2.2.seismic Performance Joint in Precast Concrete Buildings - REDECON 2014

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Seismic Safety of Joints in Precast Buildings A

State-of-the–art Literature Review
CONFERENCE PAPER · NOVEMBER 2014

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4311.7128
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International Seminar on Recent Developments in Design and Construction of
Precast Concrete Technology
Seismic Safety of Joints in Precast Buildings

A State-of-the–art Literature Review
Ravikanth Chittiprolu & Ramancharla Pradeep Kumar
Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, IIIT Hyderabad

ramancharla@iiit.ac.in
Abstract: Due to rapid growth in the urbanization, there is a tremendous pressure on industry to
deliver faster construction. In such situation, Pre-cast construction technology becomes a popular choice.
This technology has already addressed several issues like quality, durability and safety during
construction. However, when it comes to earthquake safety, there are several questions which need to be
addressed. It has been observed that during past few (Bhuj 2001, Chile 2010) events performance has not
been satisfactory.
This paper presents a detailed state of the art literature review on precast buildings focusing
mainly on the seismic performance of joints or connections. First section of the paper focuses on the past
earthquake performances. Second part of the paper gives review on code provisions in different
countries. Third part gives the review of experimental and analytical studies conducted so far. The
objective of the review is to understand the research done on the capacity of beam column connections.
Key words: Precast concrete, Seismic Performance, Connections, Beam-Column, Experimental research,
Numerical research.
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
Until the late 1970's to early 1980's, the use of precast elements for seismic resistance in moment-resisting
frames and walls was the exception rather than rule. However, with the availability of deformed
reinforcing bar splice sleeves and foot and plate connectors, combined with their competent performance
in hinge regions of earthquake resistant structures, precast concrete buildings could now offer the same
advantage that steel buildings long held. In the past 4 decades the precast concrete industry has
experienced a phenomenal growth and has found an application in almost every field of civil
engineering. The implementation was pin pointed to bridges and building constructions. Particularly in
the erection of building sector precast concrete designs were undertaken from element level to structure
level. Precast concrete has been accepted as a viable means of constructing safe, durable, reliable,
quality, and cost-effective structural systems. It is significantly being used in earthquake resisting
structures in many parts of the world. However, some countries considered the use of precast concrete in
earthquake resisting structures with suspicion because of their bad performance during major
earthquakes.
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1.2. Poor Performance of Precast concrete Due to Earthquakes and poor practice.
Examples of poor behavior of precast concrete building structures during 1976 Tangshan (China), 1985
Michoacan (Mexico), 1988 Armenian, 1994 Northridge and 1999 Kocaeli earthquakes. The reason being
improper design and detailing of ductile element, inadequate diaphragm action, poor joint and
connection details, inadequate separation of non-structural elements and inadequate separation between
structures and were presented in the state of- the-art report by R Park and co-workers (fib, 2003). In
recent years, an earthquake of M8.8 in Chile, USA March 2010, damaged many buildings. MRP
Engineering from USA visited and documented the following images Figure 1(a) and 1(b) showing the
damage found in roof connections and wall connections. Figure 1(c) shows a collapsed six-story parking
garage when it was under construction, trapping and killing four employees and injuring three others.
The collapse was because of design, erection and poor performance of the connections.
Figure 1: (a) Collapse of tilt up panels due to weak wall to roof connections, (b) Weak connection to
double tee panels Chile (2010) following the M8.8 (Fig. a, b Curtsey: MRP Engineering, LLC,USA) (c)
Parking Garage Collapse During Construction at Miami Dade College, Doral. (Curtsey: Mohammad
Ayub, 2012), (d) School collapse in Gujarath, India due to Bhuj earthquake 2001 (curtsey: A. Meher
Prasad.)
In India, The Government of Gujarat had previously launched a massive program of providing 6,000
school buildings using precast structures for speedy construction during April 1999 to November 2000.
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About three-fourths of such newly built classrooms were either destroyed or damaged. According to
Government of Gujarat, a total of 31 teachers died and 95 were injured, 971 students perished. Figure
1(d) shows the damage to roof planks. Therefore there is a need to evaluate the current practice of
precast construction in India.
1.3. Connections in Precast concrete

First and foremost point in precast concrete structures is about Joints and connections. Often, these two
words give similar meaning. Many code books and reputed manuals differentiated the difference
between Joint and connections. A connection is the local region that includes the union between two or
more components. Where as a joint is a part of connection at individual boundaries between two
elements. (Fib. Bulletin 43, 2008) Figure 2 shows the graphical representation of a connection and a joint.
Connections form the vital form of the precast concrete design and construction. They also can dictate
the type of precast frame, limitations of the frame and erection progress. The structural behavior of the
frame can be controlled by the appropriate design of connections.
Figure 3 shows an example of different type of connections for column to footing, column to column and
column to beam. PCI connection manual for Precast and prestressed concrete constructions (MNL 138-
08) have been given double tee wall, solid wall and spandrel wall connections to footing. More verities of
beam column connections, wall to wall connections were also given. These connections are classified as
pinned, rigid and semi rigid connections based on moment- rotation of those joints and shown in Figure
4. Method of joints can be achieved by using dowel bars, bolts, threaded couplers, welded plates, tie
bars.
Figure 2: Definition of a ‘joint’ and ‘connection’ (Fib bulletin 43, 2008)

