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Abstract-e- This ,e(Grui report bv thr ITA Warkmg- Group On (~eneral Résumè-Le grouoe de tmvazi AITES SUf ie dimensionnemeni des
.ipproaches to th« Drsuin or Tunnels presents IrllernatlOl1a! desHUl tunnels presente ici .Ion deu xteme rapport. En rassemblant loutes
procedures iot tunnels. In most tW1nt'lIzrzç proterts. CTround :nfol'matuJns, 'lUl rtaient accessibles entre les pa»: :>IU i,
actiuel» pcructpates In prooiding stabilitv to openmg-. T heretore, dimens!071nement des tunnels, nous espérons, que les expenences
t he urnerai approach la the desIgn o! tunnels includes site gagnées sur beaucoup de protets des travaux souterrams seron/
i.Ilvestl,;;atwns. ground prooines and in-situ mO/uIoTln,;;, as ue]! as propagèes dans tout Ie monde. Parce que Ie sol parucipe d'une grarui»
he ana/vszs oi stresses and deiormntions, For the latter, the ditierent partie à iournir des moyens de stabilitè pour des ouvertures
.tructural desz,;;n models' apolied at present-s-including the souterrames, des methodes de dlmenszonnement comprennent ausSI
obseruationai method-e-are presented. Guidelines lar the structural hlen les inVestlgatlOns sur Ie chantler. ies essais laboratolTes et la
.ieuuline ol the tunnel Immg and natzonal recommendalzons on surveIllance pendant Ie progres du travai/ que l'analvse des
,,,mze! design are aiso gn'en. ft Is hoped that the mlormatlOn herrin, contramles et des detormations. Concemant ce dernzer ootnt, Jes
based 011 expertences [rom a unde range of tunnel/mg- provects. uull be mode/es de dimenswnnement diitèrents et actuellement ~ppliqués
-tissemrnated la tunnel designers throughout ihe world. I sont prèsentès, y compris auss! la methode d'obseroation,
Recommendations oous les details de revêtement et queiou-,
recommandatlOns natlOnaies sur Ie dimenswnnement des tunnels
achèoent ce rapport.
rr
1 , Scope of the Guidelines
,
he International Tunnelling Associauon
\Vorking Group on General Approaches to the Design
of Tunnels was established in 1978. As its Iirst project,
(ITA)
naturaHy are lirnited with regard to their consistencv and
applicabilitv because each tunnelling
special features that must be considered
project is àffected by
in the design.
Nevertheless, it is hoped that the general outline provided in
these guidelines, based on the experience gained hom manv
the group developed aquestionnaire aimed at compiling
tunnelling projects, may be of sorne help for these staTting a
inforrnation about structural design models used in different
project.
countries for tunnels eenstrucred prior to 1980. A synopsis of
rhe answers to the questionnaire was published bv the
International Tunnelling Association in ]982 (ITA ]982).
As a continuation of that Iirst report, the working group
herein presents guidelines that atternpt to condense the 2. Outline of General Approaches
varrous answers from the first report and include additional 2.1. General Procedure in
experiences in the general approaches to the design ol tunnel
Designing a Tunnel
structures, These guidelines tulfill one of the rnain objectives
Planning a tunnelling project requires the interdependen-
of the International Tunnelling Associauon, namelv, to
participation of the tollowing disciplines, at a minimum:
disperse intermation on underground use and underground
llillllia.;nuctur,esth,roughom the world bv crossing national borders • Geology.
F'l"'Î ,<I language harriers. • Geotechnical engineering.
j hose iruerested in the subject of tunnel design should also • Excavarion technology. e.g. machine tunnelling.
consult nuhlished reporisot other ITA work ing groups. e.g, • Design of the supporting structural elements. induding;
the recent IT,\ report on contractual sharing of risk (see long-term behavier of rnaterials.
