Chapter 15

15.1 Eq. (15.15):

c′ tan φ′
Fs = +
γ H cos β tan β tan β
2

15 tan 20
2= 2
+
(15.5)( H )(cos 30)(tan 30) tan 30
2.235
2= + 0.63; H = 1.63 m
H

15.2 Eq. (15.16):

c′ 1 12 1
H cr = = = 6.53 m
γ cos β(tan β − tan φ′) 15.72 (cos 22)(tan 22 − tan 15)
2 2

(1900)(9.81)
15.3 γ sat = = 18.64 kN/m 3
1000

γ′ = 18.64 – 9.81 = 8.83 kN/m3

Eq. (15.17):

c′ γ′ tan φ′ 18 8.83 tan 25

Fs = + = +
γ sat H cos β tan β γ sat tan β (18.64)(8)(cos 20) (tan 20) 18.64 tan 20
2 2

= 0.376 + 0.607 = 0.98

(Gs + e) γ w ( 2.6 + 0.5)( 9.81)

15.4 γ sat = = = 20.27 kN/m 3
1+ e 1 + 0 .5

γ′ = 20.27 – 9.81 = 10.46 kN/m3

c′ γ ′ tan φ′ 28.75 10.46 tan 22

Fs = + = +
γ sat H cos β tan β γ sat tan β ( 20.27)( 7.62)(cos 20)(tan 20) 20.27 tan 20
2 2

= 0.579 + 0.573 ≈ 1.15

97
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
15.5 Eq. (15.31):

4c′ ⎡ sin β cos φ′ ⎤ ⎡ ( 4)(19.2) ⎤ ⎡ (sin 50)(cos 25) ⎤

H cr = = = 31.53 m
γ ⎢⎣1 − cos(β − φ′) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 18.05 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 − cos(50 − 25) ⎥⎦

c′ 19.2 ⎛ tan 25 ⎞
15.6 Fs = 2; cd′ = = = 9.6 kN/m2 ; φ′d = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 13.12°
Fs 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠

4cd′ ⎡ sin β cos φ′d ⎤ ⎡ (4)(9.6) ⎤ ⎡ (sin 50)(cos13.12) ⎤

H= ⎢1 − cos(β − φ′ ) ⎥ = ⎢ 18.05 ⎥ ⎢1 − cos(50 − 13.12) ⎥ = 7.92 m
γ ⎣ d ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦

4cd′ ⎡ sin β cos φ′d ⎤

15.7 H= ⎢ ⎥ ; γ = 18.08 kN/m
3
γ ⎣1 − cos(β − φ ′
d ⎦
)

⎛ tan 15 ⎞ c′
Fs(assumed) φ′d = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ cd′ =
Fs β H
⎝ s ⎠
F
(deg) (kN/m2) (deg) (m)
1.6 9.5 6.00 50 4.19
1.8 8.47 5.33 50 3.55
1.76 8.66 5.45 50 3.66

Fs ≈ 1.76

(1700)(9.81)
15.8 ρ = 1700 kg/m³; γ = = 16.68 kN/m 3 ; c′ = 18 kN/m²; φ′ = 20°
1000

⎛1⎞ c′ 18
β = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 26.57° ; Fs = 2; c′d = = = 9 kN/m 2
⎝ ⎠
2 Fs 2

⎛ tan φ′ ⎞
⎟⎟ = tan −1 ⎛⎜
tan 20 ⎞
φ′d = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 10.31°
⎝ s ⎠
F ⎝ 2 ⎠

4c′d ⎡ sin β cos φ′d ⎤ ⎡ (4)(9) ⎤ ⎡ (sin 26.57)(cos10.31) ⎤

H= ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = 23.74 m
γ ⎣1 − cos(β − φ′d ) ⎦ ⎣ 16.68 ⎦ ⎣1 − cos(26.57 − 10.31) ⎦

15.9 m ≈ 0.192 (From Figure 15.13). Eq. (15.36):

98
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 cu 30
H cr = = = 9.19 m - -Toe failure
γ m (17)(0.192)

15.10 m ≈ 0.192 for β = 60° (Figure 15.13)

cu 30
cd = = = 15 kN/m 2
FS s 2

cd 15
H= = = 4.6 m
γ m (17)(0.192)