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Figure 3: Different type of connections for Precast Concrete Construction by Kim S Elliott (2002).
In India from recent years, many authors have given an overview and literature review for the precast
concrete building structures focusing on beam column connections under earthquake effect. R.K Khare
et.al; in 2011 criticizing the need and implementation of Indian codes in precast concrete construction
had given comments on IS 11447:1985 and recommendations to Indian codes of practice. A Literature
review on seismic behavior of beam column connections was done by P. Polaraju et al; in 2013 and
concluded that lateral load capacity was maintained almost constant up to drift ratios of 3.5%. The joints
can be designed to develop plastic hinges in the beams next to the column and to impose joint shear
demands very close to the nominal joint shear strength of monolithic construction. Since, limited review
reports are available on Seismic performance of joints in precast buildings, this paper is an attempt to
give an overall idea of current codes, manuals, experimental and numerical research that have been
conducted till date.
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Figure 4: Classification of connections for Precast Concrete Construction by Kim S Elliott (2002).
2. History & Current practices

2.1. United States of America (North and South)
2.1.1. ACI Standards
Concrete design and construction in all codes either adopt or are based on ACI standard: Building code
requirements for concrete structures. Another document that influences the model codes is the NEHRP
provisions. Seismic design provisions for precast concrete structures were first introduced in the 1994
NEHRP provisions, and then adopted in UBC 1997, further upgraded in ACI 318-2002 with similar
provisions. The design in UBC is limited to emulative (Equivalent monolithic) design of frame structures
using only strong connection. More widely applicable seismic design provisions for precast concrete
structures were published in the 2000 NEHRP provisions with emulative design of precast structures
with both strong and ductile connections. It also introduces non-emulative design provisions for precast
structures. With the implementation of ACI code 2005, 2008 and in current trends ACI 318 -2011 the
designs of precast members and connections shall include loading and resistant conditions from initial
fabrication to end use in the structure, including from removal, storage, transportation and erection.
When designing a connection using materials with different structural properties, their relative stiffness,
strength, and ductility shall be considered. More connection details were given by ACI-ASCE committee
with an approved report of ACI 550R-96 (2001): Design recommendations for precast concrete structures.
Grouted joints and shear keyways are used to transfer shear forces. Mechanical connectors such as steel
plates or, metal castings are used to transfer the force properly between each element of the connection.
ACI adopted the shear friction design presented in PCI design hand book and recommended for design
of connection components where shear friction is appropriate. The committee also mentioned that the
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adequacy of connections to transfer forces between members may be determined by analysis or by
experimental test.
2.1.2. NEHRP Provisions:

1994 NEHRP provisions are first Seismic design provisions for precast concrete structures published as
FEMA 302, it has upgraded with 2000 NEHRP provisions as FEMA 450. Further implementations were
given with design examples in 2003 NEHRP provisions as FEMA 451-2006 and 2009 NEHRP provisions
as FEMA P-751/2012. The scope of these provisions was extended to special moment frames constructed
using ductile connections, strong connection.
2.1.3. PCI Standards / reports

Since 4 decades, Precast/Prestressed concrete institution (PCI) is contributing to develop standard
practices in precast and prestressed technology with publications of design manuals. For the use of
structural precast/prestressed concrete and architectural precast concrete in the United States and
Canada, PCI continually disseminates information on the latest concepts, techniques, and design data to
the engineering and architectural professions through regional and national programs and technical
publications. ACI 318-05, ASCE 7-05, and IBC 2006 would be the relevant building code references for
the seventh edition of PCI design hand book for current industry practices. Beam to column connection
with inverted Tee beam (with corbel and without corbel), Column-to-column connection with splice
sleeve and anchor bolted, Double Tee beam to spandrel connections were explained in PCI manual
(MNL138-08).
2.2. Europe
2.2.1. European Standards/ reports
Among Structural Euro codes issued by the European Committee for standardization, Euro code 8 deals
with design of seismic structures for earthquake resistance (BS EN 1998-1). In modeling the precast
structures assessment of identification of the different roles of the structural elements, ability to fulfill the
seismic resistance provisions, identification of non-structural elements, and identification of the effect of
the connections on the energy dissipation capacity is required. General provisions were made for
connections located away from critical regions, overdesigned connections and energy dissipating
connections. Simply Supported beams shall be structurally connected to columns and shall ensure the
transmission of horizontal forces in the design of seismic situation without relying on friction. Column to
column connection with in critical regions are allowed only in medium ductility. In case of beam column
connection the column should be fixed at the base with full supports in pocket foundations designed in
accordance with over designed connection. Beam column connection should be specifically checked for
their resistance and ductility.
2.2.2. European Joint research commission reports