Tijt/ST 3:2) and ITA recommendations on mairnenance of • Coacracr principles and law,
runn-Is (see [:rUST 2:3). Furtherrnore, a number of national
Although the experts in each of these disciplines mav he
~Hld international organizarions. such as the International
responsible only for their specific area of know ledge, the
Societv on Rock Meeharnes. have published recornmenda-
decision on the ma in design features should be the outcomeo[
uons on related subjects, such as field measurernents and
the cooperative iruegration of all the disciplines. Only ihus
laboratorv iesungs lor rock and ground. Some ol these
can it be ensured rhat the project. in all its details, has been
publications and reports are lisred in the Appendix.
developed in unitv, and nor as the consecuuve addition of the
In tunne llina, most otten the ground acuveiv partir ipates
separate work of each of the experts.
in providinz stahilitv ro the opening. Theretore. the design
The basics doeurnerus lor tunnel design should inc!udeor
procedure lor tunnels. as cornpared 10 aboveground
cover:
-trucrures. is much more dependent on such factors as the SHe
SI rnanon. ihe rharacter ist ics, and [he excavarion and • The geologica! report presenting the resu irs ol the
support rnerhods used. Recornrnendauons on tunnel design geological and geophvsical survey.
!lil The hvdrogeological report.
t> The geotechnical report on site invesrigarions. including
This report IS r diteti 0'11 Heinz Duddeck. Ammateur o! the
the interpretation of the resu lts of site and laboratory tests
ITA Warkmg Group on (;meral Approaches m (he Design of wirh respect to the tunnellins; process, soi l and mek
Tunnels. Present address: Prof. Hein: Duddeck, Techrucal classificarion. etc.,
[!mver.\!l1l ol Braunschwezg. Beethouenstrasse 5I. Braunschusrig, ,,00 • Inforrnauon on l ine, cross-secuon. drainage, and
Fed eral Reoublic of (;ermanv. structural elements afiecting later use of the tunnel.
{(wl'ullmQ; (Hlä {'r:JnQ'1'ound SplKt j't-,f!'lmloU;'V, Vol No pp. :"::57-2'i9. 19X~ !lH>«i· 779R SM UGO + ,no
Pnmed Hl (~i(';l.i Hnt~Hn. Pl'f~pmon Prrs, pa,
..
• Plans for and a description of the projeered excavauon or Experience end preliminar» estimates or calculations
driving procedure. including rhe different cross-secrions are used to deterrnine the cross-senion required and the choice
reiated to different ground condinons. of the excavation method er the tunnel driving machine to be
• Design doeurneuts for the types of excavauon rnethods used, as well as the methods ot dewatering the ground and the
and tunnel supports likely to he applied, considering, selection of the supporting structural elements,
e.g. excavation advance and face support (tvpes and (4) After steps IlH3) are completed, the tunnelling
number of anchors. shotcrete strength, closure length, engineer must derive, or even invent, a structural model. By
ete. applving equilibrium and cornpatibility conditions to the
• The program Ior the in-situ monitoring of the tunnel bv model. the engineer has to arrive at those criteria that are
field measurernents, factors in deciding whether or not the design is safe. Different
• The analvsis of stresses and deforrnations rfor unlined rnodels may be used for each excavation phase, Ior the
tunnels as wel! as for single-er double-lined tunnels I. and preliminarv and the Iinal tunnel lining, or for different
the dirnensioning of the tunnel support for intermediate ground behaviour, e.g. in discontinuous rock or homo-
phases and final linings, geneous soft soil. Modelling of the geometrie features rnav
• The design tor waterproofing or drainage. varv greatlv, depending on the desired intensitv of the
• Structural doeurnerus for the Iinal design of the tunnel analvsis.
project. including the detailing, f:;) A safety concept drawn hom failure hypotheses mav be
• During and after the excavation, reports on the field based on criteria such as strains, stresses, deformarion. or
measurernents and interpretation of their results with Iailure modes.
respect to the response of rhe ground and the structural The bypass in Fig. I indicates that for manv underground
safety of the tunnel. structures, as in mining or in self-supporting hard rock. no
• Doc~mentation of the problems encountered during the design models at all are applied, In such cases, past
excavation and measures applied, e.g. strengthening the experiences alone may he suffierent.
ground or changing the projeered type of support. based Risk assessment by the contractor as well as by the owner is
on monitoring resuits. needed at the time of contract negotiarions. Risks involve
I
possible structural failures of the tunnel support and lining,
The above sequence of these basic doeurnenis also provides
functional Iailures after completion of work, and Iinancial
the general outline of the design procedure.
risks. The contractual aspects also include risk sharing and
risk responsibilities.
