Research in Daily Life

Sleep and Teenagers: Reasons why Junior

High School Students of Mary the Queen

School of Malolos Lacks Sleep

Group 4

Cruz, Carl Jerome

Cunanan, Chrissie Anne

Fernandez Timothy

Jimenez, Jamillah Kaye

Parza, Audrrey

Robles, Erjoy Constantine

Ronquillo, Janine Rose

CHAPTER I
 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

It is largely believed that a student’s sleep schedule affects how well their

academic performance is. It was found out that, sleep deprivation, although not

apparent early on, would prove to be a huge, and significant factor for a student’s

test marks (Segall, 2001). This could possibly be related to stress, a major root of Commented [1]: (Segall, 2001) Retrieved from Sleep
On It
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200103/sl
is sleep deprivation (Latha, 2007), another generally accepted factor for a steep eep-it
Commented [2]: (Latha, 2007) Retrieved from
decline in academic performance levels. This could be back up by a study that

states that poor sleep has a negative impact on a teen’s morning mental faculties

(Barrow, 2007). Commented [3]: (Barrow, 2007) Retrieved from Teens

Need Their Zzz's
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200703/te
According to a study, sleeping greatly helps in a student’s ability to retain ens-need-their-zzzs

knowledge during a review session for a test (PT Staff, 2004). It can be said that Commented [4]: (PT Staff, 2004) Retrieved from Did
You Know?
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200412/di
with less stress from sleep deprivation, which is usually achieved by having a d-you-know-0

good night’s rest after a review, would, theoretically, improve a student’s

academic performance, which, hopefully, will be touched upon in the experiment.

It is stated that, the neurochemical waste that remains in the brain gets removed

after a good rest (Chance, 2001). It also stated that, stress, as speculated earlier, Commented [5]: (Chance, 2001) Retrieved from The
Brain Goes to School
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200109/th
does indeed affect our mental capacity as stress destroys brain cells. e-brain-goes-school

It should also be noted that, a teenager’s body is hardwired to a sleep time

of 11p.m. (Richter, 2015). A case with a direct conflict to the 8-hour sleep time

that a teen needs, preferably a few more hours. During a poll, about 75% of

students sleep less than eight hours a day and among these, the Grade 12 students
 2

only has a 3-percent rate that reported they sleep enough, 8-10 hours a day

(National Sleep Foundation [NSF], 2006).

It can also be hypothesized that sleep deprivation among students can be

traced back to a messed up circadian rhythm (NSF, N.d.), an internal biological Commented [6]: (NSF, N.d.) Retrieved from What is
Circadian Rhythm?
https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/what-
clock that is controlled by our hypothalamus and generally dictates how long and circadian-rhythm

when we sleep. During adolescence, children enter a “phase-delay” sleeping

schedule where they have later sleep and wake times. Teenager’s circadian

rhythm shifts from preferring morning activity to evening active times (American

Academy of Pediatrics [AAP], 2014). This has been tightly tied with adolescents’

lifestyle, especially that of which revolves around the use electronics. Children

with various kinds of electronics available within their bedroom or close to their

bedroom have shown to have later sleep times which then results to sleep

deprivation (Owens, 2014). Commented [7]: (Owens, 2014) Retrieved from

Insufficient Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults: An
Update on Causes and Consequences
Sleep is an integral aspect in a human’s life, it is even said that the average https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e92
1..info
person will spend a third of their lifetime asleep (NSF, 2015), though sleep is not

yet fully understood by scientists, many studies have been able to link sleep as an

important factor in various mental functions. This is why sleep deprivation can

lead to various problems in mental ability, from memory creation, decision

making, and alertness.

Studies have shown that a lack of sleep can negatively affect one’s ability to focus

and one’s alertness (NSF, n.d.). Studies have also been able to show that sleep

deprivation can hinder the brain’s ability to obtain and retain information (Lim &

Dingles, 2012) as well as its ability to make decisions. Sleep deprivation is also a
 3

contributor to stress (Woolston, 2018) which is also another factor in a diminished

mental performance (Chance, 2001).