Since 2 decades, The European government body, Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen
(IPSC) of the European Joint Research Commission (JRC) is contributing to European Standards
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harmonization in construction to develop appropriate methodologies through integrated use of
experimental testing and numerical modeling in Structural Mechanics. With these actions of JRC, the Co-
normative research programme - "Seismic behaviour of precast concrete structures with respect to Euro
code 8” was aimed at assessing and possibly calibrating, by means of experimental and numerical
investigation, the design rules provided by Euro code 8 with reference to precast reinforced concrete
structures. The result of this research came up with a scientific report on Design Guidelines for
Connections of Precast Structures under Seismic Actions in 2012. In this report provisions for beam
column connections with cast-in-situ connections, connections with dowels, connections with
mechanical couplers and hybrid connections was stated. The guidelines were given to evaluate strength,
ductility, dissipation, deformation, decay and damage.
2.3. Australian Standards

Precast Concrete Hand book (NP:PCH 2009) was published by National precast concrete association,
Australia. Connections between precast elements, and between precast and cast-in-place concrete
elements, shall be designed (a) To control cracking due to restraint of volume change, and differential
temperature gradients; (b) To develop a failure mode by yielding of steel reinforcement or other non
brittle mechanism; and (c) To provide resistance against sliding with sale reliance on friction from
gravity loads, except for heavy modular unit structures for which resistance to overturning or sliding has
a factor of safety of five or more, or where sliding or rocking will not adversely affect the performance of
the structure. When designing a connection using materials with different structural properties, their
relative stiffness, strength, and ductility shall be considered. Forces may be transferred between
members by grouted joints, shear keys, mechanical connectors, reinforcing bar connections, welded or
bolted connections reinforced topping, or a combination of these means. The adequacy of connections to
transfer forces between members shall be determined by analysis or by experimental test.
2.4. New Zealand Standards

New Zealand adopted the Australian design hand book for precast concrete published by National
Precast concrete association, Australia. To ensure that the most suitable mechanism of post elastic
deformation occurs in a structure during a major earthquake, New Zealand standards require 'ductile
structures' and 'structures of limited' protected by a capacity design approach which ensures that
flexural yielding occurs away from the connection region. Additional requirements for ductile structures
designed for earthquake effects are diaphragm action is to be provided by means of a cast-in-place
topping, adequate support shall be provided to precast flooring units to take account of inelastic actions
of ductile frames including the effects of frame dilatancy.
The construction of seismic moment resisting frames and structural walls incorporating precast concrete
elements generally fall into two broad categories, either "equivalent monolithic" systems or, "jointed"
systems. The distinction between these types of construction is based on the design of the connections
between the precast concrete elements. The connections between precast concrete elements of equivalent
monolithic systems (cast-in-place emulation) can be achieved by Strong connections of nominal ductility,
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ductile connections. In moment resisting frames, yield penetration may occur into the connection end-
region. The potential plastic hinge region may extend to a distance along the end of the member as in
cast-in-place construction.
Jointed systems do not emulate the performance of cast-in-place concrete construction. The post-elastic
deformations of these systems during an earthquake are typically concentrated at the interfaces of the
precast concrete elements where a crack opens and closes. The connections between precast concrete
elements of jointed systems can be achieved by Connections of limited ductility, Ductile jointed
connections and ductile hybrid connections
2.5. African standards

South African bureau of standards specification covers precast concrete application, materials, plant,
construction, testing and tolerances in SANS 2001-CC1:2007 code. The code does not cover all aspects of
the seismic design of precast reinforced concrete structures.
2.6. The International Federation for Structural Concrete

The International Federation for Structural Concrete is an organization created in 1998 from the merger
of the Euro-International Committee for Concrete (CEB) and the International Federation for
Prestressing (fip). The committee of commission 7: Seismic design of the International federation of
structural concrete has recently published fib Bulletin No. 43 (2008): Structural connections for precast
concrete - A guide to good practice, in which considerable information on practically every type of
beam-to-column connection is given concerning its design and behaviour. Its philosophy focuses on the
knowledge of the behaviour of a whole structure, of the mechanisms and paths of force transfer within
the connections and of their interaction with the structural members.
2.7. Asian Standards