15.11 β = tan −1 ⎡ ⎤ = 45° . For β = 45° and D = 1.2, m = 0.18 (Figure 15.13).
1
⎢⎣1⎥⎦

cu 25
cd = = = 12.5 kN/m 2
FS s 2

cd 12.5
H= = = 3.86 m
γ m (17)(0.18)

cu 25
15.12 H cr = = = 7.72 m. It is a toe circle.
γ m (18)(0.18)

12
15.13 a. D= = 1.41 ; γsat = 18.5 kN/m3. For β = 40° and D = 1.41, m = 0.175.
8.5

cu
H cr =
γm

cu = (8.5)(18.5)(0.175) = 27.5 kN/m2

b. From Figure 15.13, midpoint circle

c. From Figure 15.15, n ≈ 0.7.

Distance = nH = (0.7)(8.5) = 5.95 m

99
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 cu
15.14 Fs = M . β = 30°; H = 16 m; cu = 50 kN/m2.
γH

From Figure 15.19 for kh = 0.4 and D = 1, M ≈4

50
Fs = (4) = 0.735
(17)(16)

cu
15.15 Fs = M . β = 60°; cu = 47.9 kN/m2; γ = 18.08 kN/m3; H = 15.2 m; kh = 0.3.
γH

From Figure 15.20, M = 3.3.

47.9
Fs = (3.3) = 0.58
(18.08)(15.2)

β = tan −1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 26.57°
1
15.16 a.
⎝2⎠
Fs 1
= = 2.75
tan φ′ tan 20

c′
From Figure 15.27, ≈ 0.05
γH cr tan φ′

or,

20
0.05 = = 68.7 m
(16)( H cr )(tan 20)

= 2.14 . β = tan −1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 33.7° .

Fs 1 1
b. =
tan φ′ tan 25 ⎝ .5 ⎠
1

c′ 35.9
Figure 15.27: ≈ 0.035; = 0.035
γH cr tan φ′ (17.29)( H cr )(tan 25)

Hcr = 127.2 m

100
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
15.17 β = tan −1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 26.57° ; φ′ = 10º; c′ = 33.5 kN/m2; γ = 17.29 kN/m3.
1
⎝2⎠

φ′d tan φ′ cd′ = m γH c′

Fφ′ = m Fc′ =
(deg) tan φ′d (kN/m2) cd′
5 2.01 0.098 25.76 1.30
6 1.68 0.090 23.65 1.41
8 1.25 0.078 20.50 1.63
10 1.00 0.064 16.82 1.99

The plot of Fc′ vs. Fφ′ is shown. From the figure, Fc′ = Fφ′ = Fs = 1.5.

15.18 n′ = 1; φ′ = 20º; c′ = 19.2 kN/m2; γ = 18.08 kN/m2; H = 30 ft

φ′d tan φ′ cd′ = m γH c′

Fφ′ = m Fc′ =
(deg) tan φ′d (kN/m2) cd′
5 4.16 0.133 22.00 0.87
8 2.06 0.105 17.37 1.10
10 1.36 0.080 13.23 1.45
20 1.00 0.058 9.70 2.00

The plot of Fc′ vs. Fφ′ is shown on the next page.

101
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 From the figure, Fφ′ = Fc′ = Fs ≈ 1.36

15.19 n′ = 2.5; β = tan −1 ⎛⎜

1 ⎞
⎟ = 21.8° ; φ′ = 12º; c′ = 24 kN/m ; γ = 16.5 kN/m ;
2 3
⎝ 2.5 ⎠
H = 12 m

φ′d tan φ′ cd′ = m γH c′

Fφ′ = m Fc′ =
(deg) tan φ′d (kN/m2) cd′
5 2.43 0.088 17.42 1.38
8 1.51 0.060 11.88 2.02
10 1.21 0.048 9.50 2.53
12 1.00 0.038 7.52 3.19

The plot of Fc′ vs. Fφ′ is shown on the next page.

From the figure, Fφ′ = Fc′ = Fs = 1.75.

102
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Problem 15.19

15.20 a. Refer to the figure.