These studies are well documented and supported, other studies (Kilgore,

2010) have also shown that sleep deprivation can significantly affect a person’s

ability to reason and learn, going a step further, Alhola and Polo-Kantola (2007)

have found that sleep deprivation has negative effects on reaction time, memory

tasks, visuomotor skills and reasoning skills in general.

According to Velasco (2015), lack of sleep can cause manifestation of

symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among children

which can then translate into adolescence and may cause false diagnosis of

ADHD.

However, these studies were conducted mostly on adults, who require less sleep

than teenagers. Thus. there came upon the idea to focus on finding out the effects

of lack of sleep and its causes on teenagers.

Statement of the Problem

1. Why do Junior High School students of Mary the Queen School of

Malolos lack sleep?

2. Is the reasons for why they lack sleep similar or extremely

different?

Significance of the Study

 4

The study would be able to help students, teachers and faculty, and future

researchers in determining important details regarding a student’s sleeping

patterns and any factor or effect involved.

Students

For students, as the considerable main beneficiary of this study, they

would be able to adjust their habits to be able to reach an optimal state as much as

possible to assist them in improving their studies.

Teachers

For teachers and faculty, they would be, as the management and decision

makers, able to make major changes that would improve the system being

implemented and make room for more improvements in regards to sleeping

conditions of their students.

Future Researchers

As for future researchers, this study would be a good reference point if

ever there is a need to add additional details to future studies related to sleeping.

More specifically, for researchers focusing on the same area of ethnicity as the

subjects in this paper.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study will focus on finding out the reasons of lack of sleep on junior

high school students of Mary the Queen School of Malolos. The expected age

parameter for this experiment would be between 12 to 19 to take into account all
 5

possible ages of students in Junior High School. This age range still fits in to that

of an adolescent as adolescence can start as early as the age of 12.

The cultural background of each respondent would be taken into account

as well. This will also include the strictness on which their sleeping schedules are

set, the various social events that might otherwise force them to not follow their

sleeping schedule, and the general lifestyle of each individual.

However, the paper would not look into deeper biological aspects of each

individual which includes their hormonal level, blood pressure, acidity, etc. as it is

hard to accomplish without necessary the equipment. at hand.

There is a severe lack of statistics and data native to the country. As such,

most of the data and information used in this research relies on foreign researches

(mainly America.) This might in turn cause some discrepancies in data obtained

due to clashes with cultural perspectives. This will be, however, accommodated

by clarifying things during the interview process and carefully cross-analyzing the

basis data to the acquired data.

Chapter II

Theoretical Framework

Relevant Theories

Information consolidation or memory consolidation theory of sleep.

 6

This theory greatly revolves around the process regarding sleeps role in

the formation of memories. A considered foundation for this theory are the

various studies regarding sleep deprivation that turned with results wherein the

subjects have shown a decline in their ability to retain memories (Cherry, 2018). Commented [8]: (Cherry, 2018) Retrieved from
Psychology of Turning Short-Term Memories Into
Long-Term Ones https://www.verywellmind.com/what-
The human brain goes through two stages to consolidate, the process of is-memory-consolidation-2795355

stabilizing a memory trace after acquisition (The Human Memory, n.d.), Commented [9]: (The Human Memory, n.d.) Retrieved
from Memory Consolidation http://www.human-
memory.net/processes_consolidation.html
memories. The first being the input of memories into the short-term memory

storage that has a faster a learning rate but a lower rate of retention. Meanwhile,

during the storage of memory into short-term, the brain is slowly working towards

transferring these short-term memories into a long-term storage that, while it has

slower retention rate, can store memories for a longer period. This process

happens simultaneously even when awake but shows considerable increase in

effectiveness during sleep. The transfer of memories happens by repeatedly

activating memories stored in the short-term storage until it becomes a part of the

long term-storage. This is due to the fact that without the constant stream of new

input of memories going on, the brain is able to process the transfer of memories

more effectively and efficiently (Born & Wilhelm, 2004). Commented [10]: (Born & Wilhelm, 2004) Retrieved
from System consolidation of memory during sleep
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC327861
Clean-up theory of sleep. 9/

It has been found out that the human brain has a system, the glympathic

system that helps the brain by removing toxins, beta-amyloids, proteins

commonly found in the brains of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.