Japan standards Association (JSA)/Japan Industrial Standard (JIS) published precast pre-stressed
concrete products as JIS A5373:2010. No special technical document has been developed by Japan
standards but The Architectural Institute of Japan proposed design guidelines for precast concrete frame
systems with equivalent monolithic reinforced concrete connections. That should satisfy the following
conditions: 1) Connections which have enough stiffness such that the design stresses can be predicted
with necessary accuracy by structural analysis applied to monolithic cast-in-place concrete structural
systems. 2) Connections which have equal to or larger strength than it needed to transfer force occurring
in member or between members such that equivalent structural seismic resistance would be maintained.
3) members with those connections should have comparable restoring force characteristics by which no
significant difference in earthquake response occur. 4) Connections should have equivalent or superior
serviceability, durability and fire resistance.
US-Japan coordinating research program on precast concrete seismic structural system started in 1988
with a connection design manual committee and produced results like connections located at plastic
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hinges are allowed by emulating cast-in-place concrete connections. Connection design by emulation
approach was adopted to obtain equivalent monolithic connection performance. Performance based
approach was used to define the allowable range of connections such that the scope of the manual
should not be limited to a particular connection detail, while it could treat similar connection detail
equally as far as it is the equivalent to generic connections described in the manual. Mathematical
models are extensively introduced for design of connection detail.
Malaysia and Singapore are following their own standards which are referred from ACI and European
codes. Building and construction authority (BCA) Singapore published a hand book on precast structural
concrete. According to their practices a connection must be able to resist the ultimate design forces in a
ductile manner. Design considerations for the connections are strength, ductility, volume change,
durability and fire resistant. The combined shortening effect due to creep, shrinkage and temperature
reductions induces tensile stresses in the precast components. The stresses must be accounted for in the
connection design by either providing stress relieve details in unrestrained joint or by providing
additional reinforcing steels to resist forces in a restrained joint. Different types of joints like
Compressive joints, tensile joints, Shear Joints and flexural and torsional joints were used.
Standards of Hong Kong published The code of practice for precast concrete construction (2003). From
the code guidelines, the design of connections should follow these design methods and considerations
for reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete and structural steel. Otherwise, the connection design
should be based on experimental tests. The design of connections should take into account those
assumptions made in the analysis of the overall structure as well as those elements at critical sections.
Bureau of Indian standards published codes in the area of floors and roofs using precast/ pre-stressed
reinforced concrete ribbed or core slab units, waffle units, concrete planks, joists, and channel units. But
no technical data was implemented for design of connection in precast concrete construction.
From the above mentioned codal provisions, it is understood that many countries contributed towards
precast concrete design and construction practices. Even though, India is having codal provisions for
floor and roof ( precast waffle units, ribbed or core slabs, planks and joists and others) but is not having
for the critical element of the buildings - the connections. Few researchers from India have contributed
towards precast connection of beam column joints with experimental studies. Since, more than 60% of
landmass in India is prone to earthquakes, more research needs to be done to set guidelines for seismic
performance of joints in precast concrete buildings.
3. Current Practices in India
3.1. Connections between wall elements (Connections for shear transfer)

Shear forces can be transferred between concrete elements by adhesion or friction at joint interfaces,
shear-key effect at indented joint faces, dowel action of transverse steel bars, pins and bolts, or by other
mechanical connection devices. The frictional resistance can be enhanced by the pullout resistance of tie
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bars properly placed across the joint. In 2013, IIT madras constructed a wall panel type Prefabricated
G+1 structure using fiber reinforced concrete and as an attempt GVP college of Engineering constructed
a G+1 building in 72 hours using wall panels. Shear keys are generally formed by providing the precast
members with indented joint faces and are used to increase the shear stiffness and the shear capacity. An
example of an indented joint face is shown in Figure 5. When this type of connection is loaded in shear
along the joint, the shear resistance depends on the strength of the shear keys on a condition that
transverse reinforcement or other tie arrangements are provided. The shear keys work as mechanical
locks preventing any significant slip along the joint.
Figure5: (a) Erection of Gypsum reinforced concrete wall panels construction in IITM-2013, (b) Precast
concrete structure at GVP college of Engg, Vishakhapatnam during ICICPC-2013 conference.
Figure6: Structural response in joints to ‘design actions’, a) vertical joints, b) horizontal compression
joints under compression entirely, c) partially
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Figure7: Connection at vertical joint between wall elements (a) intended joint face of element, (b)
transverse, tying reinforcement concentrated to the ends of wall element (c) Transverse, overlapping
loops distributed along the joint (Shear Keys).
In Figure 6, the structural response of joints between large panels to ‘design actions’ is presented
schematically. In Figure 7, a typical connection with shear keys at a vertical joint between wall elements
is shown. As it can be seen in Figure 6, in connections of large panels, shear and normal forces generally
have to be transferred between precast panels and the cast insitu concrete of the joint. This involves the
transfer of forces across the interface of concrete of different ages. Several basic force-transfer
mechanisms involving both the concrete and reinforcing steel can generally be identified.
3.2. Connections in hollow core floors

Hollow-core units are frequently used to form floors in multi-storey buildings as they are economic,
have good sound and thermal properties and long spans can be achieved economically. The poor
performance of buildings with hollow-core floors internationally, backed up by the premature failure of
a floor in a structural test, had demonstrated the vulnerability of these buildings and highlighted the
need for research into this area (Iverson and Hawkins 2004, and Matthews 2004). Figure 8 is showing the
hallow core slabs at precast yard, and floor units for concrete topping.
The shear transfer mechanism of the connections of hollow core slabs is influenced by the following
specific features
1) Due to the relatively long spans of slabs, the tying reinforcement has a considerable spacing (the
distances between the tie beams can approach 12 m, even more),
2) The edges of the slabs are due to the way of manufacturing relatively smooth, however the long
groove increases the probability of higher shear strengths,
3) Certain discrepancies in the width of slabs, (dimensional deviations in width are in the range of ± 5
mm), paradoxically contribute to a better shear transfer mechanism compared to the idealistic case of
no deviation of dimensions,
4) Cracks along the interfaces of slabs due to temperature and shrinkage effects cannot be avoided.
However, their width can be well controlled and restrained by the tying reinforcement.
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Figure 8: Example: (a) hallow core slabs casting at precast yard. (b) Floor panels ready for cast in situ
concrete topping at Abhimaan residential township at Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet (M), Rangareddy
dist.(Photo Curtsey: EERC, 2010)
Figure 9: Longitudinal joints of hollow core slabs with transverse tying reinforcement at the perimeter
and in internal joint
3.3. Beam-column connections

