Practical Session with GenStat Statistical Software

FOCUS:
1. Data Entry in EXCEL; 2. Data Transfer to GENSTAT
3. Data Analysis in GENSTAT; 4. Interpretation and Presentation of Results

1. Getting started
Click on icon for GENSTAT

Check for capabilities of software

 Click on Stats and check on the details of the submenu items
 Click on Data to examine the different types of calculations available
 Click on Spread to examine the possible ways of defining data
 Click on Graphics to check on possible graphic presentations available
 Click on windows to examine the working modes of GENSTAT

2. Data Entry
Though GENSTAT has a spreadsheet for data entry, it is advisable to key in your data in
EXCEL.
 Keep data as a one large spreadsheet and cut out for transfer to GENSTAT
 Keep data sets as separate files or as different sheets within a file in EXCEL

Data (on spreadsheet) can also be imported from other statistical programmes. For example
data from MINITAB can easily be transferred to GENSTAT

Type in one-sample data in EXCEL

Data is entered such that each column takes one variable.

Table 1.
Fruit No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Weight (g) 60. 53. 67. 56. 58. 60. 66. 51. 56. 63. 58. 64.

2 8 2 9 6 0 3 7 0 3 2 1

Above data should be entered as follows in EXCEL:

Fruit No Weight
1 60.2
2 53.8
3 67.2
4 56.9
5 58.6
. .
. .
12 64.1

To examine summary statistics (Measures of central location and spread)

Click on Stats Summary Statistics Summarize contents of variates

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  Default statistics have been ticked in the programme already.

 Option is available for you to add or remove statistics by clicking on

More Statistics……….

Click on the following:

 Coefficient of variation
 Standard error of mean
 Corrected sum of squares

3. Statistical tests with one or two samples (one- and two-sample t-tests)

3.1 One-sample t-test (Compare sample mean to known population mean)

 Use data from Table 1.

Click on Statistical tests One- and two-sample t-tests…….

Carefully examine the Dialogue box and answer all questions

(Note that by default the programme selects one-sample t-test)

_________________________________________________________________
Available Data Test
One-sample

Data set One-sample

Test Mean
Known population mean

Confidence limit (%) 95

Data Arrangement Type of Test

Two sets One-sided (<)
One set with groups
One-sided (>)

Two-sided
____________________________________________________________________

Test the hypothesis that fruit weight of tomato from expected weight of medium-sized
tomato weight of 62.0 g
________________________________________________________________________
3.2 Two-sample t-test (comparison of two treatment means)

Table 2: Example 1. (unpaired or independent samples)

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 Variety A Variety B
890 957
522 909
849 1081
885 1134
990 1133
1018 933
632 974
697 849

Hint: Create two columns, Variety and Yield

Available Data Test

Two-sample (Unpaired)

Data set 1

Data set 2

Confidence limit (%) 95

Data Arrangement Type of Test

Two sets One-sided (<)
One set with groups
One-sided (>)

Two-sided (not equal to)

For two-sample t-test (Unpaired and paired)

Click on Options:
Tick items for display (if not already on default)

Click on RUN in the dialogue box

Click on WINDOW and select OUTPUT to display results

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Table 3: Example 2. (Paired)

Capsaicin content of hot pepper

Genotype At harvest One year after storage
1 1.81 0.48
2 0.58 0.13
3 1.63 1.30
4 0.86 0.28
5 0.50 0.12
6 0.63 0.30
7 0.53 0.35
8 1.28 0.52
9 0.71 0.29
10 1.02 0.41
11 0.40 0.04
12 1.05 0.20
13 0.12 0.06
14 0.83 0.36
15 2.04 0.18
16 0.14 0.04
17 0.99 0.41
18 0.98 0.47
19 0.55 0.36
20 1.71 0.55

Available Data Test

Two-sample (paired)

Data set 1

Data set 2

Confidence limit (%) 95

Data Arrangement Type of Test

Two sets One-sided (<)
One set with groups
One-sided (>)

Two-sided (not equal to)

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4. Statistical tests with two or more treatments (Use F-test or Analysis of variance)

4.1 Completely Randomized Design (CRD) or One-way ANOVA

4.1.1 CRD with equal replication

In an experiment to compare yields of French bean varieties, six large pots were assigned to
each of four varieties. Each pot had two plants. The results below show the average fresh pod
yields per pot (kg):

Table 4: Pod yield of four French bean varieties from pot experiment
Variety
A B C D
0.25 0.40 0.18 0.28
0.17 0.35 0.23 0.28
0.26 0.31 0.26 0.33
0.16 0.36 0.15 0.32
0.22 0.43 0.11 0.30
0.15 0.37 0.24 0.27

Data Entry
Hint: Create two columns with headings: Variety and Yield

Variety Yield
A 0.25
A 0.17
A 0.26
A 0.16
A 0.22
A 0.15
B 0.40
B 0.35
. .
. .