This process is more evident during sleeping periods or sleep-like periods of the

brain (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2013). Commented [11]: (National Institutes of Health [NIH],
2013) Retrieved from How Sleep Clears the Brain
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-
matters/how-sleep-clears-brain
 7

The cerebrospinal fluid found in the glympathic system is responsible for

the flushing of the toxins. This fluid has been found out to move faster during

unconscious periods basing on an experiment conducted on mice (Cherry, 2018). Commented [12]: (Cherry, 2018) Retrieved from How
Sleep Cleans Up the Brain
https://www.verywellmind.com/how-sleep-cleans-up-
The reason as to why this fluid flushes out toxins during sleep faster is because the-brain-2795924

the pathways in the brain becomes larger by about 60% during sleep. The process,

flushing toxins, occurs only during sleeping periods because the brain couldn't be

conscious and aware of the surroundings while it cleans up itself (Hamilton,

2013). The beta-amyloid protein, as said earlier, is commonly found on people Commented [13]: (Hamilton, 2013) Retrieved from
Brains Sweep Themselves Clean Of Toxins During
Sleep https://www.npr.org/sections/health-
with and is one of the main reasons for Alzheimer’s disease. These protein form shots/2013/10/18/236211811/brains-sweep-
themselves-clean-of-toxins-during-sleep
up a plaque that blocks the pathways to ensure that the brain’s ability related to

memories work properly (BrightFocus Foundation, N.d.).
Restoration theory of sleep.
It has been hypothesized that the human body uses sleep to repair and
Commented [14]: (BrightFocus Foundation, N.d.)
Retrieved from Amyloid Plaques and Neurofibrillary
Tangles https://www.brightfocus.org/alzheimers-
disease/infographic/amyloid-plaques-and-
neurofibrillary-tangles

restore its physical condition. However, according to other researches and studies,

the human body does not actually heal itself from injuries or decrease a sleep

deprived person’s ability to play sport (Psychology Summaries, n.d.). Commented [15]: Untraceable
Commented [16]: Link taken down.
The theory itself is divided into two parts; there is one that is focusing on

short-wave sleep while the other focuses on Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.

It has been proposed that while short-wave sleep focuses on restoring the physical

body, REM sleep focuses on restoring the functions of the brain (Cook, 2012). Commented [17]: (Cook, 2012) Retrieved from 5)
Functions of Sleep: Restoration Theory
https://revisepsychology.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/5-
However, there has been a lot of criticisms for this theory. On an functions-of-sleep-restoration-theory/

experiment done by Peter Tripp, he tried not sleep for 201 hours. Slowly, his

mental and physical health started to degrade. He slowly started to become

 8

abusive and paranoid and then he started to hallucinate. Meanwhile, Randy

Gardner who did not sleep for 260 hours showed less severe results as compared

to Tripp’s results (Davies, 2015). Commented [18]: (Davies, 2015) Retrieved from
Restoration theories of sleep
https://getrevising.co.uk/grids/restoration_theories_of_s
leep

Summary of Theories

The present study made use of three theories: information consolidation

theory of sleep, clean-up theory of sleep, and repair and restoration theory of

sleep. The information consolidation theory of sleep explains how sleep helps the

human brains in storing memories for a longer period of time. The researchers

assume that students who sleep according to the preferred sleeping duration (8-10

hours) will have a better time recalling information that they have learnt

throughout the day. On the other hand, students, who even though did extensive

reviews, that lack sleep will not be able to easily recall the memories.

Clean-up theory of sleep explains how the human brain flushes out toxins

that build up in it during sleep or sleep-like state. The researchers believe that, as

the toxins cause harm in the human brain’s ability to store memories, people who

lack sleep, therefore having less time flushing out toxins, would have a harder

time recalling memories. This would be in accordance to some parts of the

information consolidation theory.

