THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX
Prepared by:
Theory & Proponent
Human personality and behavior are powerfully shaped Id, ego, and superego, wishes, instincts, clustered in to three by George Vaillant:
1. PSYCHOANALYSIS by Sigmund
Freud
2. INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY by Alfred
Adler
3. ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY by
Carl Jung
4. INTERPERSONAL THEORY by
Harry Sullivan
5. PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL
THEORY by Karen Horney
Basic Tenet
by early childhood relationships. They believed that parapraxes, defense mechanisms, anxiety, • Neurotic
humans are primarily pleasure-seeking creature
dominated by sexual and aggressive impulses.
Individuals strive toward completion and toward
achieving his or her idiosyncratic, fictional personal
goals.
Humans have a vast and mysterious potential within
their unconscious. Unconsciousness contains broad
psychic energy rather than simply sexual energy.
Humans are extremely complex beings who possess a
sanely of opposing qualities.
It emphasized the importance of interpersonal
relations. Personality is shaped almost entirely by the
relationship we have with other people.
•Social and cultural conditions esp. during childhood
have a powerful effect on later personality.
Mary Anne A. Portuguez, MP, RPm
Basic Concepts/Terms Related Research
The new defense mechanism of Freud is
dreams, psychosexual stages, • Immature and maladaptive
deterministic, pessimistic • Mature and adaptive
• Family constellations
Fictions, finalisms, inferiority complex, • Early recollections
superiority complex, creative self, social • Dreams
interest, striving for superiority, style of life, • Early memories are templates on which people
birth order, safeguarding tendencies project their current style of life (manner of a person’s
striving)
psyche, attitudes, functions of attitudes, • MBTI, a highly popular employee selection
archetypes, collective unconscious, self- technique and used for research on Jung’s
realization, self, synchronicity system.
• Intimate relationship with friend
dynamisms, self-system, security
• Imaginary friend, studies showed that children
operations, eidetic personification,
with eidetic personifications tend to be more
personification, cognitive processes,
socialized, less aggressive, more intelligent and
anxiety, unawareness have a better sense of humor.
• Morbid dependency, it generates the new
basic anxiety, neurosis, neurotic trends, concept of codependency.
• Hyper competitiveness, moving against
idealized self, real self, feminine
psychology, hypercompetitiveness, womb American women who have that
people. Some research says European
this are having
envy some type of eating disorder.
•Parenting styles

5. PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL
THEORY by Karen Horney
6. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS
by Erich Fromm
7. EGO ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY by In order to emerge in an analysis, the ego must become
aware of the utilize defenses to prevent the material to
Anna Freud
8. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF
DEVELOPMENT by Erik Erikson
9. NARRATIVE IDEINTITY by Dan
McAdams
•Social and cultural conditions esp. during childhood
have a powerful effect on later personality.
Humans have been torn away from their prehistoric Basic human condition, loneliness, escape developed the Saunders Consumers Orientation
union with nature and left with no powerful instinct to mechanisms, character orientations, basic Index (SCOI) to measure Fromm’s marketing
adapt to a changing world. But because humans have
acquired the ability to reason, they can think about
their isolated condition called human dilemma.
resurface.
It is an extension of Freud’s theory but in a different
way. It postulated eight stages of psychosocial
development through which people progress. He
emphasized on ego and social influences than what
Freud’s asserted on Id and unconscious.
Each of us develops identity and comes to know who
we are by constructing conscious/unconscious narrative
of the self; personality is composite pattern life stories.
• Morbid dependency, it generates the new
concept of codependency.
basic anxiety, neurosis, neurotic trends, • Hyper competitiveness, moving against
idealized self, real self, feminine people. Some research says that European
psychology, hypercompetitiveness, womb American women who have this are having
envy some type of eating disorder.
•Parenting styles
• Shaun Saunders and Don Munro have
needs, syndrome of decay, biophilous character. In general, Saunders found out that
people with a strong consumer orientation tend
character, necrophilous character
to place low value on freedom, inner harmony,
equality, self-respect and community.
• She produced classification system of
childhood symptoms •
developmental line, ego, diagnostic Developed an assessment procedure known as
profile, elaboration of defense
diagnostic profile • Emphasis on
mechanisms ego's role •Her work shifted
from adult to children using psychoanalysis
•Identity in early adulthood
psychosocial stages, identity crisis, virtue, • Generatively in midlife •play
ego, epigenetic principle constructions (inner and outer space)
agency, communion, nuclear episodes, •Loyola
McAdams and de St. Aubin developed the
Generativity Scale (LGS) •Studies
thematic lines, generativity in life stories

9. NARRATIVE IDEINTITY by Dan
McAdams
Each of us develops identity and comes to know who communion, nuclear episodes, •Loyola
McAdams and de St. Aubin developed the
we are by constructing conscious/unconscious narrative agency, Generativity Scale (LGS) •Studies
thematic lines, generativity
of the self; personality is composite pattern life stories. in life stories

idealization, narcissism, nuclear self, •Studies on narcissism •Role

10. SELF PSYCHOLOGY by Heinz A good sense of self-worth and acceptance can be of healthy narcissism
Kohut achieved through parental empathy. autonomous self, self-theory, mirroring •Significance of empathy

The structure of personality can be defined by habits.

11. PSYCHOANALYTIC LEARNING Habit, drive, drive reduction, cue,
This theory is a creative effort to combine the basic reinforcement, frustration, •Redefinition of unconscious process •Role
THEORY by John Dollard and Neal Freudian response,
concepts with ideas, language, methods, and infrahuman species, of suppression in treatment
Miller conflict, suppression
experimental results on learning and behavior.