In-situ monitoring can be applied only after the tunnelling
2.2. Elements of the Structursl has begun, If the displacements stop increasing over time. it
Design Model for Tunnels generall y may be assumed that the structure is designed safe!y.
Yet monitoring provides onlv part of the answer to the
In planning, designing, analvsing and detailing a question of safety, Ior it does nor tell how close rhe structure
structure, engineers promise that the structure wiJl neither rnay be to sudden collapse or nonlinear failure modes. The
suffer structurally nor collapse during its projeered lifetirne, results of field rneasurements and experiences during
Thus, rnodels of the realîry are necessarv for analvsis in order excavation may com pel the engineer to change the design
to predier the behaviour of a tunnel during the excavation and model by adjusting it to real behaviour,
during its lifetime, Models are also needed for bidding on An iterative, step-bv-step approach is characteristic of the
projects, design of structures in the ground that ernplov the
The following main elements involved in the design participating strength of the ground (see loops in Fig. I). The
procedure are shown as a flow-chart in Fig. I: designer may begin by applving estimated and simple
(1) Geology and site inuestigations must confirm the line, behavioural models, Adjustments based on actual experiences
orientation, depth, etc.. of the opening, e.g. a cavern. during rhe tunnelling excavation (such as excavating the
(2) Ground probing and soil or rock mechanics must be initial sectien in the same ground condinons or driving a
aoplied to determine the ground characteristics, e.g. primary pilot tunnel) will bring the model doser to reality and refine ir
stresses, soil or rock strength, Iaults, water conditions. (if refinement is consistent with the overall accuracy
auainable). The interpretations of in-situ measurements (and
some back analyses) also rnav assist designers in making these
adjustments.
All of the elements of the structural design model in Fig. I
should be considered an interacting unitv, Scattering of
parameters or inaccuracv in one part of the model wiJl affect
the accuracv of the model as a whole. Therefore, the Same
degree of simplicity or refinemenr should be provided
consistentlv through all the elements of the design model. For
example, ft is inconsistent to apply very refined mathematical
tools simuitaneously with rough guesses of important
groundcharaeteristics.
»l~Ol
to investigate alternative possible properties of the model, or
even different models, than to aim for a more refined model.
FOT most cases. it is preferabie that the structural model
ernploved and the parameters chosen Ior the analyses be
lower-Iimit cases that may prove that even for unfavourabl«
olm ••
I ,;;
GoorG~ \> assurnptions, the tunnellieg process and the Iinal tunnel are
, I"
suffici:ffit!y safe. In general. the structural design model does
-lilt- not trY to represent exactlv the verv actual condinons in the
I
tunnel. although it covers these conditions.
In-situ monitoring is important and should he an integral
part of the design procedure. especiallv in cases where
stahil ity of the tunnel depends on the ground properties.
Deformanons and displacemenrs generallvcan he measured
with much more accuracv than stresses. The geometrv of the
deformanons and their development over time are most
significant Ior the interpretanen of the act ual events,
However, in-situ moniroring evaluates onlv the verv local and
acrua I situatiou in the tunnel. Therefore, in genera I the
condinons taken into account bv the design calculations do
not coincide with the condinons that are monitored. Only by
relaring rneasuremenr results and possible failure modes bv
extrapolaring can rhe engineer arrivé at considerations of
safety margins.
In many cases, exploratorv tunnelling may he rewarding
Figure 3. Ground stresses acttng on the lining as fmetions of because of the inforrnation it vields on the actual response of
Ihè pnmarv stress (Erdmann 1983J. the ground to the proposed m~thods for drainage. excavation,
empirical
approach
tt t~ .
::1$::1
-'+7--
IGv=y h
mn mn Gv
rrm rrm
Gv Gv
Gh~$~
~m~~m~ ~m~Gh
om [[[] om rrrn
Figure 4. Alternative plane-strain design models fOT different depths and ground stiitnesses.
