EI

9- 21 9- 22

Sample Problem 9.8 Sample Problem 9.8

• Distributed Loading:
For the uniform beam and loading shown,
determine the reaction at each support and
the slope at end A.

 yB w   w
24 EI

x 4  2 Lx3  L3 x 
SOLUTION:
• Release the “redundant” support at B, and find deformation.
• Apply reaction at B as an unknown load to force zero displacement at B. At point B, x  23 L

4 3
w  2  2  3 2 

 yB w    L   2 L L   L  L 
24 EI  3  3   3 
wL4
 0.01132
EI

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Sample Problem 9.8 Sample Problem 9.8

• Redundant Reaction Loading:

Pa 2b2
At x  a, y
3EIL

• For compatibility with original supports, yB = 0

For a  23 L and b  13 L
wL4 R L3
0   y B w   y B R  0.01132  0.01646 B
2 2 EI EI
RB  2   L 
 yB R   L  
3EIL  3   3  RB  0.688 wL 
R L3
 0.01646 B • From statics,
EI
R A  0.271wL  RC  0.0413 wL 

9- 25 9- 26

Sample Problem 9.8 Moment-Area Theorems

• Geometric properties of the elastic curve can
be used to determine deflection and slope.

• Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,

dq d 2 y M
 
dx dx 2 EI
qD xD
Slope at end A, M
3 3
 dq   EI
dx
q A w   wL  0.04167 wL qC xC
24 EI EI xD
M
q D  qC   dx
q A R 
 

Pb L2  b2 0.0688 wL  L  2  L 
2
  L      0.03398
wL3 xC
EI
6 EIL 6 EIL  3   3   EI
• First Moment-Area Theorem:
3 3 3
wL wL wL q D C  area under (M/EI) diagram between
q A  q A w  q A R  0.04167  0.03398 q A  0.00769
EI EI EI C and D.

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Moment-Area Theorems Application to Cantilever Beams and Beams With

Symmetric Loadings
• Tangents to the elastic curve at P and P’ intercept a
segment of length dt on the vertical through C. • Cantilever beam - Select tangent at A as the
M reference.
dt  x1dq  x1 dx
EI with θ A  0,
xD
M qD  q D A
tC D   x1 dx = tangential deviation of C
EI
xC with respect to D yD  t D A

• Simply supported, symmetrically loaded

beam - select tangent at C as the reference.
• Second Moment-Area Theorem:
The tangential deviation of C with respect to D with θC  0,
is equal to the first moment with respect to a
q B  qB C
vertical axis through C of the area under the
(M/EI) diagram between C and D. yB  tB C

9- 29 9- 30

Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts Sample Problem 9.11

• Determination of the change of slope and the
tangential deviation is simplified if the effect of SOLUTION:
each load is evaluated separately. • Determine the reactions at supports.

• Construct a separate (M/EI) diagram for each
load.
- The change of slope, qD/C, is obtained by
adding the areas under the diagrams.
- The tangential deviation, tD/C is obtained by
adding the first moments of the areas with
respect to a vertical axis through D.
For the prismatic beam shown, determine
the slope and deflection at E.
• Construct shear, bending moment and
(M/EI) diagrams.
• Taking the tangent at C as the
reference, evaluate the slope and
tangential deviations at E.

• Bending moment diagram constructed from

individual loads is said to be drawn by parts.

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Sample Problem 9.11 Sample Problem 9.11

• Slope at E:
SOLUTION: q E  qC  q E C  qE C
• Determine the reactions at supports. wa 2L wa 3
 A1  A2   
RB  RD  wa 4 EI 6 EI
wa 2
qE   3L  2a 
• Construct shear, bending moment and 12 EI
(M/EI) diagrams.
• Deflection at E:
wa 2  L  wa 2 L
A1     yE  t E C  t D C
2 EI  2  4 EI
2 3   L  3a    L 
1  wa    A1 a    A2     A1 
A2    a    wa   4  4    4 
3  2 EI  6 EI
 wa 3L wa 2 L2 wa 4   wa 2 L2 
       
 4 EI 16 EI 8 EI   16 EI 

wa 3
yE   2 L  a 
8 EI
9- 33 9- 34

Application of Moment-Area Theorems to Beams Maximum Deflection

With Unsymmetric Loadings • Maximum deflection occurs at point K
• Define reference tangent at support A. Evaluate qA where the tangent is horizontal.
by determining the tangential deviation at B with tB A
respect to A. qA  
L
tB A
qA   qK  0  q A  q K A
L
qK A  q A
• The slope at other points is found with respect to
reference tangent.
• Point K may be determined by measuring
qD  q A  qD A an area under the (M/EI) diagram equal
to -qA .
• The deflection at D is found from the tangential
deviation at D.
• Obtain ymax by computing the first
EF HB x moment with respect to the vertical axis
 EF  tB A
x L L through A of the area between A and K.
x
yD  ED  EF  t D A  tB A
L
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Use of Moment-Area Theorems With Statically

Indeterminate Beams
• Reactions at supports of statically indeterminate
beams are found by designating a redundant
constraint and treating it as an unknown load which
satisfies a displacement compatibility requirement.

• The (M/EI) diagram is drawn by parts. The

resulting tangential deviations are superposed and
related by the compatibility requirement.

• With reactions determined, the slope and deflection

are found from the moment-area method.

9- 37

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