The restoration theory of sleep explains how the human brain uses sleep to

repair and restore itself. The researchers assume that as people accumulate minor

injuries in our brain as we live our daily lives, therefore deteriorating a human’s

cognitive abilities, sleeping would be of great help to students in relieving stress

 9

and other negative emotions that they might have otherwise experienced during

the day.

The researchers believe that these three theories would be of great help on

explaining how sleep affects a student’s daily school life.

Related Literature and Studies

Caffeine. Caffeine is one of the factors that we considered in this research

due to its popularity and effects on sleeping. According to Medical News Today

(2016), 83.2% percent of teenagers consume caffeinated products regularly, it is a

product known to keep a person energized as such 42% of Americans use caffeine

to combat daytime sleepiness (National Sleep Foundation, 2001). However,

caffeine may also contribute to sleep loss, according to the Philippine Council for

Health Research and Development (2014), even a moderate dose can prevent an

individual from falling asleep.

Research shows that caffeine consumption was significantly associated with

morning tiredness and restless sleep (Banks, Coates, Kohler, Watson, 2017).

Caffeine consumption increased the risk of morning tiredness in children from 6th-

10th grade by 1.8 times (Orbeta RL, Overpeck MD, Ramcharran D, Kogan MD,

Ledsky R., 2006). Studies have found that higher amounts of caffeine

consumption were related to a decreased time in bed (Banks, Coates, Kohler,

Watson, 2016).

The effects of caffeine were found to be able to last for quite some time,

according to research done 400 mg of caffeine taken up to 6 hours before bedtime

 10

significantly distorts sleep. Even at 6 hours before sleep, caffeine intake reduced

sleep by more than 1 hour (Drake, Roehrs, Roth, Shambroom, 2013). Research

also shows that the consumption of caffeine can disrupt your circadian rhythm,

primarily human cellular circadian clocks. Caffeine can delay the human

circadian clock in vivo ad lengthen the period of the human circadian clock in

vitro (Burke, et al. 2015).

Stress. Stress affects your life in many ways, even negative things can

affect sleep. You're lying down, you're worried and you're feeling anxious, so it's

impossible for your brain to be relaxed and have no worries in your mind to fall

asleep. It is no wonder that people use the words "using sleep over something" it

says that you can lose your privilege to sleep in exact time because on the

something that more important than sleeping. That's the reason also why people

who suffer from medical (chronic) stress day in and out sleepless, lacking sleep

quality, and it hard to function in the next day.

Unfortunately, this kind of rotation will only continue to get worse. If you

don’t or you can’t sleep enough time at night, your body will improve the levels

of stress hormones. The brain chemicals linked with deep sleep are the same ones

that tell the body to stop the production of stress hormones. The outcome is when

you don’t sleep well, your body keeps producing out those hormones The next

day, you feel more stressed, tired, indisposed, etc.; after another night, you find it

harder to fall asleep, and so on. Even worse, stress hormones peak in the
 11

afternoon and early evening just when you should be lying down and preparing to

sleep.

The more you feel exhausted, the less you will focus on your work and

tasks at hand and it can lead to even more stress.

People with high, long-term stress levels have a higher risk of heart

disease, depression, high blood pressure, a poor immune system, abdominal

issues, and more. They are more likely to grind or cool their teeth, which can lead

to dental problems.

That is why it is very important if you feel overwhelmed, to try different ways of

stress relief and to get plenty of sleep a high priority.

According to AWA Kellner (2010) it says that stress can affect the growth

of every individual it can start in learning then followed by physical and cognitive

changes it can also affect the environmental pollution and the industrial activities

could negatively affect the environment

According to Garcia-Guinea et al (2010), the results of this kind of

research can help local authorities in establishing plans for remediation in order to

avoid risk to human health.

A study shows that we can experience poor memory, poor retention, and

performance, hormones triggering poor diet, irritability contributes to family

and/or social conflict, flu is increased, and acne gets worse (The Partnership,

2016).