There is a very wide range of beam-column connections, varying in complexity, cost and structural
behaviour. Referring to Figure 9 there is a major sub-division in that either the vertical member is
continuous, or horizontal components are framed into it. This is termed as “beam end” connection. If the
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vertical member is discontinuous and the horizontal components are either structurally continuous or
separate across the junction, then it is termed as “column head” connection.
Figure 10: Generic types of beam-column connections, A: beam end hidden connection to continuous
column, B: beam end to column corbel, C: discontinuous beam and column, D: column to continuous
beam. (Bulletin 43, Fib, 2003)
Figure 11: An example for a discontinuous beam and column (Photo Curtsey: EERC, 2010)
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Figure 12: Alternative methods for out-of-plane moment transfer
There are two major sub-divisions to this connection, namely:

− In-plane, where the tie steel runs parallel with the beam and the floor slab direction is perpendicular to
the span of the beam,
− Out-of-plane, where the slab is spanning perpendicular to the span of the beam in the same direction
of the bending moment.
Figure13: Concrete Corbel exhibition piece at Pepscon 2013 & 2014 conference.
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Projecting dowels from the corbel seating are site grouted through location holes in the beams and can
be additionally secured to a steel angle (or similar) at the top of the beam, see Figure 14. The gap at the
end of the beam, which should be at least 50 mm to ensure good compaction, is site grouted enabling full
compressive strength to develop. Corbels are mainly used to resist hogging moments by providing fixity
to the column near to, or at the top of the beam. This may be in the form of bolts into cast-in sockets,
welded bars or plates, or a grouted lap joint.
Figure 14: Structural mechanism for the beam end connection with concrete corbel
4. Experimental and Numerical Research in Precast Concrete

Beam-column joint is the most critical part in building system where the vertical load and lateral load are
combined together before transfer to column and then to the foundation. It is important to predict the
ultimate load and moment- rotation for beam-column joint before testing takes place. Hence,
Experimental and numerical research is more important for the connections of beam column joints in
precast concrete design and construction. In this paper, the literature review is focused with reference to
experimental and numerical studies which were conducted from many parts of the world.
4.1. Experimental Research in Europe

European Joint research commission is operating their experimental and numerical research from ELSA
laboratory, Ispra. Other laboratories from Lisbon, Athens, Istanbul, Milan, Ljubljana were also involved
in performing more than 100 cyclic and dynamic tests (Toniolo.G; 2012). Experiments were conducted
from element level to structure level. The first experiment was conducted in 1994 studying the seismic
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behavior of precast columns with cyclic load and found that precast columns were able to dissipate a
large amount of energy up to significant ductility with stable loops (Saisi et al; 1998). With this success in
2001 with the name of Ecoleader project, seismic behavior of reinforced concrete industrial structure was
studied with pseudo-dynamic tests to evaluate precast and cast-in-situ single storey industrial building.
The results gave the expected demonstration that the two arrangements have the same seismic capacity
(Biondini.F et.al; 2002). After this achievement in 2003, a project 'Precast EC 8' was undertaken to study
the seismic behavior of full scale 3 D prototype cladding panels together with effectiveness of the
diaphragm action with cyclic tests and pseudo-dynamic tests. The crucial role played by the diaphragm
action on the overall behavior of the structure was highlighted by the results. (Biondini.F et.al; 2008).
Figure 15: Various experimental set up in ELSA laboratory, ISPRA. Italy.
The crucial missing link in modeling of precast buildings is 'adequate knowledge about the behaviour of
connections.' The empirical evidence from past earthquakes is sparse, incomplete, not quantified and
often controversial. Some reports show excellent behaviour of precast systems and connections, other
reports identify catastrophic collapses of connections in precast structures. This is not surprising, since
seismic response clearly depends on the specific structural system, studying of connections and their
mechanism is not adequate. To fill the gap between the knowledge of seismic behaviour of precast
concrete structures, with emphasis on connection between the precast members, beam column
connections and column to foundation connections were analyzed experimentally and numerically in
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2009 with Safecast project. During this project experiments were performed in ELSA laboratory on a 3
storey precast concrete building with series of Pseudo-dynamic tests to understand the behaviour of
mechanical connections. The results demonstrate that the new beam column connection system is a
viable solution towards enhancing the response of precast RC frames subjected to seismic loads, in
particular when the system is applied to all joints and strict quality measures ( Paolo Negro; 2013).
Figure 16: three Storey Precast structres in ELSA laboratory, ISPA, Italy
Experimental results obtained within the SAFECAST project concerning the shear resistance and the
shear ductility of pinned beam-to-column connections under monotonic and cyclic loading, where a new
design formula for the estimation of the shear resistance was also proposed. JRC published a scientific
report on Design guidelines for connections of precast structures under seismic actions.
In many continents like North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Asia rigid connections
are preferred for beam column joints, while in European countries mechanical connections (simple dry
pinned connections) are traditionally used in precast frame buildings. Loannis N. P. et.al; in 2012
performed an experiment on a single storey frame with pinned beam column connection for the
assessment of current design procedures. The author designed an under reinforced and over reinforced
columns based on Euro code 8 and conducted cyclic and dynamic tests for those beam column joints and
found that less damage occurred due to dynamic tests than in cyclic tests. Hossein Paratesh et.al; in 2014,
developed a ductile moment resisting beam-column connection and conducted experiments with cyclic
tests on six full scale precast models and two monolithic models. The author proved that precast
specimens have adequate flexural strength, strength degradation, drift capacity, high ductility and
energy dissipation when compared to similar monolithic specimens.
4.2. Experimental research in USA

