REFERENCE READING

Fundamentals of Programming NIIT

2.1
NIIT Fundamentals of Programming
2.2
 REFERENCE READING: CYCLE 1

Reference Reading:
S.No. Lesson Topics Reference Reading: URLs
Books

1. Introduction to Programming 1. Compilers: 1. http://www.osdata.com/

Programming Languages Principles, topic/language/asm/asm
Languages Techniques, and intro.htm
Introducing
Tools by al Alfred V.
Machine 2. http://webster.cs.ucr.ed
Aho, Ravi Sethi,
Language u/Page_asm/ArtofAssem
Jeffrey D. Ullman
bly/fwd/fwd.html#61
Introducing
Publisher: Addison-
Assembly
Wesley Pub Co
Language
2. The Absolute
Introducing Beginner's Guide to
High-level Programming by
Language Greg M. Perry
Publisher: Pearson
Education

2. Representing Introducing 1. Mastering Algorithms 1. http://www.ngc.peachne

Algorithms Algorithms with Perl by t.edu/academic/Arts_Let
By Jon Orwant, /Math_CS/GHAFARIA/cp
Representing
Jarkko Hietaniemi, p/pseudocode.htm
Algorithms
John Macdonald
2. http://panda.ece.utk.ed
Publisher: O'Reilly &
u/~hqi/teaching/ee205f9
Associates,
9/lecture1/sld029.htm
Incorporated
3. http://www.nos.org/htm
2. Introduction to
/basic2.htm
Algorithms, Second
Edition by Thomas 4. http://acweb.colum.edu/
H. Cormen, Charles users/rcourington/Progcl
E. Leiserson, Ronald ass/week2.html#Pseudo
L. Rivest, Clifford
Stein Publisher: MIT
Press
3. Essentials of
Flowcharting by
Michel H. Boillot,
Lister W. Horn,
Gary M. Gleason,
Lister Wayne Horn
Publisher: Business
& Educational
Technologies

Fundamentals of Programming NIIT

2.3
 Reference Reading:
S.No. Lesson Topics Reference Reading: URLs
Books

4. Computer
Algorithms,
Pseudocode by Ellis
Horowitz, Sartaj
Sahni, Sanguthevar
Rajasekaran
5. Flowcharts (Plain
and Simple) by
Joiner Associates
Staff Publisher: Oriel
Incorporated
6. Computer
Programming Logic
Using Flowcharts by
Joyce M Farrell
Publisher: Course
Technology, Inc.
Publisher: W. H.
Freeman Company

NIIT Fundamentals of Programming

2.4
 REFERENCE READING: CYCLE 2

S.No. Lesson Topics Reference Reference Reading: URLs

Reading: Books

1. Variables and Introducing 1. An Introduction to 1. http://www.brianhetrick.com

Expressions Variables Data Types /casio/tbb1typ.html
by J. Craig
Operators 2. http://www.brianhetrick.com
Cleaveland
/casio/tbb1var.html
Publisher:
Addison-Wesley 3. http://www.nombas.com/us/
sewse/manual/th_11913.ht
2. Mastering Regular
m
Expressions,
Second Edition by
Jeffrey, E. F.
Friedl
Publisher: O'Reilly
& Associates,
Incorporated

2. Input, Output, Introducing to 1. Principles of 1. http://www.shu.ac.uk/school

and Input Computer s/cms/teaching/mp/downloa
Documenting Hardware Third ds/q-pdl.htm
Introducing to
Algorithms Edition by Alan
Output 2. http://www.shu.ac.uk/school
Clements
s/cms/teaching/mp/downloa
Publisher:
ds/q-a-all.doc
Thomson Learning

Using Dry Run 1. http://www.bups.bilkent.edu

.tr/ibcomp/course/topic14.ht
ml
2. http://www.classteacher.co
m/student/exambooster/con
cepts/computerscience12.ht
ml

Documenting an 1. Computer 1. http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fa

Algorithm Programming c/Bill.Leahy/cs1311/cs1311le
Logic Using cture04.ppt
Flowcharts by
2. http://www-
Joyce M Farrell
Fundamentals of Programming NIIT
2.5
 S.No. Lesson Topics Reference Reference Reading: URLs
Reading: Books
Publisher: Course ee.eng.hawaii.edu/Courses/E
Technology, Inc. E150/Book/chap2/subsection
Publisher: W. H. 2.1.3.2.html
Freeman
3. http://www.tpub.com/progin
Company
tro/1g.htm
4. http://www.brianhetrick.com
/casio/tbb1com.html

NIIT Fundamentals of Programming

2.6
 REFERENCE READING: CYCLE 3

S.No. Lesson Topics Reference Reference Reading:

Reading: Books URLs

1. Decision-Making Decision- 1. Essentials of 1. http://www.music.colu

And Loop making Flowcharting by mbia.edu/cmix/algo.ht
Constructs Constructs Michel H. Boillot, ml
Lister W. Horn,
Loop Constructs 2. http://www.math.uni-
Gary M. Gleason,
hamburg.de/it/softwar
Lister Wayne Hor
e/fpk/ref/node43.html
n Publisher:
Business & 3. http://www.eng.iastat
Educational e.edu/efmd/161algor.h
Technologies tm
2. Computer
Programming
Logic Using
Flowcharts by
Joyce M Farrell
Publisher: Course
Technology, Inc.
Publisher: W. H.
Freeman
Company

2. Procedures and Introducing 1. Essentials of 1. http://www.scism.sbu.a

Functions Procedures Flowcharting by c.uk/law/Section1/chap
Michel H. Boillot, 5/s1c5p3.html
Lister W. Horn,
2. http://www.cc.gatech.e
Gary M. Gleason,
du/fac/Bill.Leahy/cs131
Lister Wayne Hor
1/cs1311lecture04.ppt
n Publisher:
Business &
Educational
Technologies
2. Computer
Programming
Logic Using
Flowcharts by
Joyce M Farrell
Publisher: Course
Technology, Inc.
Publisher: W. H.
Freeman
Fundamentals of Programming NIIT
2.7
 S.No. Lesson Topics Reference Reference Reading:
Reading: Books URLs
Company

Introduction to 1. C Programming 1. http://www.scism.sbu.a

Functions Language (2nd c.uk/law/Section1/chap
Edition) by Brian 5/s1c5p3.html
Scope of
W. Kernighan,
Variables 2. http://hotwired.lycos.co
Dennis Ritchie,
m/webmonkey/98/37/i
Dennis M. Ritchie
ndex3a_page2.html?tw
Publisher:
=backend
Pearson
Education

NIIT Fundamentals of Programming

2.8
 GLOSSARY

A
Machine Language –Machine language uses the D
binary number system, which uses binary digits 0
Decision Symbol - Decision symbol is used to
and 1 to represent an instruction to the computer.
represent a condition based on which a
Assembly Language - Assembly language uses
decision needs to be taken in a flowchart.
letters and symbols instead of numbers to
represent instructions and memory addresses and Display Symbol - Display symbol is used to
thus overcomes the limitations of machine display the output of the algorithm to the user
language. in a flowchart.
Register – Register is referred as memory of a Decision Tables – A decision table is used to
computer that is used for data storage and represent algorithms that involve complex
operations, such as arithmetic, logical, and control decision-making.
operations.
Data type - A data type is the type of data
Assembler– Assemblers are special programs that that can be stored in a variable.
translate the assembly language programs into
Documentation – Documentation is the
equivalent machine language programs and store
process of maintaining a record of all the
the machine language program in the main
algorithms that have been created during the
memory of the computer.
process of problem solving.
Algorithm - An algorithm is a sequence of steps
Decision-making Constructs - Decision-
required to solve a problem.
making constructs allow the selective execution
of statements, depending on the result after
Annotation – Annotation symbol is used to
evaluating a condition.
represent comments in a flowchart.

Arithmetic Operators - Arithmetic operators are

used to perform arithmetic calculations.
E
Expression literals – Variables, operators,
C and constants used in an expression are called
expression literals.
Compiler – A compiler translates each high-level
instruction into a corresponding set of machine
language instructions.
Constants - Constants are the fixed values that F
do not change in an algorithm.
Flowchart - Flowcharts are graphical
CUI - CUI is an interface that is character based, representation of algorithms in a step-by-step
and accepts only characters. manner.
Flow Line – Flow lines are used to represent

Fundamentals of Programming NIIT

2.9
the logical flow of a process in a flowchart.
Floppy Disk – floppy disk is a secondary data
storage device that is used as an input device.
Function - Function is a block of statements
that perform a specific task.
G micro flowchart.
GUI - GUI is a user interface that can have
elements such as buttons, drop-boxes, and
Windows.
Global Variables - Global variables are the
variables that can be used anywhere in an
algorithm.
H
High-level Language – High-level language
uses English keywords, such as PRINT and GOTO
to process instructions.
I
Interpreter - An interpreter takes one
instruction of a high-level language at a time,
converts it to a set of machine instructions, and
executes the resulting machine code.
Input/Output Symbol - Input/Output symbol is
used to accept an input or generate an output in
a flowchart.
Identifier - A variable name is also known as an
identifier.
Internal Variables - Internal variables are
declared inside a function or procedure in which
they are to be used.
K Procedure/Subroutine symbol -
Keyboard - Keyboard is used to feed input by
pressing the available keys, such as alphabet
keys, number keys, and alphanumeric keys.
M Printer – Printer provides an output in the
Macro Instruction - Each instruction of a
NIIT
2.10
high-level language is a macro instruction,
which is translated into multiple machine level
instructions.
Macro-level Flowchart - A flowchart that
contains precise details about a process is
called a macro-level flowchart.
Micro Flowchart - A flowchart that contains
detailed information about a process is called a
Mouse - Mouse helps the user to point to the
various icons on the computer screen.
Monitor – Monitor displays the output on the
computer screen.
O
Object Code – An object code is the output of
assembly language instruction converted into
corresponding machine language instruction.
On Page Connector - On Page connector
symbol is used to connect two portions of a
flowchart in the same page.
Off Page Connector - Off Page connector
symbol is used to connect two portions of a
flowchart in separate pages.
Operator - An operator is used to combine two
or more variables or constants and specifies
the operation that needs to be performed on
variables or constants.
P
Process Symbol - Process symbol is used to
represent the processing of an input in a
flowchart.
Procedure/subroutine symbol is used to
represent procedures and subroutines in a
flowchart.
Pseudocode - A pseudocode is used to
represent an algorithm in general English
language.
form of a printed page.
Fundamentals of Programming
Programming Constructs – Programming
constructs are a set of statements that help in
the development of algorithms in a logical flow
that determines the sequence in which the
steps will be executed.

Procedure - A procedure is a set of one or

more logical statements that can be executed
by referring to the procedure name.

Parameters - Parameters act as a bridge

between the procedure and the calling code.

R
Relational Operators - Relational operators
are used to test the relationship between two
variables or the relationship between a variable
and a constant.

S
Source Code – A source code is an assembly
language instruction that needs to be translated
to machine language instruction.
Start/Stop symbol - Start/Stop symbol is used
to represent the beginning and the end of a flow
chart.
Scanner – Scanner is used to copy photographs
or documents.
Speaker – Speaker is used to play sound files.

V
Variable - A variable is the name of a storage
location in the memory and is used to store data.

Fundamentals of Programming NIIT

2.11
NIIT Fundamentals of Programming
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