According to the National Sleep Foundation [NSF] (N.d.), stress affects

one’s life in many ways, even negative things can affect sleep. When one is lying
 12

down, one is worried and one is feeling anxious, so it's impossible for one’s brain

to be relaxed and have no worries in one’s mind to fall asleep. It is no wonder that

people use the words "using sleep over something" it says that one can lose one’s

privilege to sleep in exact time because on the something that more important

than sleeping. That's the reason also why people who suffer from medical

(chronic) stress day in and out sleepless, lacking sleep quality, and it hard to

function in the next day. People with high, long-term stress levels have a higher

risk of heart disease, depression, high blood pressure, a poor immune system,

abdominal issues, and more. They are more likely to grind or cool their teeth,

which can lead to dental problems.

Technology. Technology has long since taken over the sleeping patterns

of most teenagers. It would not be strange to see a teenager stay up past their

sleep time just to lurk on social media or play video games. With the sudden

boom of availability of easily accessible electronic devices, we would be able to

see a major shift in a teenager’s daily life style.

According to Gunnar (2015), electronic devices such as cellphones,

laptops, televisions, etc. produce blue light that slows down a human’s melatonin

production. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that reduces

alertness and encourages sleep (Kim, 2014).

Although adults can also have as much exposure to blue light as teenagers,

it can be seen that teenagers are affected by it more severely. The reason for this

is that, even with the same exposure level, there is difference in the physiological
 13

level as teenagers experience a shift in their circadian rhythm; thus, worsening the

effects of blue light (Spring Klein Vision Center, n.d.).

Blue light is an unnatural light; it is not commonly found in nature as

compared to the redder and warmer tints of light that the sun provides. The human

eye has special cells called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

(ipRGCs) that signals the pineal gland to start producing melatonin once the

ambient light level drops (Kim, 2014).

Teenagers spend approximately nine hours a day online; 41% of these

teenagers having said that they spend most of their time on social media.

Anxiousness is the leading emotion that teenagers feel and this can be seen as a

direct relation to the high exposure rate of teenagers to gadgets and therefore, blue

light (Anderson, 2018).

Multitude of Schoolworks. It is common knowledge that students of the

current generation get swamped by so much schoolwork that complaints from

students just revolve around just how much of a punishment it is to go to school.

According to Lohmann (2018), it has been found out in a study that when

teens are asked about their problems, the topic of school work will come up and

will likely cause them stress.

Students of the current generation feel as much stress as psychiatric

patients of 1950s (Veiga, 2016). According to a study, 56-percent of surveyed

high-performing students replied that homework is their primary source of stress

(Stanford News, 2010). Students who get occupied with so much homework can
 14

be distanced from their family and friends which could then lead to isolation and

eventually depression (Oxford Learning, 2016); which can be traced back to the

first chapter stating that depression can be a cause of infinite loop between sleep

deprivation and itself.

The National Education Association (NEA) and National PTA (NPTA),

both associations located in America, they support about “10 minutes of

homework per grade level.” There has also been studies that suggests that

homework more than the suggested 10-minute per grade level schema is

detrimental to a child’s overall school performance. (Levy, 2017). The issue

between sleep deprivation and school work has also greatly affected as, according

to a survey, 72% of parents believe that excessive schoolwork is the primary

source of their children (Oxford Learning, 2016).

Too much homework becomes a hindrance rather than a benefit to a

student’s academic performance. It is a common concept in the scientific

community that a maximum of 140 minutes should be the level of homework that

students should take home (Canapari, 2012). This would in turn work in tandem

with the information consolidation theory of sleep as a solid argument.

Mental Health. According to Feldner (2017), a person who lost a night of

sleep was more emotional when faced with stressing situations. Also, the

functioning of the emotional regulation circuit of the brain may be negatively

impacted by lack of sleep. This mean that when teen lacks sleep they ill tend to be

extremely emotional when responding to daily situations. In addictions, teens

 15

already have a hard time controlling their emotions due to the underdeveloped

prefrontal cortex (the part of the brain that controls self-regulation). Teens who

have enough sleep will be able to handle stressful situations better than those that

do not.