12. COGNITIVE SOCIAL LEARNING
THEORY by Julian Rotter and
Walter Mischel
(note: Their differences will be
discussed)
Cognitive factors, more than immediate •Locus on control and health Related Behaviors
Locus of control, expectancy,
reinforcements, determine how people will react to •Analysis of Reactions
psychological situation, reinforcement
environmental forces. Each suggests that our (x)
value, behavior specificity, behavioral
expectations of future events are major determinants •Positive Psychology
siignature
of performance.

Humans are neither positive or negative, but simply a

function of their environment. operant conditioning, a theory of
13. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS by B.F. Human behavior like any other natural phenomena is personality without personality, shaping, •How environment affects behavior
Skinner subject to the laws of science, and that psychologists reinforcement, schedules of •Development of token economy
should not attribute inner motivations to it. reinforcement, satiation

Humans have some limited ability to control their lives.

It recognizes that chance encounters and fortuitous
events often shape one’s behavior; places more self-efficacy, observational learning, self- • Self-efficacy and cessation of smoking
14. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY by emphasis on observational learning; it stresses the •
system, agentic perspective, self-
Albert Bandura importance of cognitive factors in learning; human self-efficacy and academic performance
regulation,
activity is a function of behavior and person variables
as well as the environment; he believes that
reinforcement is mediated by cognition.
14. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY by
Albert Bandura
15. HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY
by Abraham Maslow
16. CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY by
Carl Rogers
17. EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY by
Rollo May
18. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE
INDIVIDUAL by Gordon Allport
19. PERSONOLOGY by Henry
Murray
20. TRAIT AND FACTOR THEORIES
by Hans Eysenck and Raymond
Cattell (will be discussed the
differences)
emphasis on observational learning; it stresses the
importance of cognitive factors in learning; human
activity is a function of behavior and person variables
as well as the environment; he believes that
reinforcement is mediated by cognition.
People are continually motivated by one or more
needs, and that, under the proper circumstances, they
can reach a level of psychological health called self-
actualization.
Each individual has the capacity for dramatic and
positive growth.
A basic unity exists between people and their
environment, a unity expressed by term Dasein or
being-in-the-world. People are both aware themselves
as lining beings and also aware of the possibility of
nonbeing or nothingness. Death is the most obvious
from of nonbeing, which can also be experienced as
retreat from life’s experiences.
He emphasized the uniqueness of each individual. He
believed that psychologically healthy individual are
motivated by present, mostly conscious drives and that Traits, cardinal disposition, common trait,
they not only seek to reduce tensions but to establish personal
new ones. He also believed that people are capable of
proactive behavior.
Personality is rooted in the brain. He was the one who
quoted, “No brain, no personality.”
Human personality is largely the product of genetics
and not environment.
• Self-efficacy and cessation of smoking •
system, agentic perspective, self-
self-efficacy and academic performance
regulation,
• Positive psychology
Hierarchy of needs, B-needs, D-needs,
• Self-actualization related to creativity, self-
self-actualization, metamotivation,
acceptance and Intimate interpersonal relations
motivation,
self, actualization, organismic valuing • Positive psychology
process, self-concept, congruence,
empathy, positive regard, unconditional •• Couples therapy
Facilitative conditions outside therapy
positive regard, conditional positive
regard, conditions of worth
simultaneous modes, umwelt, mitwelt, • Jeff Greenberg investigated terror
eigenwelt, guilt, existentialism, anxiety, management which is based on the notion of
daimonic, intentionality existential anxiety.
• Religious Orientation Scale
• Religious Orientation Scale and Psychological
disposition, central disposition, Health • Expressive
proprium, functional autonomy Behavior (Vernon)
Need, alpha press, beta press,
proceeding, serial, serial program, • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
ordination,
surface traits, source traits, factor
analysis, extraversion, introversion,
emotionality, stability, reticular activating • BIG FIVE by McCrae and Costa
system, visceral brain,
20. TRAIT AND FACTOR THEORIES surface traits, source traits, factor
by Hans Eysenck and Raymond Human personality is largely the product of genetics analysis, extraversion, introversion,
Cattell (will be discussed the and not environment. emotionality, stability, reticular activating • BIG FIVE by McCrae and Costa
differences) system, visceral brain,

References
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. •
Engler, B. (2012). Theories of personality (5th ed.). Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies. •
Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth.
 Therapeutic Assessment

• Free association, a patient spontaneously

express his ideas and images in random
fashion
• Dream analysis
• Transference and Resistance

• Order of birth
• Early recollections
• Dream analysis
• Style of life

• Investigation of symbols, myth, and rituals

in ancient cultures.
• Word Association Test
• Active imagination
• Amplification

• Participant observation
• Family Therapy

• Free association
• Dream analysis
• Self-analysis
• Free association
• Dream analysis
• Self-analysis

• Extensive interviews
• Dream reports
• Detailed questionnaires

•focus on developmental lines of children

•observation on patient's maturation level
•free association
•dream analysis

• Participant observation
• Anthropological studies
• Psychohisorical analysis

• Narrative therapy
• Narrative therapy

•experience-near observation

•Paved way to systematic desensitization

(Wolpe)
•Reciprocal inhibition

•Self-reports
•Test questionnaires

•Behavior modification

• direct observation
• self-report inventories
• physiological measurements
• self-report inventories
• physiological measurements

• Personal orientation inventory (POI)

• Interviews
• Biographical material

• Q-sort technique
•person-centered psychotherapy

• Therapy is not to cure any specific disorder

but to let the client to feel more human.

• Conduct Analysis
• Self-Appraisal

•Projective techniques

• 16 PF test and using objective data

• 16 PF test and using objective data