Data Transfer
Open GENSTAT programme and open data from EXCEL

Identify Variate and Factor(s) in data set

Edit Columns to identify Variate (yield) and Factor (variety)
Note: V for variate, T for Text and F for factor

Data Analysis
Stat Analysis of variance
Choose design by name or choose General Analysis of Variance
Enter Y-variate (response variable scored eg. Yield)
Enter Treatment Structure (treatment name, eg. Variety)
Enter Block Structure (block name if applicable)
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Enter Options (if necessary to add extra information or output required)

Interpretation of Results

Check for means for treatments

Check for F-probability to determine if treatment mean differences were significant
Check for mean separation eg. Least Significant Difference (LSD) if differences were
significant.

4.1.2 CRD with unequal replication

In a germplasm bank in an experimental station, four new varieties of rice were
selected and compared. There were 23 plots available and the yields (kg/ha)
recorded were as follows: Table 5:
Variety Plot yield (kg)
V1 30 74 46 58 62 38
V2 50 38 66 62 44 58 78
V3 28 56 34 24 46 48
V4 88 78 60 76

Data Entry
Hint: Create two columns with headings Variety and Yield

Variety Yield
v1 30
v1 74
v1 46
v1 58
v1 62
v1 38
v2 50

Analyze as in 4.1.

Indicate the null and alternative hypotheses for the study.

Did the four catalysts have the same effect on the concentrations?

4.2 Randomized complete block design (RCBD)

4.2.1 Exercise 1

A yardlong bean varietal trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design at the
University of Ghana Farm, Legon. In each block, the six varieties were assigned at random.
The yields per plot from the study are given in the table below:

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Table 6: Data from Varietal trial in RCBD

Block
Variety I II III IV V
Kaohsiung 2.0 3.8 2.8 3.4 3.2
KKI 4.6 8.2 4.6 7.0 5.4
TV02048 4.0 4.6 4.4 4.8 5.0
Canton White 4.0 5.0 2.8 4.8 5.0
Orient extra 3.0 4.6 2.4 4.2 3.0
Stickless 7.2 9.2 7.0 9.4 7.8

Hint: Create three columns, namely Variety (factor), Block (factor) and Yield (variate)

Variety Block Yield

Kaohsiung 1 2.0
KKI 1 4.6
TV02048 1 4.0
Canton White 1 4.0
Orient extra 1 3.0
Stickless 1 7.2
Kaohsiung 2 3.8
KKI 2 8.2
TV02048 2 4.6
Canton White 2 5.0
Orient extra 2 4.6
Stickless 2 9.2
Kaohsiung 3 2.8
. . .

4.2.2 Exercise 2
An experiment was conducted using five varieties of cowpea. The objective
was to evaluate these varieties in terms of their seed yield. A randomized
complete block design was used. The following were the yields (kg/plot) from
the various plots:

Table 7
Block
Variety I II III IV
A 6.8 6.4 6.1 6.7
B 5.6 5.5 4.7 4.6
C 5.5 5.3 4.8 4.5
D 5.3 5.2 4.7 4.6
E 4.4 4.1 4.6 4.2

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4.3 Latin square design

4.3.1 Exercise 1
An experiment with three promising maize hybrids (A, B, C) and a check variety (D)
was conducted in a Latin square design. Table 8 shows the field plan and plot
yields.

Table 8: Plot yield and field plan of an experiment in Latin Square design

Column
Row 1 2 3 4

1 B 32.8 C 24.2 D 26.5 A 26.9

2 D 29.5 A 23.7 C 28.0 B 25.8
3 A 33.4 D 19.2 B 33.3 C 23.6
4 C 31.3 B 25.8 A 33.1 D 18.9

Hint: Create four columns, namely Variety, Row, Column and Yield

Yield Row Column Hybrid

32.8 1 1 B
24.2 1 2 C
26.5 1 3 D
26.9 1 4 A
29.5 2 1 D
23.7 2 2 A
28.0 2 3 C
25.8 2 4 B
‘’ ‘’ ‘’ ‘’
‘’ ‘’ ‘’ ‘’
33.1 4 3 A
18.9 4 4 D

4.3.2 Exercise 2
Effect of five (5) types of Phosphate fertilizers on yield of sweet potato was
determined in a study. The experimental field plan and plot yields of tubers in kg ha-1
are given in Table 9.
Table 9:
Column

Row 1 2 3 4 5

1 P2 62.3 P3 61.3 P5 62.5 P1 63.8 P4 75.0

2 P4 64.1 P5 68.4 P1 62.9 P2 66.2 P3 77.4
3 P3 69.2 P1 55.8 P2 67.8 P4 71.3 P5 74.8
4 P5 65.0 P2 68.7 P4 69.8 P3 76.0 P1 70.9
5 P1 63.3 P4 75.0 P3 69.3 P5 78.0 P2 75.4

Hint: Create four columns, namely P type, Row, Column and Yield
4.4 Factorial experiments
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4.4.1 Crossed factors
In such design, the levels of one factor (eg. factor A) at the different levels of another factor
(Factor B) are similar and the same.

