Key notes for Chapter- The Fundamental Unit of Life, are:

Motion:
Movement of any object from one position to another position with
respect to the observer is called as Motion.

Motion Along a Straight Line:

When an object moves along a straight line, the motion of the object
is called rectilinear motion. For example; motion of a car on highway.

Vectors and Scalar Quantities:

• Vector is a quantity which have both magnitude and direction. For
examples: Force, position etc.
• Scalar is quantity with which direction is not associated. For
examples: Mass, temperature, time etc.
Distance:
• Length of path covered by a moving an object in the given time
irrespective of direction
is called distance.
• It is a scalar quantity.
• Its SI unit is metre(m).
Displacement:
• The shortest distance measured from initial to the final posftion of
an object is known as the displacement.
• It is a vector quantity.
Uniform Motion:
• When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is
said to be in uniform motion.
Non-Uniform Motion:
• When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it
is said to be in non-uniform motion.
Speed (s):
• The distance travelled by an object in unit time is referred to as
speed.
• It is represented as:

• Its SI unit is metre/ second (m/s).

• It is a scalar quantity.
• Average speed: For non-uniform motion, the average speed of an
object is obtained by dividing the total distance travelled by an
object by the total time taken.

Velocity (v):
• Speed of an object in a particular direction is named as velocity, i.e., it
is the displacement of body in unit time.
• It is represented as:

• It is a vector quantity.
• Average velocity: It is given by the arithmetic mean of initial
velocity and final velocity for a given period of time.

Acceleration (a):
• The rate of change of velocity is termed as acceleration.
• It is represented as:

• Its SI unit is metre/seccond2 (m/s2).

• It is a vector quantity.
• The acceleration is taken to be positive if it is in the direction of
velocity and negative when it is opposite to the direction of velocity.
• Negative acceleration is also named as retardation or deacceleration.
• An object moving on a circular path though with uniform speed, is
always said to be accelerated as it changes its direction every
moment.
• Uniform acceleration: When velocity of body changes by equal amounts
in equal time intervals, acceleration is said to be uniform. For
example: Motion of a freely falling ball.
• Non - uniform acceleration: When velocity of body changes by unequal
amounts in equal intervals if time, acceleration is said to be non -
uniform. For example: Motion of car.
Graphical Representation of Motion
1. Distance -Time Graph for Uniform Speed:
Distance -Time graph for uniform speed, is a straight line as shown
below:

2. Distance -Time Graph for Non-Uniform Speed:

Distance -Time graph for uniform speed, is obtained in the form of a curve as shown below:
 3. Distance -Time Graph for a Body at Rest:
Distance -Time graph for a body at rest is a straight line parallel to the time axis (x-axis):

Velocity-Time Graph
1. Velocity-Time Graph for Uniform Acceleration:
Velocity-Time graph for uniform acceleration, is a straight line as shown below:

2. Velocity-Time Graph for Non-Uniform Acceleration:

Velocity-Time graph for non-uniform acceleration, is obtained as a zig-zag line as shown
below:

Key notes for Chapter - The Fundamental Unit of Life, are:

Force
A push or pull on a body is called force.

Characteristics of force:
• Force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity.
• It is measured in the SI unit of Newton
• It is represented by the symbol F.
Effects of Force:
• It can change the speed of a body.
• It can change the direction of Force and Laws of Motion of a body.
• It can change the shape of a body.
CBSE Class 9 Science Solved Practice Paper 2017-2018: Set-I
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
(i) Balanced Forces: If the resultant of applied forces is equal to zero, it is called balanced
forces.
Foe example: In the tug of war game when the force applied by both teams is equal in
magnitude then the rope does not move in either side. This is due to the balanced forces in
which resultant of applied forces comes out to be zero.

Characteristics:

• Balanced forces do not cause any change of state of an object.

• Balanced forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
• Balanced forces can change the shape and size of an object. For example: When we press a
balloon from opposite sides, the size and shape of balloon is changed.
(i) Unbalanced Forces: If the resultant of applied forces are greater than zero, the forces
are called unbalanced forces.
To move an object unbalanced forces are to be applied from the opposite directions. In case
of unbalanced forces acting on a body, it moves a in the direction of the greater force.

Unbalanced forces can:

• Change the speed and position of an object.

• Change the shape and size of an object.
Some Common Forces
• Muscular Force: The force exerted by the human body muscles is called muscular force.
• Gravitational Force: The attractional force applied by earth on an object in downward
direction is called gravitational force.
• Frictional Force: The force which opposes the Force and Laws of Motion of an object while
being in contact with the other object, is known as frictional force.
• Air Resistance: Force which is exerted on the objects while flying in air is named as air
resistance. It acts in a direction opposite to the velocity of the object.
Newton’s Laws of Force and Laws of Motion:
There are three laws of Force and Laws of Motion those formed by Newton. They are
explained below:
(i) Newton’s First Law of Force and Laws of Motion or Law of Inertia
It states that any object will remain in the state of rest or in uniform Force and Laws of
Motion along a straight line, until it is compelled to change the state by applying external
force.
Inertia: Defintion: Inertia is a property or tendency of every object to resist any change in
its state of rest or of uniform Force and Laws of Motion.
It is measured by mass of an object. The heavier the object, the greater will be its inertia.
Application of Newton's first law of Force and Laws of Motion:
• When a straight mobving bus suddenly stops down, the pessengers sitting inside fall in
forward direction. This is because the body of the passenger initially moving in straight
line tends to move the same way even after the brakes are applied , making the passenger
fall in forward direction.
• When we hit a carpet it loses inertia of rest and moves. But the dust in it retains inertia
of rest and is left behind. Thus dust and carpet are separated.
• When a tree is shaken, it moves to and fro. But fruit remains at rest due to its inertia of
rest. Due to this fruit breaks off the tree.
Momentum: The momentum of a body is defined as the product of its mass and velocity.
Thus, momentum = mass × velocity
Or, p = m x v
where, p = momentum
m = mass of the body
v = velocity of the body
The Sl unit of momentum is kilograms meters per second (kg.m/s)
Change in momentum: It is defined as the difference between final momentum and initial
momentum. Let u be the initial momentum of a body and v be its final momentum, then
Change in momentum = mv - mu
Rate of change of momentum: The rate at which the momentum of an object is changing is
known as rate of change of momentum.

Applications of Momentum:
• A small bullet can penetrate into the body of a man and kill him when fired from a gun
because it has a large momentum due to its great velocity.
• A person gets severely injured when hit by a fast moving vehicle which is due to the
momentum of vehicle due to large mass and high velocity.