Other than teen’s behaviour, lack of sleep and depression also has a

connection. Published by the Journal of Youth and Adolescence (2015), teenagers

who are not getting the required amount of sleep has a higher risk of depression

and suicide attempts compared to those that gets enough sleep. The study showed

that in almost 28,000 high school students that were surveyed, 38 percent is in

risk of feeling sad and lost for each hour of sleep lost while 58% is in risk of a

suicide attempt. Teens who goes to bed earlier were less likely to have depression

and suicidal thoughts.

Cognitive Function. On top of the psychology of a teen being affected by

lack of sleep, studies have also indicated that a lack of sleep or sleep deprivation

may also negatively affect one’s cognitive ability. An experimental study by

Louca and Short (2014) tested this by having a control group of male participants

aged 14 through 18 take a series of mental tests over two days under normal

sleeping conditions to set a baseline for their average performance, however at the

third night the participants were kept away the entire night before taking the same

mental tasks as they did the nights before. The researchers found that the

participants had slower response times, made more errors and had more lapses in

their attention. This study shows that adolescents cannot perform at their optimal
 16

level when they lack sleep.

Another research (Carskadon, Saletin, Tarokk, 2016) concluded that sleep

had a key role in supporting cognitive function in adolescence, they went on to

say that sleep and brain development were bidirectionally related.

However, research indicates that it is not merely the quantity of sleep that

is necessary, but the quality as well. According to Stefánsdóttir (2015) the quality

of sleep affects some aspects of cognitive function, this was more significantly

shown during the stroop test which aims to measure attentiveness. This research

also concluded that lack of sleep or sleep deprivation affects cognitive function

such as alertness and memory.

A study (Miller, Wright, Hough, Cappuccino, 2014) claims that short

sleep is associated with poorer cognitive function. Further, their study claims that

“it is well established that sleep plays a vital role in brain maturation and in the

development of important cognitive functions, such as memory consolidation and

learning”. Their study also says that adolescent males who sleep 8 hours or more

demonstrate a higher overall cognitive performance over those who sleep 8 hours

or less.

Physical Health. During a person’s sleep is the time when one’s body

recover and heal injuries and other damages and replenishes energy while doing

daily activities. According to Thomas, Sleep plays an important role in our mental

health but it also has a critical role in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

 17

“The biggest thing is the release of melatonin. Your heart rate slows, your

breathing shallows, your blood pressure goes down. All those things are a good

situation for you to be able to heal , for you to be able to move bad toxins out of

muscles and for you to be able to reset your body.”

Lack of sleep makes your immune system weaker and it also slows down

the healing process of an injury. Lack of sleep will be physically seen when a

person tends to sleep for only three to five hours a day.

Research Paradigm

The study focuses on the effects of sleep deprivation on the life of

students. The factors affecting sleep deprivation such as caffeine, technology,

stress, or schoolworks are the independent variables while the amount of sleep,

and therefore including the physical and mental state of the student, is dependent

on these factors.

Schoolworks

Caffeine
Amount of Sleep
Technology

Stress
 18

Definition of Terms

Lack of Sleep. The term designates a sleeping time of fewer than seven

hours in correspondence to the minimum sleeping time of eight hours required for

teenagers as stated earlier in the paper.

Adolescence. Denotes an age bracket, usually 13 to 19, wherein

physiological and psychological changes start to occur in children. However,

adolescence can start as early as nine, as noted in the article earlier (PT Staff,

2018).

School Activities. When the researchers refer to the term school activities,

it pertains to what is to be commonly expected of a student’s daily activities.

Chapter III

Methods of Research

Research Design

This study is a descriptive research that aims to describe the different

reasons as to why junior high school students of Mary the Queen School of

Malolos lacks sleep and how it affects their daily lives.

The data that are used in this research are from other recently published

studies and the answers from the interviews with the respondents. The approach

that was used is qualitative, where qualitative data was obtained through

assessment questions and in-depth interviews.