12.2
= sin 30° ; x = 80 ft
x

12.2 12.2
= sin 35° ; R = = 21.27 m
Radius, R sin 35

103
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 With radius R = 21.27 m, the trial surface circle has been drawn.

The following table can now be prepared.

Weight of
slice
Slice
Area of slices Wn = A × γ αn Wn cos αn Wn sin αn
(m2) (kN/m) (deg) (kN/m) (kN/m)
( 7.93)( 6.1)
1 = 24.19 437.36 47 298.28 319.86
2
(3.05)(7.93 + 9.76)
2 = 26.98 487.80 32 413.68 258.49
2
(6.1)( 9.76 + 6.1)
3 = 48.38 874.71 20 821.96 299.17
2
(6.1)( 6.10)
4 = 18.61 336.47 5 335.19 29.33
2
∑1869.11 ∑906.85

104
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Rθc + ( ∑ Wn cos αn ) tan φ′
Fs =
∑ Wn sin αn

⎡ π ⎞ ⎤
( 21.27) ⎢⎛⎜ ⎟(70)⎥(19.2) + (1869.11)(tan 20)
= ⎣⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎦ = 1.3
906.86

Note: The accuracy can be increased by increasing the number of slices.

H H 5
b. As in Part a, = sin α; x = = = 10 m
x sin α sin 30

⎛ x⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ = sin θ , or 5 = R = 7.78 m
R 2 sin 40

With a radius R = 7.78 m, the trial surface has been drawn

The following table can now be prepared.

105
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Weight of slice
Slice Area of slices Wn = A × γ αn Wn cos αn Wn sin αn
(m2) (kN/m) (deg) (kN/m) (kN/m)
( 2.6)(1.5)
1 = 1.95 33.35 54 19.60 29.98
2
( 2.6 + 4.2)( 2)
2 = 6 .8 116.28 38 91.63 71.59
2
( 4.2 + 2.8)( 2)
3 = 7 .0 119.70 20 112.48 40.94
2
( 3)( 2.8)
4 = 4 .2 71.82 6 71.43 7.51
2
∑295.14 ∑150.02

Rθc + ( ∑ Wn cos αn ) tan φ′

Fs =
∑ Wn sin αn

⎡ π ⎞ ⎤
(7.78) ⎢⎛⎜ ⎟(80)⎥(18) + ( 295.14)(tan 15)
⎣ ⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎦
= = 1.83
150.02

Note: The accuracy will improve with smaller slices.

c′ 14.4
15.21 φ′ = 20º; β = 26.57º; ru = 0.5; = = 0.1
γH (18.86)(7.62)

Using Table 15.3, the following table can be prepared.

D m′ n′ Fs = m′ − n′ru
Toe circle 1.804 2.101 0.75
1.00 1.841 1.143 1.27
1.25 1.874 1.301 1.22
1.50 2.079 1.528 1.32

Fs ≈ 0.75.

c′ 6
15.22 φ′ = 20º; β = 18.43º; ru = 0.5; = = 0.05 .
γH (20)(6)

Using Table 15.3, the following table can be prepared.

106
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 D m′ n′ Fs = m′ − n′ru
1.00 1.840 1.387 1.15
1.25 1.834 1.493 1.09
1.50 2.011 1.705 1.16

Fs ≈ 1.09.

15.23 β = 20º; φ′ = 15º; ru = 0.5; γ = 17.5 kN/m3; c′ = 20 kN/m2; H = 15

c′ φ′d tan φ′
Fs(assumed) Fs (calculate d) =
γ HFs (deg) tan φ′d
1.2 0.0635 15.5 0.966
1.1 0.0693 14.0 1.075
1.0 0.0762 12.5 1.209
0.9 0.0847 11.5 1.317

From the plot, Fs = 1.09.

15.24 β = tan −1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 18.43° ; φ′ = 25º; c′ = 12 kN/m2; γ = 19 kN/m3; ru = 0.25;

1
⎝ 3⎠

H = 12.63 m

107
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 c′ φ′d tan φ′
Fs(assumed) Fs (calculate d) =
γ HFs (deg) tan φ′d
1.7 0.0294 15 1.74
1.8 0.0278 16 1.63
1.9 0.0263 17 1.53

From the graph, Fs ≈ 1.72.

108
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.