Figure 4: presents Iour different structural rnodels for a of initial tunnel sections, 00 interpretation of the observed
plane-strain design analysis, The cross-secrions need not be data, and on continuous improvements of the design model.
circular. These Iour models are explained more explicitly If a plane model is not justitied-e-as is the case for caverns,
below. for more complicated geometries of underground structures,
In soft ground, irnmediate support is provided by a or for an investigation directly at the tunnelling face-a three-
relativelv stiH lining. For tunnels at shallow depth (as for dimensional model may be necessary (see Fig. 5). The three-
underground railways in cities) , it is agreed that a two- dimensional model also may be conceived as consisring of
dimensional cross-sectien may be considered, negleering the discontinuous masses (block theory) or a continuurn with
three-dimensional stress release at the face of the tunnel discrete discontinuous fissures or faults,
during excavation. In cases (I) and (2) in Fig. 4, the ground
pressures acting on the cross-sectien are assumed to be equal
to the prirnarv stresses in the undisturbed ground. Hence, it is Q,
a ~'f; 8. Hi
considerations that rdy more on direct observations than on
numerical ?llculations. This procedure may be especially
reasonahle af experiences from a successful tunnelling project
\j~~Gh can be applied to a similar. new one yet to he designed. Such a
G"•• K,,'Gt:Î:tIJ Kr"conlllt. transier of information is justified only when:
• The ground conditions, including those of the ground
Gv radial ground hoop bending
y ",volume w.igll1 displ. reactien tere.!>
momentlll
water, are comparable.
• The dimensions of the tunnel and ltS cross-sectional
Figure 6. Example of a bedded-beam model for shaUow shape are similar.
tunnels. • The depths of overburden are approximately the same.
'~
11,,, '_
,itNt
j~
(l:UGht,
1
rI 1
1
<:=mf'Oi
pol.t_
I grCMQ i i1 I1 H f .AH a ••••
.....
.....
:
eonvetgenee - ~ •• #
, .• Wltion Of ~ ••••••••
I
$ ••
I
anisoll'OPY
-, "
II
I '
deeompressed zcne
I I nismmollY
1!
j roek tl!fl'lll4ll"ature
!
I stre_ witllin
I Ihe wall
adaPlÎOll of roek
I round aboul lhe lunneI .
I
Figure 9. Table of measured data end encountered conditions along a tunnel in Eranee.
legend:
: QUO." Oty
ust = IIPOO"
N't 2 1'f'Jk!cn.
115
ls' :: \OW-
I
fII
'200
'1>'
,?O
, 100
I
,(::-
41kQ <HUt 42u .ag 44lua
Ki IQ rJ'll"ter 500 600: 800 200 400 fiOO?(JO 200.00 600 800 209 11Kl' il(M) AOf) :.DJ
W.ler Inflow • I i I t Ie
Rock CI •• s IL IS IN 11.
Squeezing
NOl. Pr-oper-ty
Figure 11. Predicted ground conditions along a tunnel line iexemple submiued by [apen).
Figure 12. Documentation of geology, ground classes. support, geotech nicaliield measurements gathered duringa tunnel project
in Austria.
Referencas Nota
Erdrnann. J. !983•.Comparison of rwo-dimensional and development 'See, tor exarnple, the Swiss SlA Dokument 260 or the corresponding
of rhree-dirnensional desig-n rnethods Ior tunnels un Oermam. C.S.-ASCE Code.
Although the Iollowing selected list of recommendations by national and intemational organizations is not complete, it
neeertheless should provide the reader with sourees of additional inforrnation regarding the design of tunnels.
OrganizationiCountry Pubheation
International Tunnelling Views on structural design models for tunnelling. Adoances in Tunnelling
Association (ITA), Technology and Subsurface Use 2:3 (1982).
International Society for ISRM recommendations on site investigation techniques, July 1975.
Rock Meeharnes (ISRM)
Federal Republic of Germany Reeommendations Ior rhe design of underground openings in rock. Tunnelbau-
(in Cermarn Teschenbucn 1980, Gluckaui-Verlag, Essen (1980), pp. 157-239.
France Tunnels et Ouoreges Souterrains, Special Issue July 1982, pp, 32-123;
Switzerland Recommandation SlA No. 199: Etude du massif rocheux pour les travaux
souterrains. 1975. (Also in German)
U nited Kingdom British Standard 1377. Methods of test for soils Ior civil engineering purposes.
British Standards Insritution, 1975.
British Standard 5930, Code of Praenee Ior site invesugations, British Standards
Institution, 1981.
Unieed States of Amenca Guidelines fOT Tunnel Lining Design. Ed. by T. O'Rourke. ASCE Technica]
American Society of Committee on Tunnel Lining Design, Teehuical Council on Research.
Civil Engineers (ASCE)