Population and Sample of the Study

 19

In this study. 10 respondents would participate in the interview. The

researchers opted to choose at least a single student from all sections and one for

each gender.

The respondents are from ages 12-17 and may or may not be exhibiting the

aforementioned effects or symptoms of sleep deprivation. The participants are

junior high school students of Mary the Queen School of Malolos, who are all

chosen through convenience sampling, a non-probability type of sampling.

The participants were chosen because they fit the bracket of students

whose primary purpose in school is to achieve good enough grades in accordance

to preparation for their college lives. They are also chosen under the idea that it

would be highly probable that they would have experienced the causes of sleep

deprivation (stress, schoolworks, technology, caffeine).

Research Instrument

The research will be divided into two parts. The first part will be focused

on acquiring basic details that would affect the influence of sleep deprivation on

the respondents. This would include how much sleep the respondent has, the

respondent’s daily intake of caffeine, how high the respondent’s stress level is, the

respondent’s nicotine consumption, and how often the respondent uses gadgets

before bedtime. This will be asked in such a way that the respondent would need

to rate their answers between numbers 1 to 5; with 1 being the lowest and 10

being the highest.

 20

The second part of the interview will focus on finding out how the earlier

said factors could affect their daily lives. It will also contain questions where the

respondents will have to compare themselves when they are in a state where they

have consumed or experienced the four factors (Caffeine, Stress, Technology,

Nicotine) and the state where they are free of those factors.

Data Gathering Procedure

For the data gathering, the researchers will ask the participants to give the

researchers a small amount of their time. The researchers will then start off by

asking a series of questions intended to gain a basic assessment of the

participant’s conditions in relation to the case at hand. The researchers will

proceed with the set of interview questions.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

After the interview, the answers of the interviewees will be compared to

one another. Those that have similar answers will be further looked on if it is

untrue or reliable. The reasons as to why they lack sleep will be compared to one

another to see if there are any similarities or if the differences are extreme. The

effects of lack of sleep will be then compiled, answers that have been repeated

more than once will be considered more reliable.

The assessment questions will be placed in a table to see if there is any

statistical correlated to the effects and the reasons of lack of sleep.

 21

REFERENCES: Commented [19]: FORMAT INCORRECT

Adolescent Sleep Needs and Patterns. (N.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/adolescent-sleep-needs-and-

patterns?fbclid=IwAR0AZg9IZ3cV_0fAvpW5LbUZaoM3LKD4p63nLQBeXeiUtFhXjd

sTAEkPMQY

Chen, D., Truong, K. D., & Tsai, M. (2013). Prevalence of Poor Sleep Quality

and Its Relationship With Body Mass Index Among Teenagers: Evidence From Taiwan.

Retrieved from

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/josh.12068?fbclid=IwAR2lh4PKoAbtoL

R8Q8OpbEjTbYKLaKbt6JSDCFLRxPWpWc4fsLYnMvlZWoQ&

How Much Sleep Do We Really Need? (N.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-

need?fbclid=IwAR11WjbF91TKI0BPwbpYP4rJdc6KqryPxkc0R9Y2PueU-

31AXF6nFfmi9Ag

Melbourne Child Psychology & School Psychology Services. (N.d.). Melbourne

Child Psychology & School Psychology Services, Port Melbourne. Retrieved from

https://www.melbournechildpsychology.com.au/blog/impact-working-memory-

difficulties-learning/?fbclid=IwAR3-

dKwWwdXgS3UZAS_V5uMZPxNaUsR9Wty1gCH9GeyDCt_9NGMpSrGTwkE

Owens, J. (2014). Insufficient Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults: An

Update on Causes and Consequences. Retrieved from

 22

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e921..info?fbclid=IwAR0hDupPmTY

MUpmdRTV87tLdb488IFfg3xtiImszoKPnLr0Dze-_FLpfN2g

School Start Time and Sleep. (N.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/school-start-time-and-

sleep?fbclid=IwAR2IiP1e33CfVJDHjgPKi1Fn5yPOuq7lifkCvGlmaOH0dZOTfsddj1f-

MBQ

Sleep, Learning, and Memory. (N.d.). Retrieved from

http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/benefits-of-sleep/learning-memory