Even though in many laboratories of US experimental tests were conducted, Precast Seismic Structural
Systems (PRESSS) is one of the major research programs which contributed in precast design guidelines.
A 60% scale model with five-story precast/prestressed concrete building was tested under simulated
seismic loading. A major objective of the test program was to develop design guidelines for
precast/prestressed concrete seismic systems that were appropriate for use in various seismic zones.
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These design guidelines can then be incorporated into the appropriate building codes. (Priestley, M.J.N;
1999). And in 2004 Hawkins, N.M. et.al; did research on the relation between the design requirements of
ACI T1.1-01, ACI T1.2-03, and Section 21.6.3 of ACI 318-02 for hybrid connections and explained
limitations in the use of pre-tensioned connections of the type used in the upper floors of the PRESSS test
building.
Figure17: PRESSS five storey & 3 stroey experimental modeling.
4.3. Other than Europe, USA and India

African, Australian, New Zealand and Asian Countries have done limited research on beam column
joint and published limited research articles in precast concrete structures when compared to Europe
and USA. With this reason the scope of this paper is limited to Experimental research in Europe, USA
and some Asian countries.
Japan was involved in PRESSS research programme for few experimental studies to support in finding
the connection behaviour of precast concrete structures.
A low cost precast frame building with steel connection (mechanical connections) was studied by P.K.
Aninthaneni et.al; (2014) from New Zealand. The load transfer mechanism from the weak beam to the
strong column through the connection was explained by the author and a new model was proposed to
analyse the connections.
In Singapore a study was done with hybrid- Steel concrete connection under reverse cyclic loading and
found that the discontinuity in the bottom reinforcement of the precast beams caused the formation of a
lower lever arm, which eventually led to a lower moment capacity of the specimens (Bing Li et.al; 2003).
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Ahmad Baharuddin Abd. Rahman et al; (2006) from Malaysia conducted experiments on 4 specimens
with simple connections (Pinned) to study the behaviour of load displacement relationships, moment-
rotation relationships and types of failure in connections. He concluded that simple connection with
single dowel and grouted beam-to-column connection provides very minimum moment resistance and
hence the connection can be best modeled as pinned.
4.4. Experimental Research in India

A pseudo static load test was conducted for 4 precast specimens, out of which two were with beam bars
anchored into the column and two were with continuous U-bars as beam reinforcement. The author
Manoj K. Joshi et al; in 2005 found that specimen with beam bars anchored into the column performed
better than the specimen with continuous U-bars as beam reinforcement.
Another similar experiment was conducted by R. Vidjeapriya et al; in 2013 to compare the monolithic
and precast beam column joint with mechanical connections (Figure 18) under cyclic loading. Author
found that the monolithic specimen was found to perform better when compared to the precast
specimen in terms of strength, ductility and energy dissipation.
The above authors from India did experimental research on beam column specimens, with a step ahead
M.J. Gopinathan et.al; in 2013 conducted experiments on a two dimensional 3-bay G+5 storeyed
prefabricated frame subjected to lateral loading. Mechanical connections were provided by means of
steel bolts and L angles and found 10 % increment in base shear and 30 % increment in storey deflection
for a prefabricated frame when compared to conventional frame.
Figure 18: High Performance and Efficiency of Joints in Precast Members, M.J.Gopinathan. 2013.
5. Numerical research
Page 19 of 23
The most familiar method in numerical approach to analyze precast concrete structures is finite element
method (FEM). In crisp, the finite element method is a numerical approach which can model the
behaviour of a structure with great accuracy. It can deal with complicated one, two and three
dimensional geometry, variation in material properties and various structural restraints (Carroll, 1999).
The finite element method enables us to convert a problem with an infinite number of degrees of
freedom to one with a finite number in order to simplify the solution process. The primary objective of
analysis by finite element method is to calculate approximately the stresses and deflections in a structure
(Weaver and Johnston, 1984). In general, this method is particularly useful for solving a differential
equation, together with its boundary condition, over a domain of complex shape.
Figure 19: precast beam column joint with mechanical connections R. Vidjeapriya, 2013
A finite element analysis on 4 types of precast connections which are pinned, rigid, semi rigid and a new
proposed connection was studied by Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi in 2010 and found that proposed new
connection has sufficient stiffness, strength and also higher ductility. Meanwhile, the whole structure
analysis results showed that the new connection behaves as semi rigid connection.
A similar study with incremental load on 4 precast specimens were modeled and analyzed using FEM to
study the connection behavior involving load-displacement relationship, under static incremental load.
In this research, some modifications were introduced to the specimens and then connection behavior of
various beam-column connections were investigated. (Masoud Davari et.al; 2012). Mehdi Rezaei et.al; in
2011 studied corbels under combined action of horizontal and vertical loadings. Strut-and-Tie models
and cantilever beam method recommended by PCI were considered. The results showed that Cantilever
Beam method is suitable if 20% or less of the vertical load is involved as the horizontal force. It was also
found that Strut-and-Tie method provides more primary and secondary reinforcements compared to the
Cantilever Beam method.
Page 20 of 23
In 2014, a study of the seismic behavior of external RC beam–column joints through experimental tests
and numerical simulations was carried out by Angelo Masi et.al;. Four specimens were analysed and
compared with the results of numerical simulations based on an accurate finite element modeling.
Numerical simulations were used to evaluate the stress distribution in the joint panel as a function of the
axial load and to quantify the beam rebar deformations. The reasons for the specimens global failure
and, specifically, for that of the beam longitudinal rebars were identified and highlighted through a
comparison with the experimental results.
Due to the inherent complexity of beam–column joints and the unique features of the tested specimens,
the experimental study was not comprehensive enough. Therefore, an analytical investigation based on
the FEM to examine the effectiveness of a precast beam column concrete connection of a jointed system
was studied by A. Saviotti et.al; in 2012. The critical parameters influencing the joint’s behavior, the axial
load on column, are varied and their effects are studied by FEM.
6. Conclusions and Recommendations:

From many State of the art reports, literature review and overviews of Precast concrete construction
across the world, it is clearly understood that the demand, need and significance of precast construction
practices were enhanced through the code of practices, reports, manuals and guidelines. The role of
research for the growth of any nation is paramount. The experimental and numerical research will lead
to the evolution of these codes of practice. In India, Bureau of Indian standard does not provide the
guidelines for precast concrete connections. In the interest of above, following conclusions are made.
1. It is concluded that special Code provisions are required for seismic performance of connections
in precast concrete construction.
2. More experimental studies are required for a full scale precast concrete structure to understand
the strength, deformation, ductility, dissipation and damage of the structure.
3. Numerical studies should be done to expand the research in order to reduce the cost and time.
4. Government organizations, industries, academic and research institutions should work together
to produce effective results in beam column joints of precast concrete construction.
7. References:
1. ACI 318-11: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. The American
Concrete Institution.
2. ACI 550R-96: Design Recommendations for Precast Concrete Structures. The American Concrete
Institution.
3. Ahmad Baharuddin Abd. Rahman, Dennis Chan Paul Leong, A. Aziz Saim, Mohd. Hanim Osman.
“Hybrid Beam-To-Column Connection." Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering
and Construction Conference (APSEC 2006), 5 – 6 September 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Page 21 of 23
4. Angelo Masi, Giuseppe Santarsiero, Gian Piero Lignola, Gerardo M. Verderame. "Study of the
seismic behavior of external RC beam–column joints through experimental tests and numerical
simulations." Engineering Structures 52 (2013) 207–219.
5. Saviotti, P. Olmati, F. Bontempi. "Finite element analysis of innovative solutions of precast concrete
beamcolumn ductile connections." Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and
Sustainability – Biondini & Frangopol (Eds) © 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-
62124-3.
6. BSEN 1998-1:2004: Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for earthquake resistance. Part1: General rules,
seismic actions and rules for buildings. Eurocodes committee, Technical chamber of Cyprus under a
Ministry of Interior's programme.
7. Bing Li, W.K. Yip and C.L. Leong. " Hybrid-steel concrete connections under reversed cyclic
loadings." 2003 Pacific conference on Earthquake Engineering.
8. Biondini F. & Toniolo G. "Probabilistic calibration of behaviour factors of EC8 for cast-in-situ and
precast frames." Proc. 17th BIBM Congress, Istanbul (Turkey), May 1-4, 2002 (Bureau International
du Béton Manufacturé).
9. Biondini F., Toniolo G. & Zaho Bin. "Pseudodynamic tests on full scale prototypes of precast
structures." 14th WCEE World Conference. Beijing, China.
10. Carroll. W.F. (1999). A Primer for Finite Elements in Elastic Structures. Canada: Jhon Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
11. Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi. "Connections Behaviour in Precast Concrete Structures Due to Seismic
Loading." Gazi University Journal of Science GU J Sci 23(3):315-325 (2010).
12. FEMA451-2006: NEHRP Recommended Provisions: Design Examples for seismic regulations, for
new buildings and other structures. Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Department of
Homeland Security.
13. FEMA P-751 -2009: 2009 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions: Design Examples. Federal
Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
14. G. Toniolo."European research on seismic behavior of precast structures." Proceeding 12 NZSEE
conference. 2012.
15. Hawkins, N.M., Ghosh, S.K. "Requirements for the use of PRESSS moment-resisting frame systems."
(2004) PCI Journal, 49 (2), pp. 98-103.
16. Hossein Parastesh, Iman Hajirasouliha, Reza Ramezani. "A new ductile moment-resisting connection
for precast concrete frames in seismic regions: An experimental investigation." Engineering
Structures 70 (2014) 144–157.
17. Iverson, J.N., Hawking, N.M. (2004). Performance of precast / prestressed concrete buildings
structures during the Northridge earthquake, PCI Journal,39(2),38-55
18. JRC Scientific report: Design Guidelines for Connections of Precast Structures under Seismic Actions.
European Joint research commission.
19. Jafarian Hassan, Bargi, Khosrow, " Nonlinear Seismic Behavior Evaluation of Ductile Beam-Column
Connections in Precast Concrete." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING Volume 2, No 2, 2011. ISSN 0976 – 4399.
Page 22 of 23
20. Ioannis N. Psycharis, Harris P. Mouzakis. " Shear resistance of pinned connections of precast
members to monotonic and cyclic loading" Engineering Structures 41 (2012) 413–427.
21. MNL-138-08: PCI Connections Manual for Precast and Prestressed Concrete Construction. Precast /
Prestressed concrete Institution.
22. Manoj K. Joshi, C.V.R. Murty and M. P. Jaisingh. "Cyclic behaviour of precast RC connections."
November 2005, The Indian Concrete Journal.
23. M.J.Gopinathan, K.Subramanian. "High Performance and Efficiency of Joints in Precast Members"
International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), Vol 5 No 5 Oct-Nov 2013.
24. Masoud Davari, Mahyar Ramezani, Aliakbar Hayatdavoodi, Mohammad Nazari. "Finite Element
Analysis of Precast Concrete Connections under Incremental load" Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences, 6(12): 341-350, 2012. ISSN 1991-8178.
25. Mehdi Rezaei, S.A.Osman, N.E. Shanmugam. "PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REINFORCEMENTS
IN CORBELS UNDER COMBINED ACTION OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LOADINGS."
16th International Conference on Composite Structures ICCS 16. A. J. M. Ferreira (Editor) © FEUP,
Porto, 2011.
26. NZS3101:2006 : Concrete Structures Standard. Precast New Zealand Inc.
27. NP: PCH 2009 : Precast Concrete Hand book. National precast concrete association Australia.
28. Negro P. Bournas D.A. Molina F.J "Pseudodynamic tests on a Full-Scalae 3 Storey Precast Concrete
Buildings: Global response." Engineering structures 2014: 58 c.
29. P. Poluraju, G. Appa Rao Seismic Behaviour of Precast Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column
Connections: A Literature Review.” Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 343 (2013) pp 9-13
30. Priestley, M.J.N., Sritharan, S.S., Conley, J.R., Pampanin, S. “Preliminary results and conclusions from
the PRESSS five-story precast concrete test building." (1999) PCI Journal, 44 (6), pp. 42-67.
31. P.K. Aninthaneni & R.P. Dhakal. “Conceptual development: Low loss precast concrete frame
building system with steel connections." 2014 NZSEE Conference.
32. R. Park. “The fib state-of-the-art report on the seismic design of precast concrete building structures.”
2003 pacific conference on Earthquake Engineering.
33. R. K. Khare, M. M. Maniyar, S.R. Uma and V. B. Bidwai. “Seismic performance and design of precast
concrete building structures: an overview” Journal of Structural Engineering Vol. 38, No. 3, August-
September 2011 pp.272-284
34. R. Vidjeapriya and K. P. Jaya "Experimental Study on Two Simple Mechanical Precast Beam-Column
Connections under Reverse Cyclic Loading" 402 / JOURNAL OF PERFORMANCE OF
CONSTRUCTED FACILITIES © ASCE / JULY/AUGUST 2013.
35. SANS 2001-CC1:2007: Construction works Part CC1: Concrete works (structural). South African
National Standard. Standards South Africa.
36. Saisi A. & Toniolo G."Precast r.c. columns under cyclic loading: an experimental programme oriented
to EC8." Studi e ricerche, Scuola di specializzazione. Politecnico di Milano.
37. Weaver, W.J. and Johnston, P.R. (1984). Finite Elements for Structural Analysis. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hal,Inc.
Page 23 of 23

