4 5996558954136601210

CGA G-2.
1—2014
ANSI/CGA G-2.1—2014
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
STORAGE AND HANDLING
STORAGE AND HANDLING
OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA
OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA
SIXTH EDITION
SIXTH EDITION
PAGE ii COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. CGA G-2.1—2014
DEDICATION
This publication is dedicated in the memory of Rodney “RC” Smith, who served as an active participant of the
Committee that developed this publication.
PLEASE NOTE:
The information contained in this document was obtained from sources believed to be reliable and is based on
technical information and experience currently available from members of the Compressed Gas Association,
Inc. and others. However, the Association or its members, jointly or severally, make no guarantee of the results
and assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the information or suggestions herein contained.
Moreover, it should not be assumed that every acceptable commodity grade, test or safety procedure or meth-
od, precaution, equipment or device is contained within, or that abnormal or unusual circumstances may not
warrant or suggest further requirements or additional procedure.
This document is subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest edition. The Associa-
tion invites comments and suggestions for consideration. In connection with such review, any such comments
or suggestions will be fully reviewed by the Association after giving the party, upon request, a reasonable op-
portunity to be heard. Proposed changes may be submitted via the Internet at our web site, www.cganet.com.
This document should not be confused with federal, state, provincial, or municipal specifications or regulations;
insurance requirements; or national safety codes. While the Association recommends reference to or use of
this document by government agencies and others, this document is purely voluntary and not binding unless
adopted by reference in regulations.
A listing of all publications, audiovisual programs, safety and technical bulletins, and safety posters is available
via the Internet at our website at www.cganet.com. For more information contact CGA at Phone: 703-788-2700,
ext. 799. E-mail: customerservice@cganet.com.
Work Item 03-39
Specialty Gases Committee
NOTE—Technical changes from the previous edition are underlined.
NOTE—Appendix A (Normative) is a requirement.
SIXTH EDITION: 2014

FIFTH EDITION: 1999
FOURTH EDITION: 1989
THIRD EDITION: 1981
© 2014 The Compressed Gas Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
All materials contained in this work are protected by United States and international copyright laws. No part of this work may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any infor-
mation storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from The Compressed Gas Association, Inc. All requests for
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CGA G-2.1—2014 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. PAGE iii
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process,
consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agree-
ment has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more
than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be con-
sidered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect pre-
clude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or
using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an
interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue
an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute.
Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the
title page of this standard.
CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The proce-
dures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to periodically reaffirm, revise,
or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all
standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY
10036.
Approved as an American National Standard on December 12, 2014.

PAGE iv COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. CGA G-2.1—2014
FOREWORD
(This Foreword is not a part of American National Standard Requirements for the Storage and Handling of An-
hydrous Ammonia.)
This standard represents the consensus of interested parties concerning minimum safety requirements for the
storage, transportation, and handling of anhydrous ammonia. It is intended to serve as a guide for regulatory
authorities in writing their own regulations as well as to assist designers of ammonia installations and others
having an interest in its requirements such as safety engineers, insurance organizations, and transportation
carriers.
The first edition of the K61.1 Standard was published in 1960 and was based on a standard of the Compressed
Gas Association, Inc. (CGA) completed in 1950, and submitted to the then American Standards Association for
adoption as an American Standard. CGA’s standard was used to assist in developing regulations during the
early period of the expanded use of anhydrous ammonia for agricultural purposes. This took place in the late
1940s and early 1950s.
In 1953 the Agricultural Ammonia Institute (AAI) published its first standard (M-1) for the storage and handling
of agricultural ammonia, which has been revised at frequent intervals to remain current with progress in the
agricultural ammonia industry.
When the first American Standard for ammonia was approved in 1960, it made available to those concerned
two standards on ammonia from which to choose. Many of the states had already adopted as their regulations,
the M-1 standard of the AAI, and from then on the ammonia industry was continually faced with the conflict of
having two differing standards available dealing with safety requirements for anhydrous ammonia.
The American Standard was revised in 1966 under the sponsorship of CGA and the second edition was made
available to interested parties along with revised editions of the similar standards of AAI.
In 1968 the Agricultural Nitrogen Institute (ANI), successor to AAI, requested cosponsorship of the K61 project.
CGA supported cosponsorship to achieve the endorsement of a single American National Standard that could
be supported jointly by ANI and CGA.
The ANI has since merged with the National Plant Food Institute to become The Fertilizer Institute (TFI).
As cosecretariats of the K61 Project, CGA and TFI reconciled the differences between the American National
Standard K61.1-1966 and the M-1 Standard of The Fertilizer Institute. A revision was prepared and submitted
to the K61 Committee for consideration.
The 1972 and subsequent editions of the K61.1 Standard not only replace the 1966 edition of the American
National Standard K61.1, but also supersede the 1966 edition of CGA G-2.1 and the 1968 edition of The Ferti-
lizer Institute M-1 Standard.
Following the 1984 revision of the 1981 edition of the K61.1 Standard, The Fertilizer Institute withdrew from
cosponsorship of the K61.1 Standard in 1987, however, TFI elected to continue as an active participant on the
K61 Committee.
The 1989 edition represented a substantial reorganization and expansion of material contained in prior editions
with individual sections devoted to ammonia safety and the use of water in emergencies. A new section regard-
ing tank cars was added in recognition of the importance of the rail transportation mode. Other sections were
updated to reflect major changes in the areas of technology and regulatory matters.
The 1999 edition incorporated the International System of Units (SI) in recognition of the global harmonization
movement. The Pressure Relief Device section underwent a major rewrite to provide consistency and account
for excessive heat or fire protection. There were also some marking and labeling changes in the regulatory ar-
ea.
The 2014 edition includes updated ammonia exposure information and extensive revision of the safety section
to incorporate current regulatory and safety requirements and regulations. This edition also includes revised
requirements for the re-installation of large pressure vessels, for the repair or alteration of pressure vessels,
CGA G-2.1—2014 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. PAGE v
and for dealing with pressure vessels with missing dataplates by incorporating provisions of the National Board
Inspection Code (NBIC). A new section defines specifications and inspection requirements for pressure transfer
hoses used specifically in ammonia service (Information about pressure transfer hose requirements was previ-
ously addressed in an appendix to the 1999 edition). Another new section defines the requirements for heating
devices for containers. The refrigerated storage pressure relief valves section also underwent another rewrite
to address abnormal operating conditions and fire scenarios with respect to relief requirements.
Suggestions for improvements of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the American National
Standards Institute, Inc., 25 W. 43rd St., New York, NY 10036, or to the Compressed Gas Association, Inc.,
14501 George Carter Way, Suite 103, Chantilly, VA 20151.
This standard was revised and approved for submittal to ANSI by American National Standards Committee on
Safety Requirements for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia. Committee approval of the stand-
ard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this
standard, the CGA G-2.1 ANS Committee had the following voting members:
Organization Represented Name of Representative
Agribusiness Association of Iowa ............................................................... Jeff Schnell

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. .............................................................. Martin Westman
Airgas Specialty Products .......................................................................... Blaine Davis, Chair
Ammonia Safety and Training Institute ...................................................... Kent Anderson
CF Industries, Inc. ...................................................................................... Daniel Webb
Continental NH3 Products .......................................................................... Judd Stretcher
Crop Production Services, Inc .................................................................... Billy Pirkle
Fairbank Equipment ................................................................................... Gary Cless
The Fertilizer Institute ................................................................................. Wade Foster
Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship ............................. Neal Vaughn
John Deere ................................................................................................. Randy Renze
KFSA .......................................................................................................... Scott Anderson
Koch Minerals Services .............................................................................. Doug Little
The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors .................. John Hoh
Office of Indiana State Chemist ................................................................ Danny Starke
Praxair, Inc ................................................................................................ Martin Timm
RegO Cryoflow Products ............................................................................ David Stainbrook
Squibb-Taylor Inc. ..................................................................................... Pat Hodges
Tanner Industries, Inc ................................................................................ David Binder
Trinity Containers LLC ............................................................................... Greg McRae
United Suppliers ......................................................................................... Mike Wollner
U.S. Department of Transportation ............................................................ Mark Toughiry
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ...................................................... Armando Santiago
................................................................................................................... (Alternate) Kathy Franklin
PAGE vi COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. CGA G-2.1—2014
Contents Page
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 General ................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Physical/chemical properties of ammonia ........................................................................................... 1
1.4 Ammonia exposure.............................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Federal, state, and local regulations.................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Hazardous material classification ........................................................................................................ 4
2 Definitions ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
3 Safety ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.1 Training................................................................................................................................................ 8
3.2 Normal conditions ................................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 Emergency planning and response coordination ................................................................................ 8
3.4 Permanent storage installations .......................................................................................................... 9
3.5 Cargo tanks ....................................................................................................................................... 10
3.6 Leaks in transportation equipment .................................................................................................... 11
3.7 Cylinder and DOT portable tank installations .................................................................................... 11
3.8 Site security ....................................................................................................................................... 11
4 Use of water in emergencies ........................................................................................................................ 11
4.1 Human exposure ............................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Accidental release ............................................................................................................................. 11
4.3 Fire exposure..................................................................................................................................... 12
4.4 Absorption in water ............................................................................................................................ 12
5 Basic rules .................................................................................................................................................... 12
5.1 Equipment and systems .................................................................................................................... 12
5.2 Requirements for new construction and original test, repair, and alterations of containers
(including DOT portable tanks), other than refrigerated storage tanks............................................. 14
5.3 Location of containers ....................................................................................................................... 15
5.4 Markings of nonrefrigerated containers and systems other than DOT containers ............................ 17
5.5 Container appurtenances .................................................................................................................. 18
5.6 Piping, tubing, and fittings ................................................................................................................. 19
5.7 Hose specification ............................................................................................................................. 20
5.8 Pressure relief devices ...................................................................................................................... 23
5.9 Filling densities .................................................................................................................................. 26
5.10 Transfer of liquids .............................................................................................................................. 26
5.11 Liquid level gauging devices.............................................................................................................. 29
5.12 Painting of containers ........................................................................................................................ 29
5.13 Electrical equipment and wiring ......................................................................................................... 30
5.14 Heating devices for containers and cylinders .................................................................................... 30
6 Systems using stationary, pier-mounted or skid-mounted, aboveground or underground,
nonrefrigerated storage ................................................................................................................................ 30
6.1 Design pressure and construction of containers ............................................................................... 30
6.2 Container valves and accessories and discharge connections ......................................................... 31
6.4 Installation of storage containers ....................................................................................................... 31
6.5 Reinstallation of containers ............................................................................................................... 33
6.6 Marking containers ............................................................................................................................ 33
6.7 Protection of container and appurtenances ....................................................................................... 33
6.8 Identification for emergency .............................................................................................................. 34
7 Refrigerated storage ..................................................................................................................................... 34
7.1 Design of tanks .................................................................................................................................. 34
7.2 Installation of storage tanks (aboveground) ...................................................................................... 34
7.3 Marking refrigerated containers ......................................................................................................... 35
7.4 Tank valves, accessories, fill pipes, and discharge pipes ................................................................. 36
7.5 Pressure relief valves ........................................................................................................................ 36
CGA G-2.1—2014 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. PAGE vii
7.6 Protection of containers and appurtenances ..................................................................................... 38

7.7 Reinstallation of containers ............................................................................................................... 38
7.8 Refrigeration load and equipment ..................................................................................................... 38
7.9 Safety equipment............................................................................................................................... 40
7.10 Identification for emergency .............................................................................................................. 40
8 Systems mounted on railcar structures (tank cars), other than DOT class 106A, for transportation of
ammonia ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
8.1 Design and construction .................................................................................................................... 41
8.3 Marking and placarding ..................................................................................................................... 41
8.4 Tank car loading and unloading locations and operations ................................................................ 41
9 Systems mounted on trucks, semitrailers, and trailers for transportation of ammonia ................................. 43
9.1 Design pressure of containers ........................................................................................................... 43
9.2 Container mounting ........................................................................................................................... 44
9.4 Piping, fittings, and hose ................................................................................................................... 46
9.6 Placarding and marking of containers ............................................................................................... 46
9.7 Transfer of liquids .............................................................................................................................. 47
9.8 Trailers and semitrailers .................................................................................................................... 47
9.9 Electrical equipment and lighting ....................................................................................................... 48
9.10 Protection against collision ................................................................................................................ 48
9.11 Brakes ............................................................................................................................................... 48
9.12 Portable tanks (including skid tanks) ................................................................................................. 48
10 Systems using DOT portable tanks and cylinders ........................................................................................ 48
10.1 Containers and cylinders ................................................................................................................... 48
10.2 Container and cylinder valves and regulating equipment .................................................................. 49
11 Systems mounted on farm wagons (implements of husbandry) for the transportation of ammonia ............ 50
11.1 Design of containers .......................................................................................................................... 50
11.2 Mounting of containers ...................................................................................................................... 50
11.4 Placarding and marking of containers ............................................................................................... 51
11.5 Farm wagons (implements of husbandry) ......................................................................................... 52
11.7 Chemical additive compatibility ......................................................................................................... 53
12 Systems mounted on farm equipment (implements of husbandry) for the application of ammonia ............ 53
12.1 Design of containers .......................................................................................................................... 53
12.2 Mounting of containers ...................................................................................................................... 53
12.3 Container valves and appurtenances ................................................................................................ 53
13 References ................................................................................................................................................... 54
Tables
Table 1—Physical properties of ammonia ............................................................................................................ 2
Table 2—Human physiological responses to various concentrations of ammonia in air ...................................... 3
Table 3—Regulatory ammonia exposure limits..................................................................................................... 3
Table 4—Emergency response planning guideline exposure limits ...................................................................... 4
Table 5—Minimum separation distances for location of ammonia storage containers ....................................... 16
Table 6—Ammonia container maximum heating limits ....................................................................................... 30
Appendices
Appendix A—Minimum required flow rate of pressure relief devices for fire protection (Normative) ................. 58
CGA G-2.1—2014 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. PAGE 1
1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
This standard is intended to apply to the design, construction, repair, alteration, location, installation, and oper-
ation of anhydrous ammonia systems including refrigerated ammonia storage systems.
This standard does not apply to:

– Ammonia manufacturing plants;
– Refrigeration systems where ammonia is used solely as a refrigerant. Such systems are covered in
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 15, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems and ANSI/International
Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR) 2, American National Standard for Equipment, Design and Instal-
lation of Closed-Circuit Ammonia Mechanical Refrigerating Systems [1, 2]1;
– Ammonia transportation pipelines; and
– Ammonia barges and tankers.
1.2 General
Where certain provisions of this standard impose undue hardship or where literal adherence to such provisions
fails to provide adequate safety in the opinion of the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), the AHJ may permit
deviation from the standard.
The values stated in customary units are to be regarded as standard. Metric equivalents where shown in this
standard may not be exact, and meet the requirements of ANSI/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) SI 10, American National Standard for Metric Practice procedures in this regard [3].
1.3 Physical/chemical properties of ammonia
1.3.1
Gaseous ammonia liquefies under pressure at ambient temperature. Ammonia is usually shipped or stored as
a liquid under pressure. When refrigerated to or below its normal boiling point of –28 °F (–33.3 °C), it may be
shipped or stored as a liquid at or near atmospheric pressure.
1.3.2
Some physical properties of ammonia are listed in Table 1.
1.3.3
During liquid releases, ammonia aerosol can form. This aerosol can reach temperatures approaching
–100 °F (–73 °C) near the point of release [6].
1.3.4
Ammonia is extremely hard to ignite and is a relatively stable compound. It begins to dissociate into nitrogen
and hydrogen at approximately 850 °F (454 °C) at atmospheric pressure. Experiments conducted by a national-
ly recognized laboratory showed that an ammonia-air mixture in a standard quartz test container does not ignite
at less than 1562 °F (850 °C). Ammonia gas is flammable in air in the range of 16% to 25% by volume. Condi-
tions favorable for ignition are seldom encountered during normal operations due to the high ignition tempera-
ture required.
1
References are shown by bracketed numerals and are listed in the order of appearance in the reference section.
PAGE 2 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. CGA G-2.1—2014
However, the release of ammonia gas into a tightly enclosed or inadequately ventilated space can result in the
accumulation of a flammable mixture that can cause a combustion explosion if a high temperature ignition
source is present.
Table 1—Physical properties of ammonia [4]
Customary Units SI Units

Chemical formula NH3 NH3
Molecular weight 17.031 17.031
Boiling point at 1 atm –28 °F –33.3 °C
Critical density 14.7 lb/ft3 236 kg/m3
Critical pressure 1657 psia 11 425 kPa, abs2
Critical temperature 271.4 °F 133.0 °C
Density of liquid at 70 °F (21.1 °C) 38.00 lb/ft3 608.7 kg/m3
Density of the gas at 32 °F (0 °C) and 1 atm 0.0481 lb/ft3 0.771 kg/m3
Flammable limits (% in air, by volume) 16% to 25% 16% to 25%
Freezing point at 1 atm –107.9 °F –77.72 °C
Heat of solution extrapolated
to 0% concentration by weight 347.4 Btu/lb 8.081 x 105 J/kg
at 28% concentration by weight 214.9 Btu/lb 4.999 x 105 J/kg
Ignition temperature
(in presence of iron catalyst) 1204 °F 651.1 °C
(in standard quartz container) 1562 °F 850.0 °C
Latent heat of fusion at –107.9 °F (–77.72 °C) 142.8 Btu/lb 332.2 kJ/kg
Latent heat of vaporization at boiling point and 1 atm 589.3 Btu/lb 13.71 kJ/kg
Liquid density at –28 °F (–33.3 °C) and 1 atm 42.57 lb/ft3 681.9 kg/m3
Solubility in water vol(liq.)/vol(liq.) at 68 °F (20.0 °C) 0.848 0.848
Specific gravity of liquid at –28 °F (–33.3 °C)
0.6819 0.6819
[water at 39.2 °F (4 °C) = 1]
Specific gravity of the gas at 32 °F (0 °C) and 1 atm (air = 1) 0.5970 0.5970
Specific heat of gas at 59 °F (15.0 °C) and 1 atm
constant pressure, Cp 0.5232 Btu/(lb °F) 2.191 kJ/(kg °C)
constant volume, Cv 0.3995 Btu/(lb °F) 1.673 kJ/(kg °C)
Ratio of specific heats (Cp/Cv) 1.3096 1.3096
Specific volume of vapor at 32 °F (0 °C) and 1 atm 20.78 ft3/lb 1.297 m3/kg
Vapor density at –28 °F (–33.3 °C) and 1 atm 0.0555 lb/ft3 0.8890 kg/m3
Vapor pressure at 70 °F (21.1 °C) 114.1 psi 786.7 kPa
Triple point –107.86 °F at 0.88 psia –77.70 °C at 6.1 kPa, abs
Weight of liquid per gallon at 60 °F (15.6 °C) 5.147 lb/gal 616.8 kg/m3
1.3.5
Under some circumstances, ammonia and ammonium compounds can react with other chemicals to form ex-
plosive products. Ammonia should never be combined with other chemicals unless the possible reactions have
been adequately investigated and appropriate precautions taken. See National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals [7].
1.3.6
Although most metals are not attacked by ammonia, zinc, copper, and copper base alloys such as brass are
subject to rapid deterioration by ammonia. Certain high tensile strength steels have developed stress corrosion
cracking in ammonia contaminated with small quantities of air. Such cracking can be minimized by the con-
sistent use of 0.2% water by weight in the ammonia as an inhibitor. Weld heat affected zones can be areas of
2
kPa shall indicate gauge pressure unless otherwise noted as (kPa, abs) for absolute pressure and (kPa, differential) for differ-
ential pressure. All kPa values are rounded off per CGA P-11, Metric Practice Guide for the Compressed Gas Industry [5].
high hardness, which are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
regulations require that ammonia cargo tanks constructed of such steels be postweld heat treated.
See Title 49 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) 173.315 [8].
1.4 Ammonia exposure
1.4.1
At low concentrations, ammonia gas is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes of the nose, throat,
and lungs. At higher concentrations, ammonia is corrosive to human tissue and possibly life threatening.
Table 2 indicates human physiological responses to various concentrations of ammonia in air. See 4.1 regard-
ing exposure to liquid ammonia.
Table 2—Human physiological responses to various concentrations of ammonia in air
Concentration/Time % Ammonia/Time Effect