Sleep and Teens. (N.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.uclahealth.org/sleepcenter/sleep-and-teens#top

Sleep Boosts Memory. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200310/sleep-boosts-

memory?fbclid=IwAR1VX9biRLlf6gvxKMpa72z7dzJwGURMr_iYboyZeCZ9wFIs0Dk

9lYDdzyc

Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. (2006). Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079205001231?fbclid=IwAR0Ss

qVhe6VVZTxWnFOaICoHuAeb5WYQMh6Goy6qZ3Y3-wmmRCEZIyN79zk

Teens and Sleep. (N.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-

topics/teens-and-

sleep?fbclid=IwAR2ASwOODgmC9M0yiSGWvfDyzRFrnwC68DzTzXSr-

FFfjwYnpBfHNY-765A

Tesoro, A. (n.d.). The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance.

Retrieved from chrome-

 23

extension://cbnaodkpfinfiipjblikofhlhlcickei/src/pdfviewer/web/viewer.html?file=http://w

eb.csulb.edu/~atesoro/effects_of_sleep.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3NUb06LDO0z2FbS6mGVNzi

kaezYlUSrE1lztfeQGm4uXWgvoIgwpBMVEI

What is Circadian Rhythm? (N.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/what-circadian-

rhythm/page/0/1?fbclid=IwAR1Q7EqTk4DWBFP9QN6uEz3wbEZwd70JLhKUs-

yJO2eZx87H_1JVIAyoYhg

(Teens don’t get enough sleep, and that can affect their health,’ 2018) Retrieved

from

https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/teens-dont-get-enough-sleep-

and-that-can-affect-their-health/2018/08/10/7a3d1232-902f-11e8-bcd5-

9d911c784c38_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.653d9fe2e4ee

(Segall, 2001) Retrieved from Sleep On It

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200103/sleep-it

(Davies, 2015) Retrieved from Restoration theories of sleep

https://getrevising.co.uk/grids/restoration_theories_of_sleep

(Cook, 2012) Retrieved from 5) Functions of Sleep: Restoration Theory

https://revisepsychology.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/5-functions-of-sleep-restoration-

theory/

(BrightFocus Foundation, N.d.) Retrieved from Amyloid Plaques and

Neurofibrillary Tangles https://www.brightfocus.org/alzheimers-

disease/infographic/amyloid-plaques-and-neurofibrillary-tangles
 24

(Hamilton, 2013) Retrieved from Brains Sweep Themselves Clean Of Toxins

During Sleep https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/18/236211811/brains-

sweep-themselves-clean-of-toxins-during-sleep

(National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2013) Retrieved from How Sleep Clears the

Brain https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-sleep-clears-brain

(Cherry, 2018) Retrieved from Psychology of Turning Short-Term Memories Into

Long-Term Ones https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-memory-consolidation-

2795355

(Cherry, 2018) Retrieved from How Sleep Cleans Up the Brain

https://www.verywellmind.com/how-sleep-cleans-up-the-brain-2795924

(Born & Wilhelm, 2004) Retrieved from System consolidation of memory during

sleep https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278619/

(Born & Wilhelm, 2004) Retrieved from System consolidation of memory during

sleep https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278619/

(PT Staff, 2004) Retrieved from Did You Know?

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200412/did-you-know-0

(Owens, 2014) Retrieved from Insufficient Sleep in Adolescents and Young

Adults: An Update on Causes and Consequences

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e921..info

(NSF, N.d.) Retrieved from What is Circadian Rhythm?

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/what-circadian-rhythm

(Chance, 2001) Retrieved from The Brain Goes to School

http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/benefits-of-sleep/learning-memory
 25

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652010000200001

https://drugfree.org/parent-blog/school-stress-teen-needs-good-nights-sleep/

https://www.sleep.org/articles/sleep-and-stress

This sleep deprived nation retrieved from

https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/09/25/1504100/sleep-deprived-nation

Definition of adolescence retrieved from

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/adolescence