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Seismic Safety of Joints in Precast Buildings A

CONFERENCE PAPER · NOVEMBER 2014

Ravikanth Chittiprolu Pradeep Kumar Ramancharla

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Seismic Safety of Joints in Precast Buildings

Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, IIIT Hyderabad

1.3. Connections in Precast concrete

Figure 2: Definition of a ‘joint’ and ‘connection’ (Fib bulletin 43, 2008)

2. History & Current practices

2.1.2. NEHRP Provisions:

2.1.3. PCI Standards / reports

2.2.2. European Joint research commission reports

2.3. Australian Standards

2.4. New Zealand Standards

2.5. African standards

2.6. The International Federation for Structural Concrete

2.7. Asian Standards

3. Current Practices in India

3.1. Connections between wall elements (Connections for shear transfer)

3.2. Connections in hollow core floors

3.3. Beam-column connections

Figure 12: Alternative methods for out-of-plane moment transfer

There are two major sub-divisions to this connection, namely:

4. Experimental and Numerical Research in Precast Concrete

4.1. Experimental Research in Europe

Figure 15: Various experimental set up in ELSA laboratory, ISPRA. Italy.

4.2. Experimental research in USA

Figure17: PRESSS five storey & 3 stroey experimental modeling.

4.3. Other than Europe, USA and India

4.4. Experimental Research in India

6. Conclusions and Recommendations:

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