Mild discomfort, depending on whether an indi-
20 ppm to 50 ppm 0.002 % to 0.005%
vidual is accustomed to smelling ammonia
50 ppm to 80 ppm for 2 hr 0.005 % to 0.008% for 2 hr Perceptible eye and throat irritation
100 ppm for 2 hr 0.01% for 2 hr Nuisance eye and throat irritation
Tearing of the eyes, eye irritation, nasal irrita-
134 ppm for 5 min 0.0134% for 5 min
tion, throat irritation, chest irritation
140 ppm for 2 hr 0.0140% for 2 hr Severe irritation, need to leave exposure area
Upper respiratory tract irritation; tearing of the
300 ppm to 500 ppm for 30 min [9] 0.03% to 0.05% for 30 min
eyes (lacrimation), hyperventilation
Incapacitation from tearing of the eyes and
700 ppm to 1700 ppm 0.07% to 0.17%
coughing
5000 ppm to 10 000 ppm 0.5% to 1.0% Rapidly fatal
10 000 ppm 1.0% Promptly lethal
1.4.2 Ammonia exposure limits and guidelines
The pungent odor of ammonia is readily detectable by most people and serves as its own warning. Concentra-
tions in the range of 5 ppm to 53 ppm as referenced in National Academies’ Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
for Selected Airborne Chemicals are readily detectable and it is therefore unlikely that any individual would be-
come overexposed unknowingly [10]. Some exposure limits and guidelines for ammonia are shown in Table 3
and 4. See National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards,
Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR) 1910.1000, and American Industrial Hygiene Association
(AIHA) Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) [11, 12, 13].
Table 3—Regulatory ammonia exposure limits
NIOSH Immediately dangerous or life or health (IDLH) 300 ppm [9]

3
25 ppm (18 mg/m ) 10 hr Time-Weighted Average
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
(TWA) [11]
NIOSH Short-term exposure limit (STEL) 35 ppm (27 mg/m3) 15 min TWA [11]
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
50 ppm (35 mg/m3) 8 hr TWA [12]
Permissible exposure limit (PEL)
NOTES
1 IDLH, STEL, and PEL are defined in Section 2 of this standard.
2 TWA—Time-Weighted Average concentration in contaminated air by volume for up to an 8 hr (OSHA) or 10 hr (NIOSH)
workday during a 40 hr workweek.
Table 4—Emergency response planning guideline exposure limits [13]
Ammonia (CAS No. 7664-41-7)

The maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could
ERPG-1 be exposed for up to 1 hr without experiencing other than mild, transient adverse health 25 ppm
effects of without perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
be exposed for up to 1 hr without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious
ERPG-2 150 ppm
health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual’s ability to take protective ac-
tion.
ERPG-3 750 ppm
be exposed for up to 1 hr without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects
1.5 Federal, state, and local regulations
Anhydrous ammonia is regulated by agencies including DOT, OSHA, Department of Homeland Security (DHS),
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and state jurisdictions.
1.6 Hazardous material classification
DOT designates the hazard class for anhydrous ammonia as 2.2 for domestic shipments and lists ammonia as
a hazardous substance with a reportable quantity (RQ) of 100 lb (45 kg). The words “Inhalation Hazard” shall
be included on shipping papers and on containers and cylinders as required by special provision 13 noted in
column 7 of the hazardous material table. See 49 CFR 172.101 and 172.102 (c) [8]. The four-digit United Na-
tions (UN) identification number for ammonia is 1005. In Canada, regulations are published in Transport Cana-
da’s Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations and Regulations for the Transportation of Dangerous
Commodities by Rail [14, 15]. Under Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations ammonia is
classified as a Toxic Gas 2.3 (9.2) and may be transported to, through, and from the United States into Canada
using this description with proper markings and placarding.
2 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions apply.
2.1 Publication terminology

2.1.1 Shall
Indicates that the procedure is mandatory. Shall is used wherever the criterion for conformance to specific rec-
ommendations allows no deviation.
2.1.2 Should
Indicates that a procedure is recommended.
2.1.3 May
Indicates that the procedure is optional.
2.1.4 Will
Is used only to indicate the future, not a degree of requirement.
2.1.5 Can
Indicates a possibility or ability.
2.2 Technical definitions

2.2.1 Alteration
Change in any item described in the original manufacturer’s data report that affects the pressure containing
capability of the container.
NOTE—Rerating a container by increasing maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) or by increasing or decreasing
allowable working temperature shall be considered an alteration.
2.2.2 Ammonia or anhydrous ammonia

Compound formed by the chemical combination of the elements nitrogen and hydrogen in the molar proportion
of 1 part nitrogen to 3 parts hydrogen.
NOTE—This relationship is shown by the chemical formula, NH3. On a weight basis, the ratio is 14 parts nitrogen to 3 parts
hydrogen or approximately 82% nitrogen to 18% hydrogen. Ammonia can exist in a gaseous, liquid, or solid state. It is not to
be confused with aqua ammonia (ammonium hydroxide), which is a solution of ammonia in water.
NOTE—These terms are used interchangeably in this standard.
2.2.3 Approved
– Listed by a recognized testing laboratory;
– Recommended by the manufacturer as suitable for use with anhydrous ammonia and so marked; or
– Accepted by the authority having jurisdiction.
NOTE—The phrase “authority having jurisdiction” is used in a broad manner since jurisdictions and approval agencies
vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state,
local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief, fire marshal, chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor
department, health department, building official, electrical inspector, or others having statutory authority. For insurance
purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the
authority having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his designated agent assumes the role of
the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the
authority having jurisdiction.
2.2.4 Appurtenance
Devices such as pressure relief devices (PRDs), liquid level gauging devices, valves, pressure gauges, pres-
sure regulators, fittings, metering, or dispensing devices designed to be attached to an ammonia container.
2.2.5 Codes
2.2.5.1 American Petroleum Institute—American Society of Mechanical Engineers Code

Code that applies to the construction of unfired pressure vessels and per this standard refers to the American
Petroleum Institute (API) and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Code for Unfired Pressure
Vessels for Petroleum Liquids and Gases [16].
NOTE—The API-ASME Code, as a joint publication and interpretation service, was an alternative code of construction for
pressure vessels that was discontinued as of December 31, 1956, and construction of containers to the API-ASME Code
has not been authorized since July 1, 1961. See also 5.1.1 and 5.1.2.
2.2.5.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Code

Code that applies to the construction of unfired pressure vessels and per this standard refers to either Para-
graphs U-68, U-69, U-200, or U-201 of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 1949 Edi-
tion or Section VIII Division I of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 1950 Edition, through the current
edition including addenda and applicable Code Case Interpretations, and the applicable requirements of
Sections II, V, and IX.
NOTE—Where referenced in this standard, only Division I of the ASME Code shall apply [17]. See also 5.1.1 and 5.1.2.
2.2.5.3 National Board Inspection Code (NBIC)

Code that applies to the repair and alteration of unfired pressure vessels and per this standard refers to the
NBIC, the latest edition at the time the pressure vessel is repaired or altered [18].
NOTE—This code governs repairs and alterations to tanks of many different codes of construction but relative to this stand-
ard refers either to ASME or to API-ASME code pressure vessels, and to the edition of said codes in effect at the time of the
tank's construction. All applicable sections of the NBIC apply [18]. See also 5.2.4.
2.2.6 Capacity
Total volume of the container measured in standard U.S. gallons unless otherwise specified.
2.2.7 Cargo tank

Any container designed to be permanently attached to, or forming a part of, a highway motor vehicle, or any
container not permanently attached to a highway motor vehicle, that by reason of the container’s size, con-
struction, or attachment to a highway motor vehicle, shall be loaded or unloaded without being removed from
the highway motor vehicle.
NOTE—This definition does not apply to cylinders and implements of husbandry or containers normally used for storage.
2.2.8 Chemical splash goggles (or goggles)

Flexible fitting chemical-protective goggles with a hooded indirect ventilation system to provide primary protec-
tion of the eyes and eye sockets from the splash of hazardous liquids, which are designed to meet the require-
ments of ANSI Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection [19].
NOTE—Direct vented goggles do not comply with this definition.
2.2.9 Container
All tanks, except cylinders as defined in 2.2.10, used for the transportation or storage of anhydrous ammonia.
2.2.10 Cylinder
Pressure vessel of 1000 lb (450 kg) water capacity or less constructed in accordance with DOT specifications
for cylinders and authorized for the transportation of ammonia.
NOTE—This definition does not include storage tanks, cargo tanks, portable tanks, implements of husbandry, or tank cars.
2.2.11 Design pressure

Identical to the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) used in the ASME Code [17].
2.2.12 Department of Transportation regulations

Refers to the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) of DOT.
NOTE—See 49 CFR Parts 100 to 180, including “Specifications for Shipping Containers” [8].
2.2.13 Emergency shower

Shower unit permanently connected to a source of clean water that enables the user to have water cascading
over the entire body and otherwise meeting the requirements of ANSI Z358.1, Emergency Eyewash and Show-
er Equipment [20].
2.2.14 Eye wash unit

Device used to irrigate and flush the eyes with clean water.
NOTE—Depending upon the requirements set forth in this standard, the device may be a plumbed unit, permanently con-
nected to a source of clean water, or it may be a self-contained unit, not permanently installed that shall be refilled, or re-
placed after use. Any eyewash device shall otherwise meet the requirements of ANSI Z358.1 [20].
2.2.15 Filling density

Percent ratio of the weight of the ammonia permitted in a container to the weight of water at 60 °F (15.6 °C)
that the container will hold when full.
NOTE—1 lb of water = 27.74 in3 (455 ml) at 60 °F (15.6 °C). For determining the water capacity of the tank in lbs, the weight
of 1 gal (231 in3) (3.785 L) of water at 60 °F (15.6 °C) in air shall be 8.328 lb (3.778 kg).
2.2.16 Full face shield

Device meeting the requirements of ANSI Z87.1, designed to provide protection to all of the face from hazards
but shall only be worn as secondary eye protection, supplementing the primary eye protection afforded by
chemical splash goggles [19].
2.2.17 Gas mask

Air-purifying device with full face piece approved by NIOSH under the provisions of Title 30 of the U.S. Code of
Federal Regulations (30 CFR) Part II, Subpart I for use in an ammonia contaminated atmosphere in compli-
ance with 29 CFR 1910.134 and selected in accordance with ANSI Z88.2, Respiratory Protection [21,12, 22].
NOTE—A gas mask of the air-purifying type shall be used only in an atmosphere containing 19.5% to 22.0% oxygen by
volume.
2.2.18 Hydrostatic relief valve

Pressure relief device (PRD) for liquid service designed to prevent excessive pressure due to thermal expan-
sion when a pipe or hose is filled with liquid such as between block valves or blinds.
2.2.19 Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)

Maximum concentration from which unprotected persons are able to escape within 30 minutes without escape-
impairing symptoms or irreversible health effects.
2.2.20 Implement of husbandry

System, including a nurse tank, with a capacity of 3000 gal (11.35 m3) or less or an applicator tank, used for
transporting and applying anhydrous ammonia containing 0.2% water exclusively for agricultural purposes.
2.2.21 Permissible exposure limit (PEL)

The limit developed by OSHA for the maximum airborne concentration of a contaminant to which an employee
may be exposed over the duration specified by the type of PEL assigned to that contaminant.
NOTE—PELs are set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1000 [12].
2.2.22 Permanent storage installation

System employing a stationary (fixed) container used exclusively for storage or supply.
2.2.23 Portable tank

Bulk packaging (except a cylinder having a water capacity of 1000 lb [450 kg] or less) designed primarily to be
loaded onto, or on, or temporarily attached to a transport vehicle or ship and equipped with skids, mountings, or
accessories to facilitate handling of the tank by mechanical means.
NOTE—It does not include a cargo tank, tank car, multi-unit tank, or trailer carrying 3AX, 3AAX, or 3T cylinders (as refer-
enced in 49 CFR 171.8) [8].
2.2.24 Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

Full face piece respirator, approved by NIOSH/Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), for respiratory
protection for both entry into or escape from oxygen-deficient atmospheres or a concentration of gases or va-
pors that are immediately dangerous to life or health where the supply of air is carried by the wearer.
NOTE—The air pressure inside the face piece is positive in relation to the air pressure of the outside atmosphere during
exhalation and inhalation.
2.2.25 Pressure relief valve

Device designed to open to prevent an increase in internal fluid pressure in excess of a specified value due to
an emergency or abnormal condition and to close and prevent further flow after normal conditions have been
restored.
2.2.26 Protective gloves, boots, and suits

Items made of rubber or other material impervious to ammonia.
NOTE—Gloves refer to gauntlet-style of sufficient length to allow for cuffing, and which provide thermal protection suitable
for ammonia exposure.
2.2.27 Repair
Work necessary to restore a container, cylinder, or system to a safe and satisfactory operating condition pro-
vided there is, in all cases, no deviation from the original design.
NOTE—Repairs include the addition or replacement of pressure or nonpressure parts, which do not change the design tem-
perature or pressure of the container, cylinder, or system.
2.2.28 Semitrailer
Any highway motor vehicle with or without motive power designed to be drawn by another motor vehicle and so
constructed that some part of its weight and that of its load rests upon or is carried by the towing vehicle.
2.2.29 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)

A 15 minute Time-Weighted Average (TWA) exposure to an air contaminant that should not be exceeded at
any time during a work day and should not be repeated more than four times a day.
NOTE—Exposures at the STEL should not occur at less than 60 minute intervals.
2.2.30 System
Assembly of equipment consisting essentially of the container or containers, hoses, appurtenances, pumps,
compressors, and interconnecting piping.
2.2.31 Trailer
Any highway motor vehicle with or without motive power designed to be drawn by another motor vehicle and so
constructed that no part of its weight except the towing device rests upon the towing vehicle.
NOTE—Normally called a “full trailer”.
2.2.32 Transfer, fill, and charge

Movement of a quantity of ammonia from one container to another container or cylinder.
NOTE—This does not include feeding ammonia to an application device or process.
NOTE—These terms can be used interchangeably.
3 Safety
It is important that personnel understand the properties of ammonia and that they be thoroughly trained in safe
practices for its storage and handling. Some of the important physical properties of ammonia are listed in
Table 1.
3.1 Training
Any person required to handle, transfer, transport, or otherwise work with ammonia shall be trained to under-
stand the properties of ammonia, to become competent in safe operating practices, and to take appropriate
actions in the event of a leak or an emergency. Refresher training should be completed at least every 3 years.
3.2 Normal conditions
Any person making, breaking, or testing any ammonia connection, transferring ammonia, or performing
maintenance or repair on an ammonia system under pressure, shall wear protective gloves and chemical
splash goggles. A full face shield may be worn over the goggles. However, a face shield shall not be worn as a
substitute for a primary eye protection device (goggles). Any person making, breaking, or testing any ammonia
connection and transferring ammonia should do so in accordance with written operating procedures.
3.3 Emergency planning and response coordination
3.3.1 Training and personal protective equipment
Only personnel trained for and designated to handle emergencies should attempt to stop a leak.
See 29 CFR 1910.120 [12]. Respiratory equipment of a type suitable for ammonia shall be worn. All persons
not so equipped shall leave the affected area until the leak has been stopped. See CGA G-2, Anhydrous Am-
monia, Sections 9 and 10, regarding recommended exposure, emergency, safety, security, and training proce-
dures [23].
3.3.2 Planning and coordination
Sites handling anhydrous ammonia should preplan for emergencies. This planning should include local emer-
gency planners and/or responders such as local fire departments, police/law enforcement, federal, state and/or
local agencies and address release recognition, prevention, notification, coordination of response actions, and
evacuation and/or shelter in place protections.
3.3.3 Notifications and reporting releases
3.3.3.1 Reporting
Unintentional releases over the RQ amount require certain immediate notifications which include, but are not
limited to, the National Response Center (NRC), State Emergency Response Commission (SERC) and the
Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC). The federal RQ for ammonia is 100 lb (45 kg) within a 24 hr
time period. For more information see the following:
– NRC—800-424-8802 www.nrc.uscg.mil [24];
– SERC—www.epa.gov/oem/content/epcra/serc_contacts [25]; and
– LEPC— www.epa.gov/epcra/local-emergency-planning-committees [26].
Releases incidental to transportation are also subject to release reporting requirements under DOT and may
require notification to the NRC. See sections 12.9 and 12.10 in CGA G-2 and 49 CFR 171.15 [23, 8].
3.3.3.2 Notifications
Facilities that have 500 lb (227 kg) or more of ammonia on-site at any one time are required to initially notify
SERC, LEPC, and local fire department of this situation and identify a facility coordinator. For more information,
see Title 40 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR) Part 355 [27].
3.3.4 Emergency plans
3.3.4.1 Facilities
Sites handling anhydrous ammonia should have an emergency action plan (EAP) or an emergency response
plan. Elements of these plans can be found in 29 CFR 1910.38 for EAPs or 29 CFR 1910.120 (q) for emergen-
cy response plans [12]. Sites with anhydrous ammonia may also be subject to:
– OSHA’s Process Safety Management (PSM) under 29 CFR 1910.119 [12];
– EPA’s Risk Management Program (RMP) under 40 CFR 68 [27];
– DOT’s Site Security under 49 CFR 172.800 [8]; and
– DHS’ Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standard (CFATS) under 6 CFR Part 27 [28].
These standards also have emergency planning requirements. Sites with less than threshold quantities may be
subject to the OSHA and EPA General Duty Clause to maintain and operate a safe system.
3.3.4.2 Transportation
Transportation personnel should also be aware of what actions to take or not to take in the event of a release
incidental to transportation. See 49 CFR 177.840 (l) [8].
3.4 Permanent storage installations
All permanent storage installations shall have on hand, at minimum, the following equipment for personal pro-
tection and first aid purposes.
3.4.1
At indoor facilities, where ammonia is present and employees may be working, a minimum of two emergency
escape-only respirators shall be provided at a prominent and marked location(s). The escape-only respirator
and training shall be in compliance with 29 CFR 1910.134 [12]. For emergency response respiratory protection,
see 3.3.1.
3.4.2
One pair of protective gloves impervious to ammonia for each of the maximum number of employees that may
be storing, handling, transferring, or otherwise working with anhydrous ammonia at the same time, plus at least
one spare pair of said protective gloves.
3.4.3
One pair of protective boots impervious to ammonia.
3.4.4
One protective slicker and/or protective pants and jacket, all impervious to ammonia.
3.4.5
Easily accessible emergency shower and a plumbed eyewash unit or at least 150 gal (570 L) of clean water in
an open top container.
NOTE—It is recommended that the distance from the point of greatest potential exposure to ammonia to the emergency
water supply should not exceed ten seconds travel time or 100 ft (30 m). Emergency water should be available at each
transfer location at the facility and should not have any obstacles or impediments in the way of travel.
3.4.6
Chemical splash goggles or chemical splash goggles with full face shield to be worn over the device (goggles)
for each of the maximum number of employees that may be storing, handling, transferring, or otherwise work-
ing with anhydrous ammonia at the same time, plus at least one spare pair of said protective goggles.
NOTE—A full face shield, if used, shall only be worn as secondary eye protection supplementing the primary eye protection
afforded by the chemical splash goggles. A face shield is not to be worn as a substitute for a proper primary eye protection
device (goggles).
3.4.7
A reliable emergency communication system shall be easily accessible when employees are present or transfer
of ammonia occurs.
3.5 Cargo tanks
Each cargo tank transporting ammonia (except an implement of husbandry) shall carry:
– For first aid purposes, at least 5 gal (20 L) of clean water in a container designed to provide ready access
to the water for flushing any area of the body contacted by ammonia;
– One pair of protective gloves impervious to ammonia;
– A full face piece gas mask with an ammonia canister and at least one spare canister or an escape-only
respirator;
– Chemical splash goggles, or chemical splash goggles with full face shield, to be worn over the goggles;
and
– Emergency response information as required by DOT per 49 CFR 172.602 [8].
NOTE—A full face shield, if used, shall only be worn as secondary eye protection supplementing the primary eye protection
afforded by the chemical splash goggles. A face shield is not to be worn as a substitute for a proper primary eye protection
device (goggles).
3.6 Leaks in transportation equipment
If a leak occurs in transportation equipment and it is not practical to stop the leak, the driver should make every
effort possible, including moving the vehicle to an isolated location downwind from populated communities or
heavily traveled highways, to transfer the contents to another approved ammonia container. Local authorities
should be notified and assistance requested as needed.
3.7 Cylinder and DOT portable tank installations
At ammonia installations comprising cylinders and DOT portable tanks, the employer shall provide ready ac-
cess to a supply of clean, running water for emergency use or a self-contained eyewash unit with clean water,
including provision for flushing of the eyes by an employee in the event of contact with ammonia.
3.8 Site security
Facilities should address and mitigate risks of a possible ammonia release from a wide range of threats
such as vandalism, ammonia theft, sabotage, and terrorism, in order to protect the facility, employees and
the surrounding community. See 6.7.1 and CGA P-50, Site Security Standard for more information [29]. Facili-
ties may be required to address site security under DOT and/or DHS regulations. This may entail a security
vulnerability assessment (SVA) and a plan of action to assess the outcome of the SVA.
4 Use of water in emergencies