Example
An experiment had four soybean varieties grown with two levels of nitrogen
fertilizer. Seed yield per plot (kg ha-1) collected were as follows;
Table 10
Block
Variety Fertilizer 1 2 3 4
High 198 207 183 178
V1 Low 146 101 97 98
High 214 146 188 206
V2 Low 106 74 87 73
High 302 338 254 223
V3 Low 121 74 95 60
High 281 252 282 308
V4 Low 132 115 100 102

Hint: Create four columns namely:

Variety Fertilizer Block Yield

4.4.2 Hierarchical designs (nested designs)

Major interest is in the topmost factor. This factor generally could be fixed or random, but the
nested factors tend to be random. In such design, the levels of one factor (eg factor A) at the
different levels of another factor (Factor B) are similar but not the same.

Example
Four plants were chosen at random from a garden. Three leaves were taken from each plant.
From each of these leaves, two samples were taken. Calcium concentration in parts per million
(ppm) were determined from the leaf samples. The data from the study is provided in Table 11.

a. Determine how much of the variation in calcium concentration was due to

plants, leaves and samples taken from each leaf.
b. Were there significant differences in Ca concentration among the plants?
Draw conclusions from your results.
c. Was the experimental design used appropriate? Explain your answer.

Table 11:
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 Leaf Sample Ca (%)
1 3.28
1 2 3.10
1 3.62
Plant 1 2 2 3.48
1 2.88
3 2 2.80
Leaf Sample Ca (%)
1 2.46
1 2 2.44
1 1.87
Plant 2 2 2 1.92
1 2.19
3 2 2.19
Leaf Sample Ca (%)
1 2.77
1 2 2.66
1 3.74
Plant 3 2 2 3.44
1 2.55
3 2 2.55
Leaf Sample Ca (%)
1 3.78
1 2 3.87
1 4.07
Plant 4 2 2 4.22
1 3.31
3 2 3.31

4.4.2 Split-plot and Split-block designs

4.4.2.1 Split-plot as a nested design (restricted randomization)

Crop rotation is recommended as a good farming practice, especially when a
good nitrogen-fixing legume is used as an alternative crop. An agricultural
researcher set up an experiment in which an erect, semi-spreading and
spreading varieties of cowpea were planted in five blocks according to a
randomized complete block design. In the second year, four (4) varieties of
maize were planted in a such way that all four varieties of maize were planted
at random in each plot occupied by a cowpea variety in the previous season.
The grain yields of the maize varieties are provided in Table 12.

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 Table 12:

Cowpea Maize 1 2 3 4 5
Semi- A 21.7 20.8 18.2 25.2 17.8
spreading B 18.8 14.5 14.2 17.9 14.5
variety (v1) C 25.0 18.1 18.7 20.9 15.9
D 24.3 22.0 20.3 23.0 18.6
Spreading A 26.3 23.1 20.0 20.3 17.3
Variety B 19.8 16.0 22.5 13.7 14.4
(v2) C 21.6 20.0 21.2 18.0 19.8
D 25.7 21.1 23.1 17.0 16.3
Erect A 17.5 18.5 21.2 18.6 13.0
Variety B 15.2 14.6 17.7 13.5 10.0
(v3) C 15.5 17.2 19.9 15.5 15.0
D 15.6 17.2 19.9 15.5 16.3

Hint: Create four columns namely Cowpea, Maize, Block and Yield
Note that Cowpea variety is the main plot factor with maize variety as subplot factor

4.4.2.2 Split-block design

Split block or Strip Plot Design

Example
An experiment with five varieties and six N levels was conducted in a strip plot design with
three replications. Pod (fruit) weight per plant was recorded for the sweet pepper plots.

Table 13
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V3 V4 V1 V2 V5 V4 V3 V1 V5 V2
N2 62 60 75 60 40 N0 39 45 39 28 38 N5 56 69 90 45 33
N1 40 97 90 50 52 N4 92 85 93 76 65 N2 57 38 62 64 67
N0 36 30 35 35 38 N2 72 49 61 63 55 N3 80 91 75 67 62
N3 74 92 55 46 68 N5 63 28 60 33 71 N0 46 64 48 47 59
N5 72 99 96 62 43 N1 44 34 51 30 57 N4 61 83 56 74 70
N4 55 75 96 50 74 N3 36 50 46 38 62 N1 57 32 54 23 20
Rep. 1 Rep 2 Rep. 3

Hint: Create columns for Variety, Nitrogen rate, Replication and Yield. Note that emphasis
is on the combination of variety and nitrogen level that gives highest performance.

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