SUB: STRENGTH OF MATERIAL MODULE-17A

MODULE-17A
Simple stress and strain relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions,
principal stresses, stress transformation, Mohr’s circle.
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Stress: The force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation is known
as stress.

Units: N/m , N/ Stress = =

Strain: The ratio of change of dimension of the body to the original dimension is known as
strain. It is dimensionless quantity.

Types of stresses:
1. Tensile stress: The stress induced in a body, when subjected to tensile force is known
as tensile stress.
2. Compressive stress: The stress induced in a body, when subjected to compressive
force is known as compressive stress.
3. Shear stress: The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite
forces which are acting tangentially across the resisting section, as a result of which
the body tends to shear off across the section is known as shear stress.
Tensile and Compressive stresses are again two types each.
Bending stress: If the tensile or compressive stress is due to bending then they are called
bending tensile stress or bending compressive stress.
Axial stress: If the tensile or compressive stress is due to axial forces then they are called
axial tensile or axial compressive stress.

Types of strains:
1. Tensile strain: It is the ratio of increase in length to original length
2. Compressive strain: It is the ratio of decrease in length to original length
3. Volumetric strain: It is the ratio of change in volume to original volume.
4. Shear strain: The strain produced by shear stress is known as shear stain. It is
deformation angle.

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Hooke’s law: It states that when a material is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to the strain produced by the stress. This means the ratio of the stress is the
corresponding strain is constant within elastic limit. This constant is known as modulus of
elasticity or modulus of rigidity.
Young’s modulus: The ratio of tensile stress or compressive stress to the corresponding
strain is known as young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity. It is denoted by E.
Shear modulus: The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain within the
elastic limit is known as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity. It is denoted by G.
Factor of safety: It is defined as the ratio of ultimate tensile stress to permissible stress.

Factor of safety=

Relation between stress and strain:

For 1-D system

E= where E- young’s modulus

f- Stress
e- Strain
For 2-D system
Longitudinal strain: When a body is subjected to an axial tensile load, there is an
increase in the length of the body and decease in width. The longitudinal strain is defined
as the deformation of the body per unit length in the direction of applied load.

Lateral strain: The strain at right angles to the direction of applied load is known as
lateral strain.

Poisson’s ratio: The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is a constant for a
given material, when the material is stressed within elastic limit. This ratio is called
Poisson’s ratio and it is denoted by .

Let is stress in x- direction and is stress in y- direction. Let & are strains in x
and y directions, then

= -

= -

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For 3-D system

= - -

= - -

= - - .

Composite bars: A bar is made of two or more bars of equal lengths but of different
materials rigidly fixed with each other and behaving as one unit for extension or compression
when subjected to axial tensile or compressive loads is called composite bar.
For the composite bar:
(1) The extension or compression in each bar is equal.
(2) Total external load on the composite bar is equal to the loads carried by each different
material.

Modular ratio: The ratio of is called modular ratio of the material to the second.

Thermal stresses: Thermal stresses are the stresses induced in a body due to change in
temperature. Thermal stresses are set up in a body, when the temperature of the body is raised
or lowered and the body is not allowed to expand or contract freely, no stresses will be set up
in the body.
If the rod is free to expand, then extension of the rod is given by
= T.L where - co-efficient of thermal expansion.
T- Change in temperature.
L- Length of rod.

Thermal strain =

Thermal stress = Thermal strain E

Thermal stresses in composite bar:
Let a composite bar consisting of two members, a bar of brass and another of steel. If
temperature is raised, and if they are allowed to expand freely then there will be no stress
induced in it. But the two members are rigidly fixed and hence the composite bar of a whole
will expand freely. But both members expand sum amount. As , brass expands more
it is allowed to expand sum amount. Hence brass expansion is less than free condition. Due to
this compressive stress will setup in brass and tensile stress in steel.
For equilibrium of system, load on brass = load on steel
. = .

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Actual expansion of brass= actual expansion of steel.

T.L - .L = T.L+ . L

Solving these two equations we get stress in brass and steel.

Volumetric strain: The ratio of change in volume to the original volume of a body is called
volumetric strain.

= = +

= ( ) (1- 2 )

Here are tensile. If any stress is compressive, it may be regarded as negative.

Bulk modulus: The ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is known as
bulk modulus.

K=

Relation between young’s modulus and bulk modulus:

Let we take a cube of length L and apply a stress of ‘f’ in all directions x, y, z.

(1-2 )

(1-2 )

K= =

∴ E= 3K (1-2 )

Relation between young’s modulus and modulus of rigidity:

Tensile stress along BD =

Due to shear stress in BD

Tensile strain along BD

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Due to stress along AC=

Total tensile strain along BD =

= (1+ )

From figure

Tensile strain along BD =

= = √
√

= . = Shear strain

= .

Comparing (1+ ) =

2G = or G=

Principal planes: The planes, which have no stress, are known as principal planes. Hence
principal planes are the planes of zero shear stress. These planes carry only normal stresses.
Principal stresses: The normal stresses, acting on a principal plane are known as principal
stresses.
Member subjected to direct stresses in two mutually perpendicular directions accompanied by
a simple shear stress.

= + cos2 +

=-( ) sin2

= -

Principal stresses: To find the principal stresses. Differentiate with respect to

=-(

∴ tan2

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Are principal angles associated with the principal stresses?

∴ = + . +

= √( ) ( )

√( ) cos2 =

And are principal stresses. Sin2 =

Stress transformation matrix [T] =* +

Stress matrix [S] = * +

State of stress at angle is

[T] [S] [ ]

=* +* +* +

=[ ]

( )
=[ ]
( )

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Mohr’s circle:

+ +

-( )

= +

Squaring on both sides we get

( ) +( ) +

Define = , R=√( )

( ) + = Which is equation for a circle with Centre ( ,0) and radius R.

This circle is called Mohr’s circle.
Notice that shear stress is plotted as positive downward
The reason for doing this is that 2 is then positive counter clockwise, which agrees with the
direction of 2 used in the derivation of the transformation equation and the direction of on
the stress element.
Notice that although 2 appear in Mohr’s circle, appear on the stress element.
Procedure for constructing Mohr’s circle:
1) Draw a set of co-ordinate axes with as abscissa and as ordinate ( positive
downward)
2) Locate the center of the circle ‘C’ at the point having co-ordinates and
=0
3) Locate point A, representing the stress conditions on the x. face of the element by
plotting its co-ordinates and = - note that the point B on the
circle corresponds to

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4) Locate point B, representing the stress conditions on the y face of the element by
plotting its co-ordinates = and =- note that the point B on the circle
corresponds to
5) Draw a line from point A to point B, a diameter of the circle passing through point C.
points A and B are at opposite ends of the diameter.
6) Using point C as the Centre draw Mohr’s circle through points A and B. This circle
has radius R.

Stresses on an inclined element:

1. On Mohr’s circle, measure an angle 2 counter clockwise from radius CA, because
point A corresponds to and hence if the reference point from which angles are
measured.
2. The angle 2 locates the point D on the circle, which has co-ordinates and .
Point D presents the stresses on the face of the inclined element.
3. Point E, which is diametrically opposite point D on the circle is located at the angle
20+180 from CA. thus point E gives the stress on the face of the inclined element.
4. So, as we rotate the axes counter clockwise by an angle , the point on mohr’s
circle corresponding to the face moves counter clockwise through an angle 2

are principal stresses

is the maximum shear stress.

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