4.1 Human exposure
4.1.1
If liquid ammonia comes in contact with the skin or eyes, the affected area should be promptly and thoroughly
flushed with clean water for at least 15 minutes or more (preferably 20-30 minutes but not less than
15 minutes), with the eyes receiving first attention. Eyelids shall be held open during flushing. Skin irrigation
should include the ears, chin, neck, armpit, and groin areas as appropriate. Contaminated clothing should be
removed only after it is thawed. Do not use neutralizing solutions or ointments on the affected areas. Water
used for flushing should be within a temperature range and at a controlled flow rate to avoid causing the patient
additional injury or discomfort [20]. A physician should treat all cases of exposure to liquid ammonia. An oph-
thalmologist should be consulted immediately after flushing in the event of eye exposure.
4.1.2
If ammonia has entered the nose or throat and the patient can swallow, have him drink large quantities of wa-
ter. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
4.2 Accidental release
4.2.1
In the event of an accidental release neither due to fire nor any other heat impingement, the concentration of
ammonia vapor in the air can be reduced effectively by the use of adequate volumes of water applied through
spray or fog nozzles. Downwind control should be achieved from a safe location, outside the cloud, by directing
water fog nozzles toward the point of ammonia release from a downwind position in order to prevent the am-
monia plume from moving away from the water fog. See 3.3.
4.2.2
Water should not be used on liquid ammonia spills. Water should only be directed in the form of fog or spray at
the cloud emanating from the liquid pool. See 3.3.
4.2.3
In the event of a large vapor release from a container, the tank should not be sprayed with water. Under these
circumstances, water fog or spray should be applied to the vapor following the procedures outlined in 4.2.1.
4.3 Fire exposure
If an ammonia container is exposed to fire and cannot be moved, water fog or spray should be used to cool it.
Use caution if flame impinges on the container because violent rupture of the container is possible. If the fire
cannot be controlled and it appears the tank can rupture, the surrounding area should be evacuated to a safe
distance in all directions.
4.4 Absorption in water
4.4.1
If ammonia is leaking from a container, the safest, practical means should be taken to stop or abate the leak. If
the leak cannot be stopped, the liquid ammonia should be fed to the point of use or transferred to another suit-
able ammonia container and vapor ammonia captured or burned. Small quantities of ammonia from a leaking
container can be absorbed by discharging into a vessel containing at least 1 gal (4 L) of water for every
1 lb (0.5 kg) of ammonia. The ammonia should be injected into the water as near the bottom of the vessel as
practical. If a hose is used to inject ammonia into water, the hose shall be weighted or secured so that the end
of the hose will remain near the bottom of the vessel. An approved sparging device is recommended, if availa-
ble.
4.4.2
Runoff of ammonia contaminated water into drains such as storm or sanitary, streams, or other bodies of water
should be avoided when possible. Contaminated water should be contained and collected, if possible, to pre-
vent environmental consequences. Releases of ammonia shall be reported to regulatory authorities as may be
appropriate and required by law.
5 Basic rules
This section applies to all sections of this standard unless otherwise noted.
5.1 Equipment and systems
5.1.1
The provisions of 5.2 shall not be construed as prohibiting the continued use or reinstallation of containers con-
structed and maintained in accordance with the 1949, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1959, 1965, 1968, 1971, 1974, 1977,
1980, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, and 1998 editions of the ASME Code, or any revisions thereof, in effect at
the time of fabrication. Reinstalled stationary pressure vessels of 10000 gal minimum water capacity shall be
subject to the following:
5.1.1.1
Any pressure vessel used as a storage tank shall have been registered with the National Board, or in lieu of
National Board Registration, shall have available, direct from the manufacturer, an ASME manufacturer’s data
report or be subject to testing per the requirements of 5.1.1.5;
5.1.1.2
Any pressure vessel used as a storage tank shall have either a 250 psi (1724 kPa) maximum allowable working
pressure (MAWP) or shall have been rerated for a 250 psi (1724 kPa) MAWP in full accordance with the
National Board Inspection Code (NBIC) including, “Authorized Inspection;”
5.1.1.3
Any pressure vessel used as a storage tank shall have:

– been stress relieved during fabrication in accordance with the code in effect at the time of fabrication;
– cold-formed heads which have been stress relieved; or
– been fabricated with hot-formed heads.
If the code in effect at the time of fabrication did not require one of the previous forms of heat treatment after
fabrication, the vessel shall be subject to testing per the requirements of 5.1.1.5; and
5.1.1.4
In addition to a fully-legible data plate, an ASME manufacturer’s data report, including any applicable ASME
manufacturer’s partial data report, obtainable directly from the National Board, or in lieu of National Board Reg-
istration, ASME manufacturer’s data report(s) obtainable directly from the manufacturer shall be used by the
AHJ to verify the pressure vessel identity (including its data plate information) through conformity with its speci-
fications, to verify 5.1.1.1 through 5.1.1.3, and to detect post fabrication welding to the pressure vessel.
5.1.1.5
When testing is required by 5.1.1.1 or 5.1.1.3, it shall be performed at the new location, before ammonia is in-
troduced, and shall consist of:
– Nondestructive testing for weld defects [22];
– Nondestructive testing for weld defects within the heat-affected zones shall be required for at least 25% of
vessel welds with emphasis on longitudinal welds. If indication of stress corrosion cracking is found, further
testing of up to 100% of the welds is required;
– Storage containers with manways shall be examined internally by means of the wet fluorescent magnetic
particle testing method. Persons performing magnetic particle testing and interpreting the results thereof
shall be experienced and qualified in the proper procedures. See Section V of the ASME Code, Nonde-
structive Examination and also see CGA P-26, Guidelines for Inspection and Repair of MC-330 and
MC-331 Anhydrous Ammonia Cargo Tanks, for information regarding recommended equipment, inspection
and repair procedures, and safe tank entry procedures [17, 30]. Alternate recognized evaluation tech-
niques such as acoustic emission and fracture mechanics analysis may be substituted for internal inspec-
tion. See 6.5 of API 510, Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Al-
teration for guidance [31]. Re-examination of such containers should be repeated at not more than 10 year
intervals, except that an inspection frequency of more or less than 10 years may be assigned upon a ves-
sel-specific basis through the use of a risk-based inspection (RBI) assessment performed in accordance
with API RP 580, Risk-Based Inspection and API RP 581, Risk-Based Inspection Technology procedures
by a qualified organization [32, 33]. The RBI recommendation shall be submitted in writing by the qualified
organization. Acceptance-rejection criteria shall be in accordance with ASME Code Section VIII [17]; and
– Thickness testing [23]:
– Thickness testing is required to confirm the minimum wall thickness of the shell and both heads to
maintain a 250 psi (1724 kPa) rating
– Corroded or abraded areas in the shell or heads of a container shall be thickness tested using suitable
equipment and procedures. It is suggested that thickness measurements be made using an ultrasonic
device capable of accurately measuring thickness to within at least 0.002 in (0.051 mm) and operated
by a qualified person trained and skilled in procedures recommended by the equipment manufacturer.
Indications below the minimum wall thickness shall be rejected.
5.1.1.6
The inspection company shall provide a written report detailing the results of the tests per 5.1.1.5, including
indications that do not meet the acceptance criteria in 5.1.1.5. Storage containers with rejected indications from
the tests in 5.1.1.5 shall not be placed into ammonia service unless suitable repairs and tests are performed.
See the NBIC [18]. Prospected buyers of any storage tank tested in accordance with 5.1.1.5 shall be provided
with a copy of all test reports.
5.1.2
Systems and components that were fabricated, installed, and maintained in accordance with the American Na-
tional Standard K61.1, Safety Requirements for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia, CGA G-2.1,
Standards for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia and Ammonia Solutions, or The Agricultural
Nitrogen Institute, Standard M-1, Standard for Storage and Handling of Agricultural Ammonia, in effect at the
time of installation, may be acceptable for continued use [34, 35, 36].3 Facilities with existing systems and com-
ponents designed and constructed in accordance with earlier versions of the previously cited codes, standards,
or practices that are no longer current, should determine and document that the equipment is safe to continue
to use, taking into consideration risk reduction and physical and legal constraints.
Facilities with such systems and components are encouraged to conform to the current standard.
5.2 Requirements for new construction and original test, repair, and alterations of containers
(including DOT portable tanks), other than refrigerated storage tanks
See exception in 7.1.3.
5.2.1
Containers used with systems covered in Sections 6, 9, 11, and 12 shall be made of steel or other material
compatible with ammonia and tested in accordance with the current ASME Code. An exception to the ASME
Code requirements is that construction under Table UW 12 at a basic joint efficiency of under 80% is not au-
thorized [17].
5.2.2
Containers designed and constructed in accordance with the ASME Code, other than refrigerated storage con-
tainers, shall comply with the following additional requirements:
5.2.2.1
The entire container shall be postweld heat treated after completion of all welds to the shells and heads. The
method employed shall be as specified in the ASME Code, except that the provisions for extended time at low-
er temperature for postweld heat treatment shall not be permitted. Welded attachments to pads may be made
after postweld heat treatment [17]; and
Exception—Implements of husbandry will not require postweld heat treatment if they are fabricated with hot-formed heads or
with cold-formed heads that have been stress relieved.
5.2.2.2
Carbon steels used to fabricate the pressure retaining parts of a container shall not exceed
70 000 psi (483 MPa) minimum specified tensile strength in order to minimize the potential for the development
of stress corrosion cracks during service (does not apply to Sections 8, 9, and 10) [23]. Experience indicates
that containers fabricated from fine grained and low- to moderate-strength carbon steels (70 000 psi [483 MPa]
minimum specified tensile strength) and that have been postweld heat treated in their entirety after completion
of all weldments are essentially free of the problem.
Exception—Implements of husbandry may be fabricated from steel having a specified tensile strength of
75 000 psi (517 MPa). See also 5.2.2.1.
NOTE—As an example, SA-516-70 may be used in conjunction with full heat treatment of the pressure vessel.
3
These standards are no longer published.
5.2.3
Containers shall be inspected by a person who holds a valid National Board Commission [18].
Exception—Refrigerated storage tanks with a design pressure of 15 psi (103 kPa) or less and containers covered in
Section 8.
5.2.4
Repair or alteration of pressure containing parts of a container shall be performed in compliance with the appli-
cable provisions of the current edition of the NBIC [18]. Where specific procedures are not given, it is intended
that, subject to acceptance of the inspector, all repair or alteration shall conform as much as possible to the
ASME Code section and edition to which the container was constructed [17].
As practical guidance to the user of this standard, the NBIC has many provisions that shall be met. Among
these:
– The firm that completes any repair to a pressure vessel shall hold a valid certificate of authorization to use
the copyright-protected repair symbol of the National Board, commonly referred to as an R-stamp. Said
R-stamp may authorize repairs to be made at the repair firm or at a field location or both. The prospective
repair firm shall be able to display a valid certificate of authorization as previously described upon request;
– An R-stamp firm is required to hold a valid contract with an Authorized Inspection Agency;
– The authorized inspector (AI) has several duties, including oversight of the repair firm’s quality manual and
oversight of the repair. The repair firm may only complete repairs or alterations within the scope of its quali-
ty manual, as approved by the AI. Ultimately for the repair or alteration, in order to qualify as a NBIC repair,
the AI shall complete the section titled “authorized inspection” on either the form R-1, Report of repair or
the form R-2, Report of alteration; and
– Per Part 3, Section 5 of the NBIC, the R-stamp firm shall apply the appropriate repair tag to the pressure
vessel that displays the copyright-protected repair symbol of the National Board and stamp it with the
R-stamp firm’s name, R-certificate number, date of repair, and other information as required by the NBIC
[18].
Even if the provision listed in first bullet is met, the absence of any other provisions listed previously in bullet 2,
3, and 4 results in a noncode repair or alteration. From the initial reference to the NBIC in this standard and
whether for repairs or alterations, past or future, authorized inspection, proper documentation, and a proper
repair tag, properly applied, are all considered by the NBIC to be a part of the repair [18].
5.2.4.1
Pressurized storage tanks including Section 11 (nurse tanks) shall have a legible dataplate in order to be re-
paired or altered. All repairs or alterations to pressurized storage tanks shall be fully compliant with the NBIC,
including the authorized inspection.
5.3 Location of containers
5.3.1
Selection of a location for a storage container shall be made considering the potential physiological and envi-
ronmental effects of ammonia on the surroundings of the proposed site. Containers shall be located outside of
buildings except in buildings or sections thereof specially approved for the purpose.
5.3.2
Containers shall be located at least 50 ft (15 m) from a dug well or other sources of potable water supply, un-
less the container is a part of a water treatment installation.
5.3.3
The minimum distance of a storage container to dwellings or to population centers shall be in accordance with
the requirements of the local AHJ.
5.3.4
In the absence of specifications of minimum distance by local jurisdictions, separation distance(s) for new, addi-
tional or relocated ammonia stationary storage containers and placements of containers covered by Sections 9,
10, 11, and 12 after January 1, 2002, shall be in accordance with Table 5.
5.3.5
Container storage areas shall be accessible to emergency vehicles and personnel.
5.3.6
Areas within 10 ft (3 m) of a storage container shall be maintained clear of dry grass and weeds and other
combustible materials.
Table 5—Minimum separation distances for location of ammonia storage containers 1, 2)
Minimum distance from each container to:

5)
Nominal capacity of container Highway or line Place of public
6)
3) Mainline of of adjoining prop- assembly or Institutional
4) 8)
railroad erty that can be residential occupancy
built upon occupancy 7)
Over 500 gal to 2000 gal 9) 100 ft 25 ft 150 ft 250 ft
Over 2000 gal to 30 000 gal 100 ft 50 ft 300 ft 500 ft
Over 30 000 gal to 100 000 gal 100 ft 50 ft 450 ft 750 ft
Over 100 000 gal 100 ft 50 ft 600 ft 1000 ft
3 3
Over 2 m to 8 m 30 m 8m 45 m 75 m
3 3
Over 8 m to 110 m 30 m 15 m 90 m 150 m
3 3
Over 110 m to 400 m 30 m 15 m 140 m 230 m
Over 400 m3 30 m 15 m 180 m 300 m
1)
Separation distances referred to are approximate and based on experience with minor releases.
2)
For additional distances, see 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 5.3.5, 5.3.6, and 6.4.6.
3)
The nominal capacity of multiple containers shall be aggregated, but only if containers are interconnected and safe-
guards do not exist to prevent a leak from one container from emptying interconnected containers.
4)
Class II track or better. See 49 CFR 213.9 [8].
5)
A highway is defined as a public way for purposes of vehicular travel, including the entire area within right of way.
See American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Transportation Glossary (1983)
[37].
6)
Public assembly occupancy is a premise or that portion of a premise where large numbers of people congregate and
from which occupants cannot quickly vacate the space. Public assembly occupancies include, among others, audito-
riums, ballrooms, classrooms, passenger depots, restaurants, and theatres. See ANSI/ASHRAE 15 [1].
7)
Residential occupancy is a premise or that portion of a premise that provides the occupants with complete inde-
pendent living facilities including permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation. Residen-
tial occupancies include, among others, dormitories, hotels, multi-unit apartments, and private residences. See
ANSI/ASHRAE 15 [1].
8)
Institutional occupancy is a premise or that portion of a premise from which, because they are disabled, debilitated,
or confined, occupants cannot readily leave without the assistance of others. Institutional occupancies include,
among others, hospitals, nursing homes, asylums, and spaces containing locked cells.
See ANSI/ASHRAE 15 [1].
9)
For 500 gal (2 m3) or less, see 5.3.1 and 5.3.3.
5.4 Markings of nonrefrigerated containers and systems other than DOT containers
5.4.1
Each system nameplate, when required, shall be made of a noncorroding metal permanently attached to the
system by continuous welding around its perimeter and located so as to be readily accessible for inspection.
Nameplates shall be maintained in legible condition and include markings as specified below.
Each container or system covered in Sections 6, 9, 10 (except ton containers and cylinders), 11, and 12 shall
be marked as follows:
5.4.1.1
With a marking as required by paragraph UG-116 of the ASME Code and identifying compliance with the rules
of the ASME Code under which the container is constructed;
5.4.1.2
With National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors stamping to indicate registration of the container
with this organization;
5.4.1.3
With a notation on the container and system nameplate to indicate whether the system is designed for above-
ground or underground installation or both;
5.4.1.4
With the minimum and maximum temperatures in Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C) for which the container is de-
signed;
5.4.1.5
With the wall thickness of the container shell and heads in inches (in) or millimeters (mm);
5.4.1.6
With the water capacity of the container in pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg) or U.S. standard gallons (gal) or cubic
meters (m3) at 60 °F (15.6 °C);
5.4.1.7
With the outside surface area of the container in ft2 or m2; and
5.4.1.8
With marking required by paragraph UG-116 of the ASME Code shall be applied in accordance with the re-
quirements of UG-118 or UG-119. Marking required by 5.4.1.3, 5.4.1.4, 5.4.1.5, 5.4.1.6, and 5.4.1.7 shall be
stamped on the nameplate required in 5.4.1, following the marking arrangement specified by UG-118 or on a
separate nameplate immediately adjacent to the ASME Code nameplate [17]. Requirements of 5.4.1 shall also
apply to the separate nameplate.
5.4.2
All container openings except for pressure relief valves, pressure indicating devices, thermometer wells, or liq-
uid level indicators shall be marked, stenciled, tagged, or decaled to indicate whether the opening is in contact
with the liquid or vapor phase when the container is filled to the maximum allowable filling density.
5.4.3 Storage tanks without dataplates
ASME storage tanks without legible dataplates may have their dataplates replaced by the manufacturer in full
accordance with the NBIC (Code of construction=ASME Code).
5.4.3.1 Dataplate replacement per National Boiler Inspection Code
ASME storage tanks without legible dataplates may have their dataplates replaced by the manufacturer in full
accordance with the NBIC (Code of construction=ASME Code) providing that:
– The original manufacturer is in business; and
– The container owner can show through documentation to the state and local AHJ and to the manufacturer's
satisfaction that the pressure vessel in question is the original pressure vessel that it is claimed.
NOTE—As guidance, this may be accomplished through inspection reports that recorded pertinent tank dataplate infor-
mation, a history of when and where said pressure vessel was located, a form U-1 or form U-1a manufacturer‘s data report,
and a comparison of the data report with the actual pressure vessel regarding outer diameter (OD) and overall length, head
type, number of courses and locations, and size of tank openings.
If these conditions are met, the manufacturer may, at its discretion, fabricate a replacement dataplate that is to
be attached to the pressure vessel as witnessed and certified by said jurisdiction. The replacement dataplate
will have the copyright protected unfired pressure vessel symbol of the ASME (which only the original manufac-
turer is eligible to apply).
5.4.3.2 Non-ASME dataplate replacement by state or local AHJ
If the manufacturer is no longer in business, but the storage tank has either National Board Registration or the
container owner can produce a copy of the manufacturer’s data report, which was obtained directly from the
manufacturer while the manufacturer was in business. Then the state or local AHJ may authorize a generic
replacement dataplate, listing all the information as the original dataplate, as verified by a data report, except
the replacement dataplate shall not have the copyright-protected “unfired pressure vessel” symbol of the ASME
stamped into the replacement. Without the unfired pressure vessel symbol, the tank may be allowed to contin-
ue in service or be re-installed within the same state or local AHJ but no other jurisdiction is required to recog-
nize the tank as being an ASME container.
5.4.3.3 Tanks missing dataplates that are not replaceable through 5.4.3.1 or 5.4.3.2
Nonrefrigerated containers (other than DOT containers) not conforming to 5.4.1, shall be inspected and tested
to determine the information in 5.4.1.5, 5.4.1.6, and 5.4.1.7. Any nonconforming containers shall be removed
from service by the year 2030.
5.5 Container appurtenances
5.5.1
All appurtenances of each system shall be approved. See 2.2.3.
5.5.2
All appurtenances shall be designed for no less than the maximum working pressure of the portion of the sys-
tem on which they are installed. All appurtenances shall be fabricated from materials proved suitable for anhy-
drous ammonia service.
5.5.3
All connections to containers except connections for pressure relief devices (PRDs), thermometer well, liquid
level gauging devices, or connections fitted with No. 54 (0.055 in or 1.40 mm) drill size orifice or those plugged,
shall have shutoff valves located as close to the container as possible.
5.5.4
Excess flow valves shall be designed to close automatically at the rated flows of vapor or liquid as specified by
the manufacturer. The piping, including valves, fittings, and hose, being protected by an excess flow valve shall
have a greater capacity than the rated flow of the excess flow valve, so the valve will likely close in case of fail-
ure at any point in the line or fittings.
5.5.5
Liquid level gauging devices that require bleeding of the product to the atmosphere and that are so constructed
that outward flow will not exceed that passed by a No. 54 (0.055 in or 1.40 mm) drill size opening need not be
equipped with excess flow valves.
5.5.6
An opening in a container to which a pressure gauge connection is made need not be equipped with an excess
flow valve if the opening is not larger than No. 54 (0.055 in or 1.40 mm) drill size.
5.5.7
An excess flow or backpressure check valve, where required in this standard, shall be installed directly in the
container opening or a point outside where the line enters the container. In the latter case the installation shall
be made so that any undue strain beyond the excess flow or backpressure check valve shall not cause break-
age between the valve and the container.
5.5.8
Excess flow valves shall be designed with bypass, not to exceed a No. 60 (0.040 in or 1.02 mm) drill size open-
ing, to allow equalization of pressure.
5.5.9
Shutoff valves with an integral excess flow valve shall be designed for proper installation in a container opening
so that the excess flow valve will close in the event that the valve body, extending above the coupling, is
sheared or broken off.
5.5.10
All excess flow valves shall be plainly and permanently marked with the name or trademark of the manufactur-
er, the catalog number, and the rated capacity.
5.5.11
Each filling connection on nonrefrigerated container opening shall have a positive shutoff valve in conjunction
with either an approved internal backpressure check valve or an approved internal excess flow valve as appro-
priate. Vapor connections on nonrefrigerated containers shall have a positive shutoff valve together with an
approved internal excess flow valve.
Quick opening (1/4 turn) valves are not recommended for use on transfer lines.
5.6 Piping, tubing, and fittings
All piping shall conform to ASME B31.3, Process Piping except ASME B31.5, Refrigeration Piping and Heat
Transfer Components may be used for refrigeration piping systems within its scope [38, 39].
5.6.1
All piping, tubing, and fittings shall be made of steel or other material suitable for anhydrous ammonia service.
Brass, copper, or galvanized steel pipe or tubing shall not be used.
5.6.2
All piping, tubing, and fittings shall be designed for a pressure no less than the maximum pressure to which
they can be subjected in service.
5.6.3
All piping shall be supported in accordance with good piping practices, and provisions shall be made as neces-
sary for expansion, contraction, impact, vibration, and settling.
5.6.4
Piping used on nonrefrigerated systems shall be at least American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) A53, Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seam-
less, Grade B seamless or electric resistance welded pipe [40]. Pipe joints shall be threaded, welded, or
flanged. Pipe shall be at least Schedule 40 when joints are welded or welded and flanged. Pipe shall be at least
Schedule 80 when joints are threaded. Threaded nipples shall be seamless. Welding shall be done by a welder
certified in accordance with the ASME Code, Section IX, “Welding Qualifications” [17]. Tubing joints shall be
made up with flared, flareless, or compression type fittings complying with ANSI/Society of Automotive Engi-
neers (SAE) J513f Refrigeration Tube Fittings-General Specifications, ASME B31.3, or ASME B31.5 [41, 38,
39].
5.6.5
Metal, flexible connections may be used for permanent installations to provide for expansion, contraction, jar-
ring, vibrating, and settling. In no case shall the angle of the connection exceed the manufacturer’s specifica-
tion. Such connections used for permanent installations shall have double braiding and a minimum working
pressure of 350 psi (2410 kPa) (minimum 1750 psi [12 070 kPa] burst pressure). For temporary installations,
hose meeting the requirements of 5.7 may be used.
Cast iron fittings shall not be used. Those parts of valves that are subjected to gas pressure should be made of
steel, ductile (nodular) iron, or malleable iron. Valves, in this case, include shutoff valves, excess flow valves,
backcheck valves, emergency shutoff valves, and remotely controlled valves. Ductile iron shall meet the re-
quirements of ANSI/ASTM A395, Standard Specification for Ferritics Ductile Iron Pressure Retaining Castins
for Use at Elevated Temperatures and malleable iron the requirements of ANSI/ASTM A47, Standard Specifi-
cation for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings [42, 43].
5.6.6
Adequate provisions shall be made to protect all exposed piping from physical damage, which could result from
impact by moving machinery, automobiles or trucks, or any other equipment at the facility. See also 6.7.1.
5.6.7
Joint compounds shall be resistant to ammonia at the maximum pressure and temperature to which they can
be subjected in service.
5.6.8
After assembly, all piping, fittings, and tubing shall be tested and proved to be free from leaks at a pressure
specified by ASME B31.3 or ASME B31.5 as appropriate [38, 39]. Underground piping shall be evaluated at a
minimum of every 5 years to ensure leak-tightness.
5.7 Hose specification
5.7.1
This specification covers hose, 3 in inside diameter (ID) and smaller, commonly referred to as “pressure trans-
fer hose”, used to convey anhydrous ammonia liquid or to convey anhydrous ammonia gas where the gas is in
contact with liquid ammonia.
It is important to consider the critical application of anhydrous ammonia hose. Dedicated hoses should be used
for ammonia transfer service only and should not be used in other services.
5.7.2
Hose with rubber construction and hose constructed with materials other than rubber used in ammonia service
and subject to container pressure shall be approved for ammonia service by their manufacturer, subject to any
stated limitations of use, and conform to 5.7.2, 5.7.3, 5.7.4, 5.7.5, and 5.7.6. Hose with plain carbon steel wire
reinforcement is not recommended for compressed gases.
5.7.3
Hose subject to container pressure shall be designed for a minimum working pressure of 350 psi (2410 kPa)
and a minimum burst pressure of 1750 psi (12 070 kPa). Hose assemblies, when made up, shall be capable of
withstanding a test pressure of 525 psi (3620 kPa).
5.7.4
Hose and hose connections located on the low pressure side of flow control or pressure reducing valves on
devices discharging to atmospheric pressure, shall be designed for the maximum low side working pressure
and approved for ammonia service by the manufacturer, subject to any stated limitations of use. All connec-
tions shall be designed, constructed, and installed so that there will be no leakage when connected. Shutoff
valves on the end of liquid and vapor transfer hoses shall be equipped with bleed valves to enable the operator
to bleed off pressure before disconnecting the hoses.
5.7.5
Where liquid transfer hose is not drained of liquid upon completion of transfer operations, such hose shall be
equipped with an approved shutoff valve at the discharge end. Provision shall be made to prevent excessive
hydrostatic pressure in the hose. See 5.8.12.
5.7.6
On all rubber hose 0.5 in (13 mm) outside diameter (OD) and larger used in ammonia service and subject to
container pressure, the following information shall be etched, cast, or impressed at 5 ft (1.5 m) intervals on the
outer hose cover:
Anhydrous Ammonia
XXX psig (Maximum Working Pressure)
Manufacturer’s Name or Trademark
Year of Manufacture
For hoses other than rubber construction and metal flexible connections (see 5.6.5), the previous information
should be affixed on the outer hose end(s).
For all hose, these marks shall be maintained clear and legible.
5.7.7 Visual inspection before each use
At a minimum, before each day’s use the hose assembly shall be visually inspected for possible weaknesses
cited in 5.7.8.
5.7.8 Possible hose assembly weaknesses
5.7.8.1 Cuts or nicks
Hose found with cuts or nicks in the hose structure that damage the reinforcement material shall be immediate-
ly removed from service. Small cuts or nicks in the outer cover that do not penetrate to the braiding shall not be
cause for hose rejection unless the cover in the immediate area is loose or the reinforcement material is cut or
exposed.
5.7.8.2 Deterioration
Hoses found with damage to the reinforcement material by excessive abrasion, weathering, corrosion or other
means, or damage to the outer cover causing exposure of the reinforcement braid shall be immediately re-
moved from service.
5.7.8.3 Blistering
Hoses found with evidence of blistering or loose outer cover shall be immediately removed from service and
evaluated to determine the cause and if the hose is suitable for continued service. Once the cover is pulled
loose from the hose braid, a pocket develops that could accumulate water and be a possible site for corrosion
or rusting.
NOTE—Pricking the hose cover is necessary for satisfactory hose performance. A uniformly pricked cover should not be
viewed with alarm.
5.7.8.4 Bulges, flat spots, or kinks
Hoses found with evidence of bulges, flat spots, or kinks shall be immediately removed from service.
5.7.8.5 Coupling damage or slippage
Hoses found with evidence of coupling slippage, or the appearance of cracks, severe dents, or excessive cor-
rosion involving couplings or crimped connections, shall be immediately removed from service.
Hoses found with apparent damage to or excessive wear of the threaded or connecting surfaces of a hose
coupling shall also be immediately removed from service and evaluated to determine (by use of a gauge or
template) if the hose is suitable for continued service.
5.7.8.6 Markings
When all markings placed originally on a hose by the manufacturer to identify maximum rated working pressure
and other specifications have been obliterated, the hose shall be immediately removed from service.
For hoses with markings affixed to the outer hose end(s), when the maximum rated working pressure and other
specifications have been obliterated, the information shall be immediately reaffixed or the hose shall be imme-
diately removed from service.
5.7.8.7 Leaks
Any hose found with leaks shall be immediately removed from service.
5.7.8.8 Maximum service period
Although found free of any observable conditions in accordance with 5.7.2, 5.7.3, 5.7.4, 5.7.5, and 5.7.6, hoses
shall be permanently removed from service that have been installed and used over a period of time which ex-
ceeds the shorter service life of either:
– The service life recommended by the manufacturer of the hose; or
– If used in conjunction with an additive, the service life of the ammonia hose as recommended by the manu-
facturer of the additive.
If the maximum service period is not specified by the manufacturer, the hose shall be permanently removed
after 10 years from the date of manufacture.
5.7.9 Periodic documented visual inspection
Hoses shall be visually inspected at least annually in accordance with 5.7.7. This inspection shall be docu-
mented. For hoses subject to DOT regulations such as hoses on cargo tanks, this inspection shall be done in
accordance with 49 CFR Subpart 180.407 and 180.416 [8]. Hoses used seasonally shall be inspected before
each season.
5.7.10 Annual pressure requalification test
Hoses shall be pressure tested at least annually. This pressure test requirement does not apply to implements
of husbandry with respect to filling and field application; however, pressure testing should be considered for
these operations.
Before pressure testing, the hose shall be visually inspected in accordance with 5.8.
Pressure testing shall be completed in accordance with section 8.2 of CGA P-42, Recommended Hose Man-
agement Practice for Compressed Gas Transfer Hoses, First Edition [44]. For continued service, each hose
assembly shall be marked or tagged with the date of qualification resulting from repair and pressure testing.
The qualification date (month/year) indicating an acceptable pressure test as described in section 8.2 in CGA
P-42 shall be durably marked on the hose, preferably at one of the ends [44]. The hose MAWP shall be legibly
marked on the hose assembly for future inspection purposes. Documentation of the qualification of the hose
shall be retained by the company testing the hose and by the company using the hose.
5.7.11 Removal from service
Hoses shall be immediately removed from service when failing inspection or requalification testing or when they
have reached their maximum service period. Hoses removed from service shall be disposed of, scrapped, or
recycled in a way that it cannot be returned to anhydrous ammonia service.
5.7.12 Hose repair
Defect removal
A hose assembly found with any defects as noted in 5.7.2, 5.7.3, 5.7.4, 5.7.5, and 5.7.6 shall be removed from
service or the defect eliminated before the hose is returned to service. If an affected length or coupling is cut off
to eliminate all defects and the remaining hose recoupled, it should be done by the original manufacturer. Re-
cycled hose shall be retested in accordance with section 8.2 in CGA P-42 before returning to service [44]. After
a successful pressure test, the hose shall be marked as qualified per 5.7.10.
5.8 Pressure relief devices
5.8.1
Every container used in systems covered by Sections 6, 11, and 12 without permanent supply piping to another
source of excess pressure shall be protected from excess pressure generated by fire by providing one or more
pressure relief valve of the spring loaded type conforming with applicable requirements of ASME UG-125(c)(3);
UL-132, Standard for Safety Relief Valves for Anhydrous Ammonia and LP-Gas, or other equivalent pressure
relief valve standard [17, 45]. For other sources of excess pressure, use ASME UG-125, UG-126, UG-127,
UG-128, UG-129, UG-130, UG-131, UG-132, UG-133, UG-134, UG-135, and UG-136 [17]. A rupture disk may
be used under a relief valve if good engineering practice is used to design the combined system, and there is a
means of regularly checking for disk leakage by monitoring pressure in the space between the devices. See
section 19.4.1.1 in CGA G-2 [23]. A leaking disk shall be replaced because pressure downstream of the disk
will prevent rupture at the desired pressure. Under no circumstances shall a rupture disk device be used as the
sole, or as a supplemental, PRD on an ammonia container. The opening provided through the rupture disk,
after burst, shall be sufficient to permit a flow rate at least equal to the capacity of the relief valve, and there is
no interference with the proper functioning of the pressure relief valve.
5.8.2
Pressure relief valves shall be in direct communication with the vapor space of the container, unless a combi-
nation rupture disk and relief valve are used. If a combination rupture disk is used, the rupture disk shall com-
municate with the vapor space. Nonreclosing relief devices shall not be used as the sole means of protection.
5.8.3
The discharge from pressure relief valves shall be vented away from the container, upward and unobstructed to
the atmosphere unless connected to a control device as defined in 5.8.4. All pressure relief valve discharge
openings shall have suitable rain caps that will allow free discharge of the vapor and prevent the entrance of
water. Provision shall be made for draining condensate that can accumulate.
5.8.4
When the discharge of ammonia from a pressure relief valve to the open air or atmosphere is impractical, or it
is otherwise undesirable due to safety, health, or environmental considerations, pressure relief valve discharge
may be routed to a properly designed, installed, inspected, tested, and maintained control device such as an
ammonia recovery unit, absorption unit, or flare system. This is only provided:
– The flow capacity of the pressure relief valve is not reduced below the required rate;
– The start-to-discharge pressure of the pressure relief valve is not changed from the setting marked on the
pressure relief valve by its manufacturer or outside the range of settings specified in 5.8.5;
– Backflow of any material from the control device to the discharge side of the pressure relief valve is pre-
vented; and
– The control device transmits no undue mechanical strain upon the pressure relief valve.
5.8.5
Container relief device pressure shall be set to discharge at no more than 125% MAWP for containers built by
the 1949 ASME Code Sections U-68 and U-69, and no more than 100% for those built by all subsequent ASME
Codes [17]. Set pressure tolerance is +10% to 0% for nonrefrigerated containers.
5.8.6
Pressure relief valves for excessive heat or fire protection used on containers covered by Sections 6, 11, and
12 shall be constructed to discharge at not less than the rates required in Appendix A before the pressure is in
excess of 121% of the MAWP of the container. Relief protection for any other reason shall use ASME UG-125,
UG-126, UG-127, UG-128, UG-129, UG-130, UG-131, UG-132, UG-133, UG-134, UG-135, and UG-136 [17].
5.8.7
Pressure relief valves shall be so arranged that the possibility of tampering will be minimized. If the pressure
setting adjustment is external, the relief valves shall be provided with means for sealing the adjustment.
5.8.8
Shutoff valves shall not be installed between the pressure relief valves and the containers or systems covered
by Sections 6, 11, and 12 except that a shutoff valve may be used where the arrangement of the shutoff valve
is such as always to afford the full capacity flow specified in 5.8.6 through a nonisolated pressure relief valve(s),
which shall remain operative.
NOTE—The previously mentioned exception is made to cover such cases as a three-way valve installed under two pressure
relief valves, each of which has the required rate of discharge and is so installed as to allow either of the pressure relief
valves to be closed off but does not allow both pressure relief valves to be closed off at the same time. Another exception
may be where two separate pressure relief valves are installed with individual shutoff valves. In this case, the two shutoff
valve stems shall be mechanically interconnected in a manner that will allow full required flow of one pressure relief valve at
all times. Still another exception is a pressure relief valve manifold that allows one valve to be closed off with the remaining
unblocked valve or valves providing not less than the rate of discharge shown on the manifold nameplate.
5.8.9
Each pressure relief valve used with systems covered by Sections 6, 11, and 12 shall be plainly and perma-
nently marked as follows:
– With the letters “AA” or the symbol “NH3”;
– The pressure in psi at which the valve is set to start-to-discharge;
– The rate of discharge of the valve in ft3/min of air at 60 °F (15.6 °C) and atmospheric pressure;
– Year of manufacture; and
– The manufacturer’s name and catalog number.
For example, a pressure relief valve marked “AA250-4200 (air) 4/95” would mean that this valve is set to dis-
charge at 250 psi (1724 kPa), 4200 ft3/min (120 m3/min) of air, and was manufactured in April 1995.
5.8.10
Piping or connections on either the upstream or downstream side shall not restrict the flow capacity of the relief
valve.
5.8.11
The manufacturer or supplier of a pressure relief valve manifold shall publish complete data showing the flow
rating through the combined assembly of the manifold with pressure relief valves installed. The manifold flow
rating shall be determined by testing the manifold with all but one valve discharging. If one or more openings
have restrictions not present in the remaining openings, the restricted opening or openings, or those having the
lowest flow, shall be used to establish the flow rate marked on the manifold nameplate. The marking shall be
similar to that required in 5.8.9 for individual valves.
5.8.12
A hydrostatic relief valve or equivalent shall be installed in each section of piping (including hose) in which liq-
uid ammonia can be isolated between shutoff valves to relieve the pressure that could develop from the
trapped liquid. If an equivalent pressure relieving device is used, the maximum accumulative pressure possible
within the system shall not exceed the limits of the system.
5.8.13
The discharge opening from any pressure relief valve shall not terminate inside any building or below the high-
est roof line of any such building.
5.8.14
A PRD shall be subject to a systematic, periodic, visual external inspection at least annually to determine that it:
– meets the applicable requirements specified in 5.8;
– is free of evidence of tampering, damage, corrosion, or foreign matter that could prevent proper operation;
– is free of leakage when subject to pressures below the minimum allowable start-to-discharge setting;
– has a properly installed rain cap or other device to avoid entry of moisture or other matter into the relief
valve outlet; and
– has an open weep hole to permit moisture to escape.
5.8.15
Any deficiency as can be found in 5.8.14 shall require immediate corrective action, replacement, or repair of the
PRD as may be appropriate.
5.8.16
No container PRD shall be used after the replacement date as specified by the manufacturer of the device. If
no date is specified, a pressure relief valve shall be replaced no later than 5 years following the date of its
manufacture or last repair unless it has first been disassembled, inspected, repaired, and tested by the manu-
facturer, or by a qualified repair organization so that the valve’s condition and performance is certified as being
equivalent to the standards for the original valve. The data regarding repairs or reassembly shall be indicated
by stamping the body or attaching a tag pertaining to the valve with the month and year to replace or recertify.
Example: 4/01.
5.9 Filling densities
See 2.2.15 for a detailed definition.
5.9.1
DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) require that the liquid portion of the ammonia lading not com-
pletely fill an insulated tank car tank, portable tank, or cargo tank at 105 °F (41 °C); an uninsulated portable
tank, cargo tank, single-unit tank car tank, or multi-unit tank car tank at 115 °F (46 °C); or a cylinder
at 130 °F (54 °C) [8].
In the case of a tank car tank, the HMR require ullage for the liquefied gas of at least 2% of the total capacity of
the tank at the reference temperature of 115 °F (46 °C) for a noninsulated tank and
105 °F (41 °C) for an insulated tank. These filling limitations may be expressed in terms of a calculated maxi-
mum filling density designated by weight percentage. The term “filling density” for liquefied compressed gases
is defined as the percent ratio of the weight of a liquefied compressed gas in a container or cylinder to the
weight of water at 60 °F (15.6 °C) that the container or cylinder will hold. See 49 CFR 171.8; 173.24b;
173.304(a)(2) Table Note 1; 173.314(c) Table Notes 1 and 2; 173.315(a) Table Note 1; and 173.315(c) [8].
5.9.2
Maximum allowable filling densities for ammonia shipping containers and cylinders in common usage are as
shown in CGA G-2 [23].
5.9.3
If containers other than refrigerated containers are to be filled according to liquid level by any gauging method
other than a fixed length dip tube gauge, each container should have a thermometer well and thermometer so
that the internal liquid temperature can be easily determined and the amount of liquid and vapor in the contain-
er corrected to a 60 °F (15.6 °C) basis.
5.10 Transfer of liquids
5.10.1
Anhydrous ammonia shall always be at a temperature suitable for the material of construction and design of the
receiving containers. Certain steels are not suitable for refrigerated ammonia. See Appendix R of
API 620, Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, for materials for low tem-
perature service [46].
5.10.2
At least one qualified operator experienced in the procedures shall monitor the transfer of ammonia from the
time the connections are first made until they are finally disconnected. Such monitoring may be performed by a
person on-site, from a remote location, or by electronic means. Capability shall be provided to halt the transfer
in the event of an emergency.
5.10.3
Except for pneumatic pressure testing, containers may only be pressured with ammonia vapor. Upon discovery
or subsequent to servicing, air or other system inerts shall be promptly purged from containers using accepted,
documented practices. Industrial use process systems such as refrigerated storage systems, water treatment,
pollution control, heat treatment, etc., may use inert gases such as nitrogen if adequate precautions are taken.
Failure to remove air, before returning to service, can promote stress corrosion cracking of the pressure vessel.
5.10.4
Containers and cylinders shall be filled or used only upon the owner’s authorization.
5.10.5
Containers and cylinders shall be gauged and charged only in the open atmosphere or in buildings provided for
that purpose.
5.10.6
Pumps used for transferring ammonia shall be recommended and labeled for ammonia service by the manu-
facturer.
5.10.6.1
Positive displacement pumps shall be equipped with a pressure actuated bypass valve on the discharge side of
the pump. This valve shall operate to limit the pressure developed by the pump to the maximum for which the
pump is rated. Piping or tubing sized to carry the full capacity of the pump at the actuation pressure of this
valve shall connect the discharge of this valve with the container from which ammonia is being pumped. If this
line is capable of being closed off by a valve, an additional bypass device shall be incorporated in the pump to
bypass back to the suction port. The pressure actuated bypass valve and the return piping or tubing shall be
installed in accordance with the pump manufacturer’s recommendations.
5.10.6.2
On the discharge side of the pump, before the bypass valve line, install a pressure gauge graduated from
0 psi to 400 psi (0 kPa to 2760 kPa).
5.10.6.3
Plant piping shall contain shutoff valves located as close as practical to pump connections.
5.10.7
Compressors used for transferring or refrigerating ammonia shall be recommended and labeled for ammonia
service by the manufacturer or certified for such service by the owner/operator using recognized and generally
accepted good engineering methods.
5.10.7.1
Compressors, except those used for refrigeration, shall be designed for at least 250 psi (1724 kPa) working
pressure. Crank cases of compressors not designed to withstand system pressure shall be protected with a
suitable pressure relief valve.
5.10.7.2
Plant piping shall contain shutoff valves located as close as practical to compressor connections.
5.10.7.3
A pressure relief valve large enough to discharge the full capacity of the compressor shall be connected to the
discharge side before any shutoff valve.
5.10.7.4
Compressors shall have pressure gauges at suction and discharge graduated to at least 1 1/2 times the maxi-
mum pressure that can be developed.
5.10.7.5
Adequate means such as a drainable liquid trap, shall be provided on the compressor suction to minimize the
entry of liquid into the compressor.
5.10.7.6
Where necessary to prevent contamination, an oil separator shall be provided on the discharge side of the
compressor.
5.10.8
Container vapor and liquid piping, except for pressure relief valves and those specifically exempted in 5.5.5 and
5.5.6 shall be equipped with approved excess flow valves. Piping shall be designed to not restrict flow rates to
the extent that protective devices will not function. Dedicated lines for loading and separate dedicated lines for
unloading are recommended. Backpressure check valves should be considered where practical for filling con-
nections.
5.10.8.1
All stationary storage installations with a water capacity greater than 4000 gal (15.1 m3) shall have approved
emergency shutoff valve(s) or backflow check valves installed in the liquid and vapor fixed piping of the transfer
system within 5 lineal ft (1.5 m) or within reasonable distance of where the hose or swivel piping is attached to
the fixed piping. This requirement does not apply to fixed piping feeding a process system. These emergency
shutoff valve(s) or backpressure check valves shall be protected from any possible pull-away-while-connected
incident between the mobile container and the transfer station. As a result, any break resulting from a pull will
occur on the hose or swivel-type piping side of the connection while retaining intact the valves and piping on
the plant side of the connection.
Protection from pull-away-while-connected incidents may be accomplished by:

– Reinforced concrete or reinforced-concrete and structural steel bulkheads or equivalent anchorage-strong
enough not to break and massive enough not to be uprooted by the motor vehicle;
– Use of approved breakaway devices, specifically designed for this purpose; or
– Use of shear fittings designed to conform to good engineering practices.
Protection from pull-away-while-connected incidents is appropriate for all connections to mobile containers. In
determining “reasonable distance,” protection for persons, property, and the environment shall be addressed.
Such anchorage is not required for tank car unloading.
Approved emergency shutoff valve(s) shall incorporate a reliable actuation system that will close all of the
emergency shutoff valve(s) of the piping system on the first attempt from a remote location in the event of
emergency or testing.
5.10.9
Meters used for the measurement of liquid anhydrous ammonia shall be recommended and labeled for ammo-
nia service by the manufacturer.
5.10.9.1
Liquid meters shall be designed for minimum working pressure of 250 psi (1724 kPa).
5.10.9.2
The metering system shall incorporate devices that will prevent the inadvertent measurement of vapor.
5.11 Liquid level gauging devices
5.11.1
Each container, except those filled by weight, shall be equipped with an approved liquid level gauging device.
5.11.2
Each container or system covered in Sections 6, 9, 10 (except cylinders), 11, and 12 shall be fitted with a liquid
level gauge indicating the maximum level to which the container can be filled with liquid anhydrous ammonia at
temperatures between 20 °F and 100 °F (–6.7 °C and 37.8 °C), except on containers provided with fixed maxi-
mum level indicators such as fixed length dip tubes or containers that are filled by weight. Marks shall be in
increments of not more than 20 °F (–6.7 °C). See 5.9.3 regarding requirement for thermometer well and ther-
mometer.
5.11.3
Gauging devices that require bleeding of the product to the atmosphere such as the rotary tube, fixed tube, and
slip tube devices, shall be designed so that the maximum opening of the bleed valve is not larger than
No. 54 (0.055 in or 1.40 mm) drill size unless provided with an excess flow valve. This requirement does not
apply to farm vehicles used for the application of ammonia as covered in Section 12.
5.11.4
Gauging devices shall have a design pressure equal to or greater than the design pressure of the container on
which they are installed.
5.11.5
Fixed maximum liquid level gauges shall be designed and installed to indicate a volumetric level not to exceed
85% of the container’s water capacity.
NOTE—This does not apply to refrigerated storage.
5.11.6
Gauge glasses of the columnar type shall be restricted to stationary nonrefrigerated storage installations. They
shall be equipped with shutoff valves having metallic hand wheels, excess flow valves, and extra heavy glass
adequately protected with a metal housing applied by the gauge manufacturer. They shall be shielded against
the direct rays of the sun.
5.12 Painting of containers
Aboveground uninsulated containers should have a reflective surface maintained in good condition. White is
recommended for painted surfaces but other colors having similar reflecting characteristics are acceptable.
NOTE—Caution should be exercised to ensure that graphic designs, company logos, etc., do not significantly reduce the
necessary reflective characteristics of the container surface.
5.13 Electrical equipment and wiring
Electrical equipment and wiring for use in ammonia installations shall be general purpose or weather resistant
as appropriate.
Where concentrations of ammonia in air in excess of 16% by volume are likely to be encountered, electrical
equipment and wiring shall be installed to comply with the requirements specified for use in hazardous loca-
tions, Class I, Group D, of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code®, Articles 500 and 501 [47].
5.14 Heating devices for containers and cylinders
Anhydrous ammonia containers and cylinders shall not be heated if the contents are greater than the maximum
allowed filling density. If the contents are equal to or less than the maximum allowed filling density, ammonia
containers or cylinders may be heated subject to the following conditions.
Average surface temperature in the heated area on the vessel shall not exceed the saturation temperature of
ammonia at 80% of the vessel MAWP and relief valve setting. The resulting limits are shown in Table 6.
Table 6—Ammonia container maximum heating limits
Vessel MAWP, or relief valve 80% of MAWP Allowable surface temperature

setting, whichever is less of heated container
250 psi (1724 kPa) 200 psi (1379 kPa) 101 °F (38 °C)
285 psi (1965 kPa) 228 psi (1572 kPa) 109 °F (43 °C)
300 psi (2068 kPa) 240 psi (1655 kPa) 112 °F (44 °C)
315 psi (2072 kPa) 252 psi (1737 kPa) 115 °F (46 °C)
366 psi (2523 kPa) 293 psi (2020 kPa) 125 °F (52 °C)
The heating device or system shall:

– be designed to be fail-safe;
– be listed by a recognized testing laboratory;
– conform to all applicable mechanical and electrical codes in the jurisdiction where applied; and
– be approved by the manufacturer as suitable for use in heating of the specific type and size of anhydrous
ammonia container(s).
6 Systems using stationary, pier-mounted or skid-mounted, aboveground or un-

derground, nonrefrigerated storage
This section applies to stationary, pier-mounted, skid-mounted, aboveground or underground, nonrefrigerated
storage installations using containers other than those constructed in accordance with DOT specifications. Sec-
tion 5 applies to this section unless otherwise noted.
6.1 Design pressure and construction of containers
The minimum design pressure for nonrefrigerated containers shall be 250 psi (1724 kPa). See 5.1.2.
NOTE—Existing U-68 and U-69 ASME Code containers with a design pressure of 200 psi (1379 kPa) are acceptable for
reinstallation if recertified to 250 psi (1724 kPa) in accordance with NBIC procedures and if approved by the
local AHJ [17, 18].
6.2 Container valves and accessories and discharge connections
All vapor and liquid connections, except for pressure relief valves and those specifically exempted in 5.5.5 and
5.5.6, shall be equipped with approved excess flow valves (backpressure check valves are acceptable for filling
connections); or in lieu thereof, may be fitted with approved quick-closing internal valves that, except during
operating periods, shall remain closed.
Each storage container shall be provided with a pressure gauge graduated from 0 psi to 400 psi
(0 kPa to 2760 kPa). Gauges shall be designated for use in ammonia service.
All containers shall be equipped with a suitable vapor equalizing connection.
All containers shall be equipped with a fixed maximum liquid level gauge.
6.3.1
Every container shall be provided with one or more pressure relief valves of spring-loaded or equivalent type,
which shall comply with the following specifications:
– Relief valves shall be installed in a manifold or other suitable device so that they can be replaced while the
container remains pressurized. See 5.8.8 NOTE;
– The discharge from pressure relief valves shall be vented away from the container, upward and unob-
structed to the open air to an area so persons, property, and the environment will not be harmed. Vent
pipes shall not be restrictive or smaller in size than the pressure relief valve outlet connection. All pressure
relief valves shall have suitable rain caps, which will allow free discharge of the vapor and prevent the en-
trance of water. Suitable provision shall be made for draining condensate, which can accumulate; and
– If desired, vent pipes from two or more PRDs located on the same unit, or similar lines from one or more
different units, may be run into a common header, provided the cross-sectional area of such header is at
least equal to the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the individual vent pipes.
6.3.2
The rate of discharge of spring-loaded pressure relief valves installed on underground containers may be re-
duced by not more than 30% of the rate of discharge specified in Appendix A. Containers so protected shall not
be uncovered after installation until the liquid ammonia has been removed. Containers that may contain liquid
ammonia before being installed underground and before being completely covered with earth are to be consid-
ered aboveground containers when determining the rate of discharge requirements of the pressure relief
valves.
6.3.3
On underground installations where there is a probability of the manhole or housing becoming flooded, the dis-
charge from vent lines shall be located above the high water level. All manholes or housings shall be provided
with ventilated louvers, or their equivalent, which discharge their content into the manhole housing. The area of
such openings shall equal or exceed the combined discharge areas of the pressure relief valves and vent lines.
6.4 Installation of storage containers
6.4.1
Containers installed aboveground shall be provided with substantial reinforced concrete footings and founda-
tions or structural steel supports mounted on reinforced concrete foundations. In either case, the reinforced
concrete foundations or footings shall extend below the established frost line and shall be of sufficient width
and thickness to support the total weight of the containers and contents adequately. Where required by local
codes, seismic loads shall be considered in the design of the footings and foundations. The foundation shall
maintain the lowest point of the tank not less than 18 in (0.46 m) above the ground. Floating type foundations
shall also be acceptable providing the foundations are designed to adequately support the tank, contents, and
piping. See 5.6.
6.4.2
Horizontal aboveground containers shall be mounted on foundations to permit expansion and contraction. Eve-
ry container shall be supported to prevent the concentration of excessive loads. If supports of the saddle type
are employed, the bearing afforded by the saddles should extend over at least one third (1/3) of the circumfer-
ence of the shell. Suitable means for preventing corrosion shall be provided on that portion of the container in
contact with the foundations or saddles.
6.4.3
Secure anchorage or adequate pier height shall be provided against container flotation wherever high flood
water can occur.
6.4.4
The location and installation of an underground container and the type of corrosion control employed shall have
approval of the appropriate AHJ. Containers buried underground shall be placed so the top of the container is
at least 1 ft (0.3 m) below the surface. Should ground conditions make compliance with these requirements
impractical, precautions shall be taken to prevent physical damage to the container. It is not necessary to cover
the portion of the container to which a manhole and other connections are affixed. When necessary to prevent
floating, containers shall be securely anchored or weighted.
6.4.5
As a minimum, underground containers shall be set on firm foundations (firm earth may be used) and be sur-
rounded by at least 6 in of noncorrosive, inert materials such as soft earth, sand, or gravel well compacted into
place. As a further means of resisting corrosion, the container and its piping, before placement in the ground,
shall be provided with the following:
– A suitable protective coating applied after proper surface preparation in accordance with the coating manu-
facturer’s recommendations;
– Cathodic protection; and
– Electrical isolation of the container from ancillary equipment.
Corrosion-resistant materials of construction may be used as an option. A container that has been coated shall
be lowered into place to prevent abrasion or damage to the coating. Selection of the type of protection should
be based upon the judgment of a qualified engineer having knowledge of the corrosion history of the area.
6.4.6
The horizontal distance between aboveground and underground containers of over 1200 gal (4.5 m3) capacity
shall be at least 5 ft (1.5 m).
6.4.7
A groundwater monitoring program meeting local, state, or federal regulatory requirements shall be established
at the storage site by the owner of the underground storage system.
6.4.8
Underground tanks pose additional requirements for owners and operators. These include installation and
maintenance requirements, regulatory notifications, and financial responsibilities. The appropriate AHJ should
be consulted. See 40 CFR Part 280 [23].
6.5 Reinstallation of containers
6.5.1
Containers once installed underground shall not later be reinstalled aboveground or underground unless they
successfully withstand hydrostatic pressure retests at the pressure specified for the original hydrostatic test as
required by the ASME Code under which the tank was constructed. It shall also show no evidence of serious
corrosion [17].
6.5.2
Where containers are reinstalled underground, the corrosion protection shall meet the requirements of 6.4.5.
Where containers are reinstalled aboveground, PRDs, or gauging devices shall comply with 5.8, 5.11, and 6.3
as applicable to aboveground containers.
6.6 Marking containers
6.6.1
Each container or group of containers shall be marked on at least two sides, which are visible with the words,
ANHYDROUS AMMONIA, or CAUTION—AMMONIA, in sharply contrasting colors with letters not less than
3.9 in (100 mm) high.
6.6.2
Each container or group of containers shall be conspicuously marked with a hazard warning label complying
with 29 CFR 1910.1200 [12].
6.6.3
Each container or group of containers that are installed underground shall have a sign bearing marks and label-
ing as required in 6.6.1 and 6.6.2 located adjacent to the cover described in 6.7.2.
6.7 Protection of container and appurtenances
6.7.1
Containers and appurtenances shall be located or protected by suitable barriers to avoid damage by trucks or
other vehicles.
Shutoff valves on storage tank openings shall be kept closed and protected by suitable means against tamper-
ing or theft of product when the installation is unattended. Examples of suitable means could include valve
locks, remote surveillance, security systems, fencing, lighting, motion detectors, alarms, or chemical additives
that render the anhydrous ammonia unusable or undesirable for illicit use. One means of protection is usually
not adequate and multiple means of protection may be needed. Regarding site security, see federal agencies
cited in 3.3.4.1 as well as referenced contact information in Section 13.
6.7.2
All connections to underground containers should be located within a suitable dome, housing, or manhole fitted
with a substantial removable cover.
6.7.3
Storage containers need not be electrically grounded.

6.8 Identification for emergency
A legible sign shall be displayed on the premises at which a storage system is located, so as to be readily visi-
ble to emergency response personnel, with lettering not less than 2 inches in height, stating the following:
– phrase “EMERGENCY INFORMATION”;
– name of facility;
– name or title of at least two responsible persons;
– area code and telephone number(s) of each person listed; and
– phrase, “the 911 address is”, and the appropriate 911 address.
7 Refrigerated storage
This section applies specifically to systems using tanks for the storage of anhydrous ammonia under refrigerat-
ed conditions. Section 5 applies to this section unless otherwise noted.
7.1 Design of tanks
7.1.1
Tanks may be designed for any storage pressure desired as determined by economical design of the refriger-
ated system.
7.1.2
The design temperature shall be the minimum temperature to which the container will be refrigerated and shall
be so designated.
7.1.3
Containers with a design pressure exceeding 15 psi (103 kPa) shall be constructed in accordance with 5.2 and
the material shall be selected from those listed in API 620, Tables 2.02, R.2.2, R.2.3, or R.2.4 [46].
7.1.4
Tanks with a design pressure of 15 psi (103 kPa) or less shall be constructed in accordance with the general
requirements of API 620, including Appendix R [46].
7.1.5
When austenitic stainless steels or nonferrous metals are used, the ASME Code shall be used as a guide in
selection of materials for use at the design temperature [17].
7.2 Installation of storage tanks (aboveground)
7.2.1
Tanks shall be supported on suitable noncombustible foundations designed to accommodate the type of tank
being used.
7.2.2
Adequate protection against flotation or other water damage shall be provided wherever high flood water might
occur.
7.2.3
Tanks storing product that is less than 32 °F (0 °C) shall be supported to prevent the effects of freezing and
subsequent frost heaving of the soil, otherwise heat shall be supplied.
7.2.4
The area surrounding a refrigerated tank, or group of such tanks, shall be provided with drainage, diked, or
provided with other secondary containment systems to prevent accidental discharge of liquid from spreading to
uncontrolled areas.
7.2.5
When drainage is employed, a slope of not less than 1% shall be provided. The drainage system shall termi-
nate in an impounding basin having a capacity as large as the largest tank served.
7.2.6
Provision shall be made for the drainage of rain water from the dike or impounding area. Such drainage shall
be provided with a positive means to stop the flow.
7.2.7
Where a dike is employed, the capacity of the diked enclosure shall be 110% of the capacity of the largest tank
served. When computing the volume of the dike, allowance shall be made for the volume displaced by all other
containers in the diked area.
7.2.8
The walls of a diked enclosure or the wall of an impounding basin used in a drainage system shall be of earth,
steel, concrete, or other suitable material designed to be liquid tight and to withstand the hydrostatic pressure
and temperature. Earth walls shall have a flat top at least 2 ft (0.6 m) wide. The slope shall be stable and con-
sistent with the angle of repose of the earth used.
7.2.9
The ground in an impounding basin or within a diked enclosure should be graded so that small spills or the ear-
ly part of a large spill will accumulate at one side or corner, thereby contacting only a relatively small area of
ground and exposing a relatively small surface area for heat gain. Shallow channels in the ground surface or
low curbs of earth can help guide the liquid to these low areas without contacting a large ground area.
7.3 Marking refrigerated containers
7.3.1
Each refrigerated container shall be marked with a nameplate on the outer covering in an accessible place as
specified in the following:
– With the name and address of the builder and the date of fabrication;
– With the maximum volume or weight of the product, whichever is most meaningful to the user;
– With the design pressure;
– With the minimum temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or degrees Celsius (°C) for which the container
was designed;
– With the maximum allowable water level to which the container may be filled for the test purposes;
– With the density of the product in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3) or kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3) for
which the container was designed; and
– With the maximum level to which the container may be filled with liquid anhydrous ammonia.
7.3.2
Each refrigerated container shall be marked on two directly opposite sides at near eye level with the words,
ANHYDROUS AMMONIA, in sharply contrasting colors with letters not less than 3.9 in (100 mm) high.
7.3.3
Each refrigerated container shall be conspicuously marked with a hazard warning label complying with
29 CFR 1910.1200 [12].
7.4 Tank valves, accessories, fill pipes, and discharge pipes
7.4.1
Shutoff valves shall be:

– Provided for all connections except those with a No. 54 (0.055 in or 1.40 mm) drill size restriction, plugs,
pressure relief valves, and thermometer wells; and
– Located as close to the tank as practical.
7.4.2
A check valve shall be installed on the tank liquid fill connection if it is located below the maximum liquid level.
A remotely operated shutoff valve shall be installed on other connections located below the maximum liquid
level. See 5.10.8.
7.4.3
Each refrigerated container shall be equipped with an approved liquid level gauging device and high liquid level
alarm.
7.5 Pressure relief valves
7.5.1
The tank shall be provided with a pressure relief system of one or more pressure relief valves, which can limit
the tank pressure below 115% (110% if only one pressure relief valve is used) of the design pressure during
abnormal operating conditions other than fire and below 121% of the design pressure during abnormal operat-
ing conditions that include fire. One of the pressure relief valves shall be set to start-to-discharge at a pressure
not in excess of the design pressure of the tank, and all other pressure relief valves needed to limit the tank
pressure below 115% (110% if only one pressure relief valve is used) of the design pressure during abnormal
operating conditions other than fire shall be set to discharge at a pressure not in excess of 105% of the design
pressure. All additional pressure relief valves needed to limit the tank pressure below 121% of the design pres-
sure during abnormal operating conditions including fire shall be set to start-to-discharge at a pressure not in
excess of 110% of the design pressure.
7.5.1.1
Abnormal operating conditions considered shall include any or any plausible combination of:
– Utility failure (power, cooling water, instrument air, etc.);
– Mechanical failure (instrument, compressor, valve, control valve, insulation, etc.);
– Excessive pumping rates into the tank (compressed vapor space);
– Excessive temperature of ammonia liquid pumped into the tank below the liquid level (possible delayed
flashing or rollover);
– Inadvertent breakthrough of gas or liquid from manufacturing or other related operations;
– Changing atmospheric conditions (ambient temperature, barometric pressure, wind, etc.);
– Fire (pool fire from flammable liquid, radiant effects from nearby fires, burning insulation, etc.)4; and
– Any other conditions or possible combination of conditions that could cause the pressure of the tank to ex-
ceed the design pressure.
Refrigerated ammonia tank installations shall be evaluated for risk of exposure to all applicable fire scenarios.
Ammonia liquid leaked from the refrigerated tank in outdoor installations generally should not be considered a
fire risk, see 1.3.4. In cases where flammable liquids or materials are present (or can be present) in quantities
capable of sustaining a fire, use the appropriate industry standards that apply to storage tanks exposed to hy-
drocarbon fires.
7.5.1.2
Calculations of the required relief capacity for abnormal operating conditions shall consider the storage tank is
filled to maximum level and already at steady-state conditions for maximum tank pressure when the event
causing overpressure occurs.
7.5.1.3
Documentation shall be kept on-site to show that the conditions listed in 7.5.1.1 were considered in determining
the relief requirements, expressed in standard cubic feet per minute, for each tank installation. At a minimum,
each facility shall document, for each tank installation, the following:
– Design pressure of each tank;
– Which abnormal conditions are applicable to the tank;
– Required relieving rate imposed by the applicable abnormal conditions (also include any scenarios which
include combined rates from simultaneously occurring abnormal conditions, if applicable);
– Rationale for why deselected listed abnormal conditions are not applicable;
– Design flow rate used to for the tank’s relief valve capacity (this should be the largest single or combined
rate from among the applicable conditions);
– List of relief device(s) installed on the tank, their pressure setpoints, and their relief capacities;
– Manufacturer's data for each relief device demonstrating the design conditions and relief capacities; and
– Most recent relief device inspection and repair report(s).
7.5.2
Shutoff valves of adequate flow capacity may be provided and used to facilitate inspection and repair of pres-
sure relief valves. When a shutoff valve is provided, it shall be so arranged that it can be locked or sealed open
and it shall not be closed except by an authorized person who shall remain stationed there while the valve re-
mains closed and who shall again lock or seal the valve open when leaving the station.
4
See API 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks—Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated for pool fire ef-
fects from flammable products, which might surround the tank from adjacent operations [48].
7.5.3
Pressure relief valves shall comply with the following:

– If stacks are used they shall be suitably designed to prevent obstruction by rain, snow, ice, or condensate.
The outlet size shall not be smaller than the nominal size of the pressure relief valve outlet connection;
– Discharge lines may be used if desired. Multiple pressure relief valves on the same storage container may
be run into a common discharge header. The backpressure created by the discharge line and header shall
fall within the container pressure relief and set discharge levels/limits/ranges stated in 7.5.1. No other con-
tainer or system shall exhaust into this discharge line or header. The vent lines shall be installed to prevent
accumulation of liquid in the lines; and
– The discharge from pressure relief valves shall be vented away from the container, upward and unob-
structed to the open air to an area so persons, property, and the environment will not be harmed. All pres-
sure relief valves shall have suitable rain caps that will allow free discharge of the vapor and prevent the
entrance of water. Suitable provision shall be made for draining condensate that can accumulate.
7.5.4
Atmospheric storage shall be provided with vacuum breakers of adequate capacity to respond to anticipated
rates of liquid withdrawal and to rapid atmospheric changes to avoid damage to the container. Ammonia gas
may be used to provide a pad.
7.5.5
Pressure relief valves used to protect other systems at refrigerated storage installations shall discharge to the
open air unless connected to a control device as defined in 5.8.4.
7.5.6
Because emergency venting for a double-wall refrigerated storage tank is complex, no calculation method is
presented here. A thorough analysis of the fire relief for a double-wall refrigerated storage tank should be con-
ducted.
7.6 Protection of containers and appurtenances
Refrigerated storage containers and appurtenances shall comply with 6.7.
7.7 Reinstallation of containers
Containers of such size as to require a field fabrication shall, when moved and reinstalled, be reconstructed
and re-inspected in complete accordance with the original requirements under which they were constructed.
The containers shall be subjected to a pressure retest, and if rerating is necessary, it shall be done in accord-
ance with the applicable pressure of the original requirements.
7.8 Refrigeration load and equipment
7.8.1
The total refrigeration load shall be computed as the sum of the following:
7.8.1.1
Load imposed by heat flow into the container caused by the temperature differential between the ambient tem-
perature and the storage temperature;
7.8.1.2
Load imposed by heat flow into the tank caused by maximum sun radiation; and
7.8.1.3
Maximum load imposed by filling the tank with ammonia warmer than the design storage temperature.
7.8.2
More than one storage tank may be handled by the same refrigeration system.
7.8.3 Compressors
See also 5.10.7.
7.8.3.1
A minimum of two compressors shall be provided, either of which is of sufficient size to handle the loads listed
in 7.8.1.1 and 7.8.1.2, except as provided in 7.8.3.3. Where more than two compressors are provided, mini-
mum standby equipment equal to the largest normally operating equipment shall be installed. Compressors
required for 7.8.1.3 may be used as standby equipment for compressors required in 7.8.1.1 and 7.8.1.2.
7.8.3.2
Compressors shall be sized to operate with a suction pressure at least 10% below the minimum setting of the
pressure relief valve(s) on the storage tank and shall withstand a suction pressure at least equal to 121% of the
design pressure of the tank. Discharge pressure will be governed by condensing conditions.
7.8.3.3
Where facilities are provided to safely dispose of vented vapor to an automatic flare or to a process unit, a sin-
gle compressor of sufficient size to handle the load listed in 7.8.1.1 and 7.8.1.2 shall be allowed.
7.8.4 Compressor drives
Each compressor shall have its own drive unit.
Any standard drive consistent with good design may be used.
An emergency source of power of sufficient capacity to handle the loads listed in 7.8.1.1 and 7.8.1.2 shall be
provided unless facilities are provided to safely dispose of vented vapors while the refrigeration system is not
operating.
7.8.5 Automatic control equipment
7.8.5.1
The refrigeration system shall be arranged with suitable controls to govern the compressor operation in ac-
cordance with the load as evidenced by the pressure in the container(s).
7.8.5.2
An emergency alarm system shall be installed to function if the pressure in the container(s) rises to the maxi-
mum or falls to the minimum allowable operating pressure.
7.8.5.3
An emergency alarm and shutoff shall be located in the condenser system to respond to excess discharge
pressure caused by failure of the cooling medium.
7.8.5.4
All automatic controls shall be installed to preclude operation of alternate compressors unless the controls will
function with the alternate compressors.
7.8.6 Separators
7.8.6.1
An entrainment separator of suitable size and design pressure shall be installed in the compressor suction line.
The separator shall be equipped with a drain and gauging device. A maximum liquid level control with alarm
should be installed.
7.8.6.2
An oil separator of suitable size shall be installed in the compressor discharge line. It shall be designed for at
least 250 psi (1724 kPa) and shall be equipped with a gauging device and drain valve. A maximum oil level
control with alarm should be installed.
7.8.6.3
A separator shall be equipped with a pressure relief valve if the separator can be isolated with shutoff valves.
7.8.7 Condensers
The condenser system may be cooled by air or water or both. The condenser shall be designed for at least
250 psi (1724 kPa). Provision shall be made for purging noncondensibles either manually or automatically.
The condenser shall be equipped with a pressure relief valve if the condenser can be isolated with shutoff
valves.
7.8.8 Receiver and liquid drain
A condenser effluent receiver shall be provided that is equipped with automatic level controls and valving de-
signed to discharge the liquid ammonia to storage, or with a high pressure liquid drain trap of suitable capacity.
The receiver shall be designed for at least 250 psi (1724 kPa) operating pressure and be equipped with the
necessary connections, pressure relief valves, and gauging device.
7.8.9 Insulation
Refrigerated containers and pipeline that are insulated shall be covered with a material of suitable quality and
thickness for the temperatures encountered. Insulation shall be suitably supported and protected against the
weather. Weatherproofing and insulation shall be of a type that will not support flame propagation and will not
cause corrosion when wet.
7.9 Safety equipment
Each refrigerated storage installation shall have on hand the minimum safety equipment required in 3.4.
7.10 Identification for emergency
A legible sign shall be displayed on the premises at which a refrigerated storage system is located to be readily
visible to emergency response personnel stating the name, address, and telephone number of the nearest rep-
resentative, agent, or owner of the storage system.
8 Systems mounted on railcar structures (tank cars), other than DOT class
106A, for transportation of ammonia
This section applies specifically to systems using DOT single-unit pressure tank car tanks mounted on railcar
structures and used for the rail transportation of ammonia. Systems for tank cars transporting ammonia, in ad-
dition to complying with the requirements of these standards, shall comply, where required, with the require-
ments of DOT and also be approved by the Association of American Railroads (AAR).
8.1 Design and construction
Tank car tanks and tank cars shall be designed, constructed, and tested in compliance with current DOT speci-
fications as are applicable and shall receive approval from the AAR Committee on Tank Cars before being
placed into service.
Tank cars shall be provided with a pressure relief valve as required by DOT regulations.
PRD equipment used on DOT containers shall be inspected, repaired, or replaced in accordance with applica-
ble DOT regulations.
8.3 Marking and placarding
8.3.1
Each tank car transporting ammonia or ammonia residue shall be marked with the proper shipping name, and
the words INHALATION HAZARD on two opposing sides of the tank car, except that bulk packages marked
before October 1, 1991, need not be remarked AMMONIA, ANHYDROUS, LIQUEFIED if the tank car otherwise
complies with the provisions of 49 CFR 172.302 [8]. Markings shall be at least 3.9 in (100 mm) in height and
shall have a width of at least 0.24 in (6.1 mm). The markings shall be displayed on a background of sharply
contrasting color on both sides of the tank car and near the stenciled DOT specifications markings. Each tank
car shall also be marked, or displayed either on an orange panel or on a placard per the provisions of 49 CFR
172.332, with the UN identification number, 1005, on each side and each end so as required by DOT regula-
tions. See 49 CFR 172.302 [8].
8.3.2
Each tank car transporting ammonia shall be provided with placarding on each side and each end in accord-
ance with DOT regulations [8].
8.3.3
Each tank car transporting ammonia shall be marked with a hazard warning label complying with
29 CFR 1910.1200 unless such label is provided with the shipping document for the tank car conforming with
49 CFR Part 172, Subpart C as appropriate [11, 7].
8.4 Tank car loading and unloading locations and operations
8.4.1
The loading, unloading, and shipping of tank cars shall conform to the requirements of DOT regulations.
8.4.2
Anhydrous ammonia tank cars shall be loaded and unloaded only at locations approved by the AHJ(s) and
meeting the requirements of 3.4 and 5.10.1 through and including 5.10.9.2. Approved rail car loading and un-
loading locations, other than permanent facilities shall:
– Notify first responders of location, duration, and times of operation;
– Maintain a minimum of two qualified people present during transfer of ammonia; and
– Post emergency information in accordance with 6.8.
8.4.3
Loading and unloading operations shall be performed by qualified personnel meeting the requirements of 3.1,
properly trained in the procedures involved, and made responsible for careful compliance with such proce-
dures.
8.4.4
Rail track at tank car loading and unloading positions shall be essentially level.
8.4.5
Brakes shall be set and the wheels blocked in both directions on all tank cars being loaded or unloaded.
8.4.6
Caution signs shall be so placed on the track or car to give necessary warning to persons approaching the car
from the open end or ends of the siding. The signs shall be of metal or other comparable material at least
12 in (300 mm) high by 15 in (380 mm) wide in size, and bear the words, STOP – TANK CAR CONNECTED, or
STOP – MEN AT WORK, the word, STOP being in letters at least 4 in (100 mm) high. Other words should be in
letters at least 2 in (50 mm) high. The letters shall be white on blue background. A car so protected shall not be
coupled or moved. The signs shall remain in place until the tank car valves have been closed and the transfer
lines have been disconnected.
8.4.7
A standard derail shall be properly set and secured in the derailing position between the car being loaded or
unloaded and other cars being moved on the same track.
8.4.8
A tank car shall not be loaded or shipped unless it meets DOT specifications for the shipment of ammonia.
8.4.9
A tank car that has been loaded shall not be shipped unless it has been loaded by, or with the consent of, the
tank car owner or owner’s agent.
8.4.10
A tank car used to transport a commodity other than ammonia shall be purged completely of the previous
commodity before being loaded with ammonia. Markings and placarding shall be changed accordingly.
8.4.11
Before connecting loading lines to a tank car and/or before releasing a tank car to the carrier, a visual inspec-
tion for obvious defects should be made for the following conditions:
– To determine whether the tank car undercarriage, safety appliances (handrails, grab irons, etc.), walk sur-
faces, ladders, steps, air and hand brake systems, trucks, head shields, and couplers appear to be in a
safe condition;
– To determine if the tank car tank and pressure relief valve periodic retest dates are current;
– To determine if the tank car tank, or jacket if the tank is insulated, shows evidence of abrasion, dents,
gouges, severe corrosion, or other damage; and
– To determine whether manway bolts and gaskets, external valves, pressure relief valves, gauges, and fit-
tings appear to be in serviceable condition and free of leakage.
8.4.12
If leakage occurs at any manway, valve, gauge, gasket, or fitting during loading, the loading shall stop and the
cause of the leak corrected before loading can be resumed. If necessary to effect leak repairs, the tank car
shall be emptied and repairs made at the loading terminal or a qualified repair facility.
8.4.13
A damaged or defective tank car shall be forwarded to a carrier repair track or to a qualified repair shop before
it is returned to service. Structural repairs to a tank car, including welding repairs on the tank car tank, shall be
performed only at a repair facility authorized by the AAR and by a qualified welder following authorized proce-
dures.
8.4.14
An ammonia tank car shall be consigned for delivery and unloaded on a private track. State and local regula-
tions regarding unloading operations shall be observed.
8.4.15
If a private track is unavailable, an ammonia tank car equipped with excess flow valves may be consigned for
delivery and unloaded on a carrier track, provided it is unloaded into permanent storage of sufficient capacity to
receive the entire contents of the car.
8.4.16
After loading or unloading a tank car, all valves shall be closed and transfer lines disconnected. Caps or plugs
on tank car sample valves, liquid valves, vapor valves, and gauging device valves shall be replaced and made
wrench-tight. Slip tube gauging devices shall be secured, and gauge housings screwed in place. Protective
housing covers shall be secured, pinned, and proper seals put in place when required. Leaks from any source
on a tank car shall be stopped before a car may be released to the carrier.
9 Systems mounted on trucks, semitrailers, and trailers for transportation of

ammonia
This section applies specifically to systems mounted on trucks, semitrailers, and trailers (other than those cov-
ered under Sections 11 and 12) used for the transportation of ammonia. Section 5 applies to this section unless
otherwise noted.
Systems for trucks and trailers for transportation of anhydrous ammonia, in addition to complying with the re-
quirements of these standards, shall also comply, where required, with the requirements of DOT and those of
any other regulatory body, which may apply.
9.1 Design pressure of containers
9.1.1
Containers used in interstate commerce shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the ASME
Code, have a minimum design pressure of 265 psi (1827 kPa), and meet other applicable requirements of DOT
regulations. Containers designed and constructed in accordance with earlier ASME Code editions having a
minimum design pressure of 250 psi (1724 kPa) and meeting certain limiting conditions as required by DOT
regulations, are authorized for use in intrastate commerce [17, 8].
9.1.2
The shell or head thickness of any container shall not be less than 0.1875 in (4.8 mm).
9.1.3
All container openings, except pressure relief valves, liquid level gauging devices, and pressure gauges, shall
be labeled to designate whether they communicate with liquid or vapor space with the container filled to the
maximum permitted filling density. Labels shall be readily visible and may be on or adjacent to the valves clos-
ing the openings.
9.1.4
Baffles are not required for cargo tanks.
9.2 Container mounting
9.2.1
The means of attachment of any container to the cradle, frame, or chassis of a vehicle shall be designed on a
basis of 2 “g” loading in either direction, using a safety factor of not less than 4, based on the ultimate strength
of the material used. For the purpose of this requirement, 2 “g” of load support is equivalent to three times the
static weight of the articles supported; 2 “g” of loading and bending, acceleration, and torsion is equivalent to
twice the static weight support applied horizontally at the road surface.
9.2.2
“Hold-down” devices, when used, shall anchor the container to the cradle, frame, or chassis in a suitable and
safe manner, which will not introduce undue concentration of stresses. These devices shall incorporate positive
means for drawing the container down tight and suitable stops or anchors shall be provided to prevent relative
movement between the container and framing due to stopping, starting, or changes in direction.
9.2.3
Vehicles designed and constructed so that the cargo tanks constitute in whole or in part the stress member
used in lieu of the frame shall be supported by external cradles subtending at least 120 degrees of the shell
circumference. The design calculation shall include beam stress, shear stress, torsion stress, bending moment,
and acceleration stress, in addition to those covered by the code under which the cargo tank was designed.
9.2.4
If a liquid withdrawal line is installed in the bottom of a container, the connections thereto, including hose, shall
not be lower than the lowest horizontal edge of the motor vehicle axle.
9.2.5
Provision shall be made to secure both ends of the hose while in transit.
9.2.6
When the cradle and the container are not welded together, suitable material shall be used between them to
reduce abrasion.
9.3.1
Nonrecessed container fittings and appurtenances shall be protected against physical damage by either:
– a protected location;
– the vehicle frame or bumper; or

– a protective housing.
The protective housing, if used, shall comply with the requirements under which the containers are fabricated
for design and construction. It shall be designed to withstand static loadings in any direction equal to twice the
weight of the container and attachments when filled with the lading, using a safety factor of not less than 4,
based on the ultimate strength of the material to be used. The protective housing, if used, shall be protected
with a weather cover, if necessary, to ensure proper operation of valves and PRDs.
9.3.2
With the exception of pressure relief valves, liquid level gauges, pressure gauges, and thermometer wells, eve-
ry opening in each container shall be:
– Closed with a plug, cap, bolted blind flange, or plate;
– Provided with an excess flow valve and manual shutoff valve;
– Provided with a backflow check valve and manual shutoff valve; or
– Provided with a remotely controlled internal shutoff valve as described in 9.3.3.
9.3.3
Every liquid or vapor discharge opening in each container shall be provided with a remotely controlled internal
shutoff valve. For every such opening of less than 1.25 in (32 mm) National Pipe Taper (NPT), an excess flow
valve with a manual shutoff valve may be used instead. The internal shutoff valve may be operated by mechan-
ical means, by hydraulic means, or by air or gas pressure.
9.3.3.1
On a container of 3500 gal (13 m3) water capacity or less, emergency discharge control equipment shall con-
form to 49 CFR 173.315(n) and 178.337-11(a) [8].
9.3.3.2
On a container over 3500 gal (13 m3) water capacity, each internal shutoff valve shall be provided with remote
means of closure, both mechanical and thermal, which are installed at the ends of the tank in at least two diag-
onally opposite locations. If the discharge connection at the tank is not in the general vicinity of one of the two
locations previously specified, one additional fusible element shall be installed so that heat from a fire in that
area will activate the emergency control system. Fusible elements may not have a melting point exceeding
250 °F (121 °C).
9.3.4
The requirements of 9.3.3 do not apply to a 1.25 in (32 mm) NPT liquid or vapor discharge opening equipped
with an excess flow valve and manually operated shutoff valve installed before October 1, 1984.
9.3.5
All containers shall be equipped with an approved vapor-equalizing valve of adequate capacity.
9.3.6
9.3.7
All containers shall be equipped with a pressure gauge having a dial graduated from 0 psi to 400 psi
(0 kPa to 2760 kPa).
9.4 Piping, fittings, and hose
9.4.1
All piping, tubing, hose, and fittings shall be securely mounted and protected against physical damage.
9.4.2
Piping used on nonrefrigerated systems shall be at least ASTM A53 Grade B seamless or electric resistance
welded pipe [40]. Pipe joints shall be threaded, welded, or flanged. Pipe shall be at least Schedule 40 when
joints are welded or welded and flanged. Pipe shall be at least Schedule 80 when joints are threaded. Brass,
copper, or galvanized steel pipe or tubing shall not be used [40]. Threaded nipples shall be seamless. Welding
shall be done by a welder certified in accordance with the ASME Code, Section IX, “Welding
Qualifications” [17]. Tubing joints shall be made up with flared, flareless or compression type fittings complying
with SAE J513f, ASME B31.3, or ASME B31.5 [41, 38, 39].
9.4.3
The truck unloading line shall be provided with an excess flow valve at the hose connection unless an approved
quick closing internal valve is provided in the container unloading connection. See 9.3.2.
9.4.4
Liquid propane hose shall not be used for ammonia service. See 5.7.
9.4.5
All transporters of ammonia shall meet the requirements of 49 CFR Part 180.416 in relation to discharge sys-
tem inspection and maintenance programs for cargo tanks transporting liquefied compressed gasses [7].
9.5.1
The discharge from container pressure relief valves shall be vented away from the container upward and unob-
structed to the open air to prevent any impingement of escaping gas upon the container. Loose fitting rain caps
shall be used to prevent moisture or foreign material from entering the relief valve outlet. The size of discharge
lines from pressure relief valves shall not be smaller than the nominal size of the pressure relief valve outlet
connection. Suitable provision shall be made for draining condensate, which can accumulate in the discharge
pipe.
9.5.2
ble DOT regulations.
9.6 Placarding and marking of containers
9.6.1
Every container, whether loaded or empty, shall be conspicuously and legibly marked on each side and each
end, on a background of sharply contrasting color with the proper shipping name, except that containers
marked before October 1, 1991, need not be remarked ANHYDROUS AMMONIA, LIQUEFIED if the container
otherwise complies with the provisions of 49 CFR 172.302 (f) [8]. Markings shall have a width of at least
0.24 in (6.1 mm) and a height of at least 2.0 in (50 mm). Each container shall also be marked with the UN iden-
tification number for ammonia, 1005, on each side and each end as required by DOT regulation [8]. Under the
provision of 49 CFR 172.332 (a) the UN identification number may be displayed on an orange panel or by a
placard showing the UN 1005 number [8]. If an orange panel is used, then a placard reading NONFLAMMABLE
GAS is also required on all four sides of the container.
9.6.2
Each container, whether empty or loaded, shall be provided with placarding on each side and on each end as
required by DOT regulations [8].
9.6.3
Each container shall be marked with appropriate placarding and shall carry shipping papers for the cargo tank
conforming to 49 CFR Parts 100-185 [8].
9.7 Transfer of liquids
9.7.1
The content of a cargo tank container shall be determined by weighing, suitable liquid level gauging device, or
another approved method.
NOTE—If the volume content of a container is to be determined by liquid level measurement, the container shall have a
thermometer well and thermometer so that the internal liquid temperature can be easily determined. This volume when con-
verted to weight shall not exceed the filling density as required by DOT regulations [8].
9.7.2
Pumps or compressors shall be designed and installed in accordance with 5.10 and protected against physical
damage when mounted upon ammonia tank trucks and trailers.
9.7.3
A cargo tank container of greater than 3500 gal (13 m3) water capacity shall be unloaded only at approved loca-
tions meeting the requirements of 3.4 and 5.10.8.
9.8 Trailers and semitrailers
9.8.1
When two or more vehicles are operated in combination, the vehicles shall be designed and constructed, and
the coupling devices connecting the vehicles shall be designed, constructed, and installed, so that when the
combination is operated in a straight line on a smooth, level, paved surface, the path of the towed vehicle shall
not vary more than 3 in (80 mm) from the path of the towing vehicle.
9.8.2
Each trailer and semitrailer shall be equipped with an emergency braking system to be activated in the event of
separation from the towing vehicle.
9.8.3
Each trailer shall be equipped with a towbar and means of attaching the tow bar to the towed and towing vehi-
cles. The tow bar and means of attachment shall be structurally adequate, properly and securely mounted, pro-
vide for adequate articulation, and be provided with a locking device to prevent accidental separation of the
towed and towing vehicles.
One or more safety devices such as a safety chain(s) or safety cable(s) shall also be properly installed to pre-
vent the towed vehicle from breaking loose in the event of tow bar failure or disconnection.
9.8.4
Where a fifth wheel assembly is employed for towing a semitrailer, the lower half of the assembly shall be
properly and securely attached to the frame of the towing vehicle. The upper half of the assembly shall be fas-
tened to the towed vehicle in a manner providing at least the same security required for installation of the lower
half. Each fifth wheel assembly shall have a positive locking mechanism, which shall apply automatically on
coupling, and which will prevent separation of the upper and lower halves except by activation of a manual re-
lease.
9.9 Electrical equipment and lighting
9.9.1
Tank trucks, tank trailers, and tank semitrailers may not be equipped with any artificial light other than electric
light. Electric lighting circuits shall have suitable overcurrent protection (fuses or automatic circuit breakers).
The wiring shall have sufficient carrying capacity and mechanical strength, and shall be suitably secured, insu-
lated, and protected against physical damage.
9.9.2
Tank trucks, tank trailers, and tank semitrailers shall be provided with lighting devices and reflectors in accord-
ance with the applicable provisions of 49 CFR Part 393 Subpart B [8].
9.10 Protection against collision
Each tank motor vehicle shall be provided with properly attached bumpers or chassis extensions arranged to
protect the tank, piping, valves, and fittings from physical damage in case of collision.
9.11 Brakes
No ammonia shall be loaded into or unloaded from any tank truck, tank semitrailer, or tank trailer unless the
handbrake and/or other brake mechanism and wheel chocks on both sides of at least one drive wheel are se-
curely set to prevent motion of the vehicle during the loading or unloading process.
9.12 Portable tanks (including skid tanks)
When portable tanks are used in lieu of cargo tanks and are permanently mounted on highway motor vehicles
for the transportation of ammonia, they shall comply with the requirements of Section 9. Where portable tanks,
including those built to DOT Specification 51 or 106A, are used for farm storage they shall comply with
Section 6. When portable tanks are used as shipping containers in interstate commerce they shall comply with
Section 10.
All tank trucks, tank trailers, and tank semitrailers (or attached power units) shall be furnished with the equip-
ment specified in 3.5 for emergency purposes.
10 Systems using DOT portable tanks and cylinders

This section applies specifically to systems using cylinders (see 2.2.10), portable tanks (DOT51, UN T50), or
“ton containers” (DOT-106A) constructed in accordance with DOT specifications. Section 5 applies to this sec-
tion unless otherwise noted.
10.1 Containers and cylinders
10.1.1
Containers and cylinders shall comply with current DOT specifications and shall be maintained, filled, pack-
aged, marked, labeled, and shipped to comply with current DOT regulations, OSHA regulations, and CGA C-7,
Guide to Classification and Labeling of Compressed Gases [49].
10.1.2
Containers and cylinders shall be stored in an area free from ignitable debris and to prevent external corrosion.
Storage may be indoors or outdoors. Cylinders stored outdoors should be protected against accumulation of
ice and snow. Cylinders in hot climates should be protected from the continuous direct rays of the sun.
10.1.3
Containers and cylinders shall not be buried underground.
10.1.4
Containers and cylinders shall be set upon firm, level surfaces or otherwise firmly secured. The possible effect
of settling or frost heave on the outlet piping shall be guarded against by appropriate use of a flexible connec-
tion or special fitting.
10.1.5
Containers and cylinders shall be protected from heat sources such as radiant flame and steam pipes. Heat
shall only be applied directly to containers or cylinders to raise the pressure in accordance with 5.14. A cylinder
filled in accordance with DOT regulations will become liquid full at 145 °F (62.8 °C) and will rupture upon further
temperature rise.
NOTE—Elevated temperatures can cause a relief valve release or a rupture due to high liquid level and or vapor pressure.
10.1.6
Containers and cylinders shall be stored to protect them from moving vehicles or external damage.
10.1.7
Any container or cylinder that is designed to have a valve protection cap or device shall have the cap or device
securely in place when the container or cylinder is not in service. This requirement need not apply at a facility
specifically designated for filling containers or cylinders.
10.1.8
Any process system connected to a container or cylinder shall be equipped with a suitable trap or backpressure
check valve to prevent the entry of foreign matter into the container or cylinder.
10.2 Container and cylinder valves and regulating equipment
10.2.1
Container and cylinder valves and pressure regulating equipment shall be protected against tampering when
installed for use.
10.2.2
Container and cylinder valves shall be protected while in transit, in storage, and while being moved before con-
nection to the process line, as follows:
– By setting them into a recess of the container;
– By ventilated metal cap or collar, fastened to the container, capable of withstanding a blow from any direc-
tion equivalent to that of a 30 lb (14 kg) weight dropped 4 ft (1.2 m). Construction shall be such that a blow
will not be transmitted to the valves or other connections; or
– A valve on a cylinder that is enclosed in a suitable box or crate of sufficient strength to protect the valve
from damage during transit or storage need not be provided with a protective cap or collar.
10.2.3
When containers or cylinders are not connected for service, the outlet valves shall be kept tightly closed and
protected even though containers are considered empty. This requirement need not apply at a facility specifi-
cally designated for filling containers or cylinders.
10.2.4
Cylinder valves shall be in accordance with the connection standard for ammonia as contained in
CGA V-1, Standard for Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections [50].
Containers shall be provided with PRDs as required by DOT regulations [8]. A cylinder containing less than
165 lb (75 kg) of ammonia is not required to have a PRD.
ble DOT regulations [8].
11 Systems mounted on farm wagons (implements of husbandry) for the trans-

portation of ammonia
This section applies to containers of 3000 gal (11 m3) water capacity or less and related equipment mounted on
farm wagons (implements of husbandry), which are used for the transportation of ammonia. Section 5 applies
to this section unless otherwise noted.
If the data plate is illegible or missing, systems covered by this section (nurse tanks) shall comply with DOT
regulations [8].
11.1 Design of containers
Containers shall be constructed in accordance with 5.2.
11.2 Mounting of containers
11.2.1
A suitable “stop” or “stops” shall be mounted on the farm wagon or on the container in such a way that the con-
tainer shall not be dislodged from its mounting due to the farm wagon coming to a sudden stop. Back slippage
shall also be prevented by proper methods.
11.2.2
A suitable “hold-down” device shall be provided that will anchor the container to the farm wagon at one or more
places on each side of the container.
11.2.3
When containers are mounted on farm wagons, care shall be taken to ensure that the weight is distributed
appropriately over the axles.
11.2.4
When the cradle and the container are not welded together, suitable material shall be used between them to
reduce abrasion. See 5.2.2.1 and 5.2.4 with regard to welding on a container.
11.3.1
11.3.2
All containers shall be equipped with a pressure gauge having a dial graduated from 0 psi to 400 psi
(0 kPa to 2760 kPa).
11.3.3
The filling connection of each container shall comply with the requirements of 5.5.11.
11.3.4
All containers shall be equipped with an approved vapor-equalizing valve unless equipped for spray loading.
11.3.5
All vapor and liquid connections, except pressure relief valves and those specifically exempt in 5.5.5 and 5.5.6,
shall be equipped with approved excess flow valves or may be fitted with quick-closing internal valves, which
shall remain closed except during operating periods.
11.3.6
Fittings shall be protected from physical damage by means of a rigid guard designed to withstand static loading
in any direction equal to twice the weight of the container and lading using a safety factor of 4 based upon the
ultimate strength of the material used. If the guard encloses the pressure relief valve, the valve shall be proper-
ly vented through the guard.
11.3.7
If a liquid withdrawal line is installed in the bottom of a container, the connections thereto, including hose, shall
not be lower than the lowest horizontal edge of the farm wagon axle. The hose shall be drained and depressur-
ized before the container is moved or towed on a public road.
11.3.8
Provision shall be made to secure both ends of the hose in transit.
11.3.9
Systems covered under Section 11 shall comply with all requirements in 49 CFR 173.315 (m) [8].
11.4 Placarding and marking of containers
11.4.1
Each container transporting ammonia shall be marked with the proper shipping name, and the words
INHALATION HAZARD on two opposing sides (see Special Note 13 in 49 CFR 172.102), except that contain-
ers marked before October 1, 1991, need not be remarked ANHYDROUS AMMONIA, LIQUEFIED if the con-
tainer otherwise complies with the provisions of 49 CFR 172.302 (f). If the container has a capacity of 1000 gal
(3785 L) or more, markings and placards shall appear on each end and each side. If the container has a capac-
ity less than 1000 gal (3785 L), markings and placards shall appear on two opposing sides. Markings shall have
a width of at least 0.24 in (6.1 mm) and a height of at least 2.0 in (50 mm). The container need not be marked
or placarded on one end if that end contains valves, fittings, regulators, or gauges when those appurtenances
prevent the markings and placard from being properly placed and visible. See 49 CFR 172.302 and 173.315
(m) [8].
11.4.2
Slow-moving farm wagons operating on public roads shall be provided with a slow-moving vehicle emblem
consisting of a fluorescent orange triangle with a red reflective border whenever that vehicle is towed at or be-
low the slow-moving vehicle speed limit, as established by state or local regulations. A driver of a slow-moving
motor vehicle may activate the vehicular hazard warning signal flashers to warn other drivers of the presence of
a potential traffic hazard if permitted to do so by state or local regulations. For information regarding construc-
tion, location, and mounting of the emblem, see American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
(ASABE) ASAE S276.7, Slow-Moving Vehicle Identification Emblem (SMV Emblem) [51]. See also
29 CFR 1910.145 (d) (10) [12].
11.5 Farm wagons (implements of husbandry)
11.5.1
Farm wagons (implements of husbandry) shall conform with state regulations.
11.5.2
All farm wagons shall be securely attached to the vehicle drawing them by means of drawbars supplemented
by suitable hitch pins and safety chains, which meet the requirements of ASABE S338.5, Field Equipment for
Agriculture-Safety Chain for Towed Equipment [52].
11.5.3
A farm wagon shall be constructed so that it will follow substantially in the path of the towing vehicle and will
prevent the towed farm wagon from whipping or swerving dangerously from side to side.
11.5.4
A farm wagon shall not be towed in public places such as school yards, malls, or hospital grounds without ap-
proval of local authorities.
11.6.1
Each person operating, repairing appurtenances, or inspecting a nurse tank shall comply with the following re-
quirements:
– Any person required to handle, transfer, transport, or otherwise work with ammonia shall be trained to un-
derstand the properties of ammonia, to become competent in safe operating practices, and to take appro-
priate actions in the event of a leak or an emergency; and
– Any person making, breaking, or testing any ammonia connection, transferring ammonia, or performing
maintenance or repair on an ammonia system under pressure shall wear protective gloves impervious to
ammonia, and chemical splash goggles. A full face shield may be worn over the goggles. However, a face
shield shall not be worn as a substitute for a primary eye protection device (goggles).
11.6.2
Each nurse tank shall be equipped with the following safety equipment and features:
– A legible decal depicting step-by-step ammonia transfer instructions; and
– A legible decal listing first aid procedures to follow if injured by ammonia.
11.7 Chemical additive compatibility
Before the addition of a chemical additive, its compatibility with system components shall be verified by the
manufacturer of the additive.
12 Systems mounted on farm equipment (implements of husbandry) for the

application of ammonia
This section applies to systems mounted on farm equipment and used for the field application of ammonia.
Section 5 applies to this section unless otherwise noted.
12.1 Design of containers
The minimum design for containers shall be in accordance with 5.2.
12.2 Mounting of containers
All containers shall be securely mounted.
12.3 Container valves and appurtenances
12.3.1
Fixed maximum liquid level gauges shall be used that are designed to indicate when the container has been
filled to 85% of its water capacity. The dip tube of this gauge shall be installed so it cannot be readily removed.
12.3.2
The filling connection of each container shall comply with the requirements of 5.5.11.
12.3.3
An excess flow valve is not required in the vapor connection, provided the controlling orifice is not in excess of
0.4375 in (11.1 mm) in diameter and the valve is a hand-operated (attached handwheel or equivalent) shutoff
valve. To assist in filling applicator tanks, it is permissible to bleed vapors to the open air, provided the preced-
ing requirements are met.
12.3.4
Metering devices may be connected directly to the tank withdrawal valve. A union-type connection is permissi-
ble between the tank valve and the metering device. Remote mounting of metering devices is permissible using
hose that meets with specifications in 5.7.
12.3.5
When the applicator or nurse tank is trailed and the metering device is remotely mounted such as on the tractor
tool bar, an automatic breakaway, self-closing coupling device shall be used. The coupling device shall be
made from, or coated with, a corrosion resistant material. The coupling device shall be mounted in a manner
that will permit the device to swivel freely. A coupling device shall be maintained in accordance with the manu-
facturer’s recommendations.
NOTE—An angle valve shall not be used as a hose end valve connecting to the coupling device.
12.3.6
No excess flow valve is required in the liquid withdrawal line provided the controlling orifice between the con-
tents of the container and the outlet of the shutoff valve (see 5.5.3) does not exceed 0.4375 in (11.1 mm) in
diameter.
12.3.7
Any control valve installed between the regulator and the breakaway coupling device shall indicate whether the
valve is open or closed.
12.3.8
Where a ball valve is used to control flow to the metering device, the ball shall be drilled with an opening small-
er than No. 54 (0.055 in or 1.40 mm) drill size on the downstream side to prevent trapping ammonia in the ball
when in the closed position.
12.4.1
Each person operating, repairing appurtenances, or inspecting an applicator tank shall comply with the follow-
ing requirements:
– Any person required to handle, transfer, transport, or otherwise work with ammonia shall be trained to un-
derstand the properties of ammonia, to become competent in safe operating practices, and to take appro-
priate actions in the event of a leak or an emergency; and
– Any person making, breaking, or testing any ammonia connection, transferring ammonia, or performing
maintenance or repair on an ammonia system under pressure shall wear protective gloves impervious to
ammonia, and chemical splash goggles. A full face shield may be worn over the goggles. However, a face
shield shall not be worn as a substitute for a primary eye protection device (goggles).
12.4.2
Each applicator tank shall be equipped with the following safety equipment and features:
– A legible decal depicting step-by-step ammonia transfer instructions; and
– A hazard warning label complying with 29 CFR 1910.1200 [11].
12.4.3
Instructions for connecting and disconnecting the coupling device shall be displayed so as to be readily visible
near the breakaway coupling device.
13 References
Unless otherwise specified, the latest edition shall apply.
[1] ANSI/ASHRAE 15, Safety Standard Code for Refrigeration Systems, American Society of Heating, Refriger-
ating and Air Conditioning Engineers, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329. www.ashrae.org
[2] ANSI/IIAR 2, American National Standard for Equipment, Design and Installation of Closed-Circuit Ammonia
Mechanical Refrigerating Systems, International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration, 1001 North Fairfax, Suite
503, Alexandria, VA 22314. www.iiar.org
[3] ANSI/IEEE SI 10, American National Standard for Metric Practice, Institute of Electrical and Electronics En-
gineers, 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016. www.ieee.org
[4] Handbook of Compressed Gases, Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 14501 George Carter Way, Suite
103, Chantilly, VA 20151. www.cganet.com
[5] CGA P-11, Metric Practice Guide for the Compressed Gas Industry, Compressed Gas Association, Inc.,
14501 George Carter Way, Suite 103, Chantilly, VA 20151. www.cganet.com
[6] Blanken, J.M.,1980, Behavior of Ammonia in the Event of Spillage, 0149-3701-80-3963, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers, 120 Wall Street, 23rd Floor, New York, NY 10005. www.aiche.org
[7] NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals, National Fire Protection Associa-
tion, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. www.nfpa.org
[8] Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49 (Transportation) Parts 100-180, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20401. www.gpo.gov
[9] Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations,“Ammonia”, National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA
30333. www.cdc.gov/niosh
[10] Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, 2007, National Academies, The Na-
tional Academies Press, 500 Fifth St. N.W., Washington, DC 20001. www.nap.edu
[11] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Center
for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333. www.cdc.gov/niosh
[12] Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29 (Labor) Parts 1900-1910, U.S. Department of Labor, Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20401. www.gpo.gov
[13] Emergency Response Planning Guidelines for Ammonia, 2000, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
2700 Prosperity Ave., Suite 250, Fairfax, VA 22031. www.aiha.org
[14] Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations, Transport Canada, Canadian Government Publishing,
Public Works and Government Services Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0S9, Canada. www.tc.gc.ca
[15] Regulations for the Transportation of Dangerous Commodities by Rail, Supply and Services Canada, Ca-
nadian Publications Centre, ON K1A 0S9, Canada. www.tc.gc.ca
[16] API-ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels for Petroleum Liquids and Gases (discontinued 1956).
[17] ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, ASME International, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016.
www.asme.org
[18] National Board Inspection Code, National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, 1055 Crupper
Avenue, Columbus, OH 43229. www.nationalboard.org
[19] ANSI/ASSE Z87.1, American National Standard for Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face
Protection Devices, American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., New York, NY 10036. www.ansi.org
[20] ANSI/ISEA Z358.1, American National Standard for Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment, Ameri-
can National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., New York, NY 10036. www.ansi.org
[21] Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30 (Mineral Resources), Parts 1-199, Mine Safety and Health Aministra-
tion, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20401. www.gpo.gov
[22] ANSI Z88.2, Respiratory Protection—Respirator Use—Physical Qualifications for Personnel, American
National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., New York, NY 10036. www.ansi.org
[23] CGA G-2, Anhydrous Ammonia, Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 14501 George Carter Way, Suite 103,
Chantilly, VA 20151. www.cganet.com
[24] National Response Center (NRC), U.S. Coast Guard, 2100 2nd St S.W., Washington, DC 20593.
http://www.nrc.uscg.mil
[25] State Emergency Response Commission (SERC), Office of Emergency Management, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20460. http://www2.epa.gov/epcra/state-
emergency-response-commissions-contacts
[26] Local Emergency Response Commission (LERC), Office of Emergency Management, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20460. http://www2.epa.gov/epcra/local-
emergency-planning-committees
[27] Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40 (Protection of Environment) Parts 1-799, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20401.
www.gpo.gov
[28] Code of Federal Regulations, Title 6 (Domestic Security), U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Superin-
tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20401. www.gpo.gov
[29] CGA P-50, Site Security Standard, Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 14501 George Carter Way, Suite
103, Chantilly, VA 20151. www.cganet.com
[30] CGA P-26, Guidelines for Inspection and Repair of MC-330 and MC-331 Anhydrous Ammonia Cargo
Tanks (formerly TB-2), Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 14501 George Carter Way, Suite 103, Chantilly, VA
20151. www.cganet.com
[31] API 510, Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration, American
Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. www.api.org
[32] API RP 580, Risk-based Inspection, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street NW, Washington, DC
20005. www.api.org
[33] API RP 581, Risk-based Inspection Technology, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street NW, Wash-
ington, DC 20005. www.api.org
[34] K61.1, Safety Requirements for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia, Compressed Gas As-
sociation, Inc., 14501 George Carter Way, Suite 103, Chantilly, VA 20151. www.cganet.com (no longer pub-
lished)
[35] CGA G-2.1, Standards for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia and Ammonia Solutions,
Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 14501 George Carter Way, Suite 103, Chantilly, VA 20151.
www.cganet.com (obsolete)
[35] Standard M-1, Standard for Storage and Handling of Agricultural Ammonia, The Agricultural Nitrogen Insti-
tute (now The Fertilizer Institute), 425 Third Street SW, Suite 950, Washington, DC 20024. www.tfi.org (no
longer published)
[37] Transportation Glossary, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North
Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001. www.transportation.org
[38] ASME B31.3, Process Piping, ASME International, Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016.
www.asme.org
[39] ASME B31.5, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components, ASME International, Two Park Avenue,
New York, NY 10016. www.asme.org
[40] ASTM A53, Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seam-
less, ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428. www.astm.org
[41] SAE J513f, Refrigeration Tube Fittings-General Specifications, SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Dr.,
Warrendale, PA 15096. www.sae.org
[42] ASTM A395, Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevat-
ed Temperatures, ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428. www.astm.org
[43] ASTM A47, Standard Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings, ASTM International, 100 Barr Har-
bor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428. www.astm.org
[44] CGA P-42, Recommended Hose Management Practice for Compressed Gas Transfer Hoses, First Edition,
Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 14501 George Carter Way, Suite 103, Chantilly, VA 20151.
www.cganet.com
[45] UL-132, Standard for Safety Relief Valves for Anyhydrous Ammonia and LP-Gas, Underwriters Laborato-
ries, Inc., 333 Pfingston Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062. www.ul.com
[46] API 620, Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, American Petroleum
Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. www.api.org
[47] NFPA 70, National Electrical Code®, National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy,
MA 02269. www.nfpa.org
[48] API 2000, Venting Atmospheric And Low-Pressure Storage Tanks—Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated,
American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. www.api.org
[49] CGA C-7, Guide to Classification and Labeling of Compressed Gases, Compressed Gas Association, Inc.,
14501 George Carter Way, Suite 103, Chantilly, VA 20151. www.cganet.com
[50] CGA V-1, Standard for Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections, Compressed Gas
Association, Inc., 14501 George Carter Way, Suite 103,, Chantilly, VA 20151. www.cganet.com
[51] ANSI/ASAE S276.7, Slow-Moving Vehicle Identification Emblem (SMV Emblem), American Society of Ag-
ricultural and Biological Engineers, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085. www.asabe.org
[52] ANSI/ASAE S338.5 Field Equipment for Agriculture-Safety Chain for Towed Equipment, American Society
of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085. www.asabe.org
Appendix A—Minimum required flow rate of pressure relief devices

for fire protection (Normative)
Pressure relief valves for excessive heat or fire protection used on containers covered by Sections 6, 11, and
12 shall be constructed to discharge at not less than the rates required in Appendix A before the pressure is in
excess of 121% of the MAWP of the container. Relief protection for any other reason shall use ASME UG-125
UG-126, UG-127, UG-128, UG-129, UG-130, UG-131, UG-132, UG-133, UG-134, UG-135, and UG-136 [17].
Surface Flow Surface Flow Surface Flow Surface Flow Surface Flow Surface Flow Surface Flow Surface Flow
area, rate area, rate area, rate area, rate area, rate area, rate area, rate area, rate
ft2 ft3/min m2 m3/min ft2 ft3/min m2 m3/min ft2 ft3/min m2 m3/min ft2 ft3/min m2 m3/min
air air air air air air air air
20 258 1.9 7.3 145 1 310 13.5 37.1 340 2640 31.6 74.6 1350 8160 125.4 231.0
25 310 2.3 8.8 150 1 350 13.9 38.1 350 2700 32.5 76.3 1400 8410 130.1 237.9
30 360 2.8 10.2 155 1 390 14.4 39.2 360 2760 33.5 78.1 1450 8650 134.7 244.9
35 408 3.3 11.6 160 1 420 14.9 40.2 370 2830 34.4 79.9 1500 8900 139.4 251.8
40 455 3.7 12.9 165 1 460 15.3 41.2 380 2890 35.3 81.7 1550 9140 144.0 258.7
45 501 4.2 14.2 170 1 500 15.8 42.2 390 2950 36.2 83.4 1600 9380 148.6 265.5
50 547 4.7 15.5 175 1 530 16.3 43.2 400 3010 37.2 85.2 1650 9620 153.3 272.3
55 591 5.1 16.7 180 1 570 16.7 44.3 450 3320 41.8 93.8 1700 9860 157.9 279.0
60 635 5.6 18.0 185 1 600 17.2 45.3 500 3620 46.5 102.3 1750 10 090 162.6 285.7
65 678 6.0 19.2 190 1 640 17.7 46.3 550 3910 51.1 110.6 1800 10 330 167.2 292.4
70 720 6.5 20.4 195 1 670 18.1 47.3 600 4200 55.7 118.8 1850 10 560 171.9 299.0
75 762 7.0 21.6 200 1 710 18.6 48.3 650 4480 60.4 126.8 1900 10 800 176.5 305.6
80 804 7.4 22.8 210 1 780 19.5 50.2 700 4760 65.0 134.8 1950 11 030 181.2 312.2
85 845 7.9 23.9 220 1 850 20.4 52.2 750 5040 69.7 142.6 2000 11 260 185.8 318.8
90 885 8.4 25.1 230 1 920 21.4 54.1 800 5300 74.3 150.4 2050 11 490 190.5 325.3
95 925 8.8 26.2 240 1 980 22.3 56.0 850 5590 79.0 158.0 2100 11 720 195.1 331.8
100 965 9.3 27.3 250 2 050 23.2 57.9 900 5850 83.6 165.6 2150 11 950 199.7 338.3
105 1010 9.8 28.5 260 2 120 24.2 59.8 950 6120 88.3 173.1 2200 12 180 204.4 344.7
110 1050 10.2 29.6 270 2 180 25.1 61.7 1000 6380 92.9 180.6 2250 12 400 209.0 351.1
115 1090 10.7 30.7 280 2 250 26.0 63.6 1050 6640 97.6 187.9 2300 12 630 213.7 357.5
120 1120 11.2 31.7 290 2 320 26.9 65.4 1100 6900 102.2 195.2 2350 12 850 218.3 363.8
125 1160 11.6 32.8 300 2 380 27.9 67.3 1150 7160 106.8 202.5 2400 13 080 223.0 370.2
130 1200 12.1 33.9 310 2 450 28.8 69.1 1200 7410 111.5 209.7 2450 13 300 227.6 376.5
135 1240 12.5 35.0 320 2 510 29.7 70.9 1250 7660 116.1 216.8 2500 13 520 232.3 382.8
140 1280 13.0 36.0 330 2 570 30.7 72.8 1300 7910 120.8 223.9 2550 13 739 236.9 389.0
NOTES
Surface area = total outside surface area of container in square feet. When the surface area is not stamped on the name plate or when the marking
is not legible, the area can be calculated by using one of the following formulas:
(1) Cylindrical container with hemispherical heads—Area = overall length (ft) x OD (ft) x 3.1416
(2) Cylindrical container with other than hemispherical heads—Area = (overall length [ft] + 0.3 OD [ft]) x OD (ft) x 3.1416
(3) Spherical container—Area = OD (ft2) x 3.1416
Flow rate ft3/min air = ft3/min of air required at standard conditions, 60 °F (15.6 °C) and atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia, [101.3 kPa, abs])
The rate of discharge may be interpolated for intermediate values of surface area. For containers with total outside surface area greater than 2500
ft2, the required flow rate can be calculated using the formula:
Flow rate ft3/min air = 22.11 A0.82
Where:
A = outside surface area of the container in square feet
Conversion factors:
– ft2 x 0.092903 = m2
– ft3/min x 0.028 317 = m3/min
– ft x 0.3048 = m

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CGA G-2.

NOTE—Technical changes from the previous edition are underlined.

NOTE—Appendix A (Normative) is a requirement.

SIXTH EDITION: 2014

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Approved as an American National Standard on December 12, 2014.

Organization Represented Name of Representative

Agribusiness Association of Iowa ............................................................... Jeff Schnell

7.6 Protection of containers and appurtenances ..................................................................................... 38

This standard does not apply to:

1.3 Physical/chemical properties of ammonia

Some physical properties of ammonia are listed in Table 1.

Customary Units SI Units

1.4 Ammonia exposure

Table 2—Human physiological responses to various concentrations of ammonia in air

Concentration/Time % Ammonia/Time Effect

1.4.2 Ammonia exposure limits and guidelines

Table 3—Regulatory ammonia exposure limits

NIOSH Immediately dangerous or life or health (IDLH) 300 ppm [9]

Table 4—Emergency response planning guideline exposure limits [13]

Ammonia (CAS No. 7664-41-7)

1.5 Federal, state, and local regulations

1.6 Hazardous material classification

2.1 Publication terminology

2.2 Technical definitions

2.2.2 Ammonia or anhydrous ammonia

NOTE—These terms are used interchangeably in this standard.

2.2.5.1 American Petroleum Institute—American Society of Mechanical Engineers Code

2.2.5.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Code

2.2.5.3 National Board Inspection Code (NBIC)

2.2.7 Cargo tank

2.2.8 Chemical splash goggles (or goggles)

2.2.11 Design pressure

2.2.12 Department of Transportation regulations

2.2.13 Emergency shower

2.2.14 Eye wash unit

2.2.15 Filling density

2.2.16 Full face shield

2.2.17 Gas mask

2.2.18 Hydrostatic relief valve

2.2.19 Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)

2.2.20 Implement of husbandry

2.2.21 Permissible exposure limit (PEL)

NOTE—PELs are set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1000 [12].

2.2.22 Permanent storage installation

2.2.23 Portable tank

2.2.24 Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

2.2.25 Pressure relief valve

2.2.26 Protective gloves, boots, and suits

2.2.29 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)

NOTE—Normally called a “full trailer”.

2.2.32 Transfer, fill, and charge

3.2 Normal conditions

3.3 Emergency planning and response coordination

3.3.1 Training and personal protective equipment

3.3.2 Planning and coordination

3.3.3 Notifications and reporting releases

3.3.4 Emergency plans

3.4 Permanent storage installations

One pair of protective boots impervious to ammonia.

3.5 Cargo tanks

3.6 Leaks in transportation equipment

3.7 Cylinder and